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lercentenary 

— of- 

Neui England families 

1620 — 1920 



A Beror& of the Achteuements of t!fer people in 

the flaking of Commonwealths anb 

the ffounfring of a Nation 



Compiled with the Assistance of an fcxtensiue 
anb Able Abuisory. Uoarb 




Jforetoorb 



The present work, "Tercentenary of New England Families," presents in the aggre- 
gate an amount and variety of genealogical and personal information and portraiture 
unequalled by any kindred publication. Indeed, no similar work concerning this region 
has ever been presented. It contains a considerable amount of ancestral history never 
before printed. 

The object, clearly defined and well digested, was threefold: First: To present in 
concise form the history of established families of New England. Second : To preserve 
a record of their present-day people. Third: To present through personal sketches, 
linked with the genealogical narrative, the relation of prominent families of all times 
to the growth, singular prosperity and widespread influence of New England. 

The story of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies is faithfully told in 
this work. It is a story which lies at the foundation of the best there is in American 
history. The names of Brewster, Winslow, Bradford, Standish, Alden, Warren, How- 
land, all of whom came in the "Mayflower," and were prominent in the old colony; with 
Freeman, Gorham and Sears, of Plymouth; and Winthrop, Saltonstall, Dudley, Wilson, 
Bradstreet, and others of the Massachusetts Bay Colony — all these have an undying 
fame. These sturdy pioneers erected an original form of government, based upon their 
pledge to maintain and preserve all their liberties and privileges, and by their votes and 
suffrage, as their conscience might move them, to best conduce and tend to the public 
weal of the body, without respect of persons or favor of any man. Their heroism was 
exhibited in their conflicts with the savages. In statesmanship they builded better than 
they knew. Their code of laws, known as "Body of Liberties," has been termed an 
almost Declaration of Independence, opening with the pronouncement that neither life, 
liberty, honor or estate were to be invaded unless under express laws enacted by the local 
authorities, and when this bold declaration led to the demand of the English government 
that Colonial Charters should be surrendered, the colonists resisted to a successful 
issue. In later days Faneuil Hall became the cradle of American Liberty, and from its 
platform were proclaimed the doctrines which bore fruit in resistance to the Stamp Act, 
in the Boston Massacre, and the engagements at Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill, 
to the successful establishment of the American Union. 

At a later day, when came the momentous question whether a free and liberal gov- 
ernment "of the people, by the people and for the people" was to perish from the earth, 
the sons of these illustrious sires were not found wanting in patriotism and devotion, but 
freely sacrificed comforts, property and life for sake of the principles inherited from the 
fathers. 

Here, too, were developed in highest degree the arts of peace. Religion, education, 
science, invention, labor along the lines of mechanical and industrial progress, here 



jforetoorD 

made their beginnings, and while their ramifications extended throughout the land, the 
parent home and the parent stock held their preeminence, as they do to the present day. 

The descendants of those early settlers have right to be especially proud of their 
ancestry, and esteem it a precious privilege to have their names associated with such an 
illustrious group of families. Such an honorable ancestry is a noble heritage, and the 
story of its achievements is a sacred trust committed to its descendants, upon whom has 
devolved the perpetuation of the record. So also of its amplification by the inclusion of 
the story of the devotion and sacrifices of those and their immediate kinsmen who bore 
a patriotic part, whether in field or in civil pursuits, in maintaining American institutions 
during various important epochs — the War for the Union, the war for the liberation of 
Cuba, and the Great World War, whose successful close would have been impossible had 
the descendant generations been found wanting. 

The work comprises a carefully prepared genealogical history of many representative 
families of New England. The editor and publishers have adopted a different method 
for collecting and compiling data than has heretofore been pursued in this country. 
Time and expense have not been spared in making the publication a valuable work for 
reference. The value of family history and genealogy depends upon accuracy, and the 
thoroughness of research in public and private records; also, upon the use of old and 
unpublished manuscripts, supplemented by a careful gleaning and compiling of informa- 
tion to be found in the various printed works in public and private libraries. It has been 
the aim to utilize all such material, connecting the same with the first progenitor, where 
possible, and present in a narrative form the family line down to and including the present 
generation. It is confidently believed that the present and succeeding volumes will 
prove an invaluable addition to the mass of annals concerning historic New England, 
and that, without them, much important information would be irretrievably lost owing to 
the passing away of custodians of family records, and the consequent disappearance of 
material in their possession. 

THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Inc. 





Ktyt Jlegtnmngg of J^eto Cnglanti 



OBatlp Religious <EnOeatoor$. 

HE beginnings of New England were remote. The islanders of England, 
though they had been coerced into unquestioning conformity for the 
Crown to court the Church, never had the deep-rooted subservience to 
the religion of the Popes as was evidenced in the Continental countries. 
There was, however, a demand for scriptural knowledge which dated 
back to almost the beginning of the Heptarchy ; the ritual of the Mass, 
the Gospel and the Epistle, were read at this time in the Anglo-Saxon 
tongue. The Church during the reign of the early Norman princes was the natural ally 
of the people in its claims against their lords. Cases, however, were not lacking of the 
kings in their relations to the papal power and the English ecclesiastics of the privilege 
of their order; they practised a doubtful submission to the authority of the Holy See. 
William the Conqueror came near a rupture with the powers at Rome when he forbade 
his bishops to obey its citations, and required spiritual causes to be tried in the hundreds 
of the county courts. The legal securities of the people were greatly advanced during 
the reign of Henry III by the restriction of the judicature of the ecclesiastic tribunals. 

The Statute of Mortmain, gave the barons in the reign of Edward I, the repelling 
of the claim of supremacy established at Rome, and also was an efficient measure of pro- 
tection for the people against the privileges of the priesthood. Even as far back as the 
reign of Henry I, celibacy amongst the officials of the Church was condoned with the 
Majesty's approval. National revolutions, either of political or religious improvements, 
are of spontaneous growth; effects and causes do not materialize without due delibera- 
tions; during the first three centuries after the Norman Conquest, the people's minds 
were not ready for speculation of any sort, a training of practical wisdom was necessary 
to break down the constitutional love of reality and right. 

ftOickliffe ano tfje Lollaros* 

It was at the end of the fourteenth century and the beginning of the fifteenth century 
that hostility was aroused against the Church. John Wickliffe (also Wyclif) became 
prominent as a reformer and writer. The circumstances and sentiments of the time 
secured him a hearing ; rather, the time had educated him to utter its own voice. He was 
a scholar at the University of Oxford when the famous Statutes of Provisors asserted for 
the English Church an independence of the See of Rome. The courage shown by him 
when he conducted a local controversy with some monks, on the act of Parliament to 
disallow the demand of Pope Urban for the annual tribute promised by John I, placed 
him before the English people as an avowed enemy of papal authority. 

Wickliffe was past middle age, holding a mastership in Baliol College of the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, and was recognized as first amongst the schoolmen of his day. The 
University of Oxford was at this time, on account of the decay of the University of 
Paris during the English wars, without a rival in the intellectual supremacy of the world ; 
and in that university Wickliffe stood without a rival. He was of a spare and emaciated 



2 beginnings of Jftetu OBnglanD 

frame, which had been weakened by study and asceticism, which did not promise much 
vitality for a reformer, but within his frail form lay a temper quick and restless, an 
immense energy, an immovable conviction and an unconquerable pride. His personal 
charms were enhanced by the spotless purity of his life; one would hardly believe that 
this dry and subtle schoolman, by his immense range of intellectual power, would become 
the founder of later English prose, a master of popular invective, of irony, of persuasion, 
a dexterous politician, an audacious partisan, the organizer of a religious order, the 
unsparing assailant of abuses, the boldest and most indefatigable of controversalists, the 
first reformer who dared, when deserted and alone, to question and deny the creed of the 
Christendom around him, to break through the traditions of the past, and with his last 
breath to assert the freedom of religious thought against the dogmas of the Papacy. 

As the most prominent of English scholars, it was natural that Wickliffe should 
come forward in the defense of the independence and freedom of the English Church. 
His followers became widespread, and to some extent their activities were maintained 
to the Reformation. They became known as Lollards; whether the name is derived 
from Chaucer's "Shipman's Prologue," or the word lotton or lutton, to sing softly, is 
difficult to state. The word, however, was much older than its English use ; there were 
Lollards in the Netherlands as early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, who 
were akin to the Fratucellas, Beghards, and other sectaries of the recusant type. The 
probability is, the name was given to the followers of Wickliffe because they resembled 
those offshoots of the great Franciscan movement which had disowned the Pope's 
authority and separated themselves from the mediaeval church. The fourteenth century 
was full of varied religious life, with different ideas of a separation from the mediaeval 
church, which had in earlier times lived on side by side. 

The Church of Rome abided with the idea that church government or polity was in 
all respects to be distinct from civil government — no civil ruler to touch churchman or 
church possessions for trial or punishment, taxation or confiscation. The following out 
of this polity made the church an empire that rivaled the kingdom's, the only difference 
being that the church territories were scattered over the face of Europe; its taxes were 
the tithes received from the diocesan domains, convent lands, and priests' glebes; its 
prelates were its nobility. The pontifical rulers favored the friars when they evaded 
their vows of absolute poverty. The other idea, advocated by Francis of Assisi, was that 
Christians, in imitation of Christ, could separate themselves from the world by giving 
up property, home and country, going about doing good, and subsisting on the bounty 
of the people. These two ideas of separation from the world lived side by side for cen- 
turies, and irreconcilable. 

Two classes of great political Christendom faced each other in the fourteenth cen- 
tury. The church rulers were statesmen, with aims and policy of a worldly ambition, 
who required power to enforce their claims, and money, land, position, were all sources 
of power. There was also a religious Christendom, full of ideas of separation from the 
world by self-sacrifice, and of a participation in the benefits of Christ's work, by an ascetic 
imitation which separated itself from political Christianity. 

Wickliffe's whole life was spent in the struggle, and he bequeathed his work to his 
followers, the Lollards. His main practical thought was that the Church, if true to her 
divine mission, must aid men to live the life of evangelical purity, by which they could 
separate from the world and imitate Christ; the Church, if not true to this mission, ceased 
to be a Church. He was a metaphysician as well as a theologian, and had to invent a 



•Beginnings of jfteto OBnglanO 3 

metaphysical theory, satisfactory to himself, to delegate to his company of poor Chris- 
tians the power and privileges of the Church. His theory was purely an ideal one; in 
actual practice he distinguished between dominion and power which the wicked may have 
by God's permission, and to which the Christian must submit from motives of obedience 
to God. In his ideal theory, this power and dominion of God was not granted by Him 
to any one person, as the church taught, but to all. The King was as truly God's Vicar 
as the Pope. The royal power was as sacred as the ecclesiastical, and as complete over 
temporal things, even over the temporalities of the Church, as that of the Church over 
spiritual things. In his theory, the individual conscience was of higher and wider impor- 
tance ; as obedient as each Christian might be to king or priest, he himself, as a possessor 
of dominion held immediately of God, and the Throne of the Almighty was the tribunal 
of personal appeal. This established a direct relation between Man and God — swept 
away the whole basis of a mediaevalism priesthood, the very foundation on which the 
mediaeval church was built. 

Wickliffe's followers, however, were not troubled with the need of these theories ; 
they were contented to allege that a Church that held large landed possessions, collected 
tithes greedily, and took money from starving peasants for baptizing, burying and pray- 
ing, could not be the Church of Christ and his Apostles, who went about doing good. 
Wickliffe published a tract which was a formal rejection of the claims advanced by the 
Papacy, to deal at its will with church property. His quarrel was not with the doctrines 
of Rome, but with its practices, and he defended Parliament's refusal of the tribute. All 
authority, he claimed, was founded on grace ; dominion, in the highest sense, was in God 
alone ; it is God, who as suzerain of the universe, deals out His rule in fief to rulers in 
their various stations, on tenure of their obedience to Himself. The success of this 
tract, with the favor of the court harmonizing, supplemented with the good will of the 
people, with each succeeding year brought him to wider departure of orthodox standards. 
He asserted the sufficiency of the Scriptures as a rule of faith; denied the Pope's 
supremacy, the real presence in the eucharist, the validity of absolution and indulgences, 
and the merit of penance and monastic vows. He protested against the ecclesiastical 
ceremonies, festival days, prayers to saints, auricular confession, also the canonical dis- 
tinction between priests and bishops, and the use of a set form of prayers. 

The death of the Black Prince, who had been his supporter, threw the reformer 
more upon the protection of the people, the native clergy and Parliament. Though his 
defense did not fail him, his natural timidity gave indication that he was not as confident 
of his reform movement. His translation of the Bible was sustained by the House of 
Commons ; the University of Oxford approved of his refusal to appear before the primate 
on the charge of heresy. The House of Commons refused to acquiesce in the bill passed 
by the lords against heretics. A yet more significant step was that the King revoked 
the license granted the bishops for the same purposes. 

The writings of Wickliffe, mostly in the English language, circulated widely, and 
were eagerly read by all sorts of people. The tendency in England was for religious 
reform. There began to be an English literature favorable to Wickliffe's side. Piers 
Ploughman's "Vision, Tale and Creed" was full of satire on the superstition of the life 
of the clergy. Chaucer, a friend of Wickliffe, lent his pen to the cause ; in his writings 
he freely dealt with the church and clergy, which influenced the cultivated intelligence of 
England. 

The Peasant Revolt caused a frenzied reaction against all projects of social and reli- 



4 ^Beginnings of ifteto OBnglanD 

gious reforms. With the uprising of the people, the quarrel between the baronage and 
the church was hushed ; in the presence of the common danger, Wickliffe's poor preachers 
were looked upon as missionaries of socialism. The friars charged him with being a 
"sower of strife," who by his serpent-like instigations set the serf against his lord; and, 
though he tossed back the charge with disdain, he had to bear a suspicion which was jus- 
tified by the conduct of his followers. This uprising of the people deprived Wickliffe 
of the support of Parliament and his aristocratic followers, and all plans for the reorgan- 
ization of the Church and of ecclesiastical reform was at an end. Some months before 
the outbreak of the insurrection, he had adopted a new theological position ; he had passed 
from the position of a reformer of the discipline and political relations of the Church, to 
that of a protestor against its cardinal beliefs. The one doctrine that the Mediaeval 
Church rested upon for supremacy, was the doctrine of transubstantiation. Wickliffe 
issued his formal denial of this doctrine in the spring of 1381 ; this great movement of 
religious revolt, more than a century afterwards, established a religious freedom by 
severing the mass of Teutonic people from the general body of the Roman Church. In 
this act he stood utterly alone ; the University of Oxford, in which his influence had been 
hitherto all-powerful, condemned him. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, his former 
powerful ally, enjoined him to be silent. 

The academical condemnation of the Chancellor of the University was publicly 
read. Wickliffe challenged him to disprove the conclusions he had arrived at. The 
Duke of Lancaster was answered by a confession which closed with the quiet words, 
"I believe that in the end the truth will conquer." Wickliffe's courage dispelled the panic 
around him; the University responded to his appeal and tacitly adopted his cause. He 
no longer looked for support to the learned or wealthier classes, on which he had hitherto 
relied. His appeal is memorable as being the first of such a kind in the history of 
England. He appealed direct to the people ; with amazing industry, he issued tract after 
tract in their mother tongue. The dry syllogistic Latin in which he addressed his 
academic hearers was flung aside, and, by transition which marked the wonderful genius 
of the man, he transformed himself from the schoolman to the pamphleteer. His rough, 
clean, homely English, the speech of the ploughman and the trader of the day, colored as 
it was with the picturesque phraseology of the Bible, was distinctly a creation of his own ; 
the style adopted, with its terse vehement sentences, the stinging sarcasms, the hard 
antitheses, would arouse the dullest mind. 

Wickliffe's mind, free from the trammels of unquestioning belief, worked fast. 
Pardons, indulgences, absolutions, pilgrimages, worship of the saints themselves, were 
successfully denied. A formal appeal to the Bible was made on the one ground of faith, 
coupled with the assertion of the right of every instructed man to examine the Bible for 
himself. This threatened with ruin the very groundwork of the older dogmatism. His 
daring denials were not confined to his immediate small circle of scholars, but the "simple 
priests" were active in the diffusion of his doctrines, and their rapid progress was evi- 
denced by the panic-struck exaggerations of his opponents. Claims were made that his 
followers abounded, not only in the cities and amongst the peasantry, but even in the 
monastic cell itself. This rapid increase of members caused vigorous action on the part 
of his opponents. The Church summoned a council, and submitted twenty-four proposi- 
tions taken from Wickliffe's work ; Oxford was fiercely attacked as the birthplace of these 
new heresies. The Archbishop, supported by the Royal Council, demanded the sup- 
pression of Lollardism within the University, and the expulsion of Wickliffe. These 



15eginning0 of Jfteto OBnglanti 5 

demands were acquiesced in, and Wickliffe retired to Lutterworth, where, aided by the 
scholar, Hereford, he engaged in a translation of the Scriptures. The terrible strain on 
his energies, enfeebled by age and study, at last brought the inevitable result. While 
attending Mass in his parish church, he suffered a stroke of paralysis, which was fol- 
lowed on the next day by his death. 

In the decade after the death of Wickliffe, Lollardy flourished and was the most 
dangerous of the ecclesiastical organizations in England. It grew so popular that a 
hostile chronicler said that almost every second man was a Lollard. Wickliffe's three 
intimate followers — Nicholas Hereford, a doctor of theology at Oxford, who helped to 
translate Wickliffe's Bible; John Ashton, also a fellow of an Oxford College; and John 
Purvey, a co-translator of the Bible — were active disciples and workers in this the first 
age of Lollardy. They were ably assisted by John Parker; the strange ascetic, William 
Smith ; the restless fanatic Swynderly ; and Richard Waytstrait. Wickliffe had organ- 
ized at Lutterworth an association for sending the Gospel through England ; poor preach- 
ers with a portion of his translation of the Bible in their hands to guide them, preached 
wherever they could be heard without detection. Their ideal was to be poor without 
mendicancy ; to unite the flexible unity, the swift obedience of an order, with a free and 
constant mingling among the poor. They were picturesque figures, in their long russet 
dress which reached to their heels; staff in hand, they preached in their mother tongue to 
the people in churches and graveyards ; in squares, streets and houses ; in gardens and 
pleasure grounds ; and then talked privately with those who had been impressed. The 
organization received the support of the University of Oxford, beside many nobles ; it 
became strong in numbers ; the Lollard literature was widely circulated ; books by Wick- 
liffe, Hereford and others, were published ; tracts and broadsides issued in spite of edicts 
proscribing them. 

Lollardy was at the height of its prosperity in 1395, in which year Parliament was 
petitioned to reform the church on Lollardist methods. The petition cited that temporal 
possessions ruined the Church, and drove out the Christian graces of faith, hope and 
charity ; that the priesthood of the Church in communion with Rome was not the priest- 
hood that Christ gave to his Apostles ; that celibacy was an evil ; that transubstantiation 
was a feigned miracle and led to idolatry; that Kings should possess the jus episcopate 
and bring good government into the Church ; that no special prayers should be made for 
the dead ; that auricular confession made to the clergy was intolerable ; that all wars were 
against the principles of the New Testament, and were but murdering and plundering 
the poor to win glory for kings; that many of the trades practised in the commonwealth, 
such as goldsmiths and armouries, were unnecessary and led to luxury and waste. The 
petition contained the greater part of Wickliffe's teachings. The King, Richard II, 
having as a reminder the "Peasant Revolt," had been active to repress the action of the 
clergy against the Lollards, was strongly against the petition and its promoters, and 
Lollardy never again had the power in England which it had wielded up to this year. 

Wickliffe's death robbed Lollardism of its head, and it ceased to be an organized 
movement, and crumbled into a general spirit of revolt. All social and religious dis- 
content of the times floated instinctively to this sect. The socialist dreams of the peas- 
antry, the hatred of friars, the jealousy of great lords toward the prelacy, the fanaticisms 
of the repining zealot, all were blended together in a common hostility to the Church ; a 
common resolve to substitute personal religion for the ecclesiastical system. Out of the 
floating mass of opinion which bore the name of Lollardy, one faith gradually revolved 
itself, a faith in the sole authority of the Bible as a source of religious truth. 



6 15eginmng0 of Jfteto OBnglanD 

The overthrow of Richard II and the accession of Henry IV to the throne of 
England marked the downfall of Lollardy. The new monarch did his utmost to suppress 
the followers of Wickliffe, and Church and State combined to crush the Lollards. But 
they were undaunted, and abated no effort in their struggle for social and political liberty, 
relying on the hatred felt by the peasants for the Roman clergy. The Lollard leaders 
were burned at the stake ; vigorous proceedings were taken against preachers ; books and 
tracts were destroyed. There was no more wayside preaching, but in houses, in peasants' 
huts, in hamlets, and in fields and ditches, the Bible was read and exhortations were given. 
Therefore the Lollards, if not stamped out, were hardened by persecutions and became 
fanatical in the statement of their doctrines. 

3Jn tfte jFifteentf) Centura 

The Council of Constance put an end to the papal schism, and also showed its 
determination to stamp out heresy by burning John Huss. the Bohemian reformer, and 
on whom the writings of Wickliffe had exercised a great influence, and whose trial was 
conducted without the slightest regard of equity. The history of this period is too 
imperfect to justify any positive conclusion. The success of the revolution effected 
by Henry IV, which resulted in his accession to the throne, was due in part to a reaction 
in favor of the Church of Rome; though he did not owe his crown to the support of 
the Church, he determined to conciliate it. He confirmed the Statutes of Provisors, but 
he allowed them to sink into disuse. He forbade the mooting of the confiscation project, 
and to him is due the permission of the bishops to send heretics to the stake. 

Lollardy was far from being crushed by the Statute of Heresy. The death of the 
Earl of Salisbury, though his gory head was welcomed at London by a procession of 
abbots singing psalms of thanksgiving, transferred the leadership of the Lollards to Sir 
John Oldcastle, one of the foremost warriors of the day. In his youth he had listened to 
the preaching of Wickliffe — his Lollardy was, judging from its tone in later years, a 
violent fanaticism. Though of obscure birth, his warlike renown endeared him to the 
King, and Prince Henry counted him amongst his most illustrious of servants. The 
favor of the royal house was the more notable, as Oldcastle was known as a leader and 
captain of the Lollards. His Kentish Castle of Cowling served as headquarters for 
the sect ; their preachers were openly entertained at his house in London or on the Welsh 
border. The Convocation of 141 3 charged Oldcastle with being the principal receiver, 
favorer, protector and defender of the Lollards ; that in the diocese of London, Rochester, 
and Hereford, he had sent out members of the sect to preach ; had been present at their 
wicked sermons; grievously punished with threatenings, terror, and the power of the 
secular sword such as did withstand them, alleging and affirming among other matters 
that the bishops had no power to make constitutions, like the provincial constitutions, 
which forbid the preaching of unlicensed preachers. 

This bold stand of Oldcastle was greatly influenced by the sanctity of his life; 
though the clergy charged him with foulest heresy, they owned that he shrouded it 
under a veil of holiness. What chiefly moved their wrath was that he armed the hands 
of laymen to appropriate the spoils of the Church. He was accused of being the leader 
in the repeated attempts of the House of Commons to supply the needs of the state by 
a confiscation of church property. Such proposals had commonly been made by the 
baronial party and, as hostile as they were to the Church as an establishment, they had 
no connection with any hostility to its doctrines. A direct sympathy with Lollardism 



1Beginning0 of Beto (England 7 

was in proposals of the House of Commons to abolish episcopal jurisdiction over the 
clergy, also for a mitigation of the Statute of Heresy. This, however, found a for- 
midable opponent in Prince Henry, afterwards Henry V; through his strenuous oppo- 
sition, the proposals of the Commons was rejected by the Lords, and further proof of 
his loyalty to the Church was his personal attendance at the burning of a layman, Thomas 
Badby. for a denial of transubstantiation. 

The policy of Henry V on his ascension to the throne, from the words of clerical 
chronicles, was that he had no intention to open strife with either party; it was clearly 
his idea to look on for a while at the shifting politics of the distracted kingdom. He 
was, in fact, busy with foreign affairs. Oldcastle, who by marriage had become Lord 
Cobham, at the time of his coronation, tried to press his opinions on the young prince, 
though probably more with a view to the plunder of the Church than to any direct 
religious end. Oldcastle did not abandon his projects, and a council of bishops 
denounced Lollardy, demanding of the King that the offenders should be brought to 
justice. The King pleaded for further delay, and strove personally to convince Lord 
Cobham of his errors. This was in vain, and Lord Cobham withdrew to his Castle of 
Cowling. He was summoned to appear before the Archbishop, and was convicted as 
a heretic His open defiance caused the King to act ; a body of loyal troops arrested him, 
and he was lodged in the Tower. After a month's imprisonment he was released, on 
his promise of recantation. 

Lord Cobham then resolved on open resistance; he issued in 1414 a secret order 
summoning the Lollards to assemble at St. Giles Field, outside of London, for an open 
revolt. The vigilance of the young King prevented the junction of the Lollards in the 
city with their confederates without: those gathered at the place of meeting were dis- 
persed by the royal troops. The failure of the uprising increased the vigor of the law. 
Heretics were arrested and handed over to the bishops ; a conviction of heresy was made 
to entail forfeiture of blood and estate ; thirty-nine prominent Lollards were executed 
as traitors, which gave a terrible earnest of the King's resolve to suppress the evil. 
Lord Cobham escaped, and for four years longer strove to raise revolt after revolt. He 
was at last captured on the Welsh border, and burned as a heretic. From the moment 
when his attempt at revolt was crushed at St. Giles Field, the dread of Lollardy as a 
factor in the polity of the state belonged to the past. The clergy, however, feeling 
insecure, and to divert the minds of the people and to distract the attention of Henry V, 
were instrumental in his undertaking the French wars. Whether this theory is true 
or not, the fact remains that no prince of the House of Lancaster betrayed or desired 
to renew the quarrel with the Church. The battle of Agincourt, the conquest and recon- 
quest of France, called off the attention of the people to the intrusion of speculative 
religious questions in England, the agitation of which was the chief aversion of the 
English statesmen. This contributed to change the current, and the reforming spirit was 
lulled before the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses. 

Though Edward IV seemed to be lenient toward heresy, his toleration of it was 
only imaginary, as he never ventured to avow it. In the inveterate frenzy of the first 
half of the sixteenth century, there was no leisure even to remember that heresy existed. 
The clergy was left undisturbed to go their own course. The storm of reform had 
passed over them without breaking; their dreams were that it would never again gather. 
The immunity they enjoyed from the general sufferings caused by the Wars of the 
Roses, contributed to deceive them; without any anxiety for the future consequences 
and forgetful of significant warnings in the past, they steadily reached the condition of 



8 ^Beginnings of ifteto OEnglanti 

men without faith ; wealthy, powerful and luxuriously fed, yet condemned to celibacy, 
and cut off from the common duties and common pleasures of ordinary life. 

The return of a settled government caused the clergy to become startled for a 
moment in their security. Henry VII, who inherited the Lancastrian sympathies, was 
compelled to notice the clerical irregularities. An act was passed by his first Parlia- 
ment which proved by its terms in which it was couched, the existing nature of church 
discipline. "For the more sure and likely reformation," it runs, "of priests, clerks and 
religious men culpable, * * * be it enacted, ordained, and established, that it be 
lawful that all archbishops and bishops and other ordinaries having episcopal juris- 
diction, to punish and chastise such religious men being within the bounds of their 
jurisdiction, as shall be convicted before them, * * * by committing them to prison 
for such a time as shall be thought convenient for the quality of their trespasses." 

Before the passing of the act, the bishops had the power to arrest laymen on sus- 
picion of heresy, and detain them in prison for trial ; they had no power whatever to 
imprison priests. Parliament was supported by the Primate, who secured authority from 
the Pope to visit the religious houses. The Archbishop summoned a provincial synod 
and laid the condition of the secular clergy before the assembled prelates. Statements 
were made that the conduct of priests imperiled the stability of the Church. The worst 
offenders, principally located in London, Avere summoned before the synod and admon- 
ished; those who had preached zealously against clerical abuses were advised to be 
cautious, thus avoiding scandal. A circular was sent to the clergy exhorting them to 
generally amend their conduct. 

The insecurity of Henry VII on his throne, even if he had been inclined, which 
he was not, prevented any reform of religious conditions. The prelate dared not grapple 
with the evil ; he rebuked, remonstrated, but punishment would cause a public scandal. 
Opposition disappeared, and the Church to all outward appearances stood more securely 
than ever. The maintenance of the Church in its political supremacy was of greater 
moment than its moral purity; a veil was cast over clerical infirmities, which were for- 
gotten as soon as they were proclaimed. 

Cfje Protestant Reformation. 

A hundred years after the rising of the Council of Constance, began that great 
change emphatically called the Reformation. The clergy were no longer the sole or 
the chief depositories of knowledge. The invention of printing had furnished the assail- 
ants of the Church with a mighty weapon which had been wanting to their predecessors. 
The development of the power of the modern languages, the unprecedented activity which 
was displayed in every department of literature, the political state of England, the vices 
of the Roman court, the exactions of the Roman Chancery, the jealousy with which the 
wealth and privilege of the clergy were naturally regarded by laymen, gave the teachers 
of the new theology an advantage which they perfectly understood how to use. 

The influence of the Church of Rome in the Dark Ages was on the whole beneficial 
to mankind. From the time when the barbarians were on the Western Empire, to the 
time of the revival of letters, the influence of the Church of Rome had been generally 
favorable to science, to civilization, and to good government ; but in the last three 
centuries its main effect was to stunt the growth of the human mind. The childhood 
of the European nations was passed under the tutelage of the clergy. The priests, with 
all their faults, were by far the wisest portion of society. Knowledge, however, grad- 
ually spread among laymen; at the commencement of the sixteenth century many of 



beginnings of Jl3eto dBnglanO 9 

them were in every intellectual attainment fully equal to the most enlightened of their 
spiritual patrons. Thenceforward that dominion which during- the Dark Ages had 
been, in spite of many abuses, a legitimate and a salutary guardianship, became an unjust 
and noxious tyranny. 

The awakening of rational Christianity, whether in England or in the Teutonic 
world at large, begins with the Italian studies of Colet, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, 
London, a graduate of Oxford. He made extensive travels in France and Italy to gain 
a knowledge of Greek, this language being the key to unlock the Gospels and the New 
Testament, and in which he thought he could find a new religious foothold. His resolve 
to throw aside the traditional dogmas of his day and to discover a natural and practical 
religion of the Gospel, gave the peculiar and practical stamp to the theology of the 
Renaissance. His faith stood simply on vivid realizations of the person of Christ. In 
his free criticism of the earlier Scriptures, in his simple forms of doctrine and confession 
of faith, Colet struck the keynote of a mode of religious thought as strongly in contrast 
with that of the later Reformationism as with that of Catholicism itself. The great fabric 
of belief built up by mediaeval doctors seemed to him simply "the corruptions of the 
Schoolmen." In the life and sayings of its Founder he saw a simple and rational 
Christianity, whose fittest expression was the Apostles' Creed ; of the rest he said, "let 
divines dispute as they will." His lectures and the expounding of Scriptures in his 
own cathedral caused him to be denounced as a heretic. His outer life was marked by 
the severity of his plain black robe ; his frugal table, his lively conversation, his frank 
simplicity, the purity and nobleness of his life, even the outbursts of his troublesome 
temper, endeared him to a group of scholars, foremost among whom stood Erasmus, 
who embodied for the Teutonic people the quickening influence of the New Learning; 
and Thomas More, who became famous through his lectures at St. Lawrence on "The 
City of God," and his "Utopia." 

The group of scholars who represented the New Learning in England, looked for 
an advancement of their doctrines in the accession of Henry VIII to the throne. The 
new monarch was then in his eighteenth year, a model of manly beauty ; his bodily vigor, 
his skill in arms seemed matched by a frank and generous temper, and a nobleness of 
political aims. His sympathies were known to be heartily with the New Learning. 
The foundations of reformed education were laid at this time; this was but a step to 
the reform of the Church. The scholars of the New Learning looked forward not to 
a doctrine, but to a reform of life; not a revolution which should sweep away the older 
superstitions, which they despised, but to a regeneration of spiritual feeling, before which 
these superstitions would inevitably fade away. 

The marriage of Henry VIII, two months after his accession, and the sudden out- 
break of war, retarded the progress of the disciples of the New Learning. The war 
was of short duration, but a new and irresistible power began to quicken the natural 
love of freedom and law. It was the influence of religion, which was to change the 
destiny of the world. Martin Luther, the greatest of the Protestant reformers, who 
was ordained a priest, commenced lecturing on the Holy Scriptures; the novelty of his 
views began to excite attention. He then began to preach, and his sermons reached a 
wider audience and produced a most powerful influence. He denounced the system of 
indulgences, and denied the right of the Pope to forgive sins. Germany became con- 
vulsed with excitement, and on June 25, 1530, at Augsburg, seven evangelical princes 
and the representatives of two imperial cities presented to Emperor Charles V a con- 



io ^Beginnings of jReto OBnglanD 

fession of faith which embodied the teaching's of Luther on the chief articles of the 
Christian religion. This was the origin of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. 

At this period, Henry VIII found an advisor, Cardinal Wolsey, who was able to 
restrain him longer than would otherwise have been possible in the course in which he 
had been trained from his childhood by theologians. He entered upon his reign saturated 
with theological prepossessions ; the intensity of his nature recognized no half measures ; 
and so zealous was he that it seemed as if the Church had found in him a new Alfred 
or a Charlemagne. He however discovered that the Church of the sixteenth century 
did not resemble that of the eleventh century ; that while institutions might be restored 
in theory, no matter how perfectly constructed, it would not bring them back to life. 

Wolsey held a middle place between an English statesman and a Catholic of the old 
order ; he had the qualifications of a combination of talent, honesty and arrogance, which 
all together made him a power in dealing with the open questions of the day. Under 
his influence Henry made war with Louis of France ; in the Pope's quarrel he entered 
the polemic list against Luther, and persecuted the English Protestants. Wolsey was 
not, however, blind to the true condition of the Church. He was not deceived by out- 
ward prosperity ; he knew that in Europe and at home the alternative of ruin was amend- 
ment, and he familiarized Henry with the sense that a reformation was inevitable, dream- 
ing that it could be effected from within, by the Church itself, inspired by a wiser spirit. 
He, however, fell the first victim of the convulsion which he assisted to create. 

Rome was stormed by the imperial army of Charles V; the Pope was imprisoned, 
churches were pillaged, cardinals were insulted, and all holiest things polluted and pro- 
faned. To the average mind it would seem that Henry was the one sovereign in Europe 
that would become the See's defender, and would acquiesce in Wolsey's policy of resist- 
ance. The English nation, however, would have looked on with stoical resignation if 
pope and papacy had been wrecked together. They were not inclined to heresy, but the 
ecclesiastical system was not the catholic faith; this system, ruined by prosperity, was 
fast passing its excesses to extreme limit, beyond which it could not be endured. 

Wolsey talked of reformation, but delayed its coming, and, in the meantime, the 
persons to be reformed feared it would not come at all. The people were taught only 
what they could teach themselves. The consistory courts became more oppressive. 
Pluralities, non-residence, and profligacy multiplied. Favored parish clergy held as 
many as eight benefices. Under such circumstances the clergy sank lower and lower 
in the respect of the English people. Sternly intolerant of each other's faults, the laity 
were not indulgent to the misconduct of men whose duties were to set an example of 
purity. During the first quarter of the sixteenth century there were expressions of 
temper which should have served as a warning. 

C&e eburc!) of (EnglanD. 

There was no love for truth and purity in Henry VIII in his setting England free 
from the papal authority. The irresistent pretensions of the Pope to rule over and draw 
reverence from England was certainly crushed under his heel, though he was only an 
instrument in God's hand for the beginning of the good work in England. 

Through the first twenty years of his reign, Henry VIII had known nothing of 
opposition to his will. I lis imperious temper had chafed at the weary negotiations with 
the Pope. His wrath fell on Wolsey, when the Pope threatened to excommunicate him 
and deprive him of his royal dignity, when he refused to sanction his resolution of 



^Beginnings of Jfteto dBnglanD u 

divorcing Queen Catherine. An indictment was prepared against Wolsey by the King's 
attorney for receiving bulls from Rome, in violation of the Statute of Provisors. A few 
days afterwards he was deprived of the seals of his office and withdrew to his diocese 
of York. 

The fall of Wolsey made a marked change in the system of administration. The 
Tudor kings had carried on their government mainly through the agency of great 
ecclesiastics, but with the fall of Cardinal Wolsey the rule of the churchmen ceased, and 
the members of the nobility were to become the guiding hand in state affairs. Sir 
Thomas More, the successor of Wolsey, to judge by the acts of his brief ministry, 
seemed to be carrying out the religious reformation which had been demanded by Colet 
and Erasmus, and in checking the spirit of revolt against the unity of the Church. A 
petition of the Commons attributed the growth of heresy to "fanatic and seditious books 
published in the English tongue, contrary to the very true and Catholic faith, than to 
extreme and uncharitable behavior of divers ordinaries." It remonstrated against the 
legislation of the clergy in convocations without the King's assent, or that of his subjects ; 
the oppressive procedure of the Church courts, the abuses of ecclesiastical patronage, 
and the excessive number of holidays. The King referred the petition to the bishops, 
but they could devise no means of redress ; the ministry persisted in pushing bills for 
ecclesiastical reform through the Houses of Parliament. The importance of the new 
measures lay readily with Parliament; it was an explicit announcement that church 
reform was to be undertaken not by the clergy, but by the people at large. The reform- 
ing measures were pushed forward ; the questions of convocation and bishop's courts 
were adjourned for further consideration ; the fees of the courts were curtailed, the 
clergy restricted from lay employments, pluralities restrained, and residence enforced. 
These restrictions of the clerical powers, after great opposition, received the assent of 
the House of Lords, "to the great rejoicing of lay people, and the great displeasure of 
spiritual persons." 

Thomas Cromwell became Henry's chancellor, and in the refusal of the college of 
cardinals to favor the King's request for a divorce, advised the disavowing of the papal 
jurisdiction and for the King to declare himself the Head of the Church within his 
realm, and obtain a divorce from his own ecclesiastical courts. The divorce was simply 
a prelude to a series of changes which the minister contemplated. His steady working 
aim was to raise the King to absolute authority, on the ruins of every rival power within 
the realm. 

Cromwell was of obscure birth, his childhood having been spent around London; 
the loss of his father, and his mother remarrying, threw him upon his own resources. 
While still in his teens, he made his way to Italy, where he read Machiavelli and acquired 
his views of conduct and statesmanship, which determined his career. It is known that 
he served as a soldier in Italy, but returned to England and obtained a seat in Parlia- 
ment. At this time he was a scrivener — a combination of attorney and money-lender. 
He entered the service of Cardinal Wolsey, his principal employment being to collect the 
confiscated property of monasteries granted by the Pope to Wolsey for the endowment 
of colleges at Ipswich and Oxford. After the fall of Wolsey he visited the King and, 
trusting in Henry's love of power and his bitter irritation against the Pope, he ventured 
to reveal the daring policy which he had conceived. 

The authority of the Papacy in England was to be abolished ; this would settle the 
painful question of divorce; the allegiance of the clergy, which was divided between their 
sovereign and their spiritual head, was to be claimed by the former. All the wealth of 



12 ^Beginnings of Beto (EnglanD 

the Church was to be at the disposal of the King. These suggestions appealed to the 
King, and Cromwell was at once taken into favor. His rise was rapid, as he possessed 
qualities of carrying on a strong and arbitrary government. In him the King found 
a servant who did not scorn to flatter, to perform with zeal and care any service, how- 
ever trivial ; a companion in hunting, hawking, gambling, and other pastimes. His 
obscure birth was also in his favor, as Henry VIII delighted in humbling the nobility. 
He was soon appointed privy councillor, and his aim of securing enlightenment and 
order for England was the concentration of all authority in the Crown. 

The first step towards the end was the freeing of the monarchy from the spiritual 
obedience to Rome. Henry VII had freed England from the interference of France, 
thereby establishing political independence ; his son was to establish its ecclesiastical 
independence. The question of the divorce was to be the means to accomplish this end. 
The resistance of the clergy was of course to be looked for, but Cromwell welcomed 
this resistance. The last check on royal absolution which survived the Wars of the 
Roses lay in the wealth, in the independent synods and their jurisdiction, and the religious 
claims, of the Church; for the success of the new policy, the great ecclesiastical body 
must become a mere department of the state, with all authority invested in the King, his 
decision being the only test of truth. This change could not be wrought without a 
struggle ; Cromwell's first blow showed how unscrupulously the struggle was to be 
waged. Wolsey had been convicted of a breach of the Statute of Provisors. The 
pedantry of the judges declared the whole nation to have been formally involved on the 
same charge, by its acceptance of his authority. This was, however, redressed by a 
general pardon, which was not to include the clergy. 

At a convocation held in 1530, the clergy were informed that they were to pay a 
large monetary fine, and to acknowledge the King as the only and supreme lord, as 
head of the Church of England. Their appeals were met with demands for instant 
obedience, and they finally submitted, with the qualifying phrase, "so far as the law of 
Christ will allow," to be added after the words, "Church of England." There are grounds 
for thinking that this warning was considered only to curb the independent spirit of the 
clergy, and implied no independence of Rome, for at that time negotiations were still 
being carried on with the Papal Court. The warning was backed by an address to the 
Pope from the House of Lords, in which the statement was made that they favored the 
divorce, and that the cause of His Majesty was the cause of the people. This readily 
showed the Pope that, in the event of any strife, the clergy was in the King's hand, and 
that he would not receive any aid from them in any struggle with the Crown. The 
failure of an embassy to the Papal Court strengthened Cromwell's resolve to take more 
decided steps. Every Englishman had practically owned a double life and a double 
allegiance. In the temporal state of his life, he was bounded by English shores, and 
his loyalty was due exclusively to his English King; as a citizen of the state spiritual, 
he belonged not to England but to Christendom. The spiritual law which governed him 
was not a national law, but a law that embraced every European nation, and the ordinary 
cause of judicial appeal in ecclesiastical cases proved to him that the sovereignty in all 
matters of conscience or religion lay at Rome. This had been going on for centuries, 
and national life and national pride waxed stronger, and the spiritual and temporal 
relations of the realm grew daily more difficult. The movement, however, had been 
long arrested by religious reaction, civil and internecine warfare. 

The fresh sense of national greatness which sprang from the policy of Henry VIII, 
the fresh sense of national unity as the monarchy gathered all powers into its single 



^Beginnings of j^eto OBnglanO 13 

heads, did not require the spur of the divorcee to revive the contest. The question of 
divorce merely stimulated the movement by bringing into clearer view the wreck of the 
great Christian commonwealth, of which England had formed a part, and the impossi- 
bility of any real exercise of a spiritual sovereignty over it by a weakened Papacy. The 
national pride was further estranged by the summons of the King to a foreign bar, and 
the submittal of England's interests to the will of a foreign Emperor. 

The time had come when England was to claim for herself the fulness of power 
ecclesiastical as well as temporal ; the concentration of all authority in the hands of her 
sovereign. Parliament forbade by statute any further appeals to the Papal Court, and 
the King was granted power to suspend the payment made by each bishop of his first 
year's revenue to Rome, on his elevation to a See. All appeals to the pontificate court 
failed ; the King, threatened with excommunication, still refused to submit to any court 
outside of his realm, and the Pope dare not consent to a trial within it. 

At the opening of 1533, Henry VIII was privately married to Anne Boleyn. This 
was carefully kept secret, awaiting the papal sanction to the appointment of Thomas 
Cranmer to the See of Canterbury. This new Archbishop belonged to a family that 
settled in Nottinghamshire at the time of the Norman Conquest. At the age of four- 
teen he was sent to Jesus College at Cambridge, where he contracted an unfortunate 
marriage that obliged him to vacate his fellowship. The death of his wife in child- 
birth caused him to be reinstated, as it occurred before the year of grace allowed by 
the statutes. The fact of his marrying would seem to show that he did not intend to 
enter the church; the death of his wife may have been the cause for his qualifying 
himself for holy orders. 

It was a curious concurrence of circumstances that transferred Cranmer from the 
seclusion of the university to the din and bustle of the court. While at the home of 
one of his pupils, he met two of the King's chief counsellors, and the absorbing question 
of the day, the King's meditated divorce from Catherine of Aragon, became the subject 
of discussion. Cranmer advanced an opinion with modesty that befitted an unknown 
man ; he professed not to have studied the case, but expressed the view that marriage 
with a deceased brother's widow was ground for a divorce, and should be granted by 
the ordinary ecclesiastical courts. The King, on hearing of his opinion, immediately 
sent for Cranmer, commanded him to lay aside all other pursuits, and devote himself to 
the questions of the divorce. He prepared a treatise defending his position on the divorce 
by arguments from Scripture, the fathers, and the decrees of general councils. He 
defended his treatise before the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and was sent to 
Rome, but did not receive any practical decision of the question from the Pope. At 
the request of the King he afterward visited Germany, and was recalled to England to 
become Archbishop of Canterbury. Matters moved with celerity and skill after his 
consecration ; a convocation in the first week of April summoned Queen Catherine to 
appear; she declined, and was declared contumacious; judgment was declared that her 
marriage to the King was null and void from the first, thus leaving the King free to 
marry again. The coronation of the new queen, Anne Boleyn, took place in the follow- 
ing June. 

Cranmer had performed his duties to his master. During the three years of Anne 
Boleyn's ascendancy, he was little at court. This period was eventful, and he found 
abundant occupation in his ecclesiastical and parliamentary duties. He was an active 
promoter of the measures which lead to the final breach with Rome. These included 
the appointment of bishops by the King, the prohibition of the payment of Peter's pence 



i 4 ISeginnings of Jfteto dBnglanO 

or other contributions to Rome, and the renunciation by the archbishops to the title of 
legate. The independence of the Church of England was finally asserted by the two 
Houses of Convocation in the declaration "that the Bishop of Rome had no greater 
jurisdiction given him in the realm of England than any other foreign bishop," this 
statement embodying the general result of Cranmer's ecclesiastical policy. 

In the meantime Cranmer was actively engaged with the Reformation in England. 
Its most important feature, on the theological side of the question, was the endeavor 
to promote the circulation of the Bible in the mother tongue, and a law was passed 
authorizing that a copy of the Bible in English should be placed in every church in a 
convenient place for reading. This was only second in importance to the readjustment 
of the creed and liturgy, which formed Cranmer's principal work. His progress in the 
formation of the Church of England was gradual. He corrected the second edition of 
the "King's Primer," the original edition of which had been attributed to him, and 
which in several points was Protestant in doctrine. He was at the head of the com- 
mission that revived the "Bishop's Book," and prepared the work known as the "King's 
Book ;" a modification of the former work in the direction of Roman Catholic doctrine. 
His translation of the Litany, substantially the same as that now used, shows his mastery 
of a rhythmical style. The "Homilies" were prepared under his direction, some of 
which, those on Salvation, Faith, Good Works, and the Reading of the Scriptures, are 
attributed to him. Cranmer translated the German Catechism of Justus Jonas, known 
as "Cranmer's Catechism." Important as showing his views on a cardinal doctrine, 
was his "Defense of the Truth and Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament." From these 
and other works it is not difficult to fix Cranmer's theological position as that of head 
of the historical High Church party in the Church of England. Transubstantiation was 
a discriminating doctrine in Europe. Cranmer did not denounce this dogma until after 
the death of Henry VIII. He rested contented with the acceptance of the fact of the 
real presence, apart from any theory whether of transubstantiation or consubstantiation, 
and this course has proved satisfactory to the most eminent theologians of his school in 
the Church of England down to the present day. 

In what may be called the external work of the English Reformation, Cranmer's 
part was secondary, the principal agent being Cromwell. Some months after Henry 
formally took the title "On Earth the Supreme Head of the Church of England," Crom- 
well was raised to the post of Vicar General, or Vicegerent of the King in all matters 
ecclesiastical. The new drift of the royal policy is shown in this office being placed in 
the hands of a layman instead of a priest. A great step was taken when the statute was 
enacted annihilating the free legislative power of the convocations of the clergy. This 
was followed by the restoration of the free election of the bishops, which turned every 
prelate into a nominee of the King, and reduced the English bishop to absolute depend- 
ence on the Crown. 

As the second step in Cromwell's system, commissions were sent to visit the mon- 
asteries and nunneries. The "Black Book," the report of the commissioners, was laid 
before Parliament and one-third of the houses were approved; the remainder were con- 
demned. Of the thousand religious houses then existing in England, nearly four 
hundred were dissolved, and their revenue granted to the Crown. The secular clergy 
alone remained; injunction after injunction from the Vicar-General taught rector and 
vicar that they must learn to regard themselves as mere mouthpieces of the royal will. 
The Church was gagged. Cromwell, with the instinct of genius, discerned the part the 
pulpit played in the religious and political struggle of the land, and was resolved to turn 



15eginning0 of jfteto OBnglanD 15 

it to the profit of the monarchy. The right to preach was confined to those priests who 
received license from the Crown, thereby quashing every voice of opposition. Theo- 
logical controversy was forbidden; every bishop, abbot and parish priest, was required 
to preach against the usurpation of the Papacy, and to proclaim the King as supreme 
Head of the Church in England ; the topics of the sermons were prescribed ; bishops 
were held responsible for the compliance of these orders by the clergy ; the sheriff's were 
held responsible for the obedience of the bishops. 

During Cromwell's ministry, vigor and promptitude were carried to an extreme. 
Laws, never equalled for severity in the history of England, were enacted. In the earlier 
ecclesiastical changes the nation as a whole had gone with the King ; in the enslavement 
of the priesthood, the gagging of the pulpit, the suppression of the monasteries, the bulk 
of the people stood aloof. The period of Cromwell's administration has rightly been 
called the "English Terror." The royal policy of the monarchy in trampling under 
foot the tradition and reverence of ages, generally was met by the silence of the people, 
but lying seething underneath, wrath and hate were concealed. It was by terror that 
Cromwell mastered the King; his attitude was something more than that of absolute 
dependence and unquestioning devotion. Henry VIII was fearless of open danger, but 
tremulously sensitive to the lightest breath of hidden disloyalty. It was upon this dread 
that Cromwell based the future of his power; spies were scattered broadcast over the 
land ; secret denounciations were poured into the open ear of the minister ; the air was 
thick with tales of plots and conspiracies; and, with the detection and suppression of 
each, Cromwell tightened his hold on the King. He mastered the King by terror, so 
it was by terror he mastered the people. Such a career could not fail to surround him 
with numerous and implacable enemies. 

Sntrotiuction of t&e OBnglisf) IBifcle* 

The introduction of the English Bible into churches gave a new opening for the zeal 
of Protestants. The Bishop's Courts were invaded by mobs, priests began openly to bring 
home wives to their vicarages. The Sacrament of the Mass, the center of the Catholic 
system of faith and worship, still held sacred by the bulk of Englishmen, was attacked 
with scurrility and profaneness. By this attack on the Mass, both King and the nation 
were stirred to a deep resentment. With the Protestants, Henry had no sympathy; he 
was proud of his orthodoxy and of his title of "Defender of the Faith." He shared with 
the people their love of order, their clinging to the past, and their hatred of extravagance 
and excess. The House of Parliament showed little interest in political liberty; the 
monarchy was freed of all parliamentary restrictions, a formal statute gave the King's 
proclamation the force of parliamentary laws. The Church, however, did not find favor 
with the people. The King was granted the great monasteries that had been saved a few 
years earlier. Six hundred religious houses fell at a blow, and so great was the spoils 
that the King promised never again to call on his people for subsidies. The Houses were 
a unit in withstanding the new innovations of religion ; an act "abolishing diversity of 
opinions in certain articles concerning Christian religion" passed with general assent. 

The doctrine of transubstantiation was reasserted by the first of the Six Articles, 
from which the Act owes its name. There was no difference of feeling or belief between 
the men of the New Learning and the older Catholics. In the five other articles, which 
sanctioned communion in one kind, the celibacy of the clergy, monastic vows, private 
masses, and auricular confession, the road to moderate reform seemed closed. A more 



16 ^Beginnings of I3eto OBnglanD 

terrible feature of the reaction was the revival of persecution. Burning was the penalty 
for a denial of transubstantiation ; on the second offense it became the penalty for an 
infraction of the other five doctrines. A refusal to attend Mass was made a felony. 
Cranmer struggled against the bill in the Lords, but was unsuccessful; the Commons 
were "all of one opinion;" the King acted as spokesman on the side of the articles. In 
London alone, five hundred Protestants were indicted. 

Cromwell, though he differed little from the general sentiment which was embodied 
in the act, met this triumph of the New Learning by quietly releasing the bishops and 
quashing the London indictments. The magistrates were checked in their enforcement 
of the law, while a general pardon cleared the prisons of the heretics who had been 
arrested. Cromwell's wish was to restrain these Protestant excesses, but he had no 
mind to ruin them, as he leaned instinctively on the one party that was not desirous of 
his fall. A few months after the enactment of the Six Articles, persecution had wholly 
ceased, the word of God was powerfully preached, and books of every kind were safely 
exposed for sale. Cromwell had never shown such greatness as in this last struggle 
against Fate. 

The King's confidence waned, as he discovered the full meaning of the religious 
changes which Cromwell had brought about. There was growing opposition in the 
Council as his favor declined ; his temper remained as indomitable as ever, but he stood 
absolutely alone. His only friends were the Protestants, and their friendship was more 
fatal than the hatred of his foes. The churchmen hated him with even a fiercer hate 
than the nobles. Cromwell showed no signs of fear, or of halting on the course upon 
which he had entered. Executions of prelates and of the nobility followed, and terrible 
acts of bloodshed became of common occurrence. 

Cromwell knew that as long as Henry supported him, even however reluctant his 
support might be, he was more than a match for his foes. He relied for success, how- 
ever, no more on terror; his single will forced on a scheme of foreign policy, with an 
aim to bind England to the cause of the Reformation, while it bound Henry helplessly to 
his minister. In brief, he was credited with the boast, which while it may never have 
been uttered was, however, an expression of his system, "in brief time he would bring 
things to such a pass that the King with all his powers should not be able to hinder 
him." His plans rested on a fresh marriage of the King. The death of Henry's third 
wife caused Cromwell to replace as the King's consort a German princess, Anne of 
Cleves, a sister-in-law of the Lutheran Elector of Saxony. This was but the first step 
in his policy. Emperor Charles V and the House of Austria could alone bring about a 
Catholic reaction strong enough to arrest and roll back the Reformation ; and Cromwell 
no sooner united with the princes of North Germany than he sought to league them with 
France for the overthrow of Europe. If he had succeeded, the whole face of Europe 
would have been changed ; Southern Germany would have been secured for Protestant- 
ism, and the Thirty Years' War averted. He failed, however, as men fail who stand 
ahead of their age. The German princes shrank from a contest with the Emperor; 
France, from a struggle which would be fatal to Catholicism. Henry VIII, left alone 
to bear the resentment of the House of Austria, and chained to a wife he loathed, turned 
savagely on his minister. The die was cast, the nobles sprang on Cromwell with a 
fierceness that told of their long hoarded hate. He was arrested, taunted, charged with 
treason, and condemned by Parliament to death on the scaffold. 

The founders of the Church of England were Cromwell and Cranmer, both of 
whom paid the penalty — their lives on the scaffold and at the stake. It was to Crom- 



'Beginnings of jfteto OBnglanD 17 

well's arbitrary will and to Cranmer's subtle diplomacy and pen, that the structure which 
now constitutes the Church of England was erected. They are the pillars of its founda- 
tion, by their genius alone was the construction made perfect. The early environments 
of these two founders were dissimilar. Cromwell was from the plebeian caste, a rugged 
adventurer, therefore was endowed with an arbitrary will and selfconfidence; Cranmer, 
with the prestige of an ancient family, a theological education, combined the subtlety of 
the churchman with the education of a scholar. Both were sycophants of Henry VIII. 
They were allies in the matter of obtaining the King's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, 
not on religious or political grounds, but simply as a means to attain their individual 
ends. The divorce of the queen was only an incident in the establishment of the Church 
of England ; the popular demand was a change from Catholicism, the oppression of the 
clergy, the subservance to a foreign prelate, the exactions of clergy for the maintenance 
of religious houses and churches ; these were the incentives that demanded a radical 
change. These evolutions of the times, Cromwell and Cranmer took advantage of, and, 
owing to the disturbances, they advanced their individual fortunes. Both, however, paid 
for their activities ; they were martyrs to the church which they helped originate. The 
bravado of Cromwell is shown when, his last hope of life gone, he flung his cap on the 
ground, exclaiming passionately/'this then is my guerdon for what I have done." 

Cranmer in his degradation, under the pressure of delusive promises, made his 
famous recantations. These, however, he renounced with dignity and emphasis, claim- 
ing that they troubled him more than any act of his life. He had written things with 
his hand that were contrary to the truth of the thoughts in his heart. Immediately 
after this unexpected declaration, he was led to the stake, and he steadily exposed his 
right hand to the flames, exclaiming with a loud voice, "This hand has offended — this 
unworthy hand." The calm, cheerfulness and resolution with which he met his fate 
showed that he had cleansed his conscience, and his recantation of his former recanta- 
tions needed no contrition. 

Cfje OBnglfef) puritans. 

The designation of Puritan was at first a term of reproach. It was a revival of an 
ancient nickname, and it was intended to mark those to whom it was applied as pre- 
tenders to greater purity of religious worship than that fixed by the majority of the 
Convocation of 1562. The only principle in which all the English Puritans agreed was 
their Protestantism. Differing in one or more points of doctrinal belief of church gov- 
ernment and modes of worship, on the relation of the church to the state, on tolerating 
and suppressing popery, and on many questions of public policy, they were, however, 
united in their rejection of the Church of Rome. 

At the death of Cromwell the success of his policy was complete. The monarchy 
had reached the height of its power. The religious changes had thrown an almost 
sacred character over the majesty of the King. He was the Head of the Church ; from 
the primate to the meanest deacon, every minister derived from him sole right to exercise 
spiritual powers. The voice of the preacher was the echo of his will. He alone could 
define orthodoxy or declare heresy. The forms of worship and belief were changed 
and rechanged at the royal caprice. Half of the Church's wealth went to swell the 
royal treasury, the other half laid at the King's mercy. It was the unprecedented con- 
centration of all power in the hands of a single man that overawed the imagination of 
Henry's subjects. The voices of statesmen and priests extolled his wisdom and author- 
tefl— 2 



1 8 'Beginnings of H3eto OBnglanD 

ity as more than human, and he was regarded as something high above the laws which 
govern common men. An absolute devotion to his person replaced the old loyalty to 
the law. 

This fabric of King worship was hardly reared when it began to fall ; the reducing 
of the Church to mere slavery beneath the royal power, instead of tramping down the 
last constitutional force which could hold the monarchy in check, gave life and energy 
to new fires which were bound by their very nature to battle with monarchy, for even 
more than the old English freedom. When Cromwell seized the Church, he believed 
he was seizing for the Crown the mastery which the Church had wielded over the con- 
sciences and reverence of men. The very humiliation of the great religious body broke 
the spell to which Englishmen had bowed. 

In form, nothing had been changed ; the outer constitution of the church remained 
unaltered. The English bishop, freed from papal control, freed from the check of 
monastic independence, seemed greater and more imposing than ever. The priest still 
clung to rectory and church. If images were taken out of churches, if here and there 
a rood-loft was pulled down, or a saint's shrine demolished, no change was made in 
form of ritual or mode of worship. The Mass was still Latin; confession, penance, 
fastings, extreme unction, went on as before. There was little to show that any changes 
had taken place ; and yet every ploughman felt all was changed. The bishop, gorgeous 
as he might be in mitre and cap, was a mere tool of the King. The priest trembled 
before heretics he used to burn. Farmers and shopkeepers might enter their church 
every Sunday morning to find Mass or service transformed. The spell of unbroken 
continuance was over, and with it the power which the Church had wielded over the 
souls of men was in a great part done away with. 

It was not that the new Protestantism was as yet formidable; the adherents of 
Luther were few in number, mostly among the poorer class, or from a class of scholars 
whose theological studies drew their sympathy to the movement over the sea. The 
danger was that men's hold on the firm ground of custom was broken, their minds set 
drifting and questioning. The though of religious change had become familiar to the 
people as a whole ; with religious change was certain to come religious revolt. But bound 
as Church and King now were together, it was impossible to deny the tenet of the one 
without entering on a course of opposition to the other. Cromwell had given the mon- 
archy its most fatal of all enemies, the force of individual conscience, the enthusiasm 
of religious belief, the fire of religious fanaticism. Slowly as the era of the New Pro- 
testantism extended, every man that it gained was a possible opponent of the Crown. 
England was being slowly leavened with a new spirit, the religious changes within her 
confines were telling on the thought of her people; the temper of the nation remained 
religiously conservative; it drifted rather to the moderate reforms of the New Learning 
than to any radical reconstruction of the Church. 

The sudden death of Henry VIII, on January 28, 1547, placed in force the Act 
passed by the Parliament of 1 544, providing that the Crown should pass to Henry's son 
Edward, the child of Jane Seymour, and on Edward's death without issue, to his sister 
Mary; should Mary prove childless, it was to go to Elizabeth, the offspring of Anne 
Boleyn; further than this the Houses would make no provisions. Edward VI at the 
death of his father was in his tenth year, for whose protection the will of Henry VIII 
named a council of regency, but the council chose Edward, Earl of Hertford, afterward 
created Duke of Somerset, as Protector. The leanings of the King as well as the Pro- 



TStQinniwt of jfteto (England 19 

tector were strongly Protestant. The protectorate was inaugurated by the repeal of 
various acts whose tendency was to support the waning influence of the Church of Rome, 
and by adding additional legislation in favor of Reformation principles. 

The legal prohibitions of Lol lardy were rescinded, the Six Acts repealed, a royal 
injunction removed all pictures and images from the churches. A formal statute gave 
priests the right to marry. A resolution of convocation, which was confirmed by Par- 
liament, brought about the significant change which definitely marked the severance of 
the English Church in doctrine from the Roman, by ordering that the sacrament at the 
altar should be administered in both kinds. More significant changes were to follow; 
English was to be used in public worship, whereas the universal use of Latin had marked 
the Catholic and European character of the older religion ; a new Communion service in 
English took the place of the Mass; an English book of Common Prayer, the Liturgy, 
which, with slight alterations, is still used in the Church of England, replaced the 
Missal and Breviary from which its contents are mainly drawn. The theory of worship 
which prevailed through Mediaeval Christendom, the belief that the worshipper assisted 
only at rites wrought for him by priestly hands, at a sacrifice wrought through priestly 
intervention, at the offerings of prayers and praise by priestly lips, was now set at naught. 
The act of devotion became a common prayer of the whole body of worshippers. The 
Mass became a communion of the whole Christian fellowship. The priest was no longer 
the offerer of a mysterious sacrifice, the mediator between God and the worshipper ; he 
was on the level with the rest of the church, simply a mouthpiece of the congregation. 

The accession of Edward VI led the way to the establishment of Protestantism in 
England, and at the same time gave life to the germs of difference which was eventually 
to divide the nation. The adhesion of England to the Protestant cause came at a time 
when Protestantism seemed on the verge of ruin. Luther based his reform upon the 
sublime and simple truths which lie at the basis of morals — the paramount value of 
character and purity of conscience ; the superiority of right dispositions over ceremonial 
exactness, expressed by justification of faith alone. He acknowledged princes as his 
protectors, and in the ceremonies of worship favored magnificence as an aid to devotion; 
he hesitated to deny the real presence, and was indifferent to the observance of external 
ceremonies. 

John Calvin, the recognized head of the Reformation movement in France, with 
sterner dialectics, sanctioned by the influences of the purest life and by his power as 
the ablest writer of his age, attacked the Roman doctrines respecting the communion, 
and esteemed as a commemoration the rite which the Catholics reverenced as a sacrifice. 
Calvin was the guide of the Swiss republic, and avoided in its churches all appeal to the 
senses as a crime against religion. Luther resisted the Roman Catholic Church for its 
immorality ; Calvin for its idolatry ; Luther exposed the folly of superstitution, ridiculed 
the hair shirt and scourge, the purchases of indulgences and masses for the dead. Luther 
permitted the cross, tapers, pictures and images, as things of indifference; Calvin 
demanded a spiritual worship in its utmost purity. 

The safety of the Protestants in the reign of Edward developed the fact that both 
sects of the Reformed Church existed in England. The one party, sustained by Cran- 
mer, desired moderate reforms ; the other, countenanced by the Protector, were the im- 
placable advisaries of the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church. The two parties 
were at variance in other particulars. The Puritans planted themselves upon the naked 
Bible as the only safe chart and guide in religious and civil duties and obligations. The 



20 15egmning0 of H2eto (England 

defenders of the Church of England freely declared that the Holy Scripture contained 
all things necessary for salvation, but pleaded expediency for retaining much that had 
been sanctioned by ancient usage ; the abhorence of superstition excited the other party 
to demand the boldest innovations. 

Puritanism, zealous for independence, admitted no voucher but the Bible, and 
would allow neither Parliament nor Hierarchy nor King to interpret. The Puritans 
adhered to the Established Church only as far as their interpretations seemed to war- 
rant; they would yield nothing to the temporal sovereign, they would retain nothing 
that seemed a relic of the religion which they had renounced. They asserted the equal- 
ity of the plebeian clergy, and directed their fiercest attacks against the divine right of 
bishops. The reformers of the continent complained of the backwardness of the Refor- 
mation in England. 

The appointment of John Hooper as Bishop of Gloucester, and his refusal to be 
consecrated in the vestments which the law required, marks the era when the Puritans 
first existed as a separate party. The surplice and the square cap became the badges of 
a party. They were rejected as the livery of superstitution, the outward sign that pro- 
scription was to prevail over reason and authority to control inquiry. The use of them 
was an evidence of religious servitude. 

The reign of Edward VI was of short duration. Never of a robust constitution, 
the seeds of consumption ravaged his waning health, and at the opening of 1553 the 
signs of coming death became perceptible. In his zeal for the Protestant religion and 
in his absolute faith of his royal autocracy, Edward was ready to override his father's 
will and statute, and set aside the rights of his sister Mary as his successor to the throne. 
Both Mary and her sister Elizabeth had been declared illegitimate by separate acts of 
Parliament. Edward made a will appointing Lady Jane Gray, a great-granddaughter 
of Henry VII, his successor. The line of descent was traced through females; Mary, 
the second daughter of Henry VII, the widow of Louis XII of France, married for her 
second husband Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Their eldest daughter, Lady Fran- 
ces Brandon, married Henry Gray, Marquis of Dorset, and Lady Jane Grey was the 
eldest of three daughters. At the time of the death of Edward VI, she was but sixteen 
years of age, and little over a month previous had become the wife of Lord Guilford 
Dudley, a son of the Duke of Northumberland. She was proclaimed queen four days 
after the death of Edward VI, July 6, 1553; her reign was of short duration, only ten 
days. The Earl of Oxford declared for Queen Mary; Northumberland was unable to 
support Lady Jane Grey's claim by force of arms ; the people had received the announce- 
ment of her accession with manifest coldness. The young queen was retired to private 
life, confined with her husband in the Tower, sentenced for treason, and she and her 
husband were executed on the same day. 

At the time of the accession of Mary to the throne, she was thirty-seven years of 
age, short and thin in figure, with a face drawn and colorless, that told of constant ill 
health; her hard, bright eyes, her manlike voice, her fearlessness and self-will, told of 
her Tudor blood. The deep lines that marked her face were features not unsuitable to 
her gloomy temperament. She has been stigmatized by historians as "Bloody Mary" ; 
in her brief reign of five years her bishops caused several hundred of her subjects to be 
burned at the stake. 

The reign of Mary, whose strict retirement had left her ignorant of the actual 
temper of England, involved in danger all parties whose principles rejected communion 



'Beginnings of Jfteto dBnglanU 21 

with Rome. The Puritan Martyrs never sought by concessions to escape the flames; 
for them compromise was itself apostasy. A large part of the English clergy returned 
to their submission to the See of Rome. Others firmly adhered to the Reformation, 
rushed into exile to escape the grasp of vindictive bigotry, but even in foreign lands 
two parties among the emigrants were visible, and the sympathies of a common exile 
could not eradicate the rancor of religious diversions. One party aimed at renewing 
abroad the forms of discipline sanctioned by the English parliaments; the Puritans, on 
the contrary, endeavored to sweeten exile by a complete emancipation from ceremonies 
which they had reluctantly observed. 

The Lutherans with few exceptions refused to receive Puritan exiles, because of 
their views of the sacrament; but the Reformed (as the disciples of Zwingle, Calvin, 
and the Swiss Protestants were known), embraced them with open arms. Among the 
refugees were some of the most learned, devoted and experienced of the English 
Protestants, among them John Bale, Bishop of Ossory in Ireland; Myles Coverdale, a 
Yorkshire man, one of the first who taught the purity of the Gospel, and at the time of 
Mary's accession was Bishop of Exeter ; Dr. William Turner, who gained high celebrity 
at Cambridge by his knowledge of medicine as well as of philosophy and divinity; 
Thomas Becon, highly esteemed as Professor of Divinity at Oxford ; Dr. David White- 
head, a great light of learning, and a heavenly professor of divinity of his time; John 
Fox, the great martyrologist. Among the noted divines that remained in England 
were Hugh Latimer, "the worthy champion and old practised soldier of Christ;" Dr. 
Nicholas Ridley, one of Archbishop Cranmer's chaplains; Thomas Cranmer; and John 
Hooper, besides others who were martyrs at the stake. 

On the death of Mary, many of the Puritans returned to England with still strong 
antipathies to the form of worship and the vestures, which they now repelled as asso- 
ciated with the cruelties of Roman rule at home, and which they had seen so success- 
fully rejected by the churches of Switzerland. The pledges which had been given at 
Frankfort and Geneva to promote further reforms were redeemed. 

Queen Elizabeth's religious course after her coronation was watched with deep 
interest. Her admiration for the King, her father and his mode of carrying on affairs, 
was ill omen for the interests of Catholicism. There is no sign that Elizabeth had 
resolved on a open defiance of the Papacy. She was firm, however, to assert her father's 
claim of supremacy over the clergy, and her own title to the throne. Elizabeth an- 
nounced her accession to the Pope ; this showed she did not propose to make any violent 
breach with the Papal See. Between the Papacy and Elizabeth was the fatal question 
of the divorce. To acknowledge the Queen, was not only to own her mother's mar- 
riage, but to cancel the solemn judgment of the Holy See in Catherine's favor, and its 
solemn assertion of her own bastardy. The Papal judgment had pronounced her 
illegitimate, and summoned her to submit her claim to the Pope's tribunal. Much of 
this indignation was no doubt merely diplomatic, but the Queen and her minister knew, 
if they were willing to pay such a price for the Crown, it was beyond their power to 
bring England to pay it. The summons to submit the Queen's claim of succession to 
the judgment of Rome produced its old effect. Parliament acknowledged the legitimacy 
of Elizabeth and her title to the Crown, and this carried with it the repudiation of the 
supremacy of the Papacy. 

This break with Rome brought Elizabeth for support to the Protestants, which 
could only be obtained by theological concessions ; above all, the surrender of the Mass, 



22 'Beginnings; of I3eto 0£nglanD 

which displaced the Prayer Book, which was hallowed by the memories of the Martyrs. 
To the modern eyes, the Church under Elizabeth would seem a religious chaos. But 
England was fairly used to religious confusion ; the rapid and radical changes of the last 
two reigns had thrown out of gear the whole machinery of English religion. To regu- 
late this chaos, Elizabeth called to her assistance Matthew Parker, who had been raised 
to the See of Canterbury, to reorganize the Church. The early associations of Eliza- 
beth led her to respect the faith of the Catholics, and to love the magnificence of their 
worship. She publicly thanked a chaplain who asserted the real presence, and on a 
revision of the creed of the English Church the tenet of transubstantiation was no longer 
expressly rejected; it was left undecided as a question of natural indifference. She 
struggled long to retain images, the crucifix, the tapers, in her private chapel ; she offered 
prayers to the Virgin, she favored the invocation of saints, she insisted on the celibacy of 
the clergy. She was able for several years to conciliate the Catholics into a partial 
conformity. The Puritans denounced concessions to the Papists, beside, the influence 
of early education, the love of authority, would not permit Elizabeth to cherish this new 
sect among the Protestants. The Catholics were friends of monarchy, they upheld the 
forms of regal government ; the Puritans were harbingers of a revolution, the Hierarchy 
charged them with seeking a popular state; the Puritan clergy were fast becoming 
tribunes of the people, and the pulpit was the place of freedom, of rebuke and discussion, 
before which even sovereigns might be arraigned. The Queen desired to establish a 
national religion midway between sectarian licentiousness and Roman supremacy, and 
when her policy of religion was once declared, the pride of authority would brook no 
opposition. By degrees she occupied politically the position of the head of Protestant- 
ism. Catholic subjects conspired against her kingdom; then it was that Roman Cath- 
olics were no longer treated with forbearance; the Queen, struggling for her safety, 
tried to preserve unity among her friends, and hated the Puritans as mutineers in camp. 

In the first convocation of the clergy under Elizabeth, the proposition to abolish a 
part of the ceremonies of the Church was lost by a single vote. Nine years passed 
away before the Thirty-nine Articles then adopted were confirmed by Parliament, and 
the Act by which they were finally established required assent to those articles only, 
which concerned the confession of faith and the doctrine of the sacraments. When 
rigorous orders for enforcing conformity were first issued, the Puritans were not intim- 
idated, they were defiant. They began to speak openly of a secession from the Church. 
A separate congregation was formed, the government became alarmed, and leading men 
and several women were imprisoned. Some of the best of English statesmen advocated 
moderation. The Puritans as a body had avoided separation from the Church ; they 
had desired a reform, not a schism. There, however, began to grow up among them a 
class of men who carried opposition to the Church of England to the extreme, and 
refused to hold communion with a church of which they condemned the ceremonies and 
the government. Henry VIII had enfranchised the English Crown ; Elizabeth had en- 
franchised the Anglican Church ; the Puritans claimed equality for the plebeian clergy, 
and the Independents asserted the liberty of each individual mind to discover "truth in 
the word of God." 

From this time there was a division among the opponents of the Church of England. 
The Puritans acknowledged its merits, but desired its reform ; the Separatists denounced 
it as an idolatrous institution, false to Christianity and to truth ; the Puritans considered 
it as the temple of God, in which they were to worship, though its actors might need 



beginnings of jfteto (England 23 

purification ; the Separatists regarded the truths, which it might confess, as holy things 
in the custody of the profane — the Ark of the Lord in the hands of Philistines. The 
Puritans reproached the Separatists with ill-advised precipitancy, and in return were 
censured for faltering cowardice. The one party abhored the ceremonies which were a 
bequest of Popery ; the other reprobated the Establishment itself. The Puritans desired 
to amend ; the Separatists to destroy and rebuild. The feud became bitter in England, 
and eventually led to great political results. 

Cfje Separatists, or Sntiepen Dents. 

The Separatists threw off all connection with the Established Church, rejecting alike 
the surplice and the bishops, the Prayer Book and the ceremonies, and rested themselves 
on the Bible, seeking to restore the constitution of the Christian Church to the primitive 
simplicity in which it was first instituted. They put in practice their theoretical opinions 
by the formation of churches in which the members were the source of all power, and, in 
a word, applied to ecclesiastical organizations principles which, if introduced into civil 
government, would produce a pure democracy. 

They were first known as Brownists, named from Robert Brown, whose family was 
connected with Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh, Queen Elizabeth's Lord High Treas- 
urer. Brown studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he first imbibed his 
Puritan beliefs from Thomas Cartwright, then Professor of Divinity. Cartwright's 
views were only the germs of the opinions soon developed by Brown, who on leaving 
Cambridge at once began a vigorous opposition to the whole discipline and liturgy of 
the Established Church. He became a teacher, lecturer, and preacher at Islington; he 
nevertheless devoted much of his time to excursions about the country, delivering 
polemical addresses. He was imprisoned in 1580 or 1581 by the bishop of Norwich, but 
on acknowledging that he had employed wrong means in the propagation of his theories, 
was released. He then became pastor of a Dutch Anabaptist society of Norwich, and 
made many converts to his doctrines. The virulence of his attacks on the Anglican 
Hierarchy caused him to be summoned before an ecclesiastical commission who again 
placed him in custody, but his release was secured through the influence of Lord Burleigh. 

These and other imprisonments, censures, and persecutions, caused many to look 
on Brown as a martyr, and he gained a considerable following. His congregation how- 
ever, was constantly interfered with, which forced him and his followers to emigrate to 
Holland and Zealand. Their principal congregation was at Middleburg in Zealand; 
there were others at Amsterdam and Leyden. They speedily became involved in dis- 
sensions with the sects about them, and finally quarrelled among themselves. Brown 
returned to England, preached for a time at Norwich, subjected himself to admonition 
by the bishop, finally to excommunication, suddenly announced his recantation, and 
begged for readmission into the Established Church. He was made a rector of a small 
church at Thrapston, Northampshire. His late clays were spent in idleness, he seldom 
entering his own church. He died in prison, where he was confined for resisting a con- 
stable who demanded his taxes. His ignoble end led his followers to drop the name of 
Brownists, and they became known as Separatists or Independents. The views held by 
Brown and his followers were briefly these : every religious congregation should consti- 
tute an independent self-governing body whose minister should be chosen by the church ; 
all members of the congregation should be equal, and a layman might act as a minister, 
or question the minister. There should be no fixed forms of prayer, but they should be 



24 beginnings of Jfteto OEnglanD 

ex tempore. Marriages should not be celebrated in the churches, but considered as a 
civil contract. 

The death of Queen Elizabeth was one of the turning points of English religious 
history. Religious severance, the most terrible of national dangers, had been averted 
by the patience and the ruthlessness of the Crown. The Catholics were weak and held 
pitilessly down. The Puritan sectaries were hunted as pitilessly from the realm. The 
ecclesiastical compromise of the Tudors had at last won the adhesion of the country at 
large. The popularity of the Bible was evidenced in the intellectual and characteristic 
development of the people ; under its influence wife and child were raised from depend- 
ence on the will of husband and father, as souls hallowed like his own by the touch of a 
Divine Spirit. The sense of spiritual fellowship gave a new tenderness and refinement 
to the common family affections. Elizabeth, with all her efforts, failed to check the 
growth of Puritanism in the Church itself. 

Cbe ^croo&p Congregation. 

In the last year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, among the congregations of 
Separatists which had been formed while dissensions were active, were two near the 
northeastern corner of Nottinghamshire. One was gathered at Gainsborough, just 
within the western border of the county of Lincoln. The other held its meetings 
at Scrooby, in the hundred of Basset Lawe, a mile and a half southeast of the market 
town of Bawtry. The village of Scrooby was located in Nottinghamshire, near the 
point where it touched the counties of Lincoln and York. Palfrey, the New England 
historian, who visited the locality in the middle of the last century, states that Auster- 
field, the birthplace of Bradford, was a hamlet of thirty brick houses roofed with 
tiles, two of them looking as if they might have been standing in Bradford's time. 
There was a church capable of holding one hundred and fifty persons, that looked 
old enough to have been built in the thirteenth century. The nearest way from Auster- 
field to Scrooby was a path through the fields. At Scrooby the old church was a beau- 
tiful structure, and at a distance of a quarter of a mile from it the dike mound around the 
vanished manor house could still be traced, and a farmer's house was standing, which he 
believed to be a part of its ancient stables or dog-kennels. The pilgrim authority, the 
Reverend Henry M. Dexter, made a later pilgrimage to the locality, and in his work, 
"The England and Holland of the Pilgrims," gives vivid descriptions of the country. 

The Scrooby congregation, according to the division and nomenclature of church 
office which had come into use in the sect, was Richard Clifton, pastor, and John Rob- 
inson, teacher; of the former there is little known. He was at the time of the Queen's 
death about fifty years of age; he had seventeen years before been instituted to the 
rectory of Babworth, near Scrooby; at what time he withdrew or was ejected from his 
place in the Established Church does not appear. 

John Robinson, the teacher, was probably born near Scrooby about 1575. He was 
entered at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1592, and graduated in ordinary 
course, becoming a fellow in 1599. Having taken orders, he officiated for some time in 
the neighborhood of Norwich, but his Puritan leanings soon caused his suspension by the 
bishop. After having ministered for some time to a congregation of sympathizers in 
Norwich, he resigned his fellowship in 1604, and, proceeding to Gainsborough, joined a 
company who had bound themselves by covenant before God "to walk in all His ways 
made known unto them, according to their best endeavors, whatever it should cost them." 



beginnings of jfteto OBnglanD 25 

In 1606 he became connected with the Scrooby congregation, but unceasing hostility of 
the authorities toward nonconformity soon forced him and his people to think of flight. 
Robinson settled in Amsterdam in 1608, and in the following year he removed to Leyden, 
and ministered there to members of his former congregation. When the emigration to 
America took place, his health did not permit of his joining the pioneers, but as soon as 
practicable he was to join them with the rest of his flock, but before this plan could be 
carried out he died at Leyden, March 1, 1625. 

Robinson, besides preaching to his congregation during his last years, corresponded 
with those of his people who had settled in New England, and devoted himself to the 
study of theology. He became a member of the University of Leyden. He was an 
active controversalist, and in 1613 had a controversy on "Free Will" with a professor in 
the University of Leyden. Amongst his other publications we mention "Justification of 
Separation from the Church," 1610; "Apologia Brownistarain," 1619; "A Defense of 
the Doctrine propounded by the Synod of Dort," 1624; and a volume of "Essays and 
Observations, Divine and Moral," printed in 1628. His works, with a memoir by 
R. Ashton, were reprinted in three volumes in 185 1. 

Robinson was the most memorable of all the men in the Scrooby Church; of a 
modest and concilatory spirit, a man of character and farseeing liberality, he seemed 
hardly to belong to those times of partisan bitterness. He drifted slowly and reluctantly 
into a separation that was never bitter, and that was softened and modified as he mel- 
lowed with years and experience. He was a Moses who was to lead the pilgrims in their 
wanderings, but who was doomed never to join them in their pilgrimage. No doubt it 
was he that gave the Scrooby congregation a unity and affection rare among aggressive 
spirits of the times ; it was Robinson who held them firmly together in their exile, and 
after their second emigration and his death, it seems to have been the influence of his 
character and teachings that made the Plymouth pilgrims more tolerant than the harsher 
Puritans. 

When, in 1603, James VI of Scotland, the first of the House of Stuart that was to 
rule England for nearly a century, succeeded to the throne as James I, (he having been 
himself an ardent Presbyterian) the hopes of the Puritans and Separatists were raised to 
the highest pitch. James I was the son of the unfortunate but beautiful Mary Queen of 
Scots. He was at the time of his accession of the mature age of thirty-six, and had been 
bred in the strictest sect of Calvinism. On coming at man's estate he had subscribed to 
the Book of Discipline of the Kirk ; he had been the ostentatious champion of the most 
anti-prelatical dogmas of the continental churches. Once free, however, from the "Scot 
Presbytery," as he called it, his opinions, so often vaunted, underwent a rapid change. 
His constitutional love of despotic rule forced him at once into a morbid activity to escape 
the restraints suffered in Scotland, which had vexed him from his cradle. He was 
impatient to play the tyrant, and brook no delay. 

In his progress to London he received the Millenary Petition signed by more than 
eight hundred clergymen located in twenty-five counties. It represented "neither as 
factious men affecting a popular party in the Church, nor as schismatics aiming at the dis- 
solution of the state ecclesiastical, but as the faithful ministers of Christ and loyal sub- 
jects to his Majesty, they humbly desired the redress of some abuses." In respect to the 
church service, they prayed for a discontinuance of the use of the cap and surplice ; of the 
ring in the marriage; of the cross in baptism; of the rite of confirmation, and of the 
reading of the Apocryphal books; for an abridgement of the Liturgy, and more edifying 



26 beginnings! of ifteto dBnglanU 

style of sacred music ; for the strict observance of the Lord's Day ; for dispensation from 
observance of other holidays, also from the rule to bow at the name of Jesus. They 
proposed other measures of reform and security, but nothing adverse to the episcopal 
government as legally established, and requested a conference of the learned to debate 
on these matters. The King responded to the petition by assembling that sad comedy of 
conference held at the palace of Hampton Court. The Puritans were represented by four 
ministers, and on the other side were nine bishops and eight other church dignitaries. 
The requests of the ministers were embodied in four articles : 

(i) That the doctrine of the Church might be preserved pure, according to God's 
Word. 

(2) That good pastors might be placed in all churches. 

(3) That the Book of Common Prayer might be fitted to more increase of piety. 

(4) That Church government might be sincerely ministered according to God's 
Word. 

The Puritans, much to their surprise, found that their real antagonist was James 
himself, who began with the maxim, "No bishop, no King," and declared that he would 
"have one doctrine, one discipline, one religion in substance and in ceremony." He 
promised that he would "make the Puritans conform, or harry them out of the land or 
else worse." An edition of the Book of Common Prayer was published, containing some 
trifling amendments, accompanied by a proclamation in which the King required all his 
subjects to conform to the prescribed ritual and discipline, "as the only public form 
established in the realm," and admonished them not to expect any further alterations, 
inasmuch as his resolutions were unchangeable. The proclamation was followed by the 
committing to prison of ten of the subscribers of the Millenary Petition, and by a decla- 
ration of the Council that "combining in a cause against which the King had showed his 
mislike both by public act and proclamations, was little less than treason." 

In less than a year, the prospect had been completely changed. The friends of 
religious reform in England had never seen so hopeless a time as that which followed 
the time of their most sanguine expectation. A number of devout and brave men came 
to the conviction that for such as they, England was ceasing forever to be a habitable 
place, and were considering to what part of the world they might escape to secure free- 
dom of belief and worship, and build up a community worthy of English name. Many 
passed over at once to the Low Countries, while others for the present sought a pre- 
carious safety in concealment, and awaited a more convenient season for some more 
effectual measure of relief. A convocation ratified a Book of Canons, which embodied 
one hundred and fifty-one articles of the loftiest pretensions of the Established Church, 
and submission to them was challenged under penalties of deprivation for the clergy, 
and excommunication, imprisonment and outlawry alike for the clergy and the laity. The 
number of nonconformists clergymen in England and Wales exceeded fifteen hundred. 
The importation of religious books from the continent was prohibited, and printing in 
England was subjected to the censorship of the bishops. About three hundred more of 
recusant ministers were silenced or deprived, some were sent to prison and others escaped 
abroad. 

The annoyance of this vigilant administration became so intolerable to the simple 
farmers of the Scrooby congregation, that at length they resolved on the sad expedient 
of expatriation. They had heard by rumors that in the Low Countries religious freedom 
was allowed, and that some of their persecuted countrymen had there found a refuge and 



IBeginnings of Jfteto (England 27 

there they determined, though it is likely that many of them had never seen the sea, to 
seek a new home. Even this painful expedient was not free to their choice, and the 
design had to be prosecuted by stealth. By a royal proclamation the King deprived his 
subjects of emigration without his special license. A party of the Scrooby church, with 
their effects, in 1607 travelled by land fifty miles to near Boston in Lincolnshire, where 
they had chartered a vessel to meet them. The master of the vessel did not keep his 
agreement, and betrayed them to the authorities, who took their money, books and other 
goods, and carried them back into town, where they were imprisoned, and Brewster and 
others were detained for trial. 

The next spring there was another attempt made by some of the former party and 
others. A Dutch shipmaster agreed to take them aboard at a place on the Humber, 
between Grimsby and Hull, thirty miles distant from their home. The embarkation was 
interrupted by the appearance of an armed force, and the captain of the vessel becoming 
alarmed, set sail with those who had come on board with their movables. The remainder 
of the party, those who did not make their escape, separated from their husbands and 
parents, were apprehended and hurried from one justice to another until the authorities 
in the end did not know what to do with them. To imprison women and innocent chil- 
dren for no other cause but that they would go with their husbands and parents, seemed 
to be unreasonable ; and to send them home again was impossible, for they had no homes 
to go to, as they had disposed of their homes and livings. So there was nothing for the 
perplexed magistrates to do but to let them escape to their friends, who in the meantime 
had wellnigh perished in a storm which drove them to the coast of Norway, and kept them 
out of port for fourteen clays. At length this battered little community, which had 
attained increased solidarity by common sufferings, met with joy at Amsterdam. The 
imagination is taxed to picture the amazement and conscious helplessness of these north- 
country peasants as they gazed on the palaces that bordered, and the fleets that choked, 
the long canals, and pushed their way through crowds, gathered from all the countries of 
the globe. They heard a strange and uncouth tongue, and beheld the different manners 
and customs of the people, with their strange fashions and attires, all so far differing 
from that of their plain country villages, where they were bred and lived so long. It 
was not long before grim poverty faced them, which could be only overcome by work. 

At Amsterdam they remained a distinct community, though they found there a 
London congregation that had emigrated some twelve or fifteen years before, and the 
Gainsborough congregation, their former neighbors in Nottinghamshire. Between these 
societies existed a dispute about some scruples on the subject of high-heeled shoes and 
bodices with whalebones. Robinson and his people valued peace above phylacteries. 
They fruitlessly endeavored to obtain harmony, and fearful of the evil influences on their 
own society after a residence of a few months in Amsterdam, decided to remove to 
Ley den. 

Cfte LepDen Colonp. 

The new home of the Scrooby congregation, Leyden, had recovered from the 
devastation of the siege which thirty-five years before had attracted the attention of 
the world. It contained at this time seventy thousand persons, being the chief manu- 
facturing town of the Netherlands. It was the seat of the famous University of Leyden. 

Clifton, the first minister of the congregation, nearly sixty years of age, was loath 
"to remove any more," and finished his life at Amsterdam. The English strangers, 
accustomed to the pursuits of husbandry, fell to such trades and employments as they 



28 ^Beginnings of Jfteto GEnglanD 

were best fitted for, and at length gained a competent and comfortable living with hard 
and continued labor. Many converts joined them from divers parts of England, and 
they grew into a society that has been variously estimated between two and three hun- 
dred members. Their uprightness, diligence and sobriety, gave them a good name 
amongst their Dutch neighbors, though no token of goodwill could be extended to them 
for fear of offense to the English government. Robinson was their arbiter in their dif- 
ferences and their judicious adviser in secular affairs, as well as their spiritual guide. 
His logical ability and scholarly attainments were such that professors in the university 
and the chief preachers of the city sought his aid in the defense of their Calvinistic 
theology ; and his friends boasted that in public disputes he signally and repeatedly foiled 
the famous Arminian champion Episcopius. 

The twelve years residence of the English strangers at Leyden nearly corresponded 
with the twelve years truce concluded between the United Provinces and the Spaniards. 
The incorruptible Grand Pensionary Barneveldt stood in the way of the usurpation of the 
head of the House of Orange. The head of Barneveldt was brought to the block, a 
popular frenzy seized on all classes, and Leyden was one of the chief theatres of agita- 
tion. The members of Robinson's congregation witnessed the strife, which rent the 
University of Leyden, and the bloody conflicts that took place in the streets of the city. 

Though their industry had improved their circumstances, and their religion taught 
them contentment with an humble lot, their ten years residence in a foreign land did 
not materially increase their membership and they grew dissatisfied. Their hardships, as 
both Bradford and Winslow state, "were such as few in comparison would come to 
them," and "it was thought that if a better and easier place of living could be had, it 
would draw more converts." Old age began to steal on many of them, and their great 
and continued labors with other crosses and sorrows hastened it before the time. Their 
children, having to labor in their youth, became so oppressed that, while they were 
perfect mentally, their bodies under heavy labors became decrepit, and the vigor of their 
early manhood and womanhood became consumed. They were by the manifold tempta- 
tions of the place contaminated by the great licentiousness of the youth of the country. 
Some of them became soldiers, others engaged in sea voyages, and others adopted worse 
courses, and they saw that their posterity was in danger of degeneration and corruption. 
They had not lost their affection for their mother country, and were loath to lose their 
language and their name of English. Unenterprising villagers at first, habituated at 
length to a new home, and able to earn a decent living by humble drudgery, old age fast 
creeping on, they turn their thoughts to their posterity. They had a patriotic yearning 
to extend the dominion of their native country and remove to a new continent to be mis- 
sionaries to the heathen. The project caused much discussion. The dangers of the sea 
and land seemed formidable ; the cost of the voyage exceeded their means ; at the end they 
would be liable to sickness, famine, and destruction; reports had reached them of the 
treachery and ferocity of the savage people, also the ill success of settlements in Maine 
and Virginia. On the other hand all dangers could be overcome by unswerving courage, 
and though the difficulties were desperate, they were not invincible, and though their 
lives might pay the penalty of their actions, there was comfort in the thought that their 
endeavors would be honorable. They pondered, debated, fasted and prayed, and came 
to the conclusion to emigrate. The preparations going on around them for the renewal of 
the war made them impatient to put their design into execution. In the choice of a place 
of settlement opinions were divided. The Dutch made them liberal offers to settle under 



^Beginnings of jfteto (Engl an D 29 

their protection in the New World ; some desired to join the colony in Virginia ; others 
favored Guiana, but it was feared that the tropical climate in that country would ill agree 
with English constitution. They were afraid that in the colony of Virginia they would 
again be persecuted for their cause of religion, and the final conclusion was to live in a 
distinct body by themselves, under the general government of the Virginia Company in 
England. 

Religious freedom, which they had exiled themselves to enjoy, was the one thing 
indispensable for the future ; but there was no security for it in any land claimed by the 
English crown. Robert Cushman and John Carver were dispatched to solicit from the 
King his sanction for settlement, and to negotiate with the Virginia Company. They 
were bearers of Seven Articles which the Church of Leyden sent to the Council of 
England for consideration. The first expressed assent to the doctrines of the English 
Church ; the second, a persuasion of their practical efficiency and a desire to maintain com- 
munion with churchmen; the third, an acknowledgment of the royal authority and of 
the rightful obedience of the subject, either active, if the thing commanded be not against 
God's word, or passive, if it be, except pardon can be obtained. The fourth and fifth, in 
language carefully chosen and guarded bore upon the lawfulness of the appointment and 
jurisdiction of ecclesiastical officers. The sixth and seventh disallowed to ecclesiastical 
tribunes any authority but what is derived from the King, and avowed a desire to give 
unto all superiors due honor, to preserve unity of the spirit with all that fear God; to 
have peace with all men, and to receive instructions whereinsoever they had erred. The 
messengers found the Virginia Company favorable to their scheme. The King was less 
tractable, the best they could obtain from him was a general encouragement that their 
separation would be connived as long as they should give no public offense, and even this 
in an express engagement was denied. The influence of Sir Edward Sandys, a son of 
Archbishop Sandys, Brewster's landlord at Scrooby, a person of great authority and 
afterward president of the Virginia Company, was obtained, which greatly aided the 
messengers. 

This unfavorable report at first deterred the Separatists from taking any action, 
however. The question was opened again, and after renewed consultation they deter- 
mined to take the hazard and to "rest here in God's providence as they had done in other 
things." The messengers were again dispatched to London to procure a patent from the 
Virginia Company, and to procure pecuniary means necessary for outfitting the expe- 
dition. The security to be given was a mortgage of labor of the emigrants. After 
lengthy negotiations with the Virginia Company, a patent was obtained, but as the lands 
conveyed by it were never occupied, it acquired no practical value. The negotiations 
of the Leyden people, with the partners afterwards known as "The Adventurers" who 
were to share the expense of the voyage and the first settlements, bears the imprint of the 
buccaneers of old and the genius of a Shylock. The agreement created a joint stock com- 
pany on the following plan and conditions : 

1. Colonists sixteen years old and upwards, and persons contributing ten pounds, 
were each to be owner of one share. 

2. Colonists contributing ten pounds in money or provisions were to be the owner of 
two shares. 

3. The partnership was to continue seven years, at end of which time all profits and 
benefits that are gotten by trade, traffic, trucking, working, fishing, or by any other 
means, was to remain as common stock. 

4. The settlers having landed, were to be divided into parties to be employed in boat- 
building, fishing, carpentry, cultivation and manufactures, for use of the colony. 



30 T3eginmn00 of jfteto (England 

5. At the end of seven years the capital and profits were to be divided among the 
stockholders, in proportion to their respective shares in the investment. 

6. Stockholders investing at a later period were to have shares in the division pro- 
portioned to the duration of their interest. 

7. Colonists were to be allowed a share for each domestic dependent accompanying 
them (wife, child, or servant), more than sixteen years of age ; two shares for every such 
person accompanying them, if supplied at their expense ; and half a share for every 
dependent between ten years of age and sixteen. 

8. Each child going out under ten years of age was to have at the division fifty acres 
of unmanured land. 

9. To the estates of person or persons dying before the expiration of the seven years, 
allowances were to be made at the division proportioned to length of their lives in the 
colony. 

10. Till the division, all colonists were to be provided with food, clothing and other 
necessaries from the common stock. 

Two stipulations were not inserted in the agreement — that of two days in each 
week for the private use of the colonists; and that they should be proprietors of their 
houses and of the cultivated land pertaining. This caused much disappointment amongst 
the colonists, and they blamed Cushman, who claimed these clauses would not be allowed 
by "The Adventurers," and insistence would have caused the undertaking to fall to the 
ground. The stockholders that raised the money to finance the plantation consisted of 
gentlemen, merchants, handicraftsmen; some historians have estimated the number as 
above seventy, while others claim there was only about forty, and that the amount 
raised was about seven thousand pounds, which is considered by some authorities as an 
exaggeration. 





THE MAYFLOWER 



Coming of tlje Jftapttotoer 




k HE time had at length arrived when the Pilgrims were to leave the goodly 
and pleasant city which had been their home for nearly twelve years. 
Leyden had no direct navigation connection with the North Sea, it 
depended on inland water communication which was furnished by a 
canal passing near the Hague, and through Delft, reaching Delfthaven 
on the Maas or Meuse river, fifteen miles west of the ocean. The 
journey from Leyden to Delfthaven, a distance of twenty-four miles, 
was made in barges. In the harbor of Delfthaven was moored at the quay the "Speed- 
well," a vessel they had purchased and which was to convey them to Southampton, 
England. 

The colonists were aware that the battle of colonization would be a severe one, and 
there were those among them whose hearts failed. The younger and stronger and will- 
ing-hearted were selected for the journey; wives and children were left behind, until the 
hardships were overcome. More than half were ready to go, but not quite half could get 
ready in time, and it fell to Robinson's lot to stay with the larger number, while the 
ruling Elder Brewster accompanied the emigrants. A day was appointed for humilia- 
tion and prayer, which continued through the night. Robinson in an excellent discourse 
gave them the never to be forgotten advice, which shows him a man of rare moral 
exaltation, and one of the most liberal minds in the seventeenth century. He charged 
them "before God and his blessed angels to follow him no farther than he followed 
Christ, and if God should reveal anything to them by any other instrument of his, to be 
already to receive it as ever they were to receive any truth by his ministry, for he was 
very confident the Lord had more truth and light to break out of his Holy Word." He 
also bewailed the state and condition of the reformed churches ; censuring the Lutherans 
for refusing the truth of the Calvinists, and for the latter sticking where Calvin had left 
them. He declared it "not possible that full perfection of knowledge should break 
forth at once." He exhorted them to shake off the nickname of Brownists, to avoid 
separation from the godly people of the Church of England, and "rather to study union 
than division." He bade them not to loath to call another pastor or teacher, "for that 
flock which hath two shepherds was not endangered, but secured by it." Robinson 
was free from all pettiness and egotism. Working in one of the obscurest corners of the 
world, he succeeded in training and sending out a people that expounded and diffused 
his teachings into the institutions and habits of a great nation. 

The last night of the stay of the colonists at Leyden was passed in the large house 
of the pastor in which their services were usually held. Here the night was spent in 
social enjoyment, a feast was given to the "removers," psalms were sung, and encour- 
agement was given to those brave souls who were willing to venture all in the execution 
of a high resolve. Their friends from Leyden accompanied them to Delfthaven, and 
some of the Separatists of Amsterdam came likewise to the port. Then followed the 
indescribable parting; the Dutch spectators shed tears at the sight; words were few; 
"they were unable to speak to one another for the abundance of sorrow." Robinson's 
voice was at last heard in prayer, and around him they knelt, while he commended the 



32 Coming of tfte 8@apflotoer 

emigrants to the keeping of God. The embarkation of the emigrants then took place, 
and the wind being fair, the sails of the "Speedwell" were set, those on board fired a 
salute, a volley of small shot and three pieces of ordnance, as a farewell to their friends 
on shore. 

The "Speedwell" brought her passengers safely to Southampton, where they found 
the "Mayflower," which vessel had come round from London. Thomas Weston, on the 
part of the Adventurers, was there to see them off. The discussion over the disputed 
articles was renewed, but to no effect; also he refused to make them further cash 
advances, and they had to raise money by selling some of their provisions. Prince says 
that seven hundred pounds sterling were spent at Southampton, and they carried about 
seventeen hundred pounds with them. His authority was Bradford, but the latter has 
left no such statement. 

The vessels put out to sea with about a hundred and twenty passengers; each 
vessel chose a governor and two or three assistants to preserve order and to equalize 
the disposition of their provisions. The "Mayflower" was a hundred and eighty tons 
burden ; the "Speedwell" of sixty. They had not proceeded far on their journey when 
the "Speedwell" proved leaky, and both vessels put into Dartmouth. The necessary 
repairs having been made, once more both vessels put to sea. When a hundred leagues 
from land the master of the smaller vessel represented that she was incapable of making 
the voyage across the ocean. Again the voyagers returned to the English shores, land- 
ing at Plymouth. The excuse of the master of the "Speedwell" was believed simply to 
be a pretense so as to cancel his contract with the emigrants, with whom he had agreed 
to remain a year. The next resource was to divide the company, leaving the discon- 
tented and faint-hearted behind. Those who adhered to the enterprise crowded them- 
selves into the "Mayflower," huddled together so closely that even the shallop on the 
deck was damaged by being used as a sleeping place. 

The "Speedwell" was sent back to London, and on September 6, 1620, the third 
attempt was made toward the setting sun, to cross the wide and expansive ocean, to 
reach home comforts and happiness in the New World. Little is recorded of the inci- 
dents of the voyage. The first part was favorably made ; as they approached the Amer- 
ican continent, storms were encountered which their overburdened vessel was scarcely 
able to sustain. Their destination was a point near the Hudson river, which was within 
the territory granted by the Virginia Company. The colonists, men, women and child- 
ren, embarked on the "Mayflower," numbered one hundred and two.* The same 
number arrived in America that left England, though there was one death on the passage, 
William Button, and one birth, Oceanus, a son of Stephen Hopkins. The passengers 
on the "Mayflower" in accordance with Bradford's list is as follows : 

Number of Persons. 

8. John Carver ; his wife ; Desire Minter ; John Howland and Roger Wilder, servants ; 

William Latham, a boy ; a maid servant and child in charge, Jasper More. 
6. William Brewster; Mary, his wife; two sons, Love and Wrestling; Richard More 

and his brother. 
5. Edward Winslow ; his wife ; two servants, George Soule and Elias Storey ; and 

Ellen More. 
2. William Bradford and wife. 



• This numbers one hundred and five. The discrepancy of three is accounted for by the including: 
of the child born before landing, Peregrine White, and the two last mentioned, who were sailors under 
agreement to remain a year in the colony. On their agreement being completed, they returned to Eng- 
land. In Bradford's list the prefix Mr. is before the names of Carver, Brewster, Winslow, Allerton, 
Fuller, Martin, Mullins, Hopkins, and Warren. 



Coming of tije S@apflotoer 33 

6. Isaac Allerton ; his wife Mary ; three children, and a servant, John Hooke. 

2. Samuel Fuller and a servant, William Button. 

2. John Crackston and his son John. 

2. Myles Standish and wife. 

4. Christopher Martin ; his wife ; two servants, Solomon Prower and John Lang-more. 

5. William Mullins ; his wife ; two children ; and servant, Robert Carter. 

6. William White ; Susan, his wife ; sons : Resolved, a son born before landing, 
Peregrine ; two servants, William Holbeck and Edward Thompson. 

8. Stephen Hopkins; wife Elizabeth; two children, Giles and Constant, by his first 
wife ; two by second wife, Damarius and Oceanus ; and two servants, Edward 
Doty and Edward Lister. 

1. Richard Warren; his family he left in England. 

4. John Billington ; Ellen, his wife; two sons, John and Francis. 

4. Edward Tillie ; his wife, Ann ; two cousins, Henry Samson and Humility Cooper. 

3. John Tillie ; his wife, and daughter Elizabeth. 

2. Francis Cooke and his son John. 

2. Thomas Rogers and his son Joseph. 

3. Thomas Tinker, wife and son. 

2. John Ridgedale and his wife. 

3. James Chilton ; his wife Alice ; and Mary, his daughter. 
3. Edward Fuller; his wife, and son, Samuel. 

3. John Turner and two sons. 

3. Francis Eaton ; Sarah, his wife ; and son Samuel. 
10. Moses Fletcher, John Goodman, Thomas Williams, Degory Priest, Edward Mar- 

geson, Peter Brown, Richard Clarke, Richard Gardiner, Gilbert Winslow, Richard 

Brittenridge. 

1. John Alden. 

2. John Allerton. 

2. William Trevore. 
. Ely. 

Cfie Landing of t&e Pilgrims. 

The narrow peninsula, sixty miles long, which terminates at Cape Cod, projects 
easterly from the main land of Massachusetts ; it resembles in shape the human arm, bent 
rectangularly at the elbow and again at the wrist. At what is now Provincetown, at 
the extreme point of this projection, the "Mayflower" on a Saturday, near the close 
of autumn, dropped anchor. 

It was deemed necessary for an organization for the preservation of order and of 
the common safety, that an instrument should be prepared and signed. Some of the 
colonists while on shipboard had expressed views that when they came ashore they 
would use their own liberty, for none had power to command, as their patent was for 
Virginia not for New England ; therefor, they belonged to another government outside 
of the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company. The covenant that was executed and 
signed by forty-one of the adult passengers was as follows : 

In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten ; the loyal subjects 
of our dread sovereign lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, 
and Ireland ; King, Defender of the Faith, etc. ; having undertaken for the glory of God 
and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our King and country, a voyage to 
plant the first colony in the northern part of Virginia ; do by these presents, solemnly and 
mutually, in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves 
together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation furtherance of 
the ends aforesaid ; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such joint and 
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitution, and offices, from time to time, as shall be 
thought meet and convenient for the general good of the colony ; unto we promise all 
due submission and obedience. It witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our 

TER.-3 



34 



Coming of tfie e^apflotoet 



names, at Cape Cod, the nth of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord, 
King James of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and Scotland, the fifty- 
fourth, Anno Domini, 1620. 

This agreement was signed in the cabin of the "Mayflower" by the following parties : 



John Carver, 
John Alden, 
John Howland, 
William Brewster, 
William Mullins, 
John Tilley, 
Edward Fuller, 
Moses Fletcher, 
Peter Brown, 
Thomas English, 
John Turner, 
John Goodman, 
Richard Britteridge, 
Edward Doty, 



Edward Winslow, 
Christopher Martin, 
Edward Tilley, 
Myles Standish, 
Richard Warren, 
Francis Cook, 
Francis Eaton, 
Degory Priest, 
George Soule, 
Thomas Rogers, 
James Chilton, 
Thomas Williams, 
Richard Clarke, 
Edward Lister, 



Isaac Allerton, 
William White, 
William Bradford, 
Samuel Fullar, 
Stephen Hopkins, 
Thomas Tinker, 
John Crackston, 
Gilbert Winslow, 
Richard Gardiner, 
John Ridgedale, 
John Billington, 
Edward Murgeson, 
John Allerton. 



After the adoption of this compact for government, John Carver was chosen gov- 
ernor of the company. He was a native of England, and died at Plymouth, Massa- 
chusetts, April 5, 1 62 1. He was a man of considerable wealth, which he devoted to 
the forwarding of the emigration of the pilgrims to America. He was a deacon of 
Robinson's church in Leyden, and was one of the messengers to secure a patent from 
the Virginia Company and the consent of the King to the emigration. His wife died 
in the first winter of the Plymouth Colony, and there was no issue. 

In the afternoon of the adoption of the covenant, a party well armed was sent to 
reconnoitre the shore. They returned at evening reporting that they had seen neither 
persons nor dwelling, the country was well wooded, and the appearance of the soil 
promising. The shallop was hauled upon the beach and preparations made to repair it. 
Another land expedition was organized, and exploration of the surrounding country was 
made, but resulted only in the sight of a few savages in the distance, and the finding of 
four or five bushels of Indian corn. A week was spent in putting their tools in order 
and preparing lumber for a new boat. On November 27, 1620, another expedition was 
made in the shallop, which had been refitted. The weather was severe, no vestage of 
human life was found, though another parcel of corn and a bag of beans were found. 
The exploring party being worn out with exposure and fatigue, returned to the "May- 
flower." As soon as the state of the weather permitted, a party of ten set off in the 
shallop with eight seamen. This was to be their final expedition of discovery ; the coast 
was searched for forty or fifty miles in a vain attempt to find a suitable harbor. Suffer- 
ing from extreme exposure and being encountered by a gale that disabled their rudder, 
they finally landed on an island afterwards known as Clarke's Island, in Plymouth 
harbor. The next day the harbor was sounded and found fit for shipping; the land 
explored, and divers cornfields found, and running brooks. They returned to the 
"Mayflower" to the rest of their people with news that comforted their hearts. During 
the absence of the expedition, which was accompanied by Bradford, his wife, who 
remained on the "Mayflower," fell overboard and was drowned. 

No time was now lost. The "Mayflower" set sail for the harbor, and a landing was 
made under disagreeable conditions, the passengers on account of shallow water having 
to wade to shore in cold December weather. The death of James Chilton took place on 



Coming of t&e q^apflotoer 35 

board of the "Mayflower" before a landing was made; the birth of the first child in 
New England, Peregrine White, also took place on board of the ship. Including child- 
ren, there were twenty-eight females in the company, eighteen of whom were wives of 
the emigrants. 

Sickness devastated the colony during the winter of 1 620-1 621 ; fever and con- 
sumption prevailed ; their ranks were depleted of nearly half their number by death. 
The following who signed the covenant died without leaving any issue : Thomas Eng- 
lish, a sailor hired by the Pilgrims ; John Ridgedale, who came with his wife Alice, both 
died in April, 1621 ; Thomas Tinker, who came from around Bawtry, England, with his 
wife and son, died the first winter; John Turner and two sons, came in the family of 
Governor Bradford, but all their deaths occurred in a few months. John Allerton, a 
sailor of the "Mayflower," who had made up his mind to partake of the lot of the 
Pilgrims, died before the ship sailed on her homeward voyage; Richard Britteridge, 
unmarried, died ten days after landing, the first of the sad roll; Edward Margeson, a 
Hollander, also single, died in the early part of 1621 ; Thomas Williams, single, died soon 
after landing; John Goodman, also unmarried, died before March, 1621 ; Thomas 
Williams, single, died soon after landing; John Goodman, also unmarried, died before 
March, 1621 ; Moses Fletcher came to the colony without any family, and died inside 
of four months. 

In the family of John Carver, came Desire Minter; she returned to England, and 
died shortly after her arrival in that country; also a man servant, Roger Wilder, who 
died in the epidemic of 1621, and William Latham, a boy who resided in the colony for 
twenty years, returned to England, from there went to the Bahamas, where he died of 
starvation; and a maid servant who married and died in a few years. Isaac Allerton 
brought as a member of his family John Hooke, as a servant, who died during the 
epidemic. 

In the family of William Brewster were Richard More and his brother; the latter 
died during the winter of 1621 ; the former married and became a member of the colony. 
Edward Winslow brought in his family Elias Storey and Ellen More, both of whom 
died during the epidemic. In the family of William White were two servants, William 
Holbert and Edward Thompson, both of whom died soon after landing. 

Edward Lister came from the town of Bawtry, England, as a servant in the family 
of Stephen Hopkins; he joined the expedition in England. For some unknown reason 
which history does not state, he fought a duel with his fellow servant, Edward Doty. 
It seems to have been a bloodless affair, and it must have been the first duel fought by 
whites on New England soil, if not the only one. At the end of his indenture he went 
to Virginia, where he died. 

Richard Gardiner, as a single adult, shared in the division of property in 1624, 
but not in that of cattle in 1627. He was a seafaring man, and died away from the 
colony. 

Gilbert Winslow was a brother of Edward Winslow. He joined the expedition in 
England, and shared in the division of property in 1624, but not in that of cattle in 
1627. He returned to England before the later date and died in 1650. 

John Crackston or Craxton came in the "Mayflower" with his son John; he died 
before the end of March, 1621. His son received his division as a "comer" in 1624, 
but died in 1628, from a fever brought on by freezing his feet when lost in the woods, as 
Bradford tells. 



36 Coming of t&e fl&apflotoec 

John and Edward Tilley, brothers, derived their surname from a town in France; 
the name is of early English origin, dating back to the time of the Norman Conquest, 
and appears often in the "Doomsday Book." John and his wife were passengers on the 
"Mayflower," with their daughter Elizabeth. They both died during the winter of 
1620-21, and their daughter became the ward of Governor Carver at the age of fourteen 
years. She married John Howland, a passenger on the "Mayflower." Edward Tilley 
and his wife were accompanied by two cousins, Henry Samson and Humility Cooper. 
Tilley and his wife died during the epidemic; Humility Cooper returned to England, 
where she died ; Samson remained with the colony. 

William Mullins or Mollines, was supposed to be a Walloon, who inhabited the 
Belgic border of France and spoke French. They were Protestants, and owing to per- 
secution they removed to Holland. The surname is derived from the French word 
Moulin, a miller, or "De Moulin," from the mill. He was a member of the Leyden 
church, and came in the "Mayflower" with his wife, son and daughter, also a servant, 
Robert Carver. He died February 21, 1621, and his wife, son and servant, died in the 
winter of 1621, leaving as the only representative of the family, his daughter Priscilla, 
who married John Alden. 

Christopher Martin came from Essex county, England. He joined the expedition 
in England with his wife and two servants, Solomon Prower and John Langmore. 
Martin was appointed by those that joined the Pilgrims at Southampton, to represent 
them, so as to avoid any jealousy and partiality in the divisions that might be made; 
suspicion was aroused against him in the distribution of moneys during the voyage. He 
and his wife and two servants were all victims of the epidemic. 

Joseph Chilton, whose death took place on board the "Mayflower," left a widow and 
a daughter Mary. His widow died in the winter of 1620-21 ; their daughter survived 
them, married, and, as Bradford states, had a family of nine children. 

We append narratives of the passengers in the "Mayflower" who were progenitors 
of families, and who have still descendants among the New England families. The 
Pilgrim Fathers became the Alpha of the permanent settlement of New England; the 
Omega is beyond the concept of the human mind. 




Ktyt $lpmoutf) Colonp 




ILLTAM BREWSTER, justly named the "Patriarch of the Plymouth 
Colony," was the moral, religious, and spiritual leader of the colony, 
and until his death its trusted guide. His early environments were of 
wealth and prosperity, therefore he was not brought up to arduous 
labors. 

The surname is derived from Brewer, Brewister, Brewster, mean- 
ing a brewer of malt liquors, and appears among the old families in the 
reign of Edward III as ranking among "the English landed gentry." The Suffolk 
branch of the family, through Robert Brewster of Mutford, became established in the 
fifteenth century at Castle Hedingham, located in Essex, and marriage relations were 
formed with several knighted families. It is from this branch that Elder Brewster was 
descended, his coat-of-arms being identical with the Suffolk family. 

His father, William Brewster, was appointed in 1575-76 receiver of Scrooby and 
bailiff of the Manor house there, belonging to the Archbishop Sandys, of the Diocese of 
York. He had a life tenure of both these offices. Between 1583 and 1588 he was made 
postmaster, and became known as the "Post of Scrooby;" he was master of the court 
mails, accessible only to those connected with the court. The office of postmaster in 
those days was filled by persons of high social station, and was a position of much con- 
sequence, as it involved the supplying of relay of horses and the entertainment ot 
travelers. The Scrooby Manor was a residence of importance ; royalty had often been 
entertained there, and Cardinal Wolsey was its inmate for several weeks after his 
downfall. The paternal Brewster died at Scrooby in 1590. 

The birth, marriage, and death records of the parish of Scrooby are intact only 
since 1595, and there is no authentic testimony whether it was the birthplace of Elder 
Brewster, nor to the date of his birth. In accordance with an affidavit made by him 
at Leyden on June 25, 1609, in which he declares himself as being forty-two years of 
age; the date of his birth must have been in the last half of 1566 or the first half of 
1567. That Scrooby was his birthplace is a matter of question, as there is no evidence 
that his father was a resident of that parish prior to his appointment as receiver. 

Young Brewster's education followed the lines given to the sons of the nobility 
and gentry. He matriculated December 3, 1580, at Peterhouse, which was the oldest 
of the fourteen colleges, which afterward became the University of Cambridge; but he 
did not stay long enough at the institution to receive his degree. We find him after 
leaving Peterhouse in the service of William Davidson, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of 
State; he accompanied him in August, 1585, to the Court of the Netherlands on a 
diplomatic mission. The downfall of Davidson occurred in 1587, and Brewster, leav- 
ing court circles, returned to Scrooby. At the time of his father's death he administered 
his estate, and succeeded him as postmaster. For his services he received the munificent 
salary of twenty pence a day, which was increased in July, 1603, to two shillings. He 
resided at the Manor House, and was held in high esteem among the people, associating 
with the gentlemen of the surrounding country, and was prominent in promoting and 
furthering religion. Of a serious and religious mind, the forms and customs of the 



38 C&e pipmouti) Colonp 

Established Church became abhorrent to him, and he became interested and active in the 
cause of the dissenters. Always loyal to the home government, he reluctantly accepted 
the fact that his conscientious scruples required his separation from the Established 
Church. He helped to form a dissenting society which met at his residence, thus form- 
ing the nucleus which constituted the Plymouth Pilgrims. The meetings were inter- 
rupted by persecutions, continuance of which caused a number of the Separatists (by 
which they became known), to agitate in 1607 an emigration to Holland. Brewster 
being under the ban of the Church, became a member of a party which unsuccessfully 
tried to sail from Boston in Lincolnshire, England, and was arrested and imprisoned. 
He was in possession of considerable property at this time, a large part of which was 
spent to regain his liberty and in assisting the poorer members of the party to escape to 
Holland. 

His release from imprisonment having been obtained, a successful attempt of emi- 
gration was made and Holland was reached. After a short stay at Amsterdam he 
proceeded to Leyden, where Rev. Mr. Robinson had established a church of which he 
was made ruling elder. He now found himself deprived of most of his wealth, and 
not fitted like the other pilgrims to unaccustomed hardships and for hard labor. His 
means had been spent in providing for his family, also by the treachery of a ship captain 
on his voyage to Leyden, who appropriated to himself most of his worldly possessions, 
including valuable and choice books. He was not, however, disheartened ; his collegiate 
education became available in this his hour of need. He established at Leyden a school ; 
his knowledge of Latin brought him many students, both Danes and Germans, who 
desired to acquire education in the English language. This, supplemented by his cheer- 
fulness and contentment, enabled him to bear the burden of straitened finances and the 
hardships incidental to emigration were overcome. He could not look for any financial 
assistance from his children, who had been bred to refinement and culture and were not 
fitted for toilsome and laborious duties. He was materially benefited financially by the 
establishing of a printing office; religious books were printed that were contrabanded by 
the English government, and the operation was closely watched by the English Ambas- 
sador, Sir Dudley Carleton. Elder Brewster was sent to England in 1619 to arrange 
for the emigration of the Pilgrims to America. The English Ambassador forwarded 
information of his departure for England, and recommended that he be apprehended 
and examined. His efforts were futile, and Brewster returned to Leyden without being 
molested. 

At the time of the departure of the Pilgrims for their future home in a new land, 
on account of his popularity he was chosen their spiritual guide. He embarked on the 
"Mayflower" with his wife, whose maiden name was Mary Love, and the two youngest 
members of his family, Wrestling and Love, sons, the latter being an infant in arms. 
On the arrival of the voyagers on the bleak coast of Massachusetts, the famous Covenant 
establishing the Pilgrim Republic was drafted, and Brewster is credited as being its 
author. For the first nine years of the Plymouth settlement he supplied the vacant 
pulpit, preaching impressive sermons; though often urged, he never administered the 
sacrament. 

Elder Brewster died at Plymouth, Massachusetts, April 16, 1644. His wife's death 
had preceded his, she passing away April 17, 1627. The late years of his life were spent 
in Duxbury, Massachusetts, with his son Love, who was apparently the wealthiest man 
in that town, and was engaged in cultivation of the paternal acres and establishing a 





Plymouth Rock, the granite boulder"The Stepping Stone of the 

pllgrims.dec.2l 1620. still occupies the same position atthe 
footofabluff of land, about 20 feet high. known in history 
as Coles Hill", it being a par t of seven acresof landgranted 

BYTHECOURT. A. D. 1637. TO JAMES THE FIRST OF THE COLES FAMILY FROM 
ENGLAND TO LANDIN PLYMOUTH. A.D. 1630. 



Cfre pipmoutf) Colonp 39 

family home. Jonathan, his eldest son, was living at the time of his father's death. 
He remained at Leyden at the time of the first emigration of the Pilgrims, but joined 
his father soon afterward at Plymouth. He removed to Connecticut and died at Brew- 
ster's Neck in that province. 

Elder Brewster, as a patriarch of a new religion in a new country, stands at the 
doorsteps of a great nation as a monument never to be erased from American history. 
Three centuries have rolled away since by his guiding hand and spirit the foundations 
were laid for a prosperous nation, that today takes her place in the galaxy of countries 
as a dictator with the power to proclaim universal democracy to the world at large. 

"The youth is father to the man," and in the early environments of Elder Brewster 
we find culture and refinement ; worldly comfort and wealth were relinquished and sacri- 
ficed to his religious belief. His loyalty to his native country is unquestionable, but 
his steadfast principles that his Father above should receive worship in a simple and 
unostentatious manner, stripped of forms, canonical robes, and ceremonies of the Estab- 
lished Church, was to him more to the benefit of mankind than the civil government of 
nations. 

WILLIAM BRADFORD — What Brewster was to the religious government of 
the colony, Bradford was to the civil government. He was born in March, 1588 at 
Austerfield, Yorkshire, an obscure village, of a population of three hundred, mostly 
belonging to the yeoman class, and one mile from Bawtry, England. He was, the 
record states, baptized March 19, 1590. The surname of the family is of local deriva- 
tion, and signifies "the broad ford." There are two towns of Bradford or Bradenford 
in England, one in Wiltshire near Bath, on the Avon river, where at the location of the 
town there is a broad river; the other in Yorkshire, near Leeds. Adjoining the latter 
was the home of Governor Bradford. The family history dates back to the beginning 
of surnames. The father of young Bradford was William Bradford, the eldest son of 
William Bradford. He died July 15, 1591, and his son went to live with his grand- 
father, who died in 1596, when he went to the home of his uncle, Robert Bradford, at 
Scrooby, but a few miles from his birthplace. 

Young Bradford was seriously and religiously inclined from his childhood, and 
though he had little schooling, by diligent study he became proficient in Dutch, Latin, 
French and Greek ; he even studied Hebrew, so that he could read the Bible in its original 
form. He early became interested, after a long sickness at the age of twelve years, in 
the religion of Separatists, thereby drawing upon himself the hostility and contempt of 
his relatives and neighbors; this naturally led him to become a member of the church 
at Scrooby that met in the Manor House where Brewster resided. At the time of the 
emigration of the members of that church to Holland, he having no family ties to bind 
him to his native village, and the people having but little education, residing in homes 
lowly and unattractive, he became an ardent supporter of the pilgrimage. 

After suffering several months confinement in prison for his attempt to emigrate 
to Holland, he escaped in the spring of 1608 and joined his companions at Amsterdam, 
where he apprenticed himself to a French Protestant to learn the trade of silk-weaver. 
On coming of age he came into possession of considerable property from his father's 
estate, which he converted into cash, and engaged in business on his own account, in 
which he incurred losses. He removed with the rest of the company to Leyden, and 
became engaged in the manufacture of fustian, a kind of ribbed cloth like corduroy or 



40 C&e pipmoutf) Colonp 

velveteen, which did not advance his financial welfare. While a resident of Leyden, the 
privilege of citizenship was conferred on him. 

At the time of the agitation of the Pilgrim's emigration to America, he was one of 
its firmest supporters. At Governor Carver's death he was elected governor of the colony, 
and was continued by annual elections except in 1633- 1638 inclusive, and in 1644 until 
his death. His authority was restricted at his own request in 1624, by a council of 
five, which in 1636 was increased to seven members. In the council he had a double 
vote. Bradford's friendly relations with the Indians, which he maintained through his 
understanding of the native character and his combination of firmness and energy with 
patience and gentleness, was the reason of their friendly sympathy, and which was vital 
to the continued existence of the colony. During the famine of 1622 he made several 
excursions amongst the savages procuring corn and beans. 

General Bradford possessed a higher degree of literary culture, than was usual 
among persons similarly circumstanced. He was read on history and philosophy, and 
much of his leisure time was spent in literary composition. The only production of his 
pen that was published during his lifetime was "A Diary of Occurrences," covering the 
first year of the colony, written by him in conjunction with Edward Winslow (London, 
1622). He left several manuscript books in prose and poetry. The most valuable of 
his writings was a "History of the Plymouth Plantation," being a history of the society 
from its inception in 1602, and its history in Plymouth down to 1647. This manu- 
script became lost during the Revolution, but in 1854 was found complete at the Full- 
ham library in England, and was in 1856 published by the Massachusetts Historical 
Society. The original manuscript is preserved in the State Library of Massachusetts. 

Governor Bradford married at Leyden, December 9, 1613, Dorothea May: at this 
time his age was given as twenty-three, his wife's as sixteen. There was one child by 
his marriage, John. The mother was accidentally drowned in Cape Cod harbor, Decem- 
ber 7, 1620. On August 14, 1623, Governor Bradford married for his second wife, 
Alice Carpenter, widow of Edward Southworth, who came from England to become 
his wife. The children by his marriage were Mercy and Joseph. His sons lived to a 
good old age, and were connected with the civil and military life of the colony. 

Governor Bradford died at Plymouth, May 9, 1657. In an estimate of the character 
of Governor Bradford, his deep religious principles, his utmost fairness in his dealings 
not only with his fellow Pilgrims but with the native aborigines, stand forth as sterling 
qualities in his life. A man not physically strong, he battled with the adversities and 
hardships of pioneer life with cheerfulness, and with always a helping hand to his 
brethren in their misfortunes and distress. The student of history is under many 
obligations to him for his chronological narrative of the facts and events of the Plymouth 
colony. This with his manuscript works, shows his energetic will power ; devoid of any 
collegiate education, by purely physical and mental force he overcame the lack of educa- 
tion in his early life. The support of the suffrage of the colony is ample testimony to 
his wise and faithful maintenance of their interests, and in the management of the civil 
government of the colony. 

EDWARD WINSLOW — The Winslow family was one of the ancient families 
of England. The surname is of local origin, being derived from the town of Winslow 
in Buckinghamshire. The line is traced to William Winslow or Wynslow, who was 
living at Wyncelow Hall in the middle of the fourteenth century. The family after- 
ward became identified with Oxford county, and in 1559 one Kenelm Winslow purchased 



Cfje Iplpmoutf) Colonp 41 

of Sir Richard Newport an estate called Newport's Place, in Kempsey, Worcestershire. 
His son Edward lived in Kempsey and Droitwich, in that county, and married for his 
second wife Magdalene Oliver. Edward Winslow, whose name heads this narrative, 
was second son and child by this marriage. He was born in Droitwich, Worcester- 
shire, England, October 18, 1595. In his early youth he became a Puritan, and while 
a traveler on the continent he met the Rev. John Robinson, and being much impressed 
by his religious doctrines in 161 7, he joined the church at Leyden. He married at 
Leyden, May 16, 161 8, Elizabeth Barker, a daughter of a dissenter, who died at Ply- 
mouth, Massachusetts, March 24, 1621. 

Winslow had charge of the commercial transactions of the colony. He negotiated 
the first treaty with the Indians and won their respect and affection, curing Massasoit 
of an illness. The treaty then made remained intact until it was broken by King Philip 
in 1675. Winslow conducted the first embassy to the Indians, which was also the first 
attempt of the English to explore the interior. He sailed for England in September, 
1623, and prepared for publication the following year his "Good Newes from New 
England," which was the means of drawing attention to the colony. On his return to 
Plymouth in the spring of 1624, he imported the first neat-cattle into New England. 
At the election in that year he was chosen assistant governor, in which office he was 
continued until 1647, excepting 1633, 1636 and 1644, when he was chosen governor. 
The Adventurers in London sent John Lyford, a preacher, to Plymouth, who wrote 
letters full of slander and falsehoods to the people in England. Winslow in the summer 
of 1624 again sailed for England to refute these charges, and returned with evidence 
that banished Lyford from the colony. 

During his first term as chief magistrate, arose the dispute with the Dutch in New 
York respecting the trade with the Connecticut river Indians. Governor Winslow 
despatched a vessel which established a trading post one mile beyond the Dutch fort on 
the site of Hartford, and erected the first house in Connecticut. He again sailed for 
England in 1625 to defend the Plymouth and Massachusetts colonies against the accu- 
sation of Thomas Morton, and to represent to the government the encroachments of the 
French on the East and the Dutch on the West. Archbishop Laud, then the head of a 
special commission, secured his imprisonment on the frivolous charges of teaching in 
the churches and performing the marriage ceremony as a magistrate. He was confined 
in Fleet Prison for seventeen weeks, when he was released by the privy council. He 
addressed an able paper to that body, upon the object of his mission to the government. 

While Winslow was governor, the Court of Associates enacted the elaborate code 
of laws and statutes that placed the government on a stable foundation. In the estab- 
lishment of the United Colonies of New England he was a commissioner from his colony. 
This action seems to have been anticipated by him as early as 1631, when he petitioned 
the royal commission for a warrant for the colonies to defend themselves unitedly 
against all foes. His book, "Hypocrisie Unmasked," was a complete vindication of 
the accusations of religious intolerance that was brought against the colonists by Samuel 
Gorton and others of England. 

Winslow advocated the civilization and conversion of the Indians, and published an 
address to Parliament and council with intelligence from England upon the subject ; 
and by his influence an act was passed incorporating the Society for Propagating the 
Gospel in New England. The society was under the direction of the Church of England, 
and still exists. Governor Winslow in the middle of the seventeenth century returned 



42 C&e pipmouti) Colonp 

to England. He was appointed by the government, in 1654, to adjust the claims against 
Denmark for losses to English shipping, and during this period performed important 
services on behalf of the colonies. When Cromwell planned an expedition against the 
Spaniards in the West Indies, he appointed Winslow head commissioner at a salary of 
one thousand pounds. The army was defeated at San Domingo, and the fleet sailed 
for Jamaica, but on the passage Governor Winslow died on May 8, 1655, and was 
buried at sea. 

Governor Winslow married for his second wife, May 12, 1621, Susanna (Fuller) 
White, the widow of William White, and the sister of Dr. Samuel Fuller. This mar- 
riage was the first solemnized in the colony, and by her he had two children, Elizabeth 
and Josiah, the latter the first native born governor of the colony. His family seat was 
established in 1636-37 at Greenharbor, now Marshfield, afterwards the estate of Daniel 
Webster. His brothers, John, Kenelm, and Josiah, were identified with the early history 
of the colony, and are the ancestors of a numerous family. The only authentic portrait 
of any of the Pilgrim fathers is the one of Governor Winslow painted in London in 
1 65 1, and now preserved at Plymouth, Massachusetts. 

Governor Winslow's pen has left some valuable and substantial writings to indicate 
his versatility in narration and argument. In connection with Governor Bradford, their 
"A Diary of Occurrences" (London, 1622), is supplemented by "Winslow's Relations," 
which brings the history of Plymouth Colony down to September 10, 1623. His letters 
to George Morton, John Winthrop and Secretary Thurlow are among the most valuable 
of his briefer remains. His trenchant book, "Hypocrisie Unmasked," was followed by 
another with the title of "New England's Salamander," which is an answer to asper- 
sions cast upon New England. "The Glorious Progress of the Gospel Amongst the 
Indians in New England," 1649, dedicated to parliament, contained also letters from 
John Eliot and Thomas Mayhew. "A Platform of Church Discipline in New Eng- 
land," 1653, is his last publication extant of which there is any knowledge. 

Governor Winslow was a natural diplomat ; among his accomplishments was a con- 
summate address that never failed him. His administrative abilities are fully evidenced 
in his gubernatorial terms of office. He represented amongst the Pilgrim Fathers the 
aristocratic class of their native country, but all his dealings with his associates were 
marked with courtesy and consideration of the rights of others. It is to be regretted 
that his burial occurred at sea, therefore depriving his descendants of an opportunity to 
mark with suitable remembrance his last resting place. 

MYLES STANDISH— The militant character of the colony was Myles Standish, 
son of Mars. The surname is of ancient English origin, and is derived from an ancient 
parish of Lancashire, England. The early records mention Thurston Standish or de 
Standish. in the reign of Henry III; and Froissart, describing the meeting between 
Richard II and Wat Tyler, relates how the latter was killed by "a squiryer of the Kynges 
called John Standysshe," who was knighted for the act. Later, another Sir John 
Standish participated in the battle of Agincourt. 

The Lancaster branch of the family of which it is supposed that Captain Standish 
was a scion, was seated at Duxbury Hall in Lancashire for many centuries, and was 
descended from Hugh de Standish through his son Ralph and grandson Hugh, who was 
living in the reign of Edward I. History states that Myles Standish's name was erased 
from the register to deprive him of a share in the estate. He was born between 1582 
and 1584, and while still a youth he entered the English forces on the continent. Certain 



€&e pipmoutb Colon? 43 

towns of the Netherlands had been garrisoned by British regiments for thirty years, and 
he was probably engaged in that service. During the war between Spain and Holland 
he was employed as a soldier in the service of the latter country. After serving in the 
Netherlands, he joined in Leyden, the Pilgrim emigration to America, more likely in a 
spirit of adventure than through any religious enthusiasm. He was not a member of 
Robinson's church, nor did he become a member of the Plymouth Communion. He was 
a dissenter from the dissenters. His military knowledge was of value to the colonists, 
and on their second exploration in search of a suitable place to land, he commanded 
sixteen armed men, each with his musket, sword and corslet. 

After the founding of Plymouth, he was appointed in February, 162 1, the military 
commander of the colony. In the fall of that year he undertook an expedition to explore 
Massachusetts Bay. They also explored the broad plains known as "Massachusetts 
fields." the gathering place of the Indian tribes, which comprises a part of what is now 
Quincy, Massachusetts. 

The new colony at Weymouth, Massachusetts, which was planted in 1622, incurred 
the enmity of the Massachusetts Indians and a plot was formed by them to destroy it. 
The plan was revealed to the Plymouth Colony by Massasoit, and Standish with a force 
of men was ordered to their aid. Arriving at the colony, two of the Massachusetts 
Indian chiefs, Pecksuot and Wituwamat, with a half brother of the latter, were enticed 
into a room and by Massasoit's advice the Indians were killed by Standish and his men. 
This was the first Indian blood shed by the Pilgrims ; a general battle ensued in the 
opening, and the Indians were defeated, though there were no lives lost. This victory 
of Standish spread terror among the savages ; the head of Wituwamat was exposed to 
view at Plymouth as a warning to deter the Indians from further depredations. 

In the summer of 1625 the colony was in great trouble owing to the unhappy rela- 
tions with its partners, "The Adventurers," and Captain Standish was sent to England 
to seek relief, but on account of the plague in London he accomplished nothing. In 
1628, Captain Standish with an armed force was sent to disperse the colony of whites 
that was established at Wollaston by Thomas Morton, whose proceedings caused great 
scandal to the Plymouth colonists. Morton was captured by Standish; the colonists at 
Wollaston were defeated; Morton, however, though guarded by six men, effected his 
escape, but was afterward recaptured and sent to England. Captain Standish con- 
ducted in 1635 an unsuccessful expedition against the French on the Penobscot river, 
to recapture a trading post they had seized from the Plymouth colonists. 

Captain Standish was the military commander of the colony during his lifetime. 
He commanded the Plymouth troops in their expedition against the Narragansett 
Indians in 1643, an< ^ ten years later, when there was danger of hostilities with the Dutch, 
he was one of the council of war and was appointed to the command of the troops. His 
wife Rose, who accompanied him on the "Mayflower's" voyage, died January 29. 162 1. 
His courtship of Priscilla Mullins has been made a subject of romance by the poet, Henry 
W. Longfellow. Although his envoy, John Alden, won his chosen bride, there does 
not seem to have been any illwill created between them, as they remained close friends 
until death, and later generations of Standish and Alden families intermarried. He 
married for his second wife, Barbara; a tradition says she was a sister of his first wife. 
She came to the colony on the ship "Ann" in 1623, an d was the mother of all his 
children. 

Captain Standish was prominent in the civil affairs of the colony. He was for 
many years assistant on one of the governor's council. He was a commissioner of the 



44 Cfje pipmoutl) Colonp 

United Colonies; a partner in the trading company; and for many years treasurer of 
the colony. He, with a number of the other colonists, removed across the bay from 
Plymouth and founded a town to which was given the name of Duxbury, in honor of 
Duxbury Hall, in his native parish in England. Here he lived the remainder of his life, 
and the site where he built his house became known as Captain's Hill, a name it bears to 
the present time; here he died October 3, 1656. A granite monument to his memory 
was erected on this hill in 1888, the shaft is one hundred feet in height, and upon it 
stands a statute of Standish looking eastward; his right hand, holding a copy of the 
charter of the colony, is extended toward Plymouth, while his left hand rests upon his 
sheathed sword. 

Captain Standish was of small stature, of great energy, activity, and courage. He 
was able to impress the hostile Indians with awe for the English. He was "an iron- 
nerved Puritan, who could hew down forests and live on crumbs." He was resolute, 
stern, bold, and of incorruptible integrity. There was found in 1877 in a picture shop 
in Boston a portrait painted on a panel, bearing the date 1625, on which the name of M. 
Standish was discovered after removing the frame. This picture now hangs in Pilgrim 
Hall, Plymouth; also one of his swords and several other relics are in the possession 
of the society. Another sword is preserved in a cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical 
Society. 

JOHN ALDEN — The picturesque hero in both romantic verse and history of the 
Pilgrim Fathers, John Alden, was born in England, in 1599. The surname is of Saxon 
origin, from aid, old, and den, a hill, or town; old-town; it may be, however, from the 
Gaelic, from alt, high ; and dun, a hill, castle or town. 

Alden was never a member of the Leyden Colony, but joined the Pilgrims on the 
"Mayflower" at Southampton. He was hired as a cooper, and on reaching the Amer- 
ican coast he must have decided to remain with the colonists, as he signed the Covenant 
in the cabin of the "Mayflower," and also became a member of the Church. Longfellow, 
in one of his lengthy poems entitled "The Courtship of Myles Standish," delineates his 
wooing by proxy, for the military hero, Captain Myles Standish, of the coy and winsome 
Puritan maiden, Priscilla Mullins. The manly and youthful beauty of the advocate 
surpassed in her eyes the mighty warlike exploits of the doughty captain, and she man- 
ifested her choice to the aspiring orator of love, and he readily seized the opportunity 
and became the successful claimant for her hand in marriage. The marriage took place 
in the spring of 1621, and they lived long and happily together, and she bore him a 
family of eleven children. 

On the division of the common property of the colony in 1627, Alden, with Captain 
Standish, Elder Brewster, John Howland, Francis Eaton and Peter Brown, removed 
to that territory known by its Indian name Mattakeeset, which now includes Duxbury, 
Marshfield, Pembroke, Hanson and Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The colonists for 
mutual protection against the Indians agreed to return to Plymouth during the winter 
season. Also it gave them the opportunity of attending religious worship. This prac- 
tice continued for several years. 

Alden was elected in 1633 assistant to the governor, an office which he held for 
nearly all of the remainder of his life, serving with Edward Winslow, Josiah Winslow, 
Bradford, Prince and Hinckley. From 1666 until his death he held the office of first 
assistant, often called deputy governor, and was many times acting governor in the 
absence of the chief magistrate. On the Alden farm in Duxbury, Massachusetts, his son 



Cfte pipmouti) Colonp 45 

Jonathan built a house which has been occupied by eight generations in a direct line. 
It is the oldest house in New England, with three exceptions — the old fort at Med ford, 
built in 1634; the Fairbanks house at Dedham, built in 1636; and the old stonehouse at 
Milford, Connecticut, built in 1640. Here Alden spent his declining years. He died 
in Duxbury, Massachusetts, September 1, 1686, aged eighty-seven years, the last of the 
famous band of Pilgrim Fathers that signed the compact in the cabin of the "Mayflower." 
John Alden was possessed of a sound judgment, and of talents which though not 
brilliant were by no means ordinary. There is ample testimony of his industry and 
exemplary piety. He was a worthy and useful man, of great humility and eminent 
sanctity of life, decided, ardent, persevering, indifferent to danger, stern, austere, un- 
yielding, and of incorruptible integrity. He held offices of the highest public trust; no 
important measure was proposed or responsible agency ordered by the Plymouth Colony 
in which he had not a part. He was a member of the council of war, many times an 
arbitrator, a surveyor of lands for the government, and on several important occasions 
acted as attorney or agent for the colony. He was always a firm supporter of the church, 
and everything of an innovating nature received his determined opposition. From the 
Puritan point of view, Alden was a model ; he took part in making lives of Quakers 
intolerable in Plymouth Colony, and in many other ways showed his religious devotion 
to the Church. 

ISAAC ALLERTON — The commercial spirit of the colony was centered in Isaac 
Allerton. He came from an old and honorable family of Suffolk, England. The sur- 
name is the same as Alverton, and is derived from the Cornish British, from al, high ; 
ver, green; and ten, a hill; literally meaning, "a high green hill." 

The place of his birth and the exact date is not known, but from records where his 
age was stated, it was probably between 1583 and 1585. The early years of his life 
were spent in London, and he removed to Holland in 1608 or 1609. There he became 
connected with Robinson's society of Separatists, and in 1614 the privilege of citizen- 
ship was granted him by the city of Leyden. He married in Leyden, November 4, 161 1, 
Mary Norris, of Newbury, England, who died at Plymouth, Massachusetts, February 
25, 1 62 1. This was the first marriage solemnized by the Leyden exiles. Four children 
by this marriage were born in Holland, one of whom must have died young, as but three 
accompanied him on the "Mayflower's" voyage. The three children were : Bartholo- 
mew ; Remember, who never married ; and Mary, who married Elder Thomas Cushman, 
and died, November 28, 1699, and was the last surviving passenger of the "Mayflower." 

Allerton's name is fifth on the famous compact signed in the cabin of the "May- 
flower," it being preceded only by Carver, Bradford, Winslow and Brewster. He was 
an ambassador with Captain Myles Standish in 1621 to visit the Indians, who at that 
time were troublesome ; they visited Massasoit, who received them with hospitality, con- 
ferring gifts of groundnuts and tobacco upon them. Satisfactory arrangements were 
made with the Indians, the result of which was that they remained at peace with the 
whites for over half a century. The same year he was elected assistant governor, a 
position he held by subsequent elections until 1624. With a party of ten in 1621. Aller- 
ton explored Boston Harbor ; they landed on the first headland at Nantasket, which they 
named Point Allerton, a name it still retains. 

In 1626 he was sent to England by the colonists to arrange for supplies, and to 
secure a release from the compact made with The Adventurers. He was selected on 
account of his being well qualified by education, experience, and having the confidence 



46 Cfce pipmoutt) Colon? 

of the merchants of London. After completing successful arrangements he returned 
to the colony the following year to obtain authority to certify and confirm the agreement 
he made with The Adventurers. The ratification of the agreement was the occasion of 
his return to England, and on his return to Plymouth in 1628 with a final settlement of 
the matter, he also brought a patent for a trading station on the Kennebec river. He 
afterwards made several business trips to England for the colonists. 

His troubles with the colonists, chiefly Governor Bradford, commenced in 1630. 
His great offense was in embarking extensively in business for himself in enterprises 
that were in competition and conflicted with the industries of the colony. He was more 
liberal in his ideas than the majority of the colonists, which was perhaps due to his 
education and extensive acquaintance with men of business. He was the first merchant 
of New England, and the founder of the coast trade and fishing industry of the colony. 
He founded Marblehead, Massachusetts, and made that place the headquarters for his 
fishing fleet, and his place of residence for the greater part of his time. Two of his 
coasting vessels were wrecked ; two of his trading houses were destroyed by the French 
and Indians; and in 1635 he was banished by the Plymouth authorities, and ordered to 
depart from Marblehead. 

To recoup his losses and improve his business opportunities, in 1636 he removed 
to New Amsterdam, where he was engaged in the coasting and tobacco trade. He was 
chosen a burgher of New Amsterdam, and in 1643 ne was chosen by the citizens one 
of a council of eight to assist Governor Kieft. During the decade he was at New 
Amsterdam, he made several voyages to Virginia and the West Indies. 

He became a permanent resident of New Haven, Connecticut, in 1647, where he 
built "a grand house on the creek, with four porches," the site of which has been marked 
with a tablet and inscription by the New Haven Colony Historical Society. A tablet 
also to his memory was erected at No. 8 Peck Slip, New York City, by the Society of 
Mayflower Descendants of the State of New York. 

Mr. Allerton died at New Haven, Connecticut, between February 1 and 12, 1658-59. 
He married for his second wife, before May 22, 1627, Fear, daughter of Elder William 
Brewster, who came in 1623 in the ship "Ann" to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where she 

died, December 12, 1634. He married for his third wife, Johann . The first 

mention of this marriage is in 1644; she survived her husband and died in 1682. The 
only son and child by his second marriage was named after him; he graduated from 
Harvard College in 1650, was associated with his father in business, and eventually 
removed to Northumberland county, Virginia, where he became a wealthy and influ- 
ential planter. Allerton as a business man was in advance of his associates. He early 
saw the possibilities of the trade and commerce of New England, its natural situation 
for coasting trade, and exhibited a remarkable business acumen for the accumulation of 
wealth for his personal benefit. It can be readily seen that the jealousy of his associates 
was aroused by his ability to create individual wealth, which in the early days of the 
colony was not in accordance with their communistic views. As the founder of New 
England's great industry of fishing, he erected a monument to his memory that never 
can be erased. His business reverses were met with fortitude and with an energy that 
was characteristic of his nature ; he did his utmost to retrieve his losses and was without 
doubt the wealthiest member of the original Plymouth Colony. 

JOHN HOWLAND — A representative of the plebeian class of England was John 
Howland. He was the son of Humphrey Howland, a citizen draper of London. The 



Cfje pipmoutl) Colon? 47 

first syllable of the surname is derived from the Cornish-British word honl, the sun; 
the name meaning from the sun land. There is no record of the place or date of the 
birth of John Howland ; the only evidence we have is that he was twenty-eight years 
of age in 1620. He and his brothers Arthur and Henry lived in Scrooby, England, at 
the time of the emigration of Separatists to Amsterdam. They were members of the 
party that located in that city and finally removed to Leyden. 

At the time of the emigration to America he was the only one of the three brothers 
that was a passenger on the ''Mayflower." That he came as a servant in Governor 
Carver's family was probably due to the fact that the governor saw elements in his 
character which led him to supply the funds for the journey, and thereby constitute him 
one of his family. His name is the thirteenth on the list that signed the Covenant in 
the cabin of the "Mayflower." He was one of the ten members of the colony that 
chose Plymouth as the place of settlement. 

In the records of the colony the first mention made of him is in the list of freemen, 
and as third on the governor's council of seven. That he possessed sound judgment 
and business capacity is shown by the active duties he assumed and the trust that was 
confided to him in all the early labors of establishing a settlement. Besides public posi- 
tions of honor and trust, he was often selected to lay out and appraise land, to run high- 
ways, to settle disputes, and to serve on committees of every description. He was not 
only full of zeal for the temporal welfare of the colony, but gave his encouragement to 
a high standard of morals and religion ; so much so that he is recorded as a godly man 
and a faithful professor in the ways of Christ. Governor Bradford states "that he 
became a profitable man both in Church and Commonwealth." Howland was prominent 
and active in public and church work. He managed the colonist's interest in a trading 
post on the Kennebec river in Maine. He held many public offices, but in June, 1670, 
is the last time his name was used as a candidate, he refusing to serve any longer on 
account of his age, he being at that time nearly fourscore years of age. That he was 
held in high esteem in the church is evidenced by the fact that in 1667, at the ordina- 
tion into the ministry of John Cotton, Jr., he was appointed to join in the imposition of 
hands. 

His two brothers became members of Plymouth Colony, and though later they 
became Quakers, he held to the original faith of the Pilgrims, and was a staunch ad- 
herent of the orthodox faith until his death. He resided at Rocky Nook, situated three 
miles from Plymouth, in the direction of Kingston. He married Elizabeth, a daughter 
of John Tilley and a ward of Governor Carver. His death occurred February 23, 
1672-73. 

In John Howland's life we have the original of a product of New England — a self- 
made man. Landing on the shores of America a man in servitude, by his natural char- 
acteristics, without the aid of an education, he raised himself by his own endeavors to 
merit the respect and confidence of his fellow colonists. To his posterity he has left a 
name that they should cherish and honor; for by his individual efforts he accomplished 
what many aspire to but few succeed in obtaining : the record of an honest man, a God- 
fearing and Christian gentleman. 

SAMUEL FULLER — The name of Fuller is one of the class known as occupa- 
tive surnames; it dates from the twelfth century, and has the same signification as Tucker 
and Walker, "one who thickens or whitens cloth." The Fuller family were residents 
of the parish of Redenhall, in Harleston, near the center of the hundred of Earsham, 



48 Cf)e pipmoutf) Colon? 

County Norfolk, England. The adjacent parish of Wortwell shares in the parish church 
through which the division line passes. Here lived in 1482 or 1488, John and William 
Fuller, one of whom was doubtless the father of John Fuller, the progenitor of the 
family in America. A son of John, Robert by name, was a yeoman and a butcher by 
trade in Redenhall; by his will, dated in 1614, he bequeathed to his wife Frances a place 
in Assyes, in Harleston, in Redenhall, for the term of her natural life, when it reverted 
to his son, Edward Fuller, who was a passenger on the "Mayflower." His fourth son, 
Samuel, was baptized in 1580 or 1581, and probably born in Redenhall. He received 
a medical education, and early in life became imbued with the religion of the Puritans. 
He married first in England, Elise Glascock, who died before 1613. On the emigration 
of the Scrooby congregation to Leyden, he accompanied them and for many years was 
a deacon in the church. While a resident of Leyden, he was engaged in the trade of 
silkmaker, and in April 23, 1613, contracted his second marriage with Alice Carpenter, 
a sister of Governor Bradford's second wife. She died before 161 7, and he married for 
a third time at Leyden, May 27, 161 7, Bridget Lee. He was accompanied on the "May- 
flower's" voyage by his son Samuel, and his wife did not arrive at Plymouth until 1623, 
in the "Ann." He died at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in the year 1633. His son Samuel, 
mentioned above, was educated for the ministry and settled as the first minister in 
Middleboro, Massachusetts; his other child, Mercy, married Ralph James. 

Doctor Fuller was a physician of much skill, and a man who was distinguished for 
his great piety and upright character. His knowledge of medicine was of great value 
to the colonists during the epidemic in the winter of 1620-21. He was the first physician 
in New England. He retained his office of deacon in the church of Plymouth, but 
history does not show that he took a very active part in the civil affairs of the colony. 

EDWARD FULLER, son of Robert Fuller, a butcher of the parish of Redenhall, 
County of Norfolk, England, was baptized September 4, 1575. He was a brother of 
Doctor Samuel Fuller, and there is no evidence of his being with the Pilgrims in Hol- 
land, but it is believed that he joined the emigrants at Southampton, England. He was 
undoubtedly in poor health at time of the emigration, and the inclemency of the climate, 
the privations suffered by the colonists and the changed conditions under which the 
emigrants were brought, deprived him of his life after a few months residence on the 
inhospitable shores of New England. He died between January 11 and April 10, 1621, 
and his wife survived him only a short time. 

His son Samuel, who accompanied him on the "Mayflower," was placed in care of 
his uncle, Doctor Samuel Fuller, and reached manhood. Another son, Matthew, who 
was left in England at the time of the emigration, afterwards came to New England. 

STEPHEN HOPKINS— The surname of Hopkins is the same as that of Hob- 
kins; from the word Hob, Robert and the patronymic termination Kins, the same as 
Robertson or Hobson. Stephen Hopkins was born in England, and he had personally 
visited America before the Pilgrim emigration. He was on board the ship "Sea Ad- 
venture" in 1608, when it was wrecked off the Bermudas. On the "Mayflower," he was 
accompanied by his second wife, a son Giles, and a daughter Constance; children by 
his first wife; besides a daughter, Demarius, an offspring of his second wife. Another 
son, Oceanus, was born on the voyage. Hopkins joined the expedition to America in 
England at the time of the sailing of the "Mayflower." He was identified with the 
civil affairs of the colony, and was assistant from 1633 to l ^3^- He died at Plymouth 
in 1644. 



Oc l^l^moutt) Colony 49 

RICHARD WARREN — It was in the ninth or tenth century that the daughter 
of a Danish knight married William de St. Marteno, whose son William de Warrenne 
was Earl of Warrenne in Normandy. The latter married a daughter of Ralph de 
Forta, and their son William, Earl of Warrenne, accompanied William the Conqueror 
to England at the time of the Norman Conquest. This Earl of Warrenne married 
Princess Gundreda, the fifth daughter of William the Conqueror. From his Normandy 
title the modern family name is derived, from their location in France at Guarenna or 
Varenna, in the County of Calias. The primary sense of the name is to stop, hold, or 
repel, to guard, to keep off. 

William the Conqueror created William of Warrenne the Earl of Surrey in Eng- 
land, and he was among the prominent nobles who formed the court and train of the 
Conqueror. He was so highly esteemed by William that he gave him lands in almost 
every county in England. He selected for his residence, the village of Lewes, in the 
County of Sussex. The Earl of Warren took an active part in the Crusades, and a 
branch of the family seated itself in the parish of Ashburton in Devonshire, England. 
At the time of the Reformation the members of the family became adherents of the 
new belief, and thereafter were of strong Protestant persuasion. The family were 
always in the front rank in religious and political upheavals, and were identified with 
English history throughout the long period of their residence in that country. 

Richard Warren was the son of Christopher and Alice Warren. At the time of the 
emigration of the Pilgrims he was a merchant at Greenwich, in the County of Kent, 
England. He joined the expedition at Southampton, England, at the time of their 
departure for America. He left his family, which consisted of a wife and five daughters, 
in England. They came to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1623, on the "Little James" 
or "Ann." There were two sons born in America, Nathaniel and Joseph. Richard 
died at Plymouth before 1628. His widow, Elizabeth (Juatt) Marsh, survived him 
nearly half a century; her death took place at Plymouth in 1673, at the age of seventy 
years. 

WILLIAM WHITE — The surname of this family is derived from the color of 
the hair, or complexion. The name, however, may be local, derived from the Isle of 
Wight, on the coast of Hampshire, so called from the Welsh word, Gwydd, wood, from 
its primitive forest. 

William White, some genealogists contend, was the son of Bishop John White, of 
London. He was a wool carder by trade, and was among those that went to Leyden 
with the Rev. John Robinson's congregation. In that city on January 27, 161 2, he 
married Anna or Susanna Fuller, a sister of Doctor Samuel Fuller. Their son, born 
in 1 61 5, was named Resolved, in commemoration of the Pilgrim's decision that they 
would seek a permanent resting place on the other side of the Atlantic. 

It was six o'clock on the morning of December 19, 1620, on board of the "May- 
flower," that an infant, the first child of English parentage, was born in New England. 
The child was given the name of Peregrine White, the christian name signifying, a 
pilgrim, a stranger, or born during a journey. 

William White must have been a man of considerable wealth as he brought with 
his family, two male servants. He was a man of education and one of the leaders of 
the Plymouth Colony. He helped to draw the compact in the cabin of the "Mayflower," 
and was the sixth to sign it. His death occurred during the epidemic, on March 14, 

TER.-4 



50 C&e pipmoutf) Colon? 

1 62 1. The following May his widow married Governor Edward Winslow, and her two 
sons were brought up in his family and under his guardianship. 

DEGORY PRIEST came from the vicinity of Bawtry, England, and joined the 
first emigration of the Separatists to Holland. He was granted the privilege of citizen- 
ship by the city of Leyden. His marriage to Sarah Vincent, a widow of John Vincent 
and a sister of Isaac Allerton, was solemnized by the Leyden exiles. He died January 
1, 1 62 1, after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. His widow with her children 
came to the colony on board of the ship "Ann" in 1623. She married in Holland, a 
Dutchman, Culbert Culbertson, a member of the church at Leyden, who accompanied 
her on the voyage. 

FRANCIS EATON came from Holland in the "Mayflower," and was one of the 
signers of the famous Compact. He was accompanied on the voyage by his wife Sarah 
and a son Samuel. He was a carpenter by trade, and could not have occupied a position 
of much prominence in the affairs of the colony, as he was not admitted a freeman until 
1633, and he was not rated a taxpayer in Plymouth until the same year, and then only 
for a small amount. His wife died during the general sickness of 1620-21. He mar- 
ried a second wife who died shortly afterwards. He married for his third wife, Christ- 
ian Penn. He removed from Plymouth to Duxbury in 1633, where he died in the latter 
part of that year. Besides the son mentioned above, he had a daughter Rachel by his 
second wife, who married Joseph Ramsdew; and by his third wife, a son named 
Benjamin. 

EDWARD DOTY, a London youth, joined the Pilgrim's expedition in England 
as a servant of Stephen Hopkins. He was with his master in the shallop that discovered 
Cape Cod Harbor. During the summer of 1621 he was a principal in a duel with his 
fellow-servant, Edward Lister, but later he retrieved his character by changing his 
youthful follies. He married, January 6, 1635, Faith, the daughter of Tristam Clark, 
and removed to Yarmouth, Massachusetts, where he died August 23, 1655. 

GEORGE SOULE — The surname of Soule is of French extraction, and is derived 
from a small country in France, between the Beam and Lower Navarre. George Soule 
came from the vicinity of Bawtry, England, and while we have no evidence to substan- 
tiate the fact, he probably was a member of the Robinson congregation at Leyden. He 
married, in England, Mary Becket, who came to the Plymouth Colony on the ship 
"Ann" in the company of Barbara Standish, and Patience and Fear, daughters of Elder 
Brewster. 

At the time of his coming to America he was apprenticed to Governor Edward 
Winslow, but as early as 1623 he was granted land in his own right at Plymouth, and 
in 1633 he was admitted a freeman and was a taxpayer. He was a volunteer for the 
Pequot War, and had various grants of land at Powder Point in Duxbury, Massachu- 
setts. Soule sold his Plymouth holdings in 1638 to Constant and Thomas Southworth, 
and removed to Duxbury, where he was one of the earliest selectmen and often served 
in that and other offices. He represented the town in the General Court from 1642 to 
1654 inclusive, excepting seven years. He was a commissioner of court in 1640, and 
was on the important committee for the revision of the colony laws with Governor 
Prince, Winslow and Constant Southworth, showing that he must have been a man of 
superior intelligence and education. Governor Winslow names him as one of the ablest 



Or Plymouth Colon? 51 

men of the colony. When Bridgewater was set off from Duxbury. he became one of 
the original proprietors, but soon afterwards sold his rights and subsequently became 
one of the earliest purchasers of Dartmouth and Middleborough. His death occurred 
in 1680, he being one of the last of the Pilgrim Fathers to die. 

THOMAS ROGERS — Thomas Rogers was a native of England, and a member 
of the Leyden congregation. He was accompanied on the "Mayflower's" voyage by 
his son Joseph, who became a resident of Duxbury, and afterwards lived at Eastham, 
Massachusetts, on Cape Cod. He was in 1647 appointed lieutenant of the military 
company at Nawsett. The father, Thomas Rogers, died in the first sickness in 1621, 
and Joseph received his allotment of lands in the division at Plymouth in 1623. Thomas 
Rogers' other sons, John, William and Noah, afterwards emigrated from England to 
the Plymouth Colony and settled at Duxbury, Massachusetts. 

PETER BROWN— The thirty-third signer of the Mayflower Compact was Peter 
Brown, a native of England, and a son of Thomas Brown. Tradition states that he was 
descended from Anthony Brown who at the coronation of Richard II was created Knight 
of the Bath. John Brown, an elder brother of Peter Brown, while traveling in his 
youth, became acquainted with the Rev. John Robinson, and through him met many of 
his congregation. He, however, did not come to New England until 1629. Peter 
Brown was a single man at the time of the emigration to America, but married twice 
before his death in 1633. In the division of the cattle in 1627, Mary and Martha Brown, 
probably his wife and daughter, were sharers with him. It is believed that Martha was 
his wife, while Mary and Priscilla, mentioned in Governor Bradford's history, were his 
daughters; they were placed in charge of their uncle, John Brown, in 1644. His son 
Peter, born in 1632, settled in Windsor, Connecticut, and from him was descended 
John Brown, the famous abolitionist. 

FRANCIS COOKE — This is another of those occupative surnames, and is fre- 
quently spelled in some of the old records of the colony with a final "e." Francis Cooke 
was by birth an Englishman, and was with Robinson's congregation at Leyden. He 
married in Holland, a Walloon, though a member of the church at Leyden. He was 
accompanied on the "Mayflower's" voyage by his son John; his wife with three children 
came to Plymouth in 1623, on board of the "Ann." In the division of land made in the 
spring of 1624, Cooke received two acres on the south side of the brook toward Ply- 
mouth Bay, and four acres in the direction of Strawberry Hill. His name appears on 
the list of freemen in 1633, also in the records in connection with the early and later 
settlements. He was probably a husbandman after he came to Plymouth, as there is 
no evidence that he had a trade, and his sons John and Jacob became farmers. His 
frequent services on the grand inquest and trial juries, also as a surveyor of highways, 
makes it clear that he was a man of sound judgment, and had the respect of the com- 
munity. 

JOHN BILLINGTON— The criminal class of the Plymouth Colony was repre- 
sented by John Billington. He joined the expedition in England with his wife Helen 
and two sons, John and Francis. The members of the family had been often prosecuted 
in London, their former place of residence, for misdemeanors. The atmosphere of New 
England did not seem to improve their natural characteristics, as they were at various 
times a source of trouble to the colonists. The elder Billington finally waylaid a young 



GENEALC iCAL SOCIETY 

OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST 
OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS 

JUN 1 9 ^968 



52 C&e pipmoutl) Colon? 

man. one John Newcomen, with whom he had a quarrel, and mortally wounded him. 
He was tried, convicted of murder, and hung in 1630. His son John died before his 
father's execution. Francis, his other son, mended his evil ways, married the widow 
of Francis Eaton, in 1648, and removed to Yarmouth, Massachusetts, and reared a large 
family of children. 

THREE GENERATIONS OF MATHERS. 

"Under this stone lies Richard Mather ; 
Who had a son greater than his father, 
And eke a grandson greater than either." 

RICHARD MATHER — The Mather family was one of the most widely known, 
and exercised a commanding influence upon New England in its first century. Richard 
Mather, the progenitor of the family in Massachusetts, was the son of Thomas Mather 
and a grandson of John Mather, of the chapelry of Lowton in the parish of Winwick, 
Lancashire, England. In this parish Richard was born in 1596. He received a good 
education, and was called at a very early age to act as instructor over the youth of a 
church in Toxteth Park. 

In the early days of the seventeenth century, during the reign of James I, a band 
of Puritans cleaned away the heavy forests at the south of the city of Liverpool and 
settled what was known as Toxteth Park. They looked upon the burning of John 
Bradford at Smithfield as a martyrdom, and they erected a stone chapel in which they 
might hear the doctrines of the Reformation. The chapel is still in existence. It is 
plain and square, with no steeple or belfry of any description; the exterior is covered 
with ivy. Among the tablets upon the interior wall is one bearing this inscription: 
"Near this walk rests the remains of several generations of an ancient family of yeo- 
manry named Mather, who were settled in Toxteth Park as early as the reign of Queen 
Elizabeth. They were distinguished by many virtues and by strong religious feeling, 
and were among the fairest specimens of those, in former times were called Puritans." 

While filling the post of instructor, Richard Mather resolved to prepare for the 
ministry, and to this end, at the age of fifteen years, he entered Brasenose College, Oxford 
University. He was ordained in 1620 by the Bishop of Chester, and was settled over 
the church in Toxteth Park, where he remained until 1635, when he removed to this 
country. This step was taken because he had been suspended twice for nonconformity, 
and because he foresaw the troubles under Charles I and Archbishop Laud. He took 
the ship "Bristol," in disguise, April 16, 1635, and arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, 
August 17, 1635. 

On his arrival in Boston, Mr. Mather found the church of Dorchester deserted by 
its minister, who had become a colonist at Windsor, Connecticut, with part of his flock. 
He was called to the vacant chair and served it from August 23, 1636, to his death, 
April 22, 1669, at the advanced age of seventy years. His preaching was direct, and 
without the use of quotations from the Latin. In his time the religious discussion was 
not so much upon the doctrines as upon the form of worship and the status of church 
government. In such discussions he took an active part, and answered for the ministers 
of the colony the thirty-two questions relating to church government that were pro- 
pounded by the General Court in 1639. He was a member of the synod of 1648 and 
drew up the celebrated Cambridge platform of discipline. He was one of the three 
ministers to prepare the New England edition of the Psalms, and was the author of 
several minor works chiefly on church discipline, including "Discourse on the Church 



€&e pipmout!) Colon? 53 

Covenant," and "Treatise on Justification." He became an exile for the sake of truth 
and freedom. He was not remarkable for talent, but possessed a weight of character 
and knowledge of ecclesiastical affairs which gave him great influence in his day. He 
was an able and noted controversialist, whose services were called for on more than one 
occasion. 

Richard Mather married for his first wife, September 9, 1624, Catherine, daughter 
of Edward Holt of Bury, Lancashire. England, the mother of his six sons, four of whom, 
Samuel, Nathaniel, Eleazer and Increase, became ministers. Timothy, his second son, 
became a farmer, lived for a time in Massachusetts, later removed to Connecticut, and 
became one of the founders of Yale College. His name is carved with those of other 
founders of the University in the frieze of one of its new administration buildings. 
Joseph, his fourth son, died young. He married for his second wife, August 26, 1656, 
Sarah Story, a daughter of Richard Hankridge, of Boston, England, and a widow of 
Rev. John Cotton. 

Samuel, the eldest son of Richard Mather, was born in Toxteth Park, England, May 
13, 1626, came to America with his father; graduated at Harvard College in 1643; ne 
was for a time pastor of a congregation at Rowley, Massachusetts; also for a few 
months of the Old South Church in Boston. His popularity abroad soon became so 
great, and his health being impaired, he returned to England, where he was appointed 
chaplain to the Lord Mayor of London. He preached at Gravesend and in the cathedral 
at Exeter, and was made chaplain of Magdalen College, Oxford University. He labored 
in Scotland two years, and in 1660 went to Ireland. All these appointments he received 
during the Protectorate, and in return for his nonconformist views. While his ideas 
were positive, they were liberal. He refused to displace Episcopal ministers, on the 
ground that he would hinder no one from preaching the Gospel. He was suspended 
for sedition at the Restoration, and debarred from Ireland. He established himself at 
Boston Wood in Lancashire, but in 1662 was ejected from England. Returning to 
Dublin, Ireland, he founded a Congregational church to which he ministered till the 
time of his death, October 29, 1671. 

Nathaniel, third son of Richard Mather, was born in Lancashire, England, March 
20, 1630, came to Massachusetts with his father, and graduated at Harvard College in 
1647. After entering the ministry he followed his elder brother to England, and was 
presented by Oliver Cromwell with a living in Barnstable. He was ejected for non- 
conformity in 1662, after which he ministered to an English church in Rotterdam. 
After the death of his brother he succeeded to the vacant pulpit in Dublin. Afterwards 
he was pastor of a Congregational church in London, where he died, July 26, 1697. 

Eleazer, the fifth son of Richard Mather, was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
May 13, 1637. He graduated from Harvard College in 1656. At the age of nineteen 
he began to preach. He was ordained minister of the first church that was organized 
in Northampton, Massachusetts, in 1658, and retained that pastorate till his death, July 
24, 1669. 

INCREASE MATHER, the youngest son of Richard Mather, was born in Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts, June 21, 1639. He graduated from Harvard College in the 
same class as his brother Eleazer. At the request of his brothers in England, he followed 
them to their fields of labor and took his second degree in 1658 at Trinity College, 
Dublin, Ireland. His first ministerial charge was at Great Torrington in Devonshire, 
and in 1659 he became chaplain of the English garrison on the Island of Guernsey. 



54 Cbe pipmoutf) Colon? 

Here he remained until 1661, with the exception of a short time when he preached in 
the Cathedral at St. Mary's; when, refusing several livings that required him to con- 
form, he returned to Massachusetts. He preached alternately for his father in Dor- 
chester, and for the new North Church, and in 1664 he was ordained pastor of the latter, 
which office he held until his death, August 23, 1723, nearly sixty years. 

As a pastor, his sermons and prayers were full of originality and fervor; he kept 
frequent fasts ; his home, life is said to have been most delightful. Side by side with 
his duties in the line of religion, he became one of the chief educators of the country. 
In 1 66 1 he was appointed president of Harvard College, but his church refused to give 
him a dismission and he at once resigned the office. The offer of presidency was renewed 
in 1685, and was this time accepted with the understanding that he was to reside in 
Boston and spend part of his time in Cambridge. Thus he remained, the sixth president 
of Harvard College, until his resignation in 1701, when an act of the General Court 
was passed requiring the president to live in Cambridge. During his presidency the 
membership of the college was largely increased, several valuable donations received, 
and an act of the General Court authorizing the college to create bachelors and doctors 
of divinity. In 1692 the first diploma for the degree of D. D. in America was conferred 
on President Mather. 

Increase Mather was engaged in public services not usual with members of his 
profession. When in 1683 Charles II demanded the charter of Massachusetts, he was 
foremost in opposing the measure, and when in the following year the monarch annulled 
the charter, he was sent to England as agent for the colony. He was in England during 
the revolution of 1688, and failing to obtain the restoration of the old charter, accepted 
a new one under which the appointments to all offices reserved by the Crown were con- 
fided to him. On his return to the colony in 1692, the General Court appointed a day 
of thanksgiving for his safety and for the settlement of the dispute. He condemned 
the violent proceedings of the witchcraft craze. His custom was to devote sixteen hours 
a day in his study, and he always committed his sermons to memory ; one-tenth part of 
his income was devoted to charity. He was the author of ninety-five distinct publications, 
most of which are now very scarce. 

Doctor Mather married, in 1662, Maria, a daughter of Rev. John Cotton, by 
whom he had seven daughters and three sons. Mrs. Mather died in 171 4, and he took 
for his second wife Anna, daughter of Captain Thomas Lake, and widow of Rev. 
John Cotton, of New Hampshire, a grandson of his first wife's father. 

Increase Mather was a man of great energy and practical good sense, with an 
intellect clear and strong, but not adventurous; with a heart equal to all duties and 
dangers. He was devotion itself to his religion, with a leaning towards severity and 
gloom ; as a preacher he was powerful and fervent ; his sermons were filled with lamen- 
tations for the decline of religion. Unfortunately he regarded the growing liberality 
of the age not perhaps as one of its sins, but certainly as one of its dangers; he cried 
out against toleration as an instrument employed by the Evil One to root out every 
vestige of religion ; but his heart being better than his maxims, he extended his liber- 
ality further than some who thought it a duty. During his lifetime he suffered from 
jealousy of others and the want of sufficient support; there was, however, no man of his 
age who was more honored when living, or more lamented when he died. 

COTTON MATHER, the eldest son of Increase and Maria (Cotton) Mather, was 
born in Boston, Massachusetts, February 12, 1663. His elementary education was 



Cbe pipmout!) Colonp 55 

obtained at the free schools in Boston, first under the tutelage of Benjamin Thompson, 
who was credited with great learning and wit, and afterwards by the famous teacher 
Ezekiel Cheever. His preparatory studies for college were extensive, including Homer 
and Isocrates, besides many other Latin authors. He entered Harvard at the age of 
twelve. His better principles secured him though young from moral dangers and in- 
attention to his duties. He had the ambition to be a great man, and on account of his 
birth the desire seemed appropriate. In his collegiate course he made rapid advance- 
ment; his father, however, regarded learning and intellectual accomplishments only 
secondary to religious education. He therefore directed his efforts in the formation of 
a Christian character for his son. At the age of fourteen the younger Mather began a 
system of prayer and fasting which he observed throughout his life. He generally fasted 
once a month, sometimes weekly or twice a week, and on one occasion abstained from 
food three days together ; it has been computed that the fasts observed by him amounted 
to four hundred and fifty days during his lifetime. A year later he was affected by 
reading Doctor Hall's "Treatise on Meditation," which advised the reader to proceed 
methodically in the performance of this duty. At the age of sixteen he made the Christ- 
ian profession and also believed it was his duty to become useful and instruct and exhort 
those around him. This caused him to embody his principles and maxims in his well 
known "Essays to do Good." It can be readily seen that his spirit was such, if it had 
not been for the judicious treatment of his father, his enthusiasm would have been so 
kindled that he would have become a dangerous firebrand to the churches. 

For seven years after leaving college in 1678, when he was scarcely sixteen years 
of age, he engaged in the business of instruction, chiefly in preparing students for 
college. The heir of two such ecclesiastical names as Cotton and Mather could of 
course be destined to no other than the ministry. There was a difficulty, however, to 
be overcome ; he had since his early days an uncommon impediment in his speech. By 
the constant use of prolonging his syllables, as in singing, he cured the habit of stam- 
mering, and abandoning his medical studies he turned his attention to theology. He 
preached in August, 1661, his first sermon, before he was eighteen years old. He 
supplied his father's pulpit at the North Church in Boston. The congregation's atten- 
tion was turned to him at once as a proper person to associate with his father. It was 
not. however, until January, 1682, that they invited him to become his father's colleague; 
this for various reasons he declined, but at last, having made up his mind, he was on 
May 13, 1684, ordained as assistant pastor of the North Church. At the time of his 
entering upon his duties, he was conscientious and apprehensive. His rules of preaching 
were systematic, in some respects more so than necessary, though he chose subjects not 
with a view to display his own resources, but to the edification of his hearers. He 
usually used notes in preaching, though he was not enslaved by them. In his twenty- 
fourth year Cotton Mather thought it advisable to marry. The person he selected to be 
his life companion was a daughter of Colonel Phillips, of Charlestown, Massachusetts. 

The year in which he was ordained he published "Memorable Providences Relating 
to Witchcraft." This was several years before the Salem tragedy, but his work was 
used as an authority at that time, the magistrates being commended for submitting to 
the counsel of learned writers. In that era of New England history that left a blot on 
the escutcheon of Massachusetts, his despicable career, his attempt at self-abasement, his 
hypocrisy, are not capable of comprehension, estimated by present day ideals. At the 
time when the children of John Goodwin became affected in 1688, Cotton Mather held 



56 C&e ipipmout!) Colon? 

a day of fasting and prayers and favored the suspicion of diabolical visitation. He 
took the eldest daughter of the family to his home to inspect the spiritual and psycho- 
logical phenomena of witchcraft. By his experiments he discovered the devils were 
familiar with Latin, Greek and Hebrew, but less skilled in the Indian language; and he 
was persuaded that he was skilled against their power by special protection of Heaven. 
In a discussion he pronounced witchcraft "the most nefandus high treason against the 
Majesty on high." This was printed with a copious narrative of his researches. With 
the occurrence of the first phenomena at Salem in 1692, he became a permanent adviser 
concerning them, expressing his eagerness "to lift up a standard against the imperial 
enemy," whose assaults upon the country he recognized as "a particular defiance upon 
my endeavors to bring the souls of men into heaven!" And in order to convince all 
who doubted the obsessions and disapproved of the executions, he wrote his "Wonders 
of the Invisible World," which received the approbation of the president of Harvard 
College and of the governor of the provinces, though it was designed to encourage the 
excesses and to promote "a pious thankfulness to God for justice being so far executed 
among us." In the reaction of the popular mind that followed, he vainly attempted to 
arrest it; and though he afterwards admitted that "there had been a going too far in 
that affair," he never expressed regret for the innocent blood that had been shed, and 
charged the responsibility upon the powers of darkness. He finally sought to shun the 
odium of the popular feeling by declaring the subject "too dark and deep for ordinary 
comprehension," and referring it for decision to the day of judgment. 

In 1702, Mather's "Magnalia Christi Americana" was published in two volumes, 
in London; it is a chaotic collection of materials for an ecclesiastical history of New 
England, and though it contains much that is valuable, it is not to be trusted as a guide 
in matters of importance. 

The death of his first wife occurred in the year 1702, and on August 18, 1703, he 
married Elizabeth Hubbard, a widow of four years standing. He was again in 17 13 
to endure domestic distress; his wife was taken sick with an illness of which she died. 

Cotton Mather, though engaged steadfastly in studies, was constantly suggesting 
philanthropic undertakings. He wrote and published many articles on the prevailing 
intemperance of the day ; he was an opponent of slavery, and he made several attempts 
to christianize the negroes. His support of innoculation for smallpox on its introduction 
into the province, was of value to this science. The popular mind was prejudiced against 
innoculation; it was denounced not only by members of the medical fraternity, — the 
General Court passed a bill making it a crime to innoculate for smallpox in Massachusetts. 
While the tempest raged, Cotton Mather persevered in his spirited and manly course of 
favoring innoculation, without yielding in the least to the abuses and menaces that were 
showered upon him. 

The great ambition of Cotton Mather's life was to receive the appointment of 
president of Harvard College. The death of President Samuel Willard in 1707 caused 
a vacancy; if learning alone had been a sufficient qualification, he would have been 
elected. He was so confident of receiving the appointment that he observed days of 
fastings to solicit the divine direction. Governor Joseph Dudley, however, appointed 
Judge John Leverett to the office. This was a signal to the Mathers that their influence 
in the college affairs was at an end. They seldom if ever attended the meetings of the 
Overseers during President Leverett's term of office. On the death of President Leverett 
in 1724, Cotton Mather had another case of self-delusion in reference to the president- 



C&e Iplpmoutb Colon? 57 

ship of the college, as he writes in his Diary that he did not know but that the care of the 
college would be cast upon him. His expectations were again hopeless, as the corpora- 
tion elected Dr. Joseph Sewall to fill the vacancy. 

As Cotton Mather advanced in age, though his influence declined, his activity con- 
tinued. His publications amounted to three hundred and eighty-two, many of them 
small books and sermons. His "Transactions," an account of the practice of innocula- 
tion for smallpox, appeared in 1721 ; his "Essays to do Good," his "Christian Phil- 
osopher," and "Directions for a Candidate of the Ministry," enjoyed high repute. His 
greatest undertaking, entitled, "Illustrations of the Sacred Scripture," which he labored 
on from his thirty-first year until his death, is still in manuscript in the library of the 
Massachusetts Historical Society. When he was sixty-two years of age, his Diary gives 
the impression his mind was diseased almost to the verge of insanity. Nothing is known 
of his closing years; he was seized in December, 1727, with the disease of which he died. 
He had just completed his sixty-fifth birthday when his death occurred, February 13, 
1728. He was followed to his grave in Copp's Hill burying ground by an immense 
procession. It was the general sentiment that a great man had fallen. Though some 
had been at enmity with him and many had disliked him, over his grave they seemed 
with one consent to regard him as a man of great powers and sincere piety, who though 
sometimes misled by prejudices and passion, had endeavored to do good. 

Cotton Mather was not a man of original genius, though his mind was active and 
strong. He was inclined to read rather than to think ; and it was by familiarity with the 
, works of others and the thoughts which they awakened that he was able to send out so 
many works of his own. His passion to devour all the literature of ancient and present 
times led him into habits of thought and writing, so it is not easy to judge what his 
native talent, if differently cultivated, might have been. His writings afford striking 
remarks and passages of occasional eloquence. His industrial and applicative qualities 
were hardly to be expected in a man of quick parts who was ready, brilliant and enter- 
taining in conversation, and whose company was in universal request. 

Cotton Mather as a private Christian labored much with himself; as a preacher 
he was conscientious and successful — always diligent — studying his discourses, maintain- 
ing to the last his hold upon the largest congregation in New England. As a pastor he 
was exceptionally laborious, systematically exhorting and praying with his people at 
their homes, making conscience of spiritualizing every casual intention, and now and 
then spending days upon his knees with the names of his flock before him to prompt 
his intercessions for them and for himself, that it might better reach their peculiar need. 
As a philanthropist, while abundant in personal benefactions, he originated more than 
twenty societies for charity. As an author he was learned, publishing in French, Span- 
ish and Algonkin, as well as English. As a scholar he was better known in England and 
on the Continent than any other American of his time. With all this it must be con- 
fessed that he had some grave defects. His common sense was not uniformly equal to 
his need. Always ambitious and self-opinionated, he was occasionally irritable and 
conceited. He lacked good taste, and it was his unconcealed grief that he was never 
elected to preside over Harvard College. His enormous knowledge did not digest well, 
and his use of learning tended to be crude. He was superstitious, and it was his mis- 
fortune that as to witchcraft, also with vaccination, he was not in advance of eminent 
scientists and specialists of his generation. 



Clje Colonial Characters of Jieto Cnglanti 




N the first century of the settlement of New England, the clergy, besides 
being the spiritual guides, were prominently connected with the tem- 
poral government of the colonies. In England they had been ejected 
from the Established Church for nonconformity, and, gathering their 
flocks around them, like the Israelites of old, they migrated to a new 
world to be free from religious persecutions and to obtain freedom of 
voice and action in a new land. 

FRANCIS HIGGINSON — Among the pioneers of the clergy in the Massachusetts 
Bay Colony, was Francis Higginson. He was of English parentage, born in 1587. He 
was educated at Cambridge University and became rector of a parish in Leicestershire. 
He was deprived of his benefice for nonconformity and was employed among his former 
parishioners as a lecturer. While engaged in these duties he was apprehensive of receiv- 
ing a summons to appear before the High Commission Court, and readily accepted an 
invitation from Massachusetts to proceed to their colony. He embarked early in May, 
1629, and arrived at Salem, Massachusetts, on June 29 in that year. A congregation was 
established at Salem, of which he was chosen teacher ; Samuel Skelton, his companion on 
the voyage, was selected as pastor. They consecrated each other by the laying on of 
hands assisted by several of the gravest men. Subsequently Higginson drew up "a con- 
fession of faith and church covenant according to Scriptures." which on August 6, 1629, 
was assented to by thirty persons who associated themselves as a church. He continued 
to discharge the duties of his office, when in the general sickness which ravaged the 
colony he was attacked by a hectic fever of which he ultimately died, August 6. 1630. 
He wrote "New England's Plantations, or a short and true description of the Commodi- 
ties and Discommodities of the Country," London, 1630, and an account of his voyage, 
which is preserved in Hutchinson's collection of papers. 

JOHN COTTON, called the Patriarch of New England, one of the first ministers 
of Boston, Massachusetts, was born in Derby, England, December 4, 1585. At the age 
of thirteen he entered Trinity College, Cambridge University, and was afterwards a 
fellow of Emmanuel College, employed as a lecturer and tutor. He became vicar of St. 
Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire, in 1612, where he remained twenty years, 
noted as a preacher and controversialist, and inclining in his doctrine and practice toward 
the Puritan worship. He was informed against for not kneeling at sacrament, and cited 
to appear before Archbishop Laud in the High Commission Court. He sought safety in 
flight, and after spending some time in London he went to America, arriving at Boston, 
September 4, 1633. The following October he was ordained on a day of fasting, by 
imposition of hands, teacher of the church in Boston, and a colleague of Mr. Wilson, the 
pastor. Here he found his life's work, and in this connection he remained until his death, 
December 23, 1652, which was brought on by exposure in crossing the ferry to Cam- 
bridge, where he was going to preach. 

Cotton was a critic in Greek, wrote Latin with elegance, and could discourse in 
Hebrew. He spent twelve hours in reading, his favorite author being John Calvin. His 



Of Colonial Characters of Jfteto CnglanD 59 

pulpit eloquence was famous for its simplicity and plainness, and his discourses were 
exceedingly effectual in exciting attention to religion. He was very regular in religious 
observances, and through his custom of keeping the Sabbath holy from evening to even- 
ing, that form of observance became universal throughout New England. Among his 
numerous works the most important are those published in the course of his controversity 
with Roger Williams, "Milk for Babes," a religious book for children, and "The Power 
of the Keys," on the nature of church government. He defended the interference of the 
civil power in religious matters for the support of the truth, maintaining the duty, for 
the good of the church and of the people, of putting away those who, after repeated admo- 
nitions, persist in rejecting fundamental power of doctrine or worship. 

THOMAS HOOKER— The founder of the colony of Connecticut, Thomas Hooker, 
was born in Markfield, Leicestershire, England, in 1586. He is supposed to have been 
a cousin of the noted divine, Richard Hooker, author of the great work, "Ecclesiastical 
Polity." Hooker, after graduating from Emmanuel College, Cambridge, took orders, 
preached in London, and in 1626 was chosen lecturer at Chelmsford. Having been 
silenced for nonconformity by Archbishop Laud, he established a grammar school at 
Chelmsford, in which John Eliot was usher. The persecution of the spiritual church 
continuing, he emigrated to Holland, where he preached at Delft and Rotterdam as an 
assistant to Doctor Ames, who said of him, "he never met with his equal, either in preach- 
ing or in disputation." He came to New England with John Cotton in 1633, and was 
settled at Newtown (now Cambridge) being ordained by the brethren of the church. 
The settlements in Massachusetts becoming too congested, with a jealousy arising 
amongst the clergy owing to their close proximity to each other, led Hooker and his 
associate Stone, with about one hundred of their flock, in 1636, to take the trackless 
path through the forests in search of a new home. This resulted in the formation of 
the settlement at Hartford, Connecticut, where Hooker and Stone were the first min- 
isters of the church. He died in Hartford, Connecticut, July 7, 1647. 

Hooker was a remarkably animated and able preacher, commonly using no notes. 
Some two hundred of his sermons were transcribed by John Higginson, and sent to 
England ; about half of them were published. His most celebrated work, "A Survey of 
the Summe of Church Discipline," written in conjunction with John Cotton, was pub- 
lished in England under the supervision of Dr. Thomas Goodwin in 1648. 

JOHN DAVENPORT — Another pioneer founder of Connecticut was John Daven- 
port. He was born at Coventry, England, in 1598. He was educated at Oxford 
University, and became an eminent preacher among the Puritans, and minister of St. 
Stephen's Church, London. He became engaged in 1630 in purchasing church lands of 
laymen for the benefit of poor congregations; he was making great progress when he 
was interrupted by Archbishop Laud, who feared it would turn to the profit of the non- 
conformists. 

Davenport himself soon became a nonconformist, and resigning his charge, in 1633 
went to Holland. There he became involved in a controversy, taking sides against a 
general baptism of children, and returned to London in two years. He had been inter- 
ested in the patent of Massachusetts Colony, and seeing a letter from Mr. Cotton giving 
a favorable account of it, he determined to emigrate to America, and arrived in Boston, 
June 26, 1637. On his arrival he received an invitation to sit in a session of a synod, 
and, owing to the sharp religious controversies of Massachusetts, he determined with a 



60 Cbe Colonial C&aractm of ifteto OBnglanH 

company of settlers to sail on March 30, 1638, to Quinnipiack, to found a new colony 
which was named New Haven. 

The first Sabbath after arrival he preached under a spreading oak. He was minister 
at New Haven for thirty years, and was active in the organization of the civil govern- 
ment. The Bible was made the basis of civil law, and as trial by jury is not mentioned 
in the Bible, no place was given it in the colony. The constituted assembly held in a 
barn, June 4, 1639, resolved that church members only should be burgesses. The care- 
fulness of Davenport in regard to the admission of members to the church, gave him 
also the keys of political power. His reputation abroad was such that he was invited to 
sit with the Westminster Assembly of divines, but he could not be spared from his 
church. 

The regicides, Goffe and Whalley, while flying from pursuit, hid in his home, and 
he exhorted his people not to betray them. A sharp discussion arose in New England 
in regard to the general baptism of children ; Davenport took the same ground he had 
taken in Amsterdam. He was called to Boston, December 9, 1668; some who dis- 
approved of his controversial position left the church when he took charge and formed 
a congregation that afterwards was known as the Old South Church. He died at Boston, 
Massachusetts, March 15, 1670. 

JOHN ELIOT— The "Apostle of the Indians," John Eliot, was born at Nasing, 
County Essex, England, in 1604. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge Uni- 
versity, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1623. He there displayed a partiality for 
philology, which may have had some influence in stimulating the zeal he afterwards 
displayed in acquiring the language of the native Indians. After leaving the university 
he was employed as an usher in a school near Chelmsford, under the Rev. Thomas 
Hooker. While in the family of this reverend gentleman he received serious impres- 
sions, and resolved to devote himself to the work of the Christian ministry. As there 
was no field for nonconformist preachers in England, he resolved to emigrant to America, 
and arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, November 3, 1631. After officiating for a year 
in the first church in Boston, he was in November, 1632, appointed pastor of the church 
in Roxbury, where he continued until his death, May 20, 1690. 

When Eliot began his mission work there were about twenty tribes within the 
bounds of the plantation of Massachusetts, and he was assiduously employed for a long 
time in learning their languages. With the assistance of a young Indian taken as 
prisoner, he translated the Lord's Prayer and many Scripture texts, and was able on 
October 28, 1646, to preach to the Indians in their own language. This meeting was 
held at Nonantum, now a part of Newton, and Eliot was strongly opposed by the sachems 
and conjurers, who threatened him with violence if he did not desist from his labors; 
but his answer was : "I am about the work of the Great God, and he is with me, so I 
neither fear you nor all the sachems in the country. I will go on ; do you touch me if 
you dare." 

Mainly, through the instrumentality of Eliot, Natick or "Place of Hills," was 
founded by Christian Indians, for whom he drew up a set of civil and economical regu- 
lations. He also in 1653 published a catechism for their use. This was the first work 
published in the Indian language; no copy is known to exist. Eliot was an extensive 
traveler, planted a number of churches, visited all the Indians in Massachusetts and 
Plymouth colonies ; he induced large bodies of Indians to give up their savage customs 
and form themselves into civilized communities, led many persons to engage in the 



€\)( Colonial Characters of Jfteto (England 61 

missionary work among them, twenty-four of whom became preachers of the Gospel to 
their own tribes. 

In the decade between 1650-60 many of his tracts were published; in 1661 the New 
Testament, and two years later the Old Testament, making the Bible complete in the 
Indian language. To it was added a Catechism and the Psalms of David in Indian 
verse. This Indian version of the Scriptures was printed at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
by Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, and was the first Bible printed in America. 
It is now a great rarity, and though the Mohican language in which it is written has 
utterly perished, it commands over a thousand dollars for a copy. The pen of Eliot 
was never idle ; other translations were published ; an Indian Grammar, also a Primer, 
were printed at Cambridge in 1664 and 1669. These were followed in 167 1 by a little 
volume entitled, "Indian Dialogues on their Instruction in that Great Service of Christ in 
calling Home their Countrymen to the Knowledge of God and of Themselves," and 
in 1672 some "Logical Notions to Initiate the Indians in the Knowledge of the Rule of 
Reason," was printed. These two volumes, printed at Cambridge, Massachusetts, are 
extremely rare. Of the former the only known copy in existence is in a private library. 
A copy of the latter is preserved in the British Museum and another in the Bodleian. 

Eliot was acknowledged to have been a man whose simplicity of life and manners 
and evangelical sweetness of temper had won for him all hearts, whether in the village 
of the emigrants or in the smoky huts of the natives of New England. 

ROGER WILLIAMS— The founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams, the son 
of William Williams, was baptized at Gwinsea, Cornwall, Wales, July 24, 1600. In 
early life he went to London, where his skill as a reporter commended him to the notice 
of Sir Edward Coke who sent him to Sutton's Hospital (Charter house school). He 
was admitted to Pembroke College, January 29, 1623, and a matriculated pensioner, July 
7, 1625. He took the degree of B. A. in January, 1627. There is a tradition he studied 
law ; but, if so, it could only have been for a short time ; for it is certain that he had been 
a clergyman of the Church of England when at the close of 1630 he embarked for 
America, arriving at Boston, Massachusetts, February 3, 1631. 

Williams was a Puritan of the extreme wing, and of that section of the wing where 
tendencies toward the views of the Baptists were the immediate occasion of the rapid 
rise of that denomination in England. On his arrival at Boston he soon incurred the 
hostility of the authorities, chiefly by denying that the magistrates had right to punish 
for any but civil offences. He removed to Salem, Massachusetts, to become the assist- 
ant of Parson Skelton ; the General Court remonstrated against his settlement there and 
complained that he had refused "to join with the congregation at Boston because they 
would not make a public declaration of their repentance for having communion with the 
churches of England, while they lived there;" and besides, that he "had declared his 
opinion that a magistrate might not punish a breach of the Sabbath, nor any other offence 
as it was a breach of the first table." 

The objections of Williams to the Church of England were : first, that it was com- 
posed of pious and worldly men indiscriminately ; and, second, that it assumed authority 
over the conscience and was persecuting. The first of these objections, the Puritans of 
Boston shared theoretically with Williams; but while Williams was practically a con- 
sistent and rigid Separatist, his Puritan brethren were, in his view, chargeable with 
inconsistency and unseemly concession. The second objection assailed the theocracy 
which his brethren were rearing on the shores of New England. 



62 Oc Colonial Characters of Jfteto CnglanD 

Persecution obliged him after a brief ministry at Salem to retire to Plymouth, where 
for two years he was assistant of Pastor Ralph Smith. Here he formed acquaintance 
with leading Indian chiefs and gained a knowledge of their language. He was invited 
to return to Salem, first as an assistant and afterwards as the successor of Parson Skel- 
ton. In one year's time he filled that place with principles of Separatism tending to 
Anabaptism. The General Court, in the autumn of 1635, banished him from the colony, 
ordering him to depart in six weeks, because he had called in question the authority of 
magistrates in respect to two things : one, relating to the right of the King to appropriate 
and grant lands of the Indians without purchase; and the other, to the right of civil 
power to impose faith and worship. On the first of these points, Williams made explana- 
tion deemed satisfactory ; on the other, the divergences were hopeless, the ministers who 
gave their advice at the request of the court, declaring that opinions which would not 
allow the magistrate to intermeddle, even to restrain a church from heresy or apostasy, 
were not to be endured; and he, on the other hand, maintaining with inflexible rigor 
the absolute and eternal distinction between the spheres of the civil government and the 
Christian church. In defense of his views he published a pamphlet entitled, "Mr. Cot- 
ton's Letter Examined and Answered." 

The period of his departure was extended to the coming spring; but his doctrines 
were spreading and his purpose of founding a colony embodying his principles becoming 
known, it was determined to send him to England. Williams was forewarned, and 
abandoning his friends and family in midwinter, he went through the wilderness to the 
country of the Narragansetts. He purchased land of the Indians, and after planting his 
own corn found that it was within the bounds of the Plymouth Colony. With five com- 
panions in a canoe he started on a new exploration, and finally landed and called the 
place Providence. Here was established a true democracy; and persons admitted to 
the corporation were required to sign the following : "We whose names are hereunder, 
desirous to inhabit in the town of Providence, do promise to subject ourselves, in active 
or passive obedience, to all such orders or agreements as shall be made for public good 
of the body, in an orderly way, by the major consent of the present inhabitants, master of 
families, incorporated together in a town of fellowship and others whom they shall 
admit into the same, only in civil things." 

The method of planting the first church in Providence, now known as The First 
Baptist Church of that city, was the same as that pursued by the English Baptists in 
Holland. These Baptists instituted baptism by authorizing certain of their own mem- 
bers to be administrators of the rite. This plan was adopted at Providence, but Williams 
seems to have had early doubts of the validity of the proceedings and withdrew from his 
associates in this measure. 

The history of Roger Williams for the succeeding half century is the history of 
Providence and of Rhode Island. The colony was for some years a pure democracy, 
transacting its public business in town meetings. As Massachusetts began to claim juris- 
diction of Massachusetts Bay, Williams in 1643 was sent to England to procure a charter. 
He obtained an independent charter, March 14, 1644, and in 1649 he was chosen deputy 
president. He again visited England in 165 1 to obtain a more explicit charter, and 
remained there until 1654, enjoying the friendship of Milton, Cromwell, and other 
prominent Puritans. On his return to Rhode Island in 1654 he was chosen president or 
governor of the province, and remained in office until 1658. 

William's writings were numerous, mostly on religious subjects. He was a pro- 
ficient scholar in Greek, Latin, French, Dutch, and Hebrew. He refused to persecute 



Cfte Colonial Cfjaractet0 of Jfteto (England 63 

the Quakers, and his influence with the Indians enabled him to render signal services to 
the colonies around him by averting from them the calamities of savage warfare; but 
they refused to admit Rhode Island into the New England league, and even put obstacles 
in the way of her procuring the means of defense. He died in 1683, in his eighty-fourth 
year, and was buried in his family burying ground in Providence, near the spot where 
he landed. 

JOHN ENDICOTT— The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John 
Endicott. He was born in Dorchester, England, in 1589. He was sent out by the 
Massachusetts Company to carry on the plantation at Naumkeag or Salem, where he 
arrived September 6, 1628. The following April he was chosen governor of the "Lon- 
don Plantation," but in August of the same year, on the determination to transfer the 
government and charter to New England, he was relinquished of his office. With 
Captain John Underhill, Endicott conducted a sanguinary but ineffectual expedition in 
1635 against the Block Island and Pequot Indians. 

Endicott was deputy governor of the Massachusetts Colony from 1641 to 1644 
and 1650 and 1654; and was governor in 1644 and 1649, from 1651 to 1654, and 1655 to 
1665. He was bold and energetic, a sincere and zealous Puritan, rigid in his principles, 
and severe in the execution of the laws against those who differed from the religion of 
the colony. So adverse was he to anything savoring of popery that he cut out the cross from 
the military standard. He was opposed to long hair, insisted that women should wear 
veils in public assemblies, and did all in his power to establish what he deemed a pure 
church. During his administration as governor, four Quakers were put to death in 
Boston. He died in Boston, Massachusetts, March 15, 1665. 

THE WINTHROPS— The Winthrops, father and son, have been justly looked 
upon as the flower of American Puritanism. The elder John Winthrop was born at 
Groton, County of Suffolk, England, January 12, 1588. He graduated at Trinity 
College, Cambridge University, in 1605, and was bred to the law. He was a man of 
substance and education, and in religious belief became a Puritan. He was made in 
1629 governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the next year he headed the great 
emigration to Massachusetts, consisting of about nine hundred persons, and was selected 
governor. The expedition sailed from Yarmouth, England, April 7, 1630, and first 
landed in Salem, Massachusetts, but it being sickly there, they went to the peninsular of 
Shawmut, where there was a spring of pure and wholesome water, and seated them- 
selves, and called that place Trimountain, on account of three hills. It was afterwards 
named Boston, and became the principal city of New England. 

Winthrop was reelected governor until 1634, when Sir Henry Vane became gov- 
ernor, and he served as deputy-governor. The following year occurred the celebrated 
controversy in regard to Mrs. Hutchinson and her doctrines. Vane and Winthrop 
were on opposite sides, and in the election of 1637 the latter was chosen governor. He 
was elected every year till 1640, and again in 1642 and 1643. He was deputy-governor 
in 1644 and 1645, an d again governor in 1646 until his death, March 26, 1649. The 
tenderness and gentleness of Winthrop's nature was beyond dispute ; even such political 
opponents as Vane retained their personal friendship for him. These qualities, however, 
were supplemented by a decided antipathy to democracy in every form, which made him 
the best civil leader for the supporters of the ecclesiastical system of Massachusetts. 

The younger John Winthrop was born at Groton, England, February 12, 1606. He 
graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland ; studied law at the Inner Temple, London ; 



64 C&e Colonial Characters of Jfteto CnglanO 

and then traveled on the continent. He was a member of the expedition of 1627 for the 
relief of the Huguenots at La Rochelle, France. He was attached to the English 
Embassy at Constantinople, Turkey, in 1628, and followed his father to America in 1631, 
and was chosen a magistrate of Massachusetts in 1633, but returned to England. 

He returned to America in 1635 with a commission from Lords Say and Seal to 
build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut river, and of which plantation he was con- 
stituted governor. He obtained in 1645 title to lands in southeastern Connecticut, and 
founded the present city of New London, Connecticut. He became a magistrate of 
Connecticut in 1651, and was elected in 1657 governor, and was reelected annually until 
his death, while attending the Congress of the New England Confederacy at Boston, 
Massachusetts, April 5, 1676. 

Winthrop in 1661 obtained a charter from Charles II that united Connecticut and 
New Haven into one colony. The King at first refused to grant this charter, owing to the 
colonists' sturdy republicanism during the interregnum, but Winthrop on presenting His 
Majesty with a ring that Charles I had given his father, finally yielded. All his father's 
fine qualities and more were inherited by the son ; physical science was one of his strong- 
est attractions. He was one of the first members of the Royal Society and was constantly 
interested in mines and mining in New England. 

SIR WILLIAM PHI PS — The first American born governor of Massachusetts 
was William Phips, the son of John Phips, a gunsmith by trade, who emigrated from 
Bristol, England, at an early period of the history of the colonies and fixed his residence 
on the very borders of the settlements. He had a family of twenty-six children, of whom 
twenty-one were sons. William, one of the youngest of the family, was born at Wool- 
wich, Maine, a small settlement near the mouth of the Kennebec river, February 2, 1651. 

The death of his father left him at an early age to the exclusive management of 
his mother. The lowness of his parents' situation and the ravages of frontier hardships 
did not admit of much opportunity for obtaining an education. At the age of eighteen 
years we find him tending sheep, but to his adventurous disposition this occupation was 
too uniform and unsatisfactory. The sea beckoned to him, and a sailor's life appealed to 
his active temperament. Unable to procure a situation on board a vessel, he became a 
ship carpenter, which work was diversified by occasional coasting trips. Here he 
remained for four years, but dreaming he was born for greater matters, he removed to 
Boston in 1673. Here he worked at his trade for a year, and married a widow several 
years his senior, named Hull, and a daughter of Captain Roger Spencer. His wife 
brought him some pecuniary means that enabled him to contract with merchants at 
Boston to build a vessel which was launched on Sheepshead river a little to the eastward 
of the Kennebec river. 

Phips arrived in London in 1664 with a proposition for the raising of Spanish 
treasure vessels, sunk somewhere in the neighborhood of the Bahamas. He interested 
the English government to the extent that he was appointed to the command of the 
"Rose-Algier," a ship of eighteen guns and ninety-four men. In this vessel he took a 
two years' cruise in the West Indies, and though the search for treasure was unsuccessful, 
owing partially to a conspiracy and mutiny of the crew, on his return to England he 
was received by the Admiralty with great favor. His application for another ship, how- 
ever, was not received with consideration, as his plan was deemed impracticable. Phips, 
not dismayed, induced private individuals to finance another expedition, and arriving 
at Port de la Pluta, a wreck was found lodged amongst the reefs, and, sending his divers 



Ci)e Colonial Characters of J^eto Cnglanto 65 

below, treasure amounting to three hundred thousand pounds was obtained. He sailed 
direct to England, landing in 1687. Phips received about sixteen thousand pounds as 
his share of the treasure. James II, for bringing such a treasure into the country, gave 
him the honor of knighthood, and requested him to remain in England, but he determined 
to return to New England. The Colony of Massachusetts was at this time in a turbulent 
state owing to the loss of their charter and the governorship of Sir Edmund Andros. 
He had obtained from the King the appointment of sheriff of New England, but on his 
arrival at Boston he was unable to get possession of the office. He returned to England 
in 1669, but news arriving of the overthrow of the Andros government in Massachu- 
setts led him to return to his native land. 

On his arrival in the summer of 1689, Indian war was raging on the frontier, and 
he immediately offered his services to Governor Bradstreet. In the winter of 1690 he 
was placed in command of an expedition against Nova Scotia and L'Acadie. Port Royal 
was captured and he took possession of the country from Port Royal to the Penobscot 
river in the name of the English government. On his return from Port Royal, Sir Wil- 
liam took his seat in the Board of Assistants, to which he had been elected two days 
before. A naval expedition against Quebec was undertaken in 1690, Sir William being 
appointed commander-in-chief. Delays occurred on account of the lack of pilots and the 
nonarrival of ammunition and arms from England. The fleet sailed on August 9, 1690; 
smallpox broke out amongst the crew, unnecessary delays were encountered, and it was 
not until October 5 that the expedition appeared before Quebec. After several attempts 
to make a landing, the arrival of cold weather compelled the return of the fleet, which was 
more disastrous than the voyage out. One vessel was never heard of, another wrecked 
and a third, a fire ship, was burned at sea. 

In September, 1691, Increase Mather obtained a new charter for Massachusetts. 
Under this charter he had the power to appoint a governor, and the fact that Sir Wil- 
liam Phips was a native of New England, possessed a high rank and considerable estate, 
had already served the Crown in several capacities and obtained the favor of the King 
without forfeiting his popularity at home, picked him out as the most logical and eligible 
person for the office. He was therefore nominated at the Council Board and was 
appointed Captain-general and Governor-in-chief of the Province of Massachusetts Bay 
in New England. Sir William was in England at the time of his appointment, and on 
his return to Boston the witchcraft persecutions were at their height; his last act as 
governor was to issue a general pardon to all those who had been convicted or accused 
of the offense. At the opening of 1693, the people grew dissatisfied with Phip's admin- 
istration. The King ordered him to come to England to defend himself against the 
attacks of his enemies. He was deprived of his office by the King and, unable to remain 
idle under any circumstances, Sir William engaged in the prosecution of two designs — 
one was to supply the English navy with lumber and naval stores from the eastern part 
of New England ; the other was returning to his old business of seeking for shipwrecked 
treasure. The execution of these designs was cut short. About the middle of February 
he was attacked with a cold, which resulted in a malignant fever which caused his death 
on February 18, 1695, in the forty-fifth year of his age. He was interred in the Church 
of St. Mary, Woolnoth, England. He left no children. 

Sir William Phips earned fortune's favors by a ceaseless industry and the most 
indomitable perseverance. He succeeded in enterprises so hopeless at first sight that men 
of sober judgment would never have engaged in them. He was better fitted to execute the 

TER.— 5 



66 €&e Colonial Characters of Beta) CnglanD 

orders of others than to issue orders himself; and the reputation which he lost as a 
rash and unskillful commander he might have gained as an active and daring subaltern. 
He was unfit to lead an army, or to govern a province; a better education might have 
qualified him for either station, as his natural endowments were perhaps sufficient for 
both. Though enjoying a large fortune, he was neither purse-proud, parismonious, nor 
extravagant. His lowness of origin was a matter of honest pride with him. He was 
naturally of a hasty temper, and was frequently betrayed into improper sallies of passion, 
but never harbored resentment long. Though not rigidly pious, he reverenced the offices 
of religion and respected its ministers. He was credulous, but no more so than most of 
his better educated contemporaries. The mistakes which he committed as a public officer 
were palliated by perfect uprightness of intention and by an irreproachable character in 
private life; for even his warmest opponents never denied him the title of a kind hus- 
band, a sincere patriot, and an honest man. 

THE DUDLEYS — Thomas Dudley, a colonial governor of Massachusetts, was 
born in Northampton, England, in 1576. He was an officer in the service of Holland, 
and his military career it was which indoctrinated in him the love of civil and religious 
freedom that made him join the Puritans. Before identifying himself with the Puritans, 
he became steward of the estates of the Earl of Lincoln ; he retrieved the fortunes of that 
earldom. He came to Massachusetts in 1630, with a commission of deputy-governor, 
which he held from 1634 to 1640, and again from 1645 to I 650. He was appointed a 
major-general in 1644. He was a man of talent and integrity, was bold and energetic, 
but intolerant and narrow in his religious views, being even more unforebearing and 
arrogant than Governor Winthrop, with whom he was closely connected. He resided in 
Cambridge, Ipswich, and Boston, but finally settled in Roxbury, where his estate was 
long possessed by his descendants. Governor Dudley died at Roxbury, Massachusetts, 
July 31, 1652. 

Joseph, the son of Thomas Dudley, was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, Septem- 
ber 23, 1647. He graduated from Harvard College in 1665, and studied theology, but, 
preferring a political career, became a representative in the General Court in 1673, also 
a magistrate in his native town. He was from 1677 to 1681 one of the commissioners 
for the United Colonies of New England to obtain new guarantees of friendship from 
the Narragansett Indians. He was sent in 1682 to England as agent of the Massachu- 
setts Colony to secure the preservation of the colonial charter ; but instead of furthering 
the views and interests of those who had sent him to London, he sent word to the 
Massachusetts General Court that there was no hope for the colonies, and advised their sub- 
mission to the demands of the British King. He was dropped in 1684 by the General 
Court from the list of colonial assistants. When James II sent the schedule of a pro- 
vincial government to Massachusetts, he named Dudley as president of the colony. The 
General Court immediately abdicated the colonial government under protest. It was 
clear that the new president had adopted the King's interests as his own, and would act 
in pronounced opposition to colonial government. His appointment as judge of the 
supreme court followed in 1687. 

Sir Edward Andros' career in the colonies came to an end in 1689, and Dudley 
was imprisoned with him and his other official associates and sent to England for trial. 
The charges were dismissed by the English privy council, and Dudley was sent back to 
America in 1690 as chief justice of New York, a position he held until 1693, when he 
returned to England. His visit was to intrigue for place; he was for eight years 



Cfje Colonial Characters of jfteto CnglanD 67 

lieutenant-governor of the Isle of Wight; in 1701, mayor of Newton, Isle of Wight; 
and the same year was elected to parliament. 

Dudley was back again in Boston in 1702, to assume the governorship of the province 
of Massachusetts, under the appointment of Queen Anne ; the captain-generalship of the 
province accompanied his gubernatorial commission. He held these offices, with more 
or less friction between himself and the colonists, until 171 5, when he was displaced, 
and retired to his home in Roxbury, where he died April 2, 1720. 

Dudley carried the doctrine of submission to royal and ministerial authority to 
extremes; he was a philosopher, a scholar, a divine, and a lawyer, all combined. He 
united rich intellectual abilities with a grovelling soul. To his mean nature, personal 
aggrandizement was the prime necessity. He had as many virtues as can consist with so 
great thirst for honor and power. 

THEOPHILUS EATON— The first governor of New Haven Colony was Theo- 
philus Eaton. He was born in Stony Stratford, Oxfordshire, England, about 1591. 
His father was a clergyman, and it was the hope of his friends that he would study 
theology, but his preference being for a mercantile life, he became a merchant in Lon- 
don. Here he arose to opulence, and attracted the notice of the government and was 
sent on a diplomatic mission to the court of Denmark, where he remained several years, 
and on his return to London again engaged in mercantile life gaining high reputation. 

Eaton was a parishioner in Reverend John Davenport's church in London, and they 
were inseparably associated, and when the latter formed a company for emigration to 
America, Eaton became one of its members. He was also accompanied by his stepson, 
Elihu Yale, patron of Yale College. On their arrival in Massachusetts, the planters of 
that province vainly tried to retain the party in their midst, but they decided to emigrate 
further. Accordingly, in the fall of 1637, Eaton, with a few friends, explored the Con- 
necticut coast, and in March, 1638, planted a colony at a place called by the Indians, 
Quinnipiac. The colonists bought of the Indians a tract of land that now comprises seven 
townships, the price being thirteen English coats, and the new settlement was named 
New Haven. 

Eaton was one of the seven pillars that formed a government for the colony, was 
chosen the first governor and continued in that office until his death, January 7, 1658. 
He was one of the commissioners that formed the United Colonies of New England, 
and in 1646 proposed to Governor Kieft, of the province of New Amsterdam, to settle 
all differences with him by arbitration ; the Dutch governor soon after this was dis- 
placed by Peter Stuyvesant, and nothing came of his suggestion. 

Governor Eaton was accompanied on his voyage to America by two brothers : 
Samuel became assistant pastor to John Davenport, but differing with his colleague, he 
returned to England; Nathaniel was the first master of the school afterward called 
Harvard College. On his arrival in New Haven, Governor Eaton attempted to carry 
on his old mercantile pursuits, but soon abandoned them for agriculture. In person he 
was handsome and of commanding figure, and, although strict and severe in religious 
matters, he was affable and courteous. 

WILLIAM LEETE was born in Dodington, Huntingdonshire, England, in 161 2. 
His mother was a daughter of a justice of the King's bench, and he took up the law as a 
profession. While acting as a clerk in the Bishops' Court, he became a sympathizer with 
the persecuted Puritans, and on examination of their doctrines he resigned his office 



68 C&e Colonial Characters of r3eto CnglanD 

and allied himself with the sect. In the company of the Reverend Mr. Whitfield he 
sailed in 1639 for New England; after tarrying- at New Haven a few months the com- 
pany removed and founded Guilford, Connecticut. Lands were purchased by the planters 
from the Indians, and Leete was one of four appointed in 1642 to have charge of the 
administration of justice and the preservation of peace in the towns. He was one of 
seven pillars who in 1643 covenanted together to form a church, and drew up a declara- 
tion of faith, which in substance is that still used by the First Congregational Church of 
Guilford. He was town clerk for twenty-two years, one of the commissioners of the 
New Haven Colony continuously from 1655, and as such pleaded the cause of the colony 
before the Massachusetts authorities in regard to the danger from the Dutch, and treated 
with Cromwell's commissioners concerning the same matters. He was deputy-governor 
from 1658 to 1 66 1, and then was chosen governor, holding that office until the union of 
the colonies of New Haven and Connecticut was effected. He has been criticized for his 
arbitrary action in the dissolution of the New Haven Colony, but realizing its disadvan- 
tage on account of its isolated position, he requested Governor Winthrop, when he 
visited England, to procure a charter for Connecticut, to include New Haven in the appli- 
cation. Though New Haven was obliged to capitulate to, rather than to unite willingly 
with her rival, she undoubtedly saved herself from worse misfortune. 

Governor Leete became deputy-governor of Connecticut in 1669, and served until 
1676 and succeeded Winthrop as governor and was afterwards annually elected until his 
death at Hartford, where he resided the last seven years of his life, April 16, 1683. His 
wife, who came with him to New England, was a daughter of a clergyman. His son 
Andrew was for many years governor's assistant, and he is credited with concealing the 
regicides in his home at Guilford. Governor Leete not only proved himself adequate to 
the duties of every trying occasion and filled faithfully every office conferred on him, but 
showed the even temper, the unerring instinct, the foresight, of the statesman, in posi- 
tions the most responsible to which his town or the colony of Connecticut could call him. 
Slow and cautious in coming to a decision, his conclusions were unerring; and few 
indeed are the judgments of Leete which the verdict of posterity has reversed. He pre- 
sided in times of the greatest opportunity, yet always with such integrity and wisdom 
as to meet the public approbation. An island near Guilford bears his name, and his 
descendants are numerous. 

WILLIAM PYNCHON was born in Springfield, County of Essex, England, in 
1590. He was scion of an ancient family, and well educated. In the charter of the 
Colony of Massachusetts granted by Charles I, he is named as a patentee and an assistant 
in the government of the colony. He came to America with Governor Winthrop in 1630, 
and was one of the first settlers of Roxbury, Massachusetts. Being a man of means, he 
engaged in the fur trade with the Indians and was made treasurer of the colony. The 
Colony of Massachusetts becoming overpopulated, the General Court gave permission in 
1634 to parties to emigrate. 

Pynchon with seven others from Roxbury joined the Reverend Thomas Hooker's 
party and, proceeding westward, on arriving at what is now Springfield, Massachusetts, 
selected a beautiful site and remained there. This settlement was first called Agawam, 
but the name was changed in 1640 to Springfield, in honor of Pynchon's birthplace. 
The town remained under the jurisdiction of Connecticut until 1641, when it was recog- 
nized by the Massachusetts authorities as falling within their bounds. Pynchon in 1643 
became one of the Board of Assistants of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He had the 



Cfje Colonial Characters of jfteto CnglanD 69 

office of chief magistrate until 1651. He succeeded in preserving friendly relations 
between the Indians and his colony, by a concilatory policy. He treated them independ- 
ently as far as their relations with one another were concerned. The Indians had con- 
fidence in him and were ready to be guided by his wishes. 

On the assembling of the Massachusetts General Court in October, 1650, they were 
horrified at the sight of a book lately published in London, England, the author being 
William Pynchon, entitled, "The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, Justification, 
etc., Clearing it from some Errors." The work maintained: 1. "That Christ did not 
suffer for us those unutterable torments of God's wrath that was commonly called hell- 
torments. 2. That Christ did not bear our sins by God's imputation, and therefore he 
did not bear the curse of the law for them. 3. That Christ had redeemed us from the 
curse of the law not by suffering the said curse for us ; " etc. This opposed the Calvin- 
istic view of the atonement, and created a great excitement in Boston. The General 
Court pronounced the book heretical, and directed that it "be burned by the executioner 
in the market place in Boston on the morrow immediately after the lecture." Pynchon 
was called to appear before a tribunal of ministers, but his recantation of his errors was 
not satisfactory. Cited again before the court, he did not appear; he was enjoined to 
be present at the next session of the General Court under a penalty of one hundred 
pounds. In consequence of this violent action of the authorities and the ill-treatment 
to which he had been subjected, he decided to return to England in September, 1652, 
leaving his children in New England, as permanent settlers. 

Pynchon established himself at Wraysbury on the Thames, near Windsor, Eng- 
land, and spent the last ten years of his life in the enjoyment of an ample fortune, 
engaged in the theological writing, and in entire conformity with the Church of Eng- 
land. His works included a revised edition of his book entitled "The Meritorious Price 
of Man's Redemption, or Christ's Satisfaction Discussed and Explained, with a Re- 
joinder to Reverend John Norton's Answer," 1655; "The Jews Synagogue," 1652; 
"How the First Sabbath was Ordained," 1654; "The Covenant of Nature made with 
Adam," 1662. He died at Wraysbury, Buckinghamshire, England, October 29, 1662. 




Cfje Jieto OBttfilantJ Crutmbtrate 




l HE triumvirate of the revolutionists of New England were Samuel 
Adams, James Otis and John Hancock. They were a foundation 
of a new New England conscience which fostered a condition of bet- 
terment of life and type of character. The old New England con- 
science, strengthened by a fight against the wilderness, proscribed 
from contact with it all idleness, ungodliness, and frivolity. It was 
narrow as avarice, morbid as egotism. It exalted harsh unlovely 
deeds into heaven inspired acts, and was blind to all human purposes but death. Their 
spiritual life was a ceaseless ceremonial, their pious observances were rigid rules of 
etiquette, without which one could obtain neither favor nor even audience of the 
Almighty. The spirit of caste kept our ancestors "not provincial, but parochial." It 
performed its work soundly, peopled an exceptional region, and therefore has no neces- 
sity of being. The modern type of conscience has developed new concepts of religion, 
and has emancipated New England from that reign of selfish individualism which sought 
only its own salvation. The modern conscience is straightforward and business-like, 
and the highest civilization is synonymous with the purest simplicity. The new con- 
science, if it is to do great deeds, must meet the complex problems of the twentieth, with 
the single-heartedness of the eighteenth, century. 

SAMUEL ADAMS has been properly called "The New England Democrat." The 
great historian John Fiske says that Adams should stand second only to Washington 
as the greatest of Americans. He led the movement against the arbitrary rule of Great 
Britain, and stirred up Massachusetts and the other colonies to resist taxation. It was 
not by eloquence and fiery speech-making — for he was no orator, but by letters to news- 
papers; by correspondence, voluminous and fiery; most of all by resolutions passed in 
the greatest political institution, the New England town-meeting. It was in the old 
town of Boston, in the town-meetings where everybody felt free to speak, that Samuel 
Adams played his great part as an advocate of the people's rights and a leader of the 
Revolution. 

Samuel Adams was not born a poor boy, though he was always a poor man. His 
father was one of the leading citizens of Boston, and his grandfather was a grandson 
of Henry Adams, the same emigrant from England to Massachusetts, from whom John 
Adams, the second President of the United States, traced his descent; these two illus- 
trious cooperators in the American Revolution had both the same great-grandfather, a 
son of Henry Adams, the original emigrant. 

Samuel Adams was born in his father's home on Purchase street, Boston, Massa- 
chusetts, September 27, 1722. The boy was prepared for college at the Boston Latin 
School. After receiving private tuition, in 1736 he entered Harvard College; he was 
graduated as A. B. in 1740. His father, Captain Samuel Adams, urged his entering 
the ministry, but the son having no taste for the calling, began the study of law. This 
afterwards he relinquished and accepted employment in the counting house of Thomas 
Cushing, where though active and industrious enough, he displayed conspicuous inapti- 




SAMUEL ADAMS 



Cfje Jfteto OBnglanD Ctiumtotrate 71 

tude for trade. Subsequently he began trade for himself but was unsuccessful, and he 
then became a partner with his father in a brewery. 

A money panic, owing to the issue of paper money by joint-stock banking com- 
panies, that was condemned by parliament, occurred in Massachusetts in 1740. The 
elder Adams being connected with one of the companies, became financially ruined, and 
his son, as an opponent of parliamentary authority, made his introduction into political 
life which ultimately became the chief interest and principal employment of his life. 
How strongly his mind was turned in this direction appears from the subject selected 
for his thesis upon taking his degree of A. M., and which he supported in the affirma- 
tive : "Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth 
cannot otherwise be preserved?" 

Not succeeding in mercantile business, Adams obtained the post of tax collector 
for the town of Boston. This brought him into contact and acquaintance with all the 
inhabitants and gained him the cognomen from his political opponents of "Samuel the 
Publican." He was a member of the Caucus Club of Boston, which was a corruption 
probably of "Caulkers' Club," as it was originally composed of shipbuilding mechanics. 
This club, in which Adams was an active member, met and agreed on candidates they 
would support for town offices. Adams served on many town committees, as moderator 
of town meetings, but singularly he did not really become prominent in politics until he 
was forty-two years old. At that age men were considered venerable, and Adams more- 
over carried out that idea, as his hair was quite gray and he had a trembling of the 
head and hands which, while it added impressiveness in his public speaking, made him 
seem much older than he was. 

In 1764 he was elected one of the three representatives from Boston to the Prov- 
incial Assembly, a position which he held nine years. Upon his entry into the General 
Court he accepted the position of clerk, which enabled him to exercise a certain influence 
over the course of proceedings. He took a leading part in the details, and it devolved 
upon him to prepare the largest portion of the papers of the house in its controversies 
with the royal governors Bradford and Hutchinson. This admirably fitted his fluent 
and eloquent pen and the mixture of his character of caution with fire, courage and 
decision. Adams is described at this time by one of his contemporaries as being zealous, 
ardent and keen in the cause ; was always for softness, delicacy and prudence when they 
would do; but as staunch, stiff, strict, rigid and inflexible in the cause. Another says 
that he believed that Adams had a most thorough understanding of liberty and her 
resources; in the temper and character of the people, though not in the law and con- 
stitution, as well as the most habitual, radical love of it, also the most earnest, genteel 
and artful pen. He is described as a man of refined policy, steadfast integrity, ex- 
quisite humanity, fair erudition, and obliging and engaging manners, real as well as 
professed piety, and a universal good character. While Adams thus devoted himself to 
politics, it was chiefly the industry and economy of his wife that supported the family. 
He married, in 1749, Elizabeth, daughter of Reverend Samuel Checkley, of Boston. She 
died in 1767, and his second wife was Elizabeth Wells, a daughter of an English 
merchant who had settled in Boston in 1723. 

Adams, though poor, was incorruptible ; it was proposed to silence him by ihe gift 
of some place under the government, but the royal governor declared that he was of 
such an "obstinacy and inflexible disposition" that no gift or office would conciliate him. 

Meanwhile the Stamp Act had been repealed. The people of Boston in 1769 
devoted their time to abusing the importers of English goods, and the English soldiers. 



72 Cfje J!3eto (England Criumtoirate 

This culminated in the Boston Massacre, At a town meeting where there was some 
objection to a motion pending, that it savored of independence, Adams wound up a 
speech in defense of it with the bold declaration, "Independent we are, and independent 
we will be." After the Boston Massacre, he was appointed chairman of a committee to 
wait upon the governor and council to demand the withdrawal of the British troops 
from Boston. After a conversation with the governor and the commanding officer, the 
energy of Adams prevailed, and the troops were sent to Castle Island. 

Adams and Democracy had for the moment triumphed but the next two years were 
years of reaction. Times grew hard and harder; New York, which had agreed on the 
non-importation of British goods, revoked this agreement ; the King's government grew 
more and more determined; the Whigs of Boston became disconsolate, the Tories, jubi- 
lant. In this crisis, Adams conceived the idea of establishing a committee of correspond- 
ence to strengthen the cause of independence and to bring the force of all the Massa- 
chusetts town meetings to bear upon the somewhat wavering policies of the Boston 
town meeting. Most of his friends thought the plan absurb, but the response that came 
from the towns showed that he was right. This action of Massachusetts spread to other 
colonies; in 1773, Virginia proposed that there should be a committee of correspond- 
ence between all the colonies. These committees of correspondence were the germ of 
the Federal Union. 

The General Court of 1774 was forbidden to meet in Boston, and was ordered to 
Salem. Its chief business, though it was kept a profound secret, was to appoint dele- 
gates to the proposed Continental Congress at Philadelphia. Through Adams' activity 
a majority of votes was obtained, and he was chosen as one of the delegates; this 
brought him upon a broader scene of action. He continued a member of the Continental 
Congress for eight years, in which he took an active, decided and influential part. In 
administrative talents, however, he was not conspicuous, and his love of policy was 
rather graduated to accord with the feelings, sentiments and sometimes the prejudices 
of the people, than always calculated to meet the actual exigencies of affairs. There 
was no one man, however, that did so much as he to put the revolution in motion, and 
to bring about the separation from the mother country. 

Together with John Adams, in 1780, he took an active part in the formation of the 
State Constitution of Massachusetts. He was an influential member of the Massachu- 
setts Convention in 1788, called to ratify the Federal Constitution; though opposed to 
many of its features, he finally gave it his support. The following year he was chosen 
lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, which office he held until 1794, when he was 
elected governor. He was a warm admirer of the French Revolution, and in natural 
politics leaned decidedly to the Republican or Jeffersonian party. The Federal party 
being predominent in the State, also his increasing age and infirmities, induced him in 
1797 to decline serving longer as governor and to retire to private life. He, however, 
remained a conspicuous figure until his death, October 2, 1803. His only son Samuel, 
graduated from Harvard College in 1771, studied medicine with Doctor Joseph Warren, 
served as a surgeon throughout the Revolution, but his health was impaired during the 
war and he died in 1788. 

Samuel Adams was of common size, muscular form, light blue eyes, fair complexion, 
and erect in form. He wore a tie wig, cocked hat, and red cloak. His manner was very 
serious. He inherited no fortune, and was without resources except in the salary and 
emoluments of office, which were never large; yet those that visited his house found 




JAMES OTIS 



Cfte J!3eto (England CriumtJftate 73 

nothing mean or unbecoming in his station, since he knew how to combine decency, 
dignity, and propriety with a small expenditure. Though a progressive in politics, he 
was always a conservative in religion, adhering with sincere persuasion and firm tenacity 
to the five points of Calvinism. His only relaxation from business and cares of life 
was in the indulgence of a taste for sacred music, for which he was qualified by the 
possession of a most angelic voice and a soul solemnly impressed with religious senti- 
ment. He was fond of conversation, and possessed a large fund of anecdotes. John 
Adams once enthusiastically called him "the wedge of steel which split the knot of 
lignum vitae that tied America to England." 

JAMES OTIS — James Otis, the Patrick Henry of New England, was born at 
Great Marshes, now called West Barnstable, Massachusetts, February 5, 1725. He 
graduated at Harvard College in 1743, studied law in Boston, and was admitted to 
practice in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1748. Two years later he removed to Boston, 
where he soon obtained a high rank as a lawyer and advocate at the bar. He married, 
in 1775, Miss Ruth Cunningham. 

Fond of literary pursuits and a thorough classical scholar, he wrote and published 
"Rudiments of Latin Prosody." He entered public life as a zealous patriot and gifted 
orator. He appeared for the merchants as an attorney against the Writs of Assistance 
that had dealings with an illicit trade with the West Indies, and warrants were executed 
to search ships and dwellings for smuggled goods. The legality of the writs was ques- 
tioned, and the advocate for the crown argued that as parliament was the supreme legis- 
lature for the whole British realm, no subject had the right to complain. To this James 
Otis answered with great power and effect. The fire of patriotism glowed in every 
sentence. "To my dying day, I will oppose, with all the power and faculties God has 
given me, all such instruments of slavery on one hand and of villany on the other." He 
then gave the keynote to the concerted action of the English American colonies in 
opposing the obnoxious acts of the British Parliament. "Then," said John Adams, who 
heard Otis speak, "the independence of the colonists was proclaimed." 

The people could not brook such a system of petty oppression. At a town meeting 
when this government measure was discussed by Mr. Gridley, the calm advocate of the 
crown, James Otis, one of Gridley's pupils, addressed the multitude. Referring to the 
arbitrary powers of the writs, he said, "A man's house is his castle ; and while he is quiet, 
he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle. This writ, if it shall be declared legal, 
would totally annihilate this privilege. Custom house officers may enter our homes 
when they please ; we are commanded to permit their entry. Their menial servants may 
enter, may break everything in their way ; and whether they break through with malice 
or revenge, no man, no court, may inquire. I am determined to sacrifice estate, ease, 
health, applause, even life, to the sacred calls of my country, in opposition to a kind of 
power the exercise of which cost one King his head and another his throne." Though 
the judge secretly granted the writs at the next term of court, they were never executed. 
The next year Otis was elected a representative to the Massachusetts Assembly, where 
his eloquence soon placed him at the head of the popular party, and justified his claim 
to the title of the "great incendiary of New England." 

In 1764, he published a pamphlet entitled "The Rights of the Colonies Vindicated," 
which attracted great attention in England for its finished diction and its masterly argu- 
ments. He proposed in 1765 the congress of delegates to consider the Stamp Act. He 
was chosen a delegate and was one of the committee to prepare an address to the English 



74 Cbe Jfteto (England CnumtJitate 

House of Commons. A committee of correspondence was appointed to hold communi- 
cations with other colonial assemblies, and the political postulate, "Taxation without 
representation is tyranny," was boldly enunciated in a pamphlet by James Otis, entitled 
"The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted." 

Otis was chosen in May, 1767, speaker of the provincial house; the governor nega- 
tived the election, but he could not silence him. When the English ministry required 
the Massachusetts of Assembly to rescind the Circular Letter and requested the colonies 
to unite in measures for redress, Otis made a speech which his adversaries proclaimed 
as "the most violent, abusive and treasonable declaration that perhaps was ever uttered." 
The House refused to rescind by a vote of ninety-two to seventeen. 

In the summer of 1769 he published an article in the "Boston Gazette" which greatly 
exasperated the custom house officers. The next evening he met Robinson, one of the 
officers ; an altercation ensued in which Otis was overpowered by numbers and severely 
injured. He received a cut on the head, and his subsequent derangement is attributed 
to the wound. He obtained a verdict against the inflictor of the wound, but the amount 
of money he received for damages he returned on receiving a written apology. He with- 
drew in 1770 to the country on account of ill-health, but was called into public life as 
a representative the following year, but was unable to perform the duties. After the War 
of Independence which his trumpet voice had hearlded, he attempted to resume the prac- 
tice of his profession. His last two years were spent at Andover, Massachusetts ; he had 
often expressed the wish that his death might be by a stroke of lightning. Standing in 
his doorway on May 23, 1783, during a thunder storm, he was instantly killed by a 
lightning-stroke. 

JOHN HANCOCK — The autocrat of the triumvirate was John Hancock, born 
in Quincy, Massachusetts, January 12, 1737. He received a college education at Har- 
vard, graduating in 1754. Shortly afterwards he entered the counting house of his 
uncle, Thomas Hancock, who was a prominent merchant of Boston. In 1764 occurred 
the death of his uncle, who left him a large fortune, and he soon became identified with 
the mercantile business of Boston. 

Hancock was first chosen to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1766. 
The seizure of his sloop, the "Liberty," in 1768, occasioned a riot when the royal com- 
missioners of customs narrowly escaped with their lives. After the Boston Massacre 
he was a member of the committee to demand of the governor the removal of the British 
troops from the city; and at the funeral of the slain he delivered an address so glowing 
and fearless in its reprobation of the conduct of the soldiery and their leaders, that it 
greatly offended the chief magistrate of the province. Samuel Adams and Hancock 
were active in the Sons of Liberty, and were members of the Provincial Assembly in 
1774, the latter being president. At the session held in Concord, Massachusetts, in 
April, 1775, one of the objects that led to the first battle of the Revolution was to seize 
these two noted patriots, who had tarried at Lexington, Massachusetts. They were, 
however, warned of the movement for their capture, and escaped in the night, followed 
by Dorothy Quincy, to whom Hancock was affianced, and whom he married in Septem- 
ber, 1775. In a proclamation made by General Gage in June, 1775, he denounced those 
engaged in the Lexington affair as "rebels and parricides of the Constitution," and 
offered a free pardon to all who would return to their allegiance excepting Adams and 
Hancock, who were outlawed, and for whom he offered a reward as arch traitors. 




JOHN HANCOCK 



Cfje Jfteto (EnglanD Criumtoirate 75 

Hancock was a delegate in the first Continental Congress and was chosen presi- 
dent of that body ; he was the first to place his signature to the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. Returning from Congress in 1777 on account of ill-health, he was in February, 
1778, appointed first major-general of the Massachusetts militia, and took part in 
Sullivan's campaign in Rhode Island in the following August. He was a member of the 
convention for framing a constitution for the State of Massachusetts, and was in 1780 
chosen first governor, to which office with an interval of two years, he was annually 
elected until his death at Quincy, Massachusetts, October 8, 1793. He was president of 
the State Convention that adopted the National Constitution. 

Hancock was a man of strong common sense and decision of character, of polished 
manners, easy address, affable, liberal and charitable. In his public speeches he displayed 
a high degree of eloquence; as a presiding officer he was dignified, impartial, quick of 
apprehension, and always commanded the respect of Congress. He employed his large 
fortune for useful and benevolent purposes, and was a liberal donor to Harvard College. 
His stone mansion, built by his uncle, was on Beacon street, fronting the Common. 





&eboluttonarp Characters of J^eto €nglanti 

— jffililttarj) 



iROMINENT among the military characters of New England in the 
Revolutionary War was Nathanael Greene. He was born within the 
jurisdiction of Warwick, Rhode Island, June 6, 1742. He was the 
fifth in descent from John Greene, a surgeon who became an original 
proprietor in both Providence and Shawmut. He was the fourth 
son in a family of eight boys. His father was a Quaker preacher, and 
young Greene was brought up in the strictest principles of that sect. Of 
robust nature, fond of athletic sports, he also was of studious disposition. Under the 
guidance of a Scotchman named Maxwell, he became interested in Latin and geometry ; 
he afterwards made the acquaintance of President Stiles of Yale College, then a clergy- 
man in Newport, by whose help he acquired the knowledge of such authors as Locke, 
Watts, and Swift. He also made the acquaintance of Lindley Murray, the grammarian, 
and profited by discussion on the subjects of his readings. 

Greene grew up as a young man of fine physique, dignified, self-possessed, though 
endowed with an impetuous temper, which he afterwards brought under control, and 
was orderly in his habits and in the management of his father's farms and business. 
The business of the Greene forge at Coventry, Rhode Island, required constant atten- 
tion, and Nathanael removed to that place in 1770. He was chosen to represent his 
new home in the General Assembly. In this early participation in public affairs he was 
apparently among the broadest-minded of his associates. His first public act was for 
the establishment of a school. He soon came into intimate relationship with popular 
leaders, and with a quick observation of the state of affairs of the colonies with the 
mother country, he wrote a friend, "the ministry seem to be determined to imbrue their 
cursed hands in American blood." 

The Rhode Island Assembly, though not a member of that body, appointed him on 
a committee in 1774 to revise the militia laws of the province. He about this time 
joined as a private the Kentish Guards, an independent company recruited at Green- 
wich and adjoining towns in Rhode Island. His admission as a private was some time in 
doubt owing to a slight limp in his gait. The Quakers looked askance at his interest in 
military affairs, and a conference resulted in the severance of his formal connection with 
that fraternity, but he never lost his attachment for this simple religion. On July 20, 
1774, he was married to Catherine Littlefield, a niece of the wife of the governor of the 
colony. 

The news of the Lexington affair reached Providence, Rhode Island, on the after- 
noon of April 19, 1775. The Kentish Guards immediately set out for Boston, but were 
stopped at Pawtucket by Wanton, the Tory governor. Greene, however, accompanied 
by three companions, two of whom were his brothers, proceeded on the march ; they 
found that the British troops had been driven into Boston. The Rhode Island legisla- 
ture on April 22, 1775, voted to raise an army of observation, and on May 8, 1775, 
Greene was commissioned brigadier-general. Throwing his private cares upon his 



Retoolutionarp Characters: of Jfteto 4£nglanD-6@tlitarp 77 

brothers, on June 2, 1775, he set out for the American camp at Boston. In a letter to 
his wife he says, "The injury done my country, and the chains of slavery forging for 
posterity, calls me forth to defend our common rights and repel the bold invaders of 
the sons of freedom. The cause in the cause of God and man. I am determined to 
defend my rights and maintain my freedom or sell my life in the attempt, and I hope the 
righteous God that rules the world will bless the armies of America." 

The Rhode Island contingent was encamped at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, and 
the young officer proceeded to organize the undisciplined men under his command. He 
welcomed General Washington at Cambridge on July 2, 1775, in the name of the soldiers, 
performing the task in a dignified and pleasing manner. At the siege of Boston he was 
stationed at Prospect Hill, and in the affair at Dorchester Heights he commanded a 
brigade. Then followed the evacuation of Boston, after which he was ordered to Long 
Island ; he had been appointed by Congress a major-general. Greene advised the aban- 
donment of New York and the occupation of the Westchester shore from King's Bridge. 
Fort Washington was to be held, but its downfall soon followed, and as he advised its 
retention his reputation has suffered in consequence. In the retreat of the Continental 
army through Jersey, Greene engaged the enemy at the headwaters of the Hackensack 
river until the troops had crossed. In connection with General Sullivan he surprised on 
December 25, 1775, the Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, and gained a com- 
plete victory. The wise counsels and conduct of Greene had commended him to Wash- 
ington, and when in March, 1777, the Conway Cabal seemed dangerous, he sent him to 
Congress to present his views and plans. He succeeded in having a resolution passed 
relieving Washington from subservience to a counsel of war. 

General Greene played an important part at the battle of Brandywine. He was in 
command of the reserve, and when disaster threatened the American army, he marched 
his brigade five miles in forty-five minutes, connected with the main army under General 
Sullivan, and averted the impending disaster. The reason the Americans were not routed 
at the Brandywine was Greene's memorable double-quick march to Sullivan's support 
at Dilworth, and the admirable manner in which he sustained the languishing fight at 
that critical point. Greene's division after the battle of Germantown covered the retreat 
of the American Army to Valley Forge. The defective organization and administration 
of the quartermaster's department was such an embarrassment to the army that at the 
earnest solicitation of Washington, Greene accepted the office in March, 1778, reserving 
his right to command in the field of battle. 

In the fall of 1778, General Greene took part in the expedition organized to attack 
Newport, Rhode Island, in connection with the French fleet under Count d'Estaing. The 
designs of the allies failed, and Greene returned to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Through 
the inactive and uneventful year of 1779 he found abundant labor in his difficult and 
annoying duties as quartermaster general. In the summer of 1780 the British became 
active in New Jersey. Washington had proceeded northward with his main army, leav- 
ing Greene's command with others to cover the New Jersey territory. General Clinton 
attacked Greene's forces at Springfield, New Jersey, June 23, 1780, but he held the 
enemy at bay at the Rahway bridges, and Clinton, after firing the town, retreated and 
did not halt until he reached Staten Island. In September, 1780, General Greene was in 
command of the army, owing to Washington's visit to Hartford, Connecticut, for a 
conference with Count Rochambeau. This was during the time of Arnold's treachery 
and the capture of Andre, and it is asserted that he cast the deciding vote in the council 



78 Eetoolurionarp Characters of J!3eto OBnglanD-flitUtarp 

against granting Andre's prayer to be shot instead of hung. The post of West Point 
left vacant by Arnold's treason was confided to Greene, and he assumed command 
October 8, 1780. In the preceeding August, annoyed by the inefficiency of Congress, he 
had resigned as quartermaster-general. 

The southern American army under General Gates had made a complete failure of 
their campaign, and General Greene was looked upon as the fittest man to retrieve its 
fortunes. He arrived at Charlotte, North Carolina, December 2, 1780. He found an 
army deficient in numbers, half fed and scantily clothed, discouraged by defeat, and 
many of them defiant of all discipline. This army was opposed by forces twice its 
size, abundantly clothed and fed, well disciplined, elated with victory, and commanded 
by an able general. Furthermore the country was invaded with Tories. General Greene 
proceeded to reorganize this army, with the result that on January 17. 1781, the Amer- 
icans won the decisive battle of the Cowpens. On March 15, 1781, the battle of Guil- 
ford Court House was fought. Although the battle was a practical success for the 
British, his forces were so shattered that he had to retire to Virginia, while General 
Greene immediately turned southward, leaving Lord Cornwallis to proceed northerly 
unmolested. This move was made by Greene so as to carry the war into South Caro- 
lina. The most strategic post in that state was Camden. Greene established himself 
in a strong position near Camden, where he was assaulted by the British under Lord 
Rawdon. The British were obliged to abandon Camden and fall back towards Charles- 
ton, and from this time the fortunes of war were with Greene. He reconquered all the 
back country of South Carolina, besides capturing the Fort Moultrie, Fort Granby, 
Orangeburg, and Augusta, with their garrisons, also forcing the British to evacuate 
Fort Ninety-six. 

Greene's army had been incessantly in motion for seven months. After a rest of 
six weeks the decisive and final victory for the Americans in South Carolina, the battle 
of Eutaw Springs, was fought. The British were shut up in Charleston under the shelter 
of their fleet, where they remained fourteen months. Congress attested its appreciation 
of Greene's brilliant conduct by a gold medal and a vote of thanks. There was little 
more to accomplish. On December 14, 1782, Greene marched into Charleston at the 
head of the army, and the next summer, when the army was disbanded, he journeyed 
homeward, stopping at Philadelphia, where he was greeted by an enthusiastic crowd 
and treated with high consideration by Congress. General Greene's fortune was impaired 
by the war; this with a heavy pecuniary responsibility incurred through the dishonesty 
of an army contractor, caused him in the autumn of 1785 to remove to a plantation at 
Mulberry Grove, Georgia, which had been presented to him by that state. Here he 
lived the life of a planter, happy in the society of his charming wife and genial friends, 
until his death, June 19, 1786, at the age of forty-four. 

General Greene's qualifications for statesmanship were not less remarkable than 
his military ability, which was of the highest order. What he might have done on a 
greater scale and with more ample resources as a military strategist, it is of course 
impossible to say; but the intellectual qualities he displayed were precisely those that 
have won distinction for the foremost strategists of modern times. 

ISRAEL PUTNAM, "the old Put" of affectionate admiration in his time, the 
Blucher of Connecticut, a born military leader of rough and ready personality, unpre- 
tending and jovial, but heavy of hand ; full of resource and ignorant of fear. Though 
Connecticut claims him as one of her sons, he became identified with that province only 




(J 
c 



i^yyci. ft J ■> / 1' " cc i " 



t /' 



Retoolutionarp Characters of Jfteto OBnglanD-^ilitarp 79 

after he obtained his majority. He was born in Salem, now Danvers, Massachusetts, 
January 7, 17 18. The progenitor of the family settled in Salem, Massachusetts in 1634, 
and there his three sons acquired large estates and were men of much consideration. 
Thomas, the grandfather of Israel Putnam, married for his second wife, a widow of 
Nathanael Veran, a wealthy merchant and shipowner. Joseph, the son of this marriage, 
at the age of twenty married Elisabeth, daughter of Israel Porter. Israel Putnam was 
the tenth of eleven children by the marriage. 

His boyhood days were spent on his father's farm, and he received only a desultory 
education, and is said to have been a courageous and somewhat reckless youth and not 
quarrelsome. In 1739 he married Hannah, a daughter of John Pope, of Salem, Massa- 
chusetts, and the following year emigrated to Connecticut, purchasing a farm of five 
hundred and fourteen acres in what is now Brooklyn, Connecticut. Here he farmed, 
planted orchards, gathered flocks and herds together, and it is said even hung out a sign 
informing travelers that he gave entertainment for man and beast. 

Putnam's public life begins with the year 1755, when he received an appointment 
as captain of a company of provincial soldiers. He was present at the battle of Lake 
George during the French and Indian War. He became a leader of a famous band of 
Rangers that annoyed and embarrassed the enemy for two years, and in 1757 was pro- 
moted to a major. Among his adventurous exploits was the saving of a boatload of 
soldiers from the Indians by steering them down the furious Hudson rapids; he risked 
his life in the flames of Fort Edwards to save it from destruction; captured by the 
Indians, he was about to be burned alive when a French officer rescued him. In com- 
mand of a regiment under General Amherst he executed a bold and skillful exploit that 
threw two armed vessels and an important fort into English hands. He aided in captur- 
ing Havana from the Spaniards, and in Pontiac's War he went in 1764 to the relief of 
Detroit, and after nine years of colonial military service he returned to Connecticut as 
Colonel Putnam, a veteran officer equal to any in the English army. 

For the next decade he was a farmer, inn-keeper, traveler, and vigorous patriot. 
He was prominent among the Sons of Liberty in the Stamp Act times and the threaten- 
ing storms that followed. When the news of the Lexington affair reached him, he 
immediately made preparation to leave for Massachusetts, and on April 21, 1775, ne 
reached Concord. From this time to the arrival of General Washington to take com- 
mand of the Continental army, he was the life of the undisciplined and unorganized army, 
superintending fortifications, and keeping the raw troops employed in various ways. 
When Washington assumed command of the army, Putnam was made one of the 
first four major-generals, and commanded the right wing. Later, in command at 
Brooklyn Heights he shared the American defeat at the battle of Long Island ; he was 
in command at Philadelphia after Lee's treachery and treason ; then at Peekskill, holding 
the Hudson highlands against the British. Later he held western Connecticut against 
British invasion. When the army went into winter quarters at Morristown, New Jer- 
sey, in December, 1779, Putnam made a visit to his family; returning to camp before 
reaching Hartford, Connecticut, he had a stroke of paralysis. His remaining years 
were spent on his farm, where he died, May 19, 1790. 

BENEDICT ARNOLD was all Connecticut's own; his nature was built on a 
broader line of intellect and more vehement elemental force than that of Putnam. His 
earliest American ancestor, William Arnold, settled in 1636 in the Providence Planta- 
tions. His father was a ship owner and for some time a sea captain. Benedict Arnold 



80 Ucuolutionarp Characters of JDett) C*nglantM0ilitarp 

was born at Norwich, Connecticut, January 14, 1741. He was fairly educated; besides 
learning the ordinary English branches had acquired a fair knowledge of the classics. 
He was physically attractive, but of an insubordinate nature — proud, willful, and sensi- 
tive. When only fifteen years of age he ran away from home and joined the Colonial 
army in the French and Indian War. Army life was not what he pictured it, and he 
deserted, making his way home through a great many privations and some dangers. On 
his return home he was employed in a drug store in Norwich, Connecticut, and in 1762 
removed to New Haven, Connecticut, where he established a business as druggist and 
book seller. He acquired a considerable property and engaged in the West Indian trade, 
and often visited Quebec, Canada, for commercial business. He married, February 22, 
1767, Margaret, daughter of Samuel Mansfield. She died June 19, 1775; her three 
sons, Benedict, Richard and Henry survived her. 

Receiving news of the battle of Lexington, he recruited a company and obtained a 
Massachusetts commission to capture Ticonderoga. He finds Ethan Allen and men of 
Connecticut on the same expedition; they ignore his commission, and as a volunteer he 
shares in the bloodless capture. A few days later, joined by his own command, he takes 
St. John's, but is refused the command of the captured forts. Arnold next proposes to 
Washington the Quebec expedition, and after a fearful march through sleet storms, 
frozen lakes, rapids and forests, deserted by a part of his forces, he brings the bulk of his 
army to the heights of Abraham and faces the city of Quebec. The heights are scaled, 
the garrison, thrice his numbers, are challenged to come out and fight. He is joined by 
Montgomery, who had taken Montreal; an assault is attempted in which Montgomery 
is slain and Arnold's leg is shattered. He, however, keeps the city blockaded until he 
is relieved in the spring. For his gallantry he was made a brigadier-general. 

The British in the fall of 1776 undertake an invasion of New York by the way of 
Lake Champlain. Arnold builds a fleet and on October 11, 1776, fights one of the most 
heroic and obstinate naval battles in the history of our country, off Plattsburg, New 
York. Hopelessly outnumbered, he makes a masterly retreat and the British retire to 
Montreal. Congress appoints five new major-generals, and passes over Arnold, who is 
the senior brigadier-general ; he behaves with excellent temper, offers to serve under his 
juniors, and on Tryon's invasion of Connecticut performs such deeds that Congress 
for shame makes him a major-general, but still refuses to restore his rank. In the 
meantime his business is going to ruin ; he used and pledged his own means in Canada 
to keep the expedition from collapsing, and he asked Congress to settle the claims. 
Arnold goes to Philadelphia to urge action on his claims and the restoration of his 
rank, and finally in despair and disgust asked permission to resign. 

Just at this time Burgoyne's invasion looms up; Washington needs Arnold above 
all men, and urges Congress to send him against Burgoyne. Arnold forgets resentment 
and hastens north ; by strategem and heroism he saves the independence of the country. 
St. Leger's supporting expedition is scattered in panic and butchered by his Indian 
allies ; then he defeats Burgoyne's flank movement at Freeman's Farm ; and in the final 
battle on the Hudson, Saratoga, takes command without official position and crushes 
Burgoyne's army; his leg is again shattered in the fight. This victory secured for the 
United States the alliance of France, and, by consequence, the surrender of Cornwallis. 
Congress finally in 1778 restores to Arnold, the country's savior, his military rank. 

Arnold is given command at Philadelphia and marries a Tory lady, Margaret, 
daughter of Edward Shippen, afterwards Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. She was cele- 



Eetoolutionarp C&aracter* of Jfteto OEnglanD-^ilitarp 81 

brated for her beauty and nobility of character. The next two years he associated largely 
with Tories ; his views of public affairs were no doubt influenced by this association. He 
lived extravagantly and became involved in debt. He made up his mind to resign and 
settle on a grant of land in Central New York, but a long list of charges brought against 
him by Joseph Reed, president of the executive council of the State, drove the scheme 
from his mind. The charges were investigated and the committee recommended an un- 
qualified verdict of acquittal, and Arnold, considering himself vindicated, resigned his 
command at Philadelphia. But Reed was still persistent on the plea of more evidence ; 
the matter was again brought up in Congress, who referred it to a court martial, which 
agreed upon a verdict in every particular that rendered by the committee of Congress 
except on two trivial charges; they decided that Arnold should receive a reprimand 
from Washington. 

Washington, who considered Arnold a victim of persecution, couched the reprimand 
in such terms as to convert it into eulogy, and soon afterwards offered Arnold the highest 
command under himself in the northern army for the next campaign. Three years had 
elapsed since Saratoga ; the fortunes of the Americans, instead of improving, had grown 
worse and worse. France had given but little assistance, the Southern army had been 
nearly annihilated, paper money had become worthless, and the credit of the country 
abroad had hardly begun to exist. The army, half starved, clad in rags and unpaid, was 
mutinous, and desertions were frequent. The spirit of desertion now seized Arnold, 
who in an evil hour had been persuaded into a course that was to blacken his name for- 
ever. Stung by the injustice he had suffered, influenced by Tory surroundings, he made 
up his mind to play the part that General Monk played in the restoration of Charles II 
to the British throne. 

Arnold proposed to put the British in possession of the Hudson river; this would 
make the American cause so hopeless that an opportunity would be offered for negotia- 
tions of peace. With this end in view he sought and obtained in July the command of 
West Point, New York, with a view to surrender it to the enemy. The timely capture 
of Andre caused a detection of his crime, and he fled to the British at New York, a 
disgraced and hated traitor. Arnold's subsequent career is briefly stated; in the spring 
of 1 78 1 he conducted a plundering expedition into Virginia; in September of the same 
year he was sent to attack New London, Connecticut, in order to divert Washington 
from his southward march against Cornwallis. The following winter he went with his 
wife to London, and was well received by the King. He removed to St. John, New 
Brunswick, in 1787, and entered into mercantile business with his sons, Richard and 
Henry. He returned in 1791 to London, where he settled permanently. His last years 
were embittered by remorse. Shortly before his death on June 14, 1 801, he put on his old 
Continental uniform and asked God to forgive him that ever he had worn another. It is 
a story for tears, not reproaches. 

JOSEPH WARREN — Two New Englanders were martyrs to the American 
cause during the Revolution — one met his death on the field of battle ; the other paid the 
penalty of a spy. The last words of the latter are engraved on the heart of every school- 
boy of America : "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." The 
other, just before the battle in which he met his fate, expressed himself as follows: "I 
know that I may fall, but where is the man who does not think it glorious and delightful 
to die for his country ?" 

TER.-6 



82 Eetiolutionarp Characters of jfteto OEnglanD-^Mlitarp 

Joseph Warren was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, June n, 1741. He was 
descended from Peter Warren, whose name appears on the town records of Boston as 
early as 1639, when he is called a mariner. The grandson of this emigrant, Joseph 
Warren, married Mary, a daughter of Doctor Samuel Stevens, and the subject of this 
narrative was their eldest child. Joseph Warren, the father, was a thrifty farmer, and 
paid particular attention to the cultivation of fruit, and introduced into New England 
an apple long known as "Warren russet." His son Joseph was instructed in the rudi- 
ments of learning at the public school in Roxbury, and entered Harvard College at the 
age of fourteen. He was a young man of superior talents, gentle manners, and a frank,, 
independent and fearless character. 

Warren left college in 1759, and the following year was master of the Roxbury 
grammar school. He studied medicine with Dr. James Lloyd, and at the age of twenty- 
three established himself at Boston and pursued the practice of his profession. He mar- 
ried, September 6, 1764, Elizabeth Hooton; her death took place April 28, 1773, two 
sons and two daughters surviving her ; the sons died soon after reaching maturity ; one 
daughter married General Arnold Welles, of Boston, and died without issue ; the other 
married Richard Newcombe, of Greenfield, Massachusetts, and their children are the 
only surviving descendants of the hero of Bunker Hill. 

The public life of Doctor Warren dates from the passage of the Stamp Act. He 
published several able articles in the "Boston Gazette" that attracted the attention of 
the friends of freedom and brought him into intimate friendship with Samuel Adams. 
He was present at every town meeting held in Boston from the arrival of the British 
troops in October, 1768, to their removal in March, 1770, and was one of the committee 
of safety appointed after the Boston Massacre. One of the Tory pamphleteers wrote of 
him at this time: "One of our most bawling demagogues and voluminous writers is a 
crazy doctor." 

He delivered in March, 1772, the anniversary oration on the Boston Massacre, and 
in November of that year his name is recorded after Samuel Adams and James Otis in 
the list of the first committee of correspondence. At a convention of the towns of 
Suffolk county, September 9, 1774, Doctor Warren read a paper of which he was the 
author, which was unanimously adopted and afterwards became known as the Suffolk 
resolves. The resolution declared that the King who violates the chartered rights of 
the people forfeits their allegiance ; they declared the regulating act null and void, and 
ordered all the officers appointed under it to resign their offices at once ; they directed the 
collector of taxes to refuse to turn over money to General Gage's treasurer; they ad- 
vised the towns to choose their own militia officers; and they threatened Gage that, 
should he venture to arrest anybody for political reasons, they would retaliate by seizing 
upon the crown officers as hostages. These resolutions virtually placed Massachusetts 
in an attitude of rebellion. A copy was forwarded to the Continental Congress, which 
forthwith approved them and pledged the faith of all the colonies that they would aid 
Massachusetts in the event that armed resistance should become inevitable. 

At the meeting of the Provincial Congress in October, 1774, Doctor Warren acted 
as the chairman of the committee of safety charged with the duty of organizing the 
militia and collecting military stores. It was he that despatched the messengers to give 
the alarm on the night of April 18, 1775, and the next morning, on hearing the news of 
the firing at Lexington, he rode to the scene of action. During the next six weeks he 
was indefatigable in urging on the military preparations of the New England colonies. 



Hetooluttonarp Characters of jfteto (EnglanD-^tlitarp 83 

At the meeting of the Provincial Congress on May 31, 1775, he was unanimously 
chosen president, and thus became chief executive officer of Massachusetts under the 
provincial government. On June 14, 1775, he was chosen second major-general of the 
Massachusetts forces. The night of June 16th was passed in the transaction of public 
business, and the next morning he met the committee of safety at General Ward's head- 
quarters on Cambridge Common, and about noon, hearing the British troops had landed 
in Charlestown, he rode to Bunker Hill. 

On his arrival at Bunker Hill, both Putnam and Prescott signified their willingness 
to take orders from him, but he refused, saying that he "came as a volunteer aide to 
take a lesson in warfare." At the final struggle, as he was endeavoring to rally the 
militia, General Warren was struck by a musket ball and instantly killed. The British 
commander-in-chief, General Howe, when informed of the death of Doctor Warren on 
the battlefield, June 17, 1775, and was assured of the fact, answered, his death was a 
full offset for the loss of five hundred men. 

NATHAN HALE was a native of Connecticut, born in Coventry, June 6, 1755. 
He was a feeble child, and gave little promise of surviving his infancy ; but as he matured 
he became fond of out-door sports and became famous for his athletic feats. He is 
credited with being able to sit in a barrel and left himself out with his hands. His 
attention was early turned to books, his father desiring him to study for the ministry. 
Accordingly he was fitted for college by the Reverend Joseph Huntington, and grad- 
uated in 1773 from Yale College. Hale is described at this time as almost six feet in 
height, perfectly proportioned, with a manly figure and deportment. His chest was 
broad, his muscles firm, his face wore a benign expression, his complexion roseate, his 
eyes bright blue, beamed with intelligence, his hair soft and light brown in color, and 
his speech low, sweet and musical. His personal beauty and grace were charming. In 
dress he was always neat; he was quick to lend a helping hand to a being in distress, 
brute or human; he overflowed with good humor, and was the idol of all his 
acquaintances. 

Hale, after his graduation, taught school ; first in East Haddam, afterwards in New 
London, Connecticut. The news of Lexington reached the latter quiet village, and at 
a town meeting he was one of the speakers. He urged immediate action, saying, "Let 
us march immediately, and never lay down our arms until we have obtained our inde- 
pendence." He enrolled himself as a volunteer, was made a lieutenant, was ordered to 
Cambridge, where he took part in the siege of Boston and became a captain. He after- 
wards goes to New York, and in September, 1776, with a few companions, captures at 
midnight a supply transport under the guns of a British man-of-war ; he then commands 
a company in Knowlton's Connecticut Rangers. 

General Washington calls for a volunteer to risk his life by passing inside the 
British lines and secure intelligence of their fortifications and positions. Hale offers 
himself and goes as a loyalist schoolmaster, visits all the British camps on Long Island 
and in New York, openly making observations, drawings and memoranda of fortifica- 
tions. As he was returning to the American camp, he was apprehended, and on the evi- 
dence of the plans secreted in his shoes, turned over to the provost and condemned to 
be hung the next morning at sunrise. Thus far it was only the "fate of war," but the 
brutal ruffian, the provost marshal, William Cunningham, made death bitter by every 
indignity. A Bible and a chaplain were refused him ; his letters to his sisters and his 
betrothed wife were torn up before his eyes ; and when he attempted to speak from the 



84 Revolutionary Characters of Jfteto €nglanD-a3ilitarp 

scaffold, the drums were beaten to drown his voice. Thus died in the flower of man- 
hood, in New York, September 22, 1776, one of the noblest patriots of America. A 
little fort built during the War of 18 12 on Black Rock, at the entrance of New Haven 
harbor, was named in his honor; a granite monument was erected in 1846 at Coventry; 
life-size statues are located at Hartford, Connecticut, and New York City. One of the 
finest of American lyrics is devoted to his martyr death. His words on ascending the 
scaffold will always be remembered by American scholars : "You are shedding the blood 
of the innocent; if I had ten thousand lives I would lay them down in defense of my 
injured bleeding country." 

ETHAN ALLEN — This name is interwoven with associations of romance by 
Daniel Pierce Thompson's novel of "The Green Mountain Boys," which to the children 
of two or three generations ago was a part of fairyland in charm, with the advantage of 
being on solid earth. 

He was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, January 10, 1737. He removed to Ben- 
nington, Vermont, in his early life, and became one of the pioneers of that territory 
from the overcrowded Connecticut. This was disputed territory, New York and New 
Hampshire both laying claim to its being under their jurisdiction, which was finally 
settled in favor of New York. Before settlement was consummated, New Hampshire 
had granted one hundred and twenty-eight townships; and, in violation of the terms 
of the New York grant not to interfere with prior settlers, the latter colony proceeded 
to regrant the lands and sent New York surveyors to plot them. The occupants drove 
them out of the country, and they returned with deputy sheriffs in their train ; the settlers 
raised armed companies, and Allen, an athletic and adventurous giant was in his element ; 
he took part in the warfare with a will, and at once became a leader. The settlers in 
1 776 appointed him as their agent to represent them at Albany, but the case was decided 
against them, and a fresh attempt was made to eject them by force. The settlers then 
raised a regiment of soldiers which became known as the "Green Mountain Boys," and 
made Allen colonel. Tryon, then the provincial governor of New York, proclaimed 
him an outlaw and offered one hundred and fifty pounds for his capture. The "Green 
Mountain Boys" protected their own, and Allen used his pen in the vindication of their 
rights. 

At the outbreak of the Revolution, Allen collects a force of "Green Mountain Boys" 
and makes a bloodless capture of Ticonderoga ; what he said at that memorable occasion 
was perhaps more picturesque than what he is reported to have said, but less decorous. 
They capture other posts which gives the Americans the mastery of Lake Champlain; 
Congress grants them the pay of Continentals, and recommends the New York Assembly 
to wipe out old scores and employ them in the army under their own officers. Allen 
and one of his officers visits Albany ; the majority of the members of the Assembly vote 
to admit them, and in accordance with the recommendation of Congress, a regiment of 
"Green Mountain Boys" not to exceed five hundred men was authorized to be raised. 
Allen in a letter thanked the Assembly and pledged his word that they would reciprocate 
the favor by boldly hazarding their lives in the common cause of America. 

The invasion of Canada was suggested by Allen, but it was rejected; he then joined 
General Schuyler's forces as a volunteer, and was sent to Canada on several occasions 
to ascertain the views of the Canadians. Finally he attempts the capture of Montreal, 
was unsuccessful, and on September 25, 1777, was made a prisoner and sent to England. 
He was confined in Pendennis Castle, near Falmouth, then was sent to Halifax, Nova 




VERMONT STATUES OF ETHAN ALLEN 




^ya^^i e^2^^i 



Revolutionary Character* of jReto 4£nglanD-*pfUtarp 85 

Scotia, and later to New York, where he was exchanged for a British officer. Allen is 
now made commander of the Vermont militia, and lieutenant-colonel in the regular 
army. New York, however, refuses to give up her claim to the Vermont territory, and the 
British make overtures to induce the "Green Mountain Boys" to annex themselves to 
Canada as a protection against that State. Allen pretends to listen to the arguments and 
offers; this keeps the British military action out of his region until the war is ended. 
After the war he was in Congress, working vigorously to secure Vermont's admission 
as a State, but New York did not unclench her fingers until after his death on February 
13, 1789. 

JOHN STARK — New Hampshire contributed to the galaxy of the military chief- 
tains of the Revolution, John Stark and John Sullivan. The former was born at North- 
field, now Londonderry, New Hampshire, August 28, 1728. His father, Archibald 
Stark, was a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and in 1720 settled in New Hampshire. The 
early life of young Stark was that of hardship, with few advantages of book education, 
but with abundant training in hunting and all athletic employments. In one of his 
frequent hunting expeditions he was taken prisoner by the savages, who admired his 
bold and defiant bearing, and after the initiatory ceremony of running the gauntlet he 
was released from drudging and called the young chief. Stark was ransomed by the 
Colony of Massachusetts, and the knowledge gained in his captivity of forest life and 
the topography of the border was of great service in subsequent conflicts with the 
Indians. 

He was appointed in 1755 a lieutenant in Major Robert Roger's famous corps of 
Rangers, and served with it, soon rising to the rank of captain ; he served through all the 
campaigns around Lake George and Lake Champlain, where traditions still exist of his 
sagacity and bravery. At the close of the Indian War he retired from the Rangers, and 
engaged in farming at Derryfield, now Manchester, New Hampshire, and so continued 
till tidings reached him of the battle of Lexington. Mounting his horse, with several 
hundred of his neighbors he set out to join the army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. On 
his arrival he was appointed a colonel, and in one day organized a regiment of eight 
hundred hardy backwoodsmen. He was stationed about three miles north of Boston on 
June 17, 1775, and seeing that a battle was inevitable, without orders, set out at once 
for the scene. He led his men into the fight, issuing the historical order, "Boys, aim 
at their waistbands." Owing to shortage of ammunition he was forced to retreat, 
retiring under hot fire in good order across Charlestown to Merlin Hill. After the evacu- 
ation of Boston, he marched with his regiment to New York ; afterwards joined Wash- 
ington at Trenton and Princeton. In March, 1777, he returned to New Hampshire, to 
receive instructions from the authorities, and was informed that in a new list of promo- 
tions his name was omitted. This so incensed him that he resigned his commission and 
returned to his farm, contending that an officer who could not maintain his rank and 
assert his own rights could not be trusted to vindicate those of his country. 

The success of General Burgoyne in central New York alarmed the people of New 
Hampshire, and they called upon Stark to command their troops. He consented on 
condition that he should not be subject to any orders but his own. This the counsel of 
state agreed upon, because the men would not march without him. He gave battle to 
the British forces at Bennington, and defeated and routed two separate commands. His 
victory lead ultimately to Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga. For his victory, Stark was 
made a brigadier-general, and given the thanks of Congress. He continued in active 



86 Eetoolutionarp C&aracters of jfteto 4£ngIan&-QgMlitarp 

service during the remainder of the war, displaying everywhere distinguished ability, 
and commanding the northern department of the army in 1778 and 1781. 

General Stark married, August 20, 1750, Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Caleb 
Page. He retired to his farm in 1783, where he lived in republican simplicity until his 
death, May 8, 1822, at the advanced age of ninety-three. He was a good type of the 
class of men who gave success to the American Revolution ; with the exception of Gen- 
eral Thomas Sumter, he was the last surviving general of the Revolutionary army. "His 
character in his private life was as unexceptional as his public life. His manners were 
frank and open, though tinged with an eccentricity peculiar to himself and useful to 
society. He sustained through life the reputation of a man of honor and integrity, 
friendly to the industrious and enterprising, severe to the idle and unworthy. Society 
may venerate the name of an honest citizen, and the nation that of a hero, whose eulogy 
is in the remembrance of his countrymen." 

JOHN SULLIVAN was of Irish descent, born in Berwick, Maine, February 17, 
1740. He studied law, practised with success in Durham, New Hampshire, and in 1772 
held a commission as major in the militia. At the age of thirty-three he was a member 
of the Continental Congress, and was appointed in June, 1775, one of the eight brig- 
adier-generals of the Continental army. He joined the American forces at the siege of 
Boston, and with General Greene commanded the left wing of the army. After the 
evacuation of Boston he took command of the Northern Army on the borders of Canada. 
He made an unsuccessful attack on the British at Three Rivers, and effected a skillful 
retreat, joining General Washington's forces at New York. 

For a short time Sullivan was in chief command in Long Island, and with Lord 
Stirling held at bay a large force of British troops. Sullivan and Stirling were both 
captured, but later were exchanged; the former received the thanks of Congress for 
brilliant exploits in Westchester county, New York, and after the defection of General 
Charles Lee he led the right wing of the army to join Washington on the Delaware, 
and commanded that wing in the passage of the river on Christmas night and the capture 
of the Hessians at Trenton, New Jersey. He also took part in the battle of Princeton, 
made a night descent on Staten Island, joined Washington, and in command of the 
right wing, fought at Brandywine and Germantown. 

Early in 1778 he was sent to command his ill-fated expedition in Rhode Island, and 
in the summer of 1779 we find him in New York State to prevent the devastations of the 
Indian tribes and their English allies. He marched hundreds of miles through the 
wilderness, drove thousands of Indians out of the country, and destroyed their villages 
and crops. His health being shattered by five years' active and continuous service in the 
field, he resigned, and was again sent in 1780 to the Continental Congress, where he 
helped to reorganize the army and to establish the finances and public credit. Resuming 
the practice of law in New Hampshire, he was president of the State from 1786 to 1789; 
counsellor in 1781 ; a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1784, and a 
commissioner to settle the New Hampshire grant with Vermont. He was active in 
securing the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 1788. From 1789 
until his death in Durham, New Hampshire, January 23, 1795, he was United States 
judge for New Hampshire. 

BENJAMIN LINCOLN, a native of Massachusetts, was born in Hingham, Janu- 
ary 24, 1733. His family were among the first settlers of that town, one Thomas Lin- 




MA J. GENERAL JOHN SULLIVAN 



Revolutionary Characters of Jfteto OBnglanD-^ilitarp 87 

coin, a cooper, appearing in the town records as early as 1636. Young Lincoln received 
a common school education and was a farmer up to 1773, holding the office of magis- 
trate, representative in the Provincial Legislature, and a colonel of militia. He was also 
a member and secretary of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts and served on its 
committee of correspondence. He became active in 1776 in organizing and training the 
Continental troops, and was appointed major-general of the State militia. In June, 
1776, he commanded an expedition that cleared Boston harbor of British ships. 

After the defeat of the American army at Long Island, he re-enforced Washington 
with a body of militia and took part in the battle of White Plains. In the beginning of 
1777 he joined Washington at Morristown, New Jersey, with a new levy of militia, and 
February 19, was promoted to major-general on the recommendation of Washington. 
He remained attached to Washington's command till July, when he was sent with General 
Arnold to act under General Schuyler against Burgoyne. He broke the latter's line of 
communication by seizing posts of the enemy at Lake George. General Lincoln then 
joined General Gates at Stillwater, New York; during the battle of Bemis' Heights, 
sometimes called Saratoga, he commanded inside of the American works. The follow- 
ing day while making an attack on the British, he received a severe wound that lamed 
him for life and caused his retirement from active service for a year. He rejoined the 
army in August, 1778, and in the following September was appointed to the command 
of the Southern Department. He protected Charleston, South Carolina; made an un- 
successful attack on Savannah, Georgia, and in the spring of 1780, Sir Henry Clinton 
attacked Charleston, which was obliged to capitulate, and General Lincoln was paroled 
and returned to Massachusetts. He was exchanged and joined Washington on the 
Hudson river. He participated in the siege of Yorktown, and Washington appointed 
him to receive the sword of Cornwallis on the surrender of the British forces. He held 
the office of Secretary of War from 1781 to 1784, when he retired to his farm. 

General Lincoln commanded the forces that quelled Shay's rebellion in Western 
Massachusetts, and in that year was elected lieutenant-governor of the State. He was 
a member of the convention that ratified the United States Constitution, and president 
of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati from its organization until his death 
at Hingham, Massachusetts, May 9, 1810. The last years of his life were spent in literary 
and scientific pursuits. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 

HENRY KNOX — The paternal ancestors of Henry Knox were from the Low- 
lands of Scotland, though traditions affirm that the first settlers of the family in America 
came from the vicinity of Belfast, Ireland, to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1729. His 
father, who was a native of St. Eustatia, an island of the West Indies, was a shipmaster 
and owner of a small wharf in Boston. He died on the island of his birth, at the age of 
fifty-three. 

Young Henry was the seventh of ten sons, and was born at Boston, Massachu- 
setts, July 25, 1750. After the decease of his father he was employed in the bookshop 
of Wharton & Barnes, in Boston. Of a robust and athletic frame and of resolute char- 
acter, he was foremost in the rival contests between the boys of the north and south ends 
of Boston, to the former of which he belonged. At the age of eighteen he joined the 
Boston Grenadier Corps, and was chosen second in command, and by conversations with 
British officers and a study of military authors he attained a proficiency in the theory and 
practice of the military art. On reaching his majority, Knox began business on his own 



88 Eetooluttonatp Cfiatactets erf Jfteto <£nglanD-Q9iUtatp 

account as a bookseller, and though he was largely patronized by British officers and 
Tory ladies, he was thoroughly identified with the "Sons of Liberty." His business 
throve, but the gathering storm of the American Revolution, and his store being robbed 
and pillaged, which with current indebtedness, was the cause of pecuniary embarrass- 
ment that was a burden during his entire life. 

It was in 1775 that Knox in disguise left Boston under an indictment of General 
Gage ; he was accompanied by his wife, who had quilted into the lining of her cloak the 
sword with which he was to carve out a successful military career. He had received 
flattering promises to follow the royal standard, but he did not hesitate for a moment to 
embark heart and hand in the patriot cause. After safely bestowing his wife at Wor- 
cester, Massachusetts, he reported to General Ward at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here 
he was actively engaged in recruiting service, and for months was employed in con- 
structing and placing works of defense for the various camps around the beleagued town 
of Boston. In this work he required skill as an artillerist, and on the reorganization of 
the Continental army he was appointed by Congress as colonel of its one artillery regi- 
ment. Knox made a successful trip to Fort Ticonderoga and secured about fifty heavy 
cannons and stores which were used in the seige of Boston. For this act he was warmly 
complimented by Washington, and as reward for his services he was promoted to 
brigadier-general of artillery. From this time Knox was a constant companion of 
Washington throughout the war, and his warm personal friend and counsellor. 

After the evacuation of Boston, Knox's engineering talents were called into play 
in Connecticut and Rhode Island; in the summer of 1776 his quarters were at the Bat- 
tery in New York City. In the retreat of the American forces from New York to New 
Jersey he narrowly escaped capture. He superintended the crossing of the Delaware 
river; was at the battle of Princeton, and on his advice the army went into winter 
quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. In the spring of 1777 he was associated with 
General Greene in planning the defenses of the Hudson river, and in the operations of 
the American army in preventing the occupation of Philadelphia by the British. He was 
at battle of Brandywine, also in camp at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. He did valiant 
services at the battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, in rallying retreats and reconnoitering 
the front. When Washington decided to operate against Lord Cornwallis in Virginia, 
Knox's skill and energy in providing and forwarding heavy cannon for the siege of 
Yorktown caused the commanding officer to report to the president of Congress that 
"the resources of his genius supplied the deficit of means." In the siege of Yorktown 
his artillery practice held its own beside that of the accomplished artillerists of France. 
But one-half has been said in commending General Knox's military genius. He was a 
man of talent, well instructed, of a buoyant disposition, ingenious and true. Immediately 
after the surrender of Cornwallis he was made a major-general. He was one of the 
founders of the Society of the Cincinnati, was its secretary until 1800, and in 1805 became 
its vice-president. He was deputized to receive the surrender of New York City, and 
entered at the head of the American troops on its evacuation by the British. In January, 
1784, Knox took up his residence at Dorchester, Massachusetts, where he discharged 
some civil duties in his native States, but on March 8, 1785, he was elected by Congress, 
Secretary of War, and on the formation of the United States government he was con- 
tinued in office. In connection with Thomas Jefferson in 1794 he brought about the 
establishment of the United States Navy. He resigned his cabinet position for private 
reasons, and spent the closing years of his life in the cultivation and improvement of an 



Revolutionary Characters of Jfteto CnglanD-^ilftarp 89 

extensive tract of land in Maine which had been inherited by his wife. Here he dis- 
pensed a charming hospitality, and was measureably successful in the pecuniary man- 
agement of the enterprise which created and built up the town of Thomaston. 

The courtship and marriage of General Knox reads like a romance. His wife was 
Lucy Flucker, a daughter of Thomas Flucker, an aristocratic loyalist of great family 
pretentions, and secretary of the province of Massachusetts Bay. Knox attracted the 
attention of the young lady at the occurrence of a military parade in Boston in which he 
participated. She afterwards visited his book store, acquaintance ripened into intimacy, 
intimacy into love, and although their union was opposed by her family, love triumphed 
over all obstacles, and Knox and his fiancee were married at Boston. Massachusetts, 
June 16, 1774. Mrs. Knox was the acknowledged belle of Massachusetts, and her par- 
ents leaving America after the battle of Lexington, she followed her husband through 
all his campaigns. Her spirit and gayety encouraged the soldiers to endure hardships 
that they saw her bear with patience. Washington called on her judgment in affairs of 
moment, while in social and ceremonial matters she was the arbiter and afterwards the 
chief adviser of Mrs. Washington. She grew corpulent like her husband, but her activity 
never abated, and her conversational talents and power of management gave her great 
influence in social and political circles. Madame Knox, as she was usually called during 
the private life of the General in Maine, exercised a lavish hospitality, frequently enter- 
taining one hundred guests in their mansion built near the head of St. George's river, 
on an estate skirting Penobscot Bay, that she had inherited from her maternal grand- 
father, General Samuel Waldo. 

The death of General Knox took place at Thomaston, Maine, from accidentally 
swallowing a chicken bone, which caused internal inflamation, October 25, 1806. 
Madame Knox survived her husband nearly a score of years, dying at Thomaston, 
Maine, in 1824. 



&eboluttonarp Characters of Jleto Cnglanb 

— Cibfl 




ENJAMIN FRANKLIN — Massachusetts, on account of its being his 
birthplace, claims Franklin as her own, but no State or country has the 
right to appropriate this cosmopolitan citizen — he belongs to the world. 
His career as an eminent diplomatist, statesman, benefactor and phi- 
losopher, entitles him to this distinction ; whatever he could do, he did 
for the betterment of mankind, and the rich as well as the poor were 
benefited by his gifted pen, his persuasive personality, his indefatigable 
tireless energy, his subtle wit; even though not a finished orator, his arguments were 
marked by plainness that enabled his hearers to absorb his ideas and views quickly and 
comprehensively. 

Franklin was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. His father, who was born at 
Ecton, Northamptonshire, England, a nonconformist, emigrated to America in 1682 in 
search of religious freedom. His mother, his father's second wife, was a daughter of 
Peter Folger, a distinguished colonist and the author of a poem in defense of liberty of 
conscience. Franklin's father was originally a dyer by trade, but on his arrival at Boston 
became a tallow chandler and soap boiler. The boy inherited an excellent constitution 
from his parents, both of whom reached four-score years of age. In his eighth year, 
Benjamin, who never could remember when he could not read, was placed at school, his 
parents intending him for the ministry. This purpose, however, was abandoned when 
he was only ten years of age, when he was taken from school to assist his father. For 
two years the lad worked at this, to him, distasteful business, when he was apprenticed to 
his elder brother James, who had returned from England with a new printing press and 
fount of type to establish himself in business. His brother in 1720-21 commenced the 
publication of "The New England Courant," the second newspaper published in America. 
Benjamin's tastes, which were intellectual and literary, found pleasure in reading; his 
judgment in selecting books was excellent; he made himself familiar with Bunyan's 
"Pilgrim's Progress," Locke's "On the Human Understanding," and with odd volumes 
of the "Spectator," which he turned to good account, forming the style which made him 
the most uniformly readable writer of English who has yet appeared on this side of the 
Atlantic. He conceived also a fancy for poetry, and wrote a couple of ballads, the 
"Lighthouse Tragedy," and the "Pirate Teach, or Blackbeard." These were published, 
but his father looked discouragingly upon this proceeding, and Franklin in his auto- 
biography humorously says, "and thus I escaped being a poet." 

The reading of "The Spectator" inspired him to master its style and acquire an 
ability in composition ; this tempted him to write an original article which he sent anony- 
mously to his brother's paper. It was accepted and attracted some attention ; he repeated 
the experiment, and becoming satisfied that his success was not an accident, he threw off 
his disguise. Franklin at the age of sixteen had mastered arithmetic without assistance, 
and studied navigation; he also became a vegetarian. The brother took amiss his 
authorship, which excited approbation and curiosity; this was the occasion of hard 








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Revolutionary Characters of jfteto CnglanD-Citoil 91 

words, and the young apprentice was finally beaten. The relations of the two brothers 
grew inharmonious, notwithstanding the fact that James, having been indicted and 
imprisoned by the General Court, the younger Franklin, to elude the interdict, consented 
to become the nominal printer of "The Gazette," which was published and printed by 
Benjamin Franklin. Fresh difficulties arose between the brothers, and the original 
indentures of apprenticeship having been cancelled and a secret agreement substituted, 
Franklin asserted his liberty and decided to leave his brother's employ, trusting that his 
master would not produce any indenture papers against him. In this he was disap- 
pointed ; through his brother's influence he was prevented from getting employment 
in Boston, and he resolved to seek elsewhere for work. He disposed of his books, and 
secretly went on board a coasting vessel bound for New York ; unsuccessful in obtaining 
employment, he took a vessel to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and proceeded by walking 
to Burlington, New Jersey, where he took a boat to Philadelphia. He arrived at the 
latter place with one dollar and about a shilling in copper coin, and was fortunate enough 
to find employment with a Jew printer named Kelmer. 

Kelmer was not a man of business, and knew very little of his trade ; Franklin who 
was a ready compositor, ingenious and full of resources, soon came to be recognized by 
the public as the master spirit of the shop, and received flattering attentions from promi- 
nent citizens who appreciated his cleverness. He attracted the attention of Sir William 
Keith, the governor of the colony, who took him under his patronage and proposed to 
start him in business for himself, and promised him means to go to England to purchase 
the material to establish a printing business. Franklin was at this time eighteen years 
old. He visited Boston, finally obtained his father's consent, embraced the governor's 
proposal, and took passage for London, which he paid for with his own money, the 
governor being more ready with excuses than coin. On reaching London, his point of 
destination, he was assured he would find a draft for his expenses, but discovered too 
late that he had been made a dupe by Keith, and that he must rely upon his own exer- 
tions for his daily bread. Franklin was alone in a foreign country, without credit or 
acquaintances, and almost penniless. He readily found employment with Palmer, then 
a famous printer at Bartholomew Close, where, and afterward at Wall's printing house, 
he continued to be employed until July 23, 1726, when he set sail for Philadelphia in 
company with a Mr. Dunham, whose acquaintance he had made on his voyage out, and 
who tempted him back by the offer of a position as clerk in a commercial business which 
he proposed to establish in Philadelphia. 

His eighteen months' residence in London, while he had profited by advantages of 
acquaintanceship and books, had not improved his fortune. He fell into some extrava- 
gances, and committed follies of which he became ashamed, and from which he returned 
self-rebuked to industry and temperance. He was strong and athletic; his skill in swim- 
ming attracted attention ; he gave exhibitions in the art at Chelsea and Blackfriars, and 
wrote two essays on the subject, and contemplated at one time of opening a swimming 
school. 

The death of Mr. Dunham a few months after the arrival of Franklin in Phila- 
delphia put an end to his career as a merchant. He returned to his old employer, 
Kelmer, but soon after made the acquaintance of a young man by the name of Meredith, 
who offered to furnish capital to establish a new printing office if Franklin would join 
him and direct the business. This proposal was accepted, and before the expiration of 
the year he was for the first time in business for himself. Almost simultaneously he 



92 Eetoolutionarp Character* of jfteto OBnglanD-CitJil 

bought the "Pennsylvania Gazette," which Kelmer had started nine months before and 
which had only ninety subscribers. This was the commencement of his journalistic 
career, and by superior arrangement of his new type and some spirited remarks on a 
controversy in Massachusetts, he brought his paper into immediate notice that assured 
success. The influence Franklin was enabled to exert by his pen through his paper, 
also by his industry and good sense, bore abundant fruit during the next seventeen years, 
during which he stood at the head of journalism in America. Previous to his becoming 
an editor, he had written the "Busybody," a series of amusing papers for another journal, 
and was a leading member of a club called the Junto, in which questions of morals, poli- 
tics and philosophy were discussed. He soon became a man of mark by his great intelli- 
gence and industry, and his ingenuity in devising better systems of economy, education 
and improvement ; now establishing a subscription and circulating library ; publishing a 
popular pamphlet on the necessity of paper money ; also his municipal duties in organ- 
izing the first police force and fire company in the colonies ; in furthering the movement 
for the foundation of the University of Pennsylvania, and of the American Philosophical 
Society ; in the organization of the militia ; in the paving of the streets, and in the foun- 
dation of a hospital ; all won for him the respect and admiration of the colonies. 

In 1732, Franklin commenced the publication of his "Almanac," under the name of 
Richard Saunders. He gave it the name of "Poor Richard's Almanac," a publication 
which was continued for twenty-five years and attained a marvelous popularity. The 
wise saws, the aphorisms, and encouragement to virtue and prosperity through the excel- 
lent proverbial sentences with which he filled the corners and spaces, became very popular, 
and spread over England and France in reprints and translations. 

At the age of twenty-seven he began the study of the French, Italian, Spanish and 
Latin languages, and after an absence of ten years from Boston he visited the scenes of 
his childhood and reconciled his differences with his brother. On his return to Philadel- 
phia he was chosen clerk of the General Assembly, and was afterwards elected a member, 
to which dignity he was reelected for ten successive years, and appointed one of the 
commissioners to treat with Indians at Carlisle. In 1737 he was appointed deputy post- 
master at Philadelphia. It was during this period he invented the economical stove that 
bears his name, and made the discoveries in electricity which secured him undisputed rank 
among the most eminent of natural philosophers. He was the first to demonstrate that 
lightning and electricity were one. On the practical experiment of this discovery he was 
elected an honorary member of the Royal Society of London. He was presented with 
the degree of Master of Arts by Harvard and Yale colleges. 

It was in 1754, when war was pending with France, that Franklin became actively 
and zealously engaged in national affairs. He assisted in procuring a loan for New 
England in Philadelphia. He visited General Braddock, and modestly remonstrated 
against that General's expedition that resulted so disastrously, but labored faithfully and 
at a personal pecuniary disadvantage to facilitate the march of the army. After the 
defeat of Braddock, he established a volunteer militia, and though offered command of 
an expedition, he distrusted his military capacities and waived the proposal. He was 
sent by the Colony of Pennsylvania to the Congress of commissioners of colonies ordered 
by the Lords of Trade to convene at Albany, New York, to confer with the chiefs of 
the Six Nations for their common defense. He submitted a plan for organization of a 
system of colonial defense which provided for a president-general of the colonies to be 
appointed by the crown, and a grand council of representatives of the people of the 



Eetoolutionarp Characters of Jl2eto CnglanD-Citoil 93 

colonies. This would not necessitate the need of British troops to defend the colonies. 
If this had been sanctioned by the Lords of Trade, the subsequent pretence of taxing 
America would have been obviated and the bloody contest it occasioned might have been 
avoided. 

In the meantime Pennsylvania was having trouble with the Proprietaries, Thomas 
and William Penn, who objected to the levying of necessary taxes on their vast estates. 
The Assembly resolved to petition the King against them, and Franklin was deputized 
as their agent. He arrived in London, July 27, 1757, not this time as a poor printer's 
boy, but as a messenger to the most powerful sovereign in the world, from a corporate 
body of his most loyal subjects. Honors and compliments in abundance awaited him; 
Oxford and Edinburgh conferred on him their highest academical degrees. He made 
personal acquaintance with the most distinguished men of the day, but never failed to 
bestow his principal attention on the object of his mission. His progress was retarded 
by an illness of eight weeks, but after three years he succeeded in the principal objects of 
his mission to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. During his residence in Lon- 
don he made further experiments in electricity, invented a musical instrument, the 
harmonica, musical glasses, and received from the ministry the appointment of his son 
to the governorship of New Jersey. At the end of five years he embarked for home, 
reached Philadelphia November 1, 1762, and received the thanks of the Assembly. New 
difficulties arose between the province and the Proprietaries; he was again appointed 
agent to the English government to petition the King to take Pennsylvania affairs into 
his own hands. He reached London early in December, 1764. When the Stamp Act 
was passed by parliament, Franklin was indefatigable in his exertions to prove the 
unconstitutionality and impolicy of the act, underwent an examination before the House 
of Commons, and finally the obnoxious measure was repealed. He subsequently traveled 
in Holland and Germany, and visited Paris, where he met with much attention. He 
became satisfied that his usefulness in England was at an end, and on March 21. 1775, 
again set sail for Philadelphia. 

On reaching home, his last hope of maintaining the integrity of the empire was 
dissipated by the news that awaited him ; two weeks previous had occurred the collision 
of the royal troops with the people at Lexington and Concord. He found the colonies in 
flagrant rebellion, and himself suddenly transformed from a peacemaker into a war- 
maker. The two years that followed were among the busiest of his life. On the 
morning of his arrival he was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress ; one of its 
first measures was to organize a Continental postal system, and Franklin was made 
postmaster-general. As a member of the committee of safety and foreign corre- 
spondence he exerted all his influence for a declaration of independence, which instrument 
he had the honor to assist in drafting and to sign. Soon after this he was sent as one of 
the three commissioners to the Court of Louis XVI of France to solicit his support. 
During the voyage he continued his interesting experiments in relation to the Gulf 
Stream. He was the first to make observations of this current, and his published chart 
still forms the basis of charts now in use. He was not at first received officially at the 
French Court, but soon gained influence with the ministry, and after the news of 
Burgoyne's disaster he concluded the treaty of February 6, 1778, and his prudence and 
sagacious firmness defeated every attempt of the British government to sow discord 
between America and her ally. He was accredited in 1778 as minister plenipotentiary 
to the French king, and subsequently was one of the commissioners for negotiating peace 



94 Betoolutionarp Characters of Jfteto OBnglanD-Citoil 

with the mother country. His diplomatic career forms a chief chapter in the history of 
the country. He signed the peace treaty November 30, 1782, and now longed to return 
home, but was not able to do so until 1785, when, after fifty-three years in the service 
of his country, he retired to perfect repose. Thomas Jefferson succeeded him at the 
Court of France, and on being welcomed by the Count de Vergennes, the latter said, 
"You replace Dr. Franklin." Jefferson's laconic reply was, "I succeed; no one can 
replace him." 

Franklin on July 12, 1785, accompanied by members of his family, left Paris 
en route for America; his journey to Havre was the occasion of many congratulations 
by the French people. On September 13, 1782, he disembarked at Philadelphia, at the 
very wharf where sixty-two years before he had landed a homeless, friendless, and 
substantially penniless runaway apprentice. He was received by public and private 
congratulations, his countrymen being sensible of the magnitude of their obligations to 
him. In the month succeeding his arrival he was chosen a member of the municipal 
council of Philadelphia, of which he was unanimously elected chairman. He was soon 
after elected by the Executive Council and Assembly, President of Pennsylvania, and was 
reelected in 1786 and 1787. In the latter he was chosen a member of the national 
convention to frame a constitution for the new confederacy. 

Before leaving Paris, he concluded a treaty with Sweden and Prussia, embodying 
many of his great international principles. He had been throughout the whole period 
of his mission an object of marked enthusiasm. His venerable age, his plain deport- 
ment, his fame as a philosopher and statesman, the charm of his conversation, his wit, 
his vast information, his various aptitudes and discoveries — all secured for him not only 
the enthusiastic admiration of Europe, but a circle of ardent friends, embracing the very 
widest range of human characters. His simple costume and address and dignified aspect 
among the splendid embroidered Court of Louis XVI commanded the respect of all. 
Lacretelle, the French historian, says, "His virtues and renown negotiated for him, and 
before the second- year of his mission had expired no one conceived it possible to refuse 
fleets and armies to the countrymen of Franklin." 

Franklin at the age of eighty-two served as president of the society for political 
inquiries, and wrote vigorous and instructive papers upon many important subjects. He 
helped to organize and was president of the first society formed on the American con- 
tinent and undoubtedly the first of its kind, for the abolition of slavery, and as its 
president wrote and signed the first remonstrance against slavery, addressed to the 
American Congress. His faculties and affections were unimpaired to the last. In 
religion he was a thorough deist up to the time of his twenty-first year; whatever his 
faith and doctrine may have been, his reverence for religion and Christian institutions 
was constantly manifested. 

When Franklin as a fugitive apprentice boy in 1723 walked the streets of Phila- 
delphia, munching rolls, he did not escape the attention of Deborah Reed, a comely girl 
of eighteen, that stood at her father's doorway as he passed. After obtaining employ- 
ment he became a lodger in her father's home, and courted the young lady. At the time 
of his first voyage to England, Miss Reed consented to an engagement. During his 
stay in London he wrote but once to her, and on his return to Philadelphia she had been 
persuaded to marry another. Her husband, however, had absconded in debt and under 
suspicion of bigamy. Franklin attributed her misfortunes to his own conduct, and 
resolved to repair the error, so he took her for a wife, September 1, 1730. She proved 



Eetooluttonarp C&aracter* of jfteto aEnglanD-Citiil 95 

a good and faithful helpmate. She died while Franklin was on his last visit to the court 
of St. James. By this marriage there were two children: a son, who died young; and 
a daughter Sally, who married Richard Bache, of Yorkshire, England. Mrs. Bache had 
eight children, from whom are descended all that are known to inherit any of the blood 
of Benjamin Franklin. 

Before his marriage, Franklin had a son whom he named William, who acted as 
his secretary during his first official residence in England and became the royal governor 
of New Jersey. He adhered to the mother country in the Revolution, which exposed 
his father to serious indignities and was a source of profound mortification. Governor 
Franklin also had an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was his grand- 
father's secretary during most of his residence in France and after his return to the 
United States. 

Franklin died in his own home in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790, in the eighty-fifth 
year of his age. Since then, as in life, his fame has gone on increasing. His epitaph, 
written by himself many years before his death, has become famous. 

The Body 
of 
Benjamin Franklin, Printer, 
(Like the cover of an old book, 

Its contents torn out, 
And stript of its lettering and gilding,) 

Lies here, food for worms. 
Yet the work itself shall not be lost, 
For it will, as he believed, appear once more, 

In a new 
And more beautiful edition. 

Corrected and Amended 

By 

The Author. 

JOHN ADAMS, the second President of the United States, was born in that part 
of Braintree which is now Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He was the great- 
grandson of Henry Adams, who settled in Braintree in 1640. His father was a deacon 
of the church, a shoemaker, and a farmer of limited means. He was enabled, however, 
to give a classical education to his eldest son, who graduated at Harvard College in 1755 
and at once took charge of the grammar school at Worcester, Massachusetts. Young 
Adams had seriously thought of studying for the ministry, also, if he could have obtained 
a commission, of devoting himself to the military service. His school, as he termed it, 
was "a school of affliction," and he endeavored to gain relief by studying law with the 
only attorney then practising at Worcester. After two years of study he returned to 
his native town and gradually introduced himself into the practice of law. 

Adams married, in 1764, Abigail Smith, a daughter of the minister of the neigh- 
boring town of Weymouth, a lady of superior ability and good sense. Very shortly after 
his marriage the attempt of parliamentary taxation diverted him from law to politics. 
He promoted the call for a town meeting to oppose the Stamp Act, and became a writer 
in the "Boston Gazette ;" his "Essay on the Canon and Federal Law" was widely read 
not only in the colonies but also in England. He removed to Boston, Massachusetts, in 
1768, and two years later was chosen a representative of the General Court. His duties 
as a representative interfered with his business, his practice being greater than any 
other lawyer in the province, but he entered with energy upon his new office, becom- 
ing the chief advisor of the patriot party, and now for the first time an active and 



96 Eetoolutionacp Characters of jfteto dBnglan H-CitoU 

conspicuous leader among them. Failing health caused him to resign as repre- 
sentative, and though he did not take an active part in the events that produced the 
Congress of 1774, he was chosen one of the five delegates to visit Philadelphia, which 
was the first occasion of his going beyond the limits of New England. 

Immediately on his return, he was chosen by the town of Braintree a member of 
the Provincial Congress. He soon after this applied himself to answer through the 
newspapers a champion of the English's claim, who had commenced a series of able and 
effective papers under the nom-de-plume of "Massachusettensis." Adams replied under 
the signature "No Vangius." These essays appeared weekly, but were cut short by the 
battle of Lexington. Their value consisted in the strong contemporaneous view in which 
they present the origin of the struggle between the colonies and the mother country, and, 
like all of Adam's writings, they are distinguished by a bold tone of investigation, a 
resort to first principles, and a pointed style ; but, having been produced piecemeal and 
on the spur of the moment, they lack order, system, polish and precision. 

In the busy scenes of the second Continental Congress, Adams found ample employ- 
ment. He had made up his mind that any reconciliation with the mother country was 
hopeless, and his bold and pugnacious spirit welcomed the struggle. His duties in 
Congress for the next eighteen months were multitudinous, and at the close of 1776 he 
took a necessary absence to recruit his health. He had gained the reputation of having 
"the clearest head and firmest heart of any man in Congress." 

It was at the end of 1777 that Adams was appointed to supersede Silas Deane as 
a commissioner to France. He reached Bordeaux after a stormy passage, and arrived 
at Paris, April 8, 1778. Before his arrival, the alliance with France had been consum- 
mated, and owing to jealousy among the commissioners, on Adam's advice, Franklin 
was appointed sole ambassador to France. Returning home, he arrived at Boston, and 
was chosen delegate from Braintree to the convention to form a State Constitution for 
Massachusetts, in which he took a leading part. He again sailed for France in 1779 to 
treat with Great Britain for peace and commerce, to which the French minister of 
foreign affairs, Count de Vergennes, was opposed, and he retarded Adam's efforts, and 
Congress after two years recalled his powers to negotiate a treaty of commerce, and in 
conjunction with him of several colleagues to treat for peace. During the interim, find- 
ing his position in Paris not very comfortable, in July, 1780, he proceeded to Holland, 
where he was commissioned by Congress to negotiate a Dutch loan. These negotiations 
were interrupted by a threatened war between Holland and England, but after his 
appointment as Minister to Holland he signed the articles of armed neutrality which 
had just made their appearance upon the political scene. Before accomplishing anything 
definite, Adams was called to Paris in July, 1781, by a notice that he was needed there 
in his charter of minister to treat of peace. These negotiations amounted to naught, and 
Adams returned to Holland and was received as ambassador by the States General. He 
succeeded in negotiating a loan of two millions of dollars and a treaty of amity and com- 
merce. Before the completion of this business he was again recalled to Paris, where 
he signed the preliminary articles of peace with Great Britain, and asked leave to resign 
all his commissions and return home, to which Congress responded by appointing him a 
commissioner jointly with Franklin and Jay to negotiate a treaty of commerce with 
Great Britain. 

He made his first visit to England as a private individual to recruit his health ; first 
to London, afterwards to Bath; and while still an invalid, in the dead of winter he 



Retool uttonarp Characters; of jfteto OBnglanD-Cttoil 97 

returned to Holland and negotiated a second loan. He was included along with Frank- 
lin and Jefferson as a new commission to form treaties with foreign powers, and, having 
been joined by his wife and family, fixed his residence at Auteuil, near Paris, where 
he had an interval of comparative leisure and enjoyment. The chief business of this 
new commission was the negotiation of a treaty with Prussia, but before the treaty was 
ready for his signature, Congress appointed him minister to the Court of St. James, and 
he arrived in London in May, 1785. Though Adams was received with civility, he could 
not accomplish any commercial arrangements ; his chief employment was of com- 
plaints for the non-performance of the treaty of peace. The aggravation of the British 
feelings towards the new republic made Adam's situation rather mortifying than agree- 
able. He paid another visit to Holland, negotiated a third loan, and was engaged in 
correspondence with Jefferson on the subject of a treaty with the Barbary powers. Great 
Britain not having reciprocated the compliment of appointing a minister to the United 
States, Adams solicited a recall, which was sent to him in February, 1788, accompanied 
by a resolution conveying the thanks of Congress for the "patriotism, perseverance, 
integrity and diligence" he had displayed on his ten years' service abroad. 

When the new government came to be organized, it was conceded that New Eng- 
land should be entitled to the vice-president, and John Adams having received the highest 
number of the votes cast, he was declared the occupant of that office. His career in the 
administrative offices of the United States are matters of national history, and will not 
be dealt with in this narrative. 

Immediately on the expiration of his term of office as President in 1801, Adams 
left Washington without even stopping to be present at the inauguration of Jefferson. 
Between these two had arisen acrimonious discord, and though they had previously 
corresponded frequently, there was a strict nonintercourse of letters for the next thirteen 
years. Owing to President Adam's thrifty habits and the economical and managing 
talents of his wife, his savings were such that he had sufficient property to support him 
for the remainder of his life in a style of decent prosperity and solid comfort in con- 
formity with his ideas. Never did a statesman sink more suddenly, at a time, too, 
when his powers of action and inclination for it seemed wholly unimpaired, from a 
leading position to mere absolute political insignificance. He was taunted with the 
jibes, the sneers, the execrations, of both of the political parties. The Federal party, 
which had only been sustained by the name of Washington, held him personally answer- 
able for the breach in their ranks and for their subsequent overthrow, while the other 
party identified him with all the measures most obnoxious to them, and used his name as 
a sort of synonym for aristocracy, a longing after monarchy, bigotry, tyranny, and 
oppression in general. Though Adams, with the probable exception of Jefferson, was 
more a speculative philosopher than any of his contemporaries in the field of American 
politics, he was by no means philosopher enough to submit to the obloquy with which 
he was now visited. He now set himself to write "An Autobiography," but this was 
subsequently abandoned, and though selections have been published, the work as an 
entirety has never been printed. In his later life, President Adams in his correspondence 
loved to recall and explain his theoretical ideas of government; also upon another sub- 
ject he felt great interest in — theology. In his religious belief he had begun as an 
Arminian, but the more he read and the older he grew, the freer views he took; he still, 
however, clung with tenacity to the religious institutions of New England; it would 

TER.-T 



98 EetJOl ut ionatp C&atacters of jfteto aEnglanD-Cttoil 

seem from his correspondence that he had finally curtailed his theology to the Ten 
Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount. His views on this point he gave an 
evidence in his last public act. Mrs. Adams had died in 1818, but even that shock, severe 
as it was, did not unsettle the firm grasp of her husband on life, its enjoyments and its 
duties. 

In 1820 a convention met to revise the constitution of Massachusetts, and, though 
in his eighty-sixth year, Adams was chosen a delegate by his townsmen. The conven- 
tion received him with applause and demonstrations of affections and regard. He was 
urged to preside over the convention, but declined on the score of age and infirmities; 
the same cause prevented his taking an active part in the proceedings. Yet he labored 
to produce a modification of the third article of the bill of rights on the subject of public 
worship. But the time had not'come yet for such changes as he wished. The old Puri- 
tan feeling was still too great a force to acknowledge the equal rights, political and 
religious, of others than Christians. Yet, however it might be with his colleagues or his 
fellow-citizens, Mr. Adams in this movement expressed his own ideas. 

Adams, as a writer of English, must be placed first among Americans of all the 
several generations to which he belonged, excepting Franklin, and if Franklin excelled 
him in humor and geniality, he far surpassed Franklin in compass, wit and vivacity. 
Adams and Jefferson, those two leading actors in American politics, at first so coopera- 
tive and afterwards so hostile, again reunited in friendly intercourse, having outlived 
almost all their fellow actors, and continued to descend hand-in-hand to the grave. 
Adams lived to see his son president, and to receive Jefferson's congratulations upon it. 
By a remarkable coincidence, they both expired on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, July 4, 1826; Adams, however, was the survivor by a few hours. 

John Adams in figure scarcely exceeded middle height, but was of stout and well 
knit frame, denoting vigor and long life, yet as he grew old, inclined to corpulence. His 
head was large and round, with a wide forehead and expanded brows. His eyes were 
mild and benignant, and perhaps humorous when he was free of emotion, but when 
excited they fully expressed the vehemence of the spirit that stirred within. His pres- 
ence was grave and imposing on serious occasions, but not unbending. He delighted 
in social conversation, and mixed so much of natural vigor of fancy and illustration 
with his store of acquired knowledge that he really fatigued his hearers. Though his 
affections were warm, he was not demonstrative towards his relatives. His anger, 
when thoroughly aroused, was extremely violent, but bore no malice after it subsided. 
He was admired for the simplicity and truth which shone in his actions, the power and 
energy of his will, and it was in these moments he impressed those around him with his 
greatness. At times his vehemence would become overbearing and unjust. This was 
apt to happen in cases of pretension and wrongdoing; he was impatient of cant, or of 
opposition to any of his deeply established convictions, irrespective of persons, whether 
he was an illiterate man, a boy, the strongest thinker, or the most profound scholar. His 
grandson, Charles Francis Adams, makes the following remarks : "In his general character 
his nature was too susceptible to emotions of sympathy and kindness, for it tempted him 
to trust more than was prudent in the professions of some who proved unworthy of 
confidence. Ambitious in one sense, he certainly was; but it was not for mere aspira- 
tions for place and power. It was a desire to excel in the minds of men by the develop- 
ment of high qualities, the love in short, of an honorable fame that stirred him to exult 
in the rewards of popular favor. Yet this passion never tempted him to change a course 



Retool utionarp Characters of jfteto CnglanO-Cttoil 99 

of action or to suppress a serious conviction to bend to a prevailing error or to disavow 
one odious truth." This last assertion involves some controverted parts of history, yet 
this at least must be granted : That it may be made with far more plausibility of Mr. 
Adams, than of the greater number of political men. 

JONATHAN TRUMBULL— Connecticut had a quartette of American patriots 
that in the Revolutionary cause added lustre, glory and honor to her name. Paramount 
of this noble band was Jonathan Trumbull, the original "Brother Jonathan." He was 
the only colonial governor that espoused the cause of the people in their struggle for 
justice and freedom. When Washington took command of the Colonial army, he found 
a lack of ammunition and supplies, which in many instances Trumbull supplied, and on 
the occasion of an expected attack of the enemy, at a council of war he said, "We must 
consult 'Brother Jonathan' on the subject." The phrase spread over the country, and 
when difficulties arose, it was a common saying among the officers, "We must consult 
Brother Jonathan." The origin of these words was soon lost sight of, and "Brother 
Jonathan" became the title of our nationality, like that of "John Bull" of England. 

Jonathan Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, October 12, 1710. His 
emigrant ancestor settled in Rowley, Massachusetts, about 1639. His father, a mer- 
chant and farmer, removed to Lebanon ten years before Jonathan's birth. The younger 
Trumbull entered Harvard College at the age of thirteen, studied theology, and on his 
graduation in 1727 was licensed to preach. He resigned from the ministry in 1731 to 
succeed his elder brother in his father's store. He afterwards adopted the profession of 
law, and his political life began in 1733, when he was elected a member of the Assem- 
bly, and continued without interruption for over a half century. He was speaker of 
the Assembly in 1739, and became an assistant the following year, to which office he 
was reelected twenty-two times. He was subsequently judge of the county, assistant 
judge of the superior court, and from 1766 to 1769 chief justice of that body. 

Trumbull was elected deputy-governor in 1767, and filled that office until 1769, 
when on account of the death of William Pitkin, the governor of the colony, he became 
the chief magistrate of Connecticut. He was at this time fifty-nine years old, with an 
experience of more than thirty years in public life. He had been in large mercantile 
ventures, and in which he had met with pecuniary losses that necessitated his failure. 
He had also refused to take the oath of office in 1 765 that required all officials to support 
the Stamp Act. In 1770, as arguments against his election, his opponents used his 
failure and political views against him so effectively, that he did not receive a majority 
of the freemen's votes, but was chosen by the General Assembly. He was thereafter 
elected governor till 1783, when he refused the nomination on account of his age and 
infirmities. 

A well-known writer has justly styled Governor Trumbull as "the presiding genius 
of Connecticut during the American conflict." On receipt of the news from Lexington, 
he called a special session of the General Assembly, which mobilized six regiments of 
soldiers and sent to General Gage an embassy to persuade him to abandon his hostile 
attitude. Trumbull on June 18, 1776, issued a proclamation which has been popularly 
called "Connecticut's Declaration of Independence." The logical sequence of events 
which it recited, beginning with the creation and fall of man and ending with a full 
exposure of the tyranny of George III, was impressive to the last degree. One of its 
most culminating sentences was as follows : "Be exhorted to rise, therefore, to superior 



ioo Retool utionarp Character* of H3eto (EnglanO-Cttotl 

exertions on this great occasion ; and let all that are able and necessary show themselves 
ready in behalf of their injured and oppressed country, and come forth to the help of the 
Lord against the Mighty, and convince the unrelenting Tyrant of Britian, that they are 
resolved to be FREE." 

When Washington wrote to Trumbull in August, 1776, of the weakness of his 
army, he promptly raised nine new regiments of soldiers, and in 1781, when he appealed 
to the governors of New England to complete their battalions, Trumbull cheered him 
with the words that he "should obtain all that he needed." He was the chosen friend and 
counsellor of Washington, who relied upon him as one of his main pillars of support, 
and often consulted him in emergencies. 

The Marquis de Chastellux, the French traveller, who saw Trumbull when he was 
seventy years of age, describes him as possessing all the simplicity in his dress; all 
the importance and even all the pedantry ; becoming a great magistrate of a small repub- 
lic. Yale College in 1779 gave him the degree of LL. D., and the University of 
Edinburgh honored him in like manner. Governor Trumbull married, in 1735, a woman 
of strong character and exemplary patriotism — Faith, a daughter of Reverend John and 
Hannah (Wiswall) Robinson, and a descendant of John Alden, the Pilgrim. Four 
sons and two daughters were born to them, and by their deeds and matrimonial alliances, 
brought additional repute to the family. Governor Trumbull died at Lebanon, Con- 
necticut, August 17, 1785. 

ROGER SHERMAN has been called "a maker of the nation;" he is the only 
man whose signature appears on the four greatest documents of early American history 
— The Declaration of Independence, The Declaration of Rights, The Articles of Con- 
federation, and The Constitution. He was a member of the committee which drafted 
the first three of these important documents. 

Sherman was of English descent, his great-grandfather, Captain John Sherman, 
coming to Watertown, Massachusetts, about 1635. His ancestors were farmers in 
moderate circumstances. His father was a shoemaker, and Roger learned that trade. 
He had no formal education except that obtainable at the ordinary country schools, but 
by his unaided exertions he acquired respectable attainments in various branches of 
learning, especially mathematics, law and politics. While at work at his bench he 
was accustomed to have before him an open book; this was but natural, as books and 
lapstones have often been companions, and scholarly shoemakers are not infrequent 
in history. Sherman sewed and pegged, and having a capricious and embracing intellect, 
he became a solid student in the fields of history, science, mathematics, law and theology. 
His proficiency in mathematics naturally turned his attention to surveying, and we find 
him in 1745 a surveyor of lands for his county. Not long afterwards he furnished the 
astronomical calculations for an almanac which he published in New York and continued 
over ten years. 

The death of his father, when he was nineteen years of age, placed the principal 
care of a large family on his shoulders; he removed to New Milford in 1743, taking his 
shoemaker's tools with him, and with his brothers engaged in mercantile business. In 
the meanwhile he was devoting his leisure hours to the study of the law, and made such 
progress that in 1754 he was admitted a member of the bar. The following year he 
was elected a representative to the General Assembly, also appointed a justice of the 
peace, and the age of thirty-eight found him a judge. Two years later he removed to 



Retool utionarp Characters of I3eto OBnglanD-CitJil 101 

New Haven, Connecticut, discontinuing his law practice, confining his attention to mer- 
cantile business. He became, in 1765, treasurer of Yale College, and received the 
honorary degree of A. M. He was appointed in 1766 a judge of the Superior Court of 
Connecticut, and in the same year was chosen a member of the upper house of the 
Legislature. In the former office he continued twenty-three years ; in the latter, nineteen. 

When the Revolutionary struggle began, Roger Sherman devoted himself unre- 
servedly to the patriot cause. He was one of the most active members of the first 
Continental Congress, where he commanded respect for his knowledge, judgment, 
integrity and devotion to duty. Though a member of Congress, he was at the same 
time an active member of the Connecticut committee of safety, and in 1783 helped to 
revise the statutes of the State. He was elected mayor of New Haven on its incorpora- 
tion as a city in 1784, which office he continued to hold until his death. He was a delegate 
to the convention to frame a constitution for the United States, and was the formal 
advocate for the adoption of the "Connecticut plan," and it was mainly through his 
endeavors, assisted by Franklin, that the equality of the membership of the upper house 
was obtained. Immediately after the ratification of the constitution, he was made a 
representative of Connecticut in Congress, and took an active part in the discussions of 
that body. He was promoted to the Senate in 1791, and died in New Haven, Connecti- 
cut, July 23, 1793, while holding this office. 

Roger Sherman was twice married ; first at Stoughton, Massachusetts, to Eliza- 
beth, eldest daughter of Deacon Joseph Hartwell; she died at New Milford, Connecticut, 
October 19, 1760. His second marriage took place May 12, 1763, to Rebecca, daughter 
of Benjamin and Rebecca (Minott) Prescott, of Danvers, Massachusetts. 

Roger Sherman was like his elder colleague Benjamin Franklin; their public careers 
were analogous, the result of the office seeking the man ; they outgrew the boundaries 
of one State, and their lives are a portion of the national history. It is said that Sher- 
man accomplished, at the age of twenty, what is considered greater than to conquer 
cities — namely, a mastery of his passions ; he was noted for his calmness of nature and 
evenness of disposition. His rationality was his distinguishing trait; common sense in 
him rose almost to genius. Thomas Jefferson spoke of him as ''a man who never said 
a foolish thing ;" and Nathaniel Macon declared that "he had more common sense than 
any man that I have ever known." In early life he united with the Congregational 
church, and through his long career he remained a devout and practical Christian. 

OLIVER WOLCOTT— The second State Governor of Connecticut, Oliver Wol- 
cott, was born at Windsor, Hartford county, Connecticut, November 20, 1726. He 
was the youngest son of Governor Roger and Sarah (Drake) Wolcott, and was 
educated at Yale College, graduating in 1747. The same year he was commissioned a 
captain by the governor of New York, and served on the northern frontier till the treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle. He then took up the study of medicine, but did not practice, and 
removing to Litchfield, Connecticut, was chosen sheriff of the newly organized county 
of the same name; he held this office for some fourteen years. From 1774 to 1786 he 
was annually chosen a member of the governor's council, and during that period was 
also for some time judge of the court of common pleas and of the court of probate for 
the district of Litchfield. He was active in the militia organization, and was appointed 
a colonel. 

Wolcott was an adherent of the American cause from the beginning of the Revo- 
lutionary troubles. He was appointed in 1775 one °f tne commissioners of Indian affairs 



102 Retool urtonarp Characters of I3eto OBnglanti-Citoil 

for the Northern Department, and was entrusted with the task of inducing the Iroquois 
Indians to remain neutral. It was largely due to him that the dispute between Connec- 
ticut and Pennsylvania over the Wyoming tract was adjusted by compromise; also the 
long standing controversy between Vermont and New York. In January, 1776, Wol- 
cott took his seat in the Continental Congress, where he vied with his associates in 
patriotism. Joel Barlow wrote in his "Vision of Columbus/' the following: 

Bold Wolcott urg'd the all important cause ; 
With steady hand, the solemn scene he draws ; 
Undaunted firmness with his wisdom join'd; 
Nor king's, nor worlds could warp his steadfast mind. 

To his wife, in the early part of June of 1776, he wrote, "Everything is tending to the 
lasting independency of the colonies." His hopes were realized when he appended his 
signature, July 4, 1776, to the Declaration of Independence. 

Wolcott returned to Litchfield on account of his delicate health, but before he was 
fairly rested, Governor Trumbull appointed him brigadier-general and placed him in 
command of fourteen regiments of militia, with orders to proceed to New York. Here 
his regiments were consolidated with others ; he returned home and in November resumed 
his congressional duties. He was appointed at the beginning of 1777 a permanent 
brigadier-general, and in the summer of that year was engaged in superintending detach- 
ments of militia and corresponding on matters pertaining to the war. He was present 
at the defeat of Burgoyne, having command of a brigade. In the summer of 1779 he 
was in the field as a major-general to oppose the movement of Tyron in Connecticut, and 
later was made a lieutenant-general of militia. He was member of Congress when it 
met at York, Pennsylvania, in 1778, but was not reelected until 1780, from which time 
he served irregularly until 1784. He was elected lieutenant-governor of Connecticut in 
1786, and reelected till 1796, when he was chosen governor, which office he held at the 
time of his death at Litchfield, Connecticut, December 1, 1797. 

Governor Wolcott married, January 21, 1755, Laura or Lorana, daughter of Cap- 
tain Daniel, and Lois (Cornwall) Collins, of Guilford, Connecticut. In person, the 
governor was tall and erect, of dignified appearance and bearing. His complexion was 
dark; his features bore the impress of his iron will, and their general expression was 
sedate. He was remarkable for intrepidity, integrity, strong bold conceptions, and a 
peculiar decision of character. His sensibility was acute, and no one had a more exact 
sense of honor ; he was distinguished for his love of order and religion. 

OLIVER ELLSWORTH — A noted historian has said, "Never was harmony 
between private and public virtue more complete than that which existed in the char- 
acter of Oliver Ellsworth." Born at Windsor, Connecticut, April 29, 1745, his ancestor 
Jonah Ellsworth, had emigrated to that town from Yorkshire, England, in 1650. His 
father brought him up in the characteristic and needful virtues of the hard New England 
life — work, frugality and forethought; but he was proud of the boy's precocious intel- 
lect, encouraged him, and had him alternate physical labors with preparatory studies for 
college. Oliver entered Yale College at the age of seventeen, but decided that he could 
obtain better advantages at the College of New Jersey, now Princeton, and in 1766 
graduated there. It was his father's wish he should study for the ministry, but his own 
predilections leading him to the law, he finally undertook that profession and in 1771 
was admitted to the bar. Having married Abigail Wolcott, he leased a small uncul- 
tivated farm, and the next three years were spent in farming and attending court at 



Eetoolutionarp Characters of Jfteto OBnglantueitoil 103 

Hartford. At length, having been successful in a case of prominence, he obtained a 
large and lucrative practice, and stood at the head of the Connecticut bar. He was 
appointed attorney-general of the State, and in 1775 became a member of the Assembly. 

Ellsworth's national career commenced in 1777, when he was elected to Congress, 
which he attended at intervals during six years, serving on many important committees. 
From 1780 to 1784 he was a member of the governor's council of Connecticut, exer- 
cising a strong influence over his colleagues, and from the last named year until 1789 
he was one of the supreme judges of the State. 

As a colleague of Roger Sherman in the Federal Convention, he was conspicuous 
in the advocacy of the rights of the individual states, and it was on his motion that the 
words, "national government" were expunged from the constitution, and the words 
"government of the United States" substituted. His name is not fixed to the document, 
as pressing domestic considerations called him home before the work of the conven- 
tion had been completed. On the organization of the new government, he was one of 
the first senators from Connecticut, and as chairman of the committee to organize the 
United States judiciary, presented the original bill in his own hand writing, which was 
passed with but slight alterations, and its provisions are still in force. His watchful- 
ness over the public expenditures earned him the title of "the Cerberus of the Treasury." 
His abilities were strenuously exercised in building up the financial credit of the govern- 
ment, and for the encouragement and protection of manufacturies. 

Ellsworth was by common consent the Federalist leader in the Senate, and was 
spoken of as "the finest pillar of Washington's whole administration." He was appointed, 
in 1796, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and served with distinguished 
ability till 1799, when on President Adam's recommendation he became a member of an 
extraordinary commission to negotiate with France; the relations between that nation 
and the United States were then severely strained. On reaching Paris on March 2, 1800, 
the commission found Napoleon Bonaparte at the head of the new republic, and soon 
concluded a satisfactory adjustment of all disputes. Judge Ellsworth conducted almost 
exclusively the negotiations and discussions, and secured all points most essential to 
peace, including a recognition by France of the rights of neutral vessels and an indemnity 
for depredations on American commerce. 

On account of ill-health, he sent home his resignation as chief justice, visited Eng- 
land and the mineral springs at Bath, and was the recipient of marked attention of 
the court and from the leading public men, as well as from the English bench and bar. 
He returned home in April, 1801, and owing to his impaired health he decided to remain 
free from cares of public life, but the following year he was again elected a member of 
the governor's council, and on the reorganization of the State judiciary, he was appointed 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, but failing health compelled his resignation in a few 
months. His death occurred six months later at Windsor, Connecticut, November 
26, 1807. 

Judge Ellsworth's extraordinary endowments, accomplishments as an advocate, 
integrity as a judge, patriotism as a legislator and ambassador, and sincerity as a Chris- 
tian, were fitly complemented by a fine personal presence and by manners at once plain, 
unaffected and social, yet tinctured with a courtliness and dignity which impressed all 
with whom he came in contact. 



J^eto Cnglanti JTamtltes 



^rapton 




Arms — Azure two chevrons between as many mullets or. 
Crest — A mullet or. 
Motto — Catus semper viret. 

MONG the very oldest of American families is that which bears the 
name of Brayton, which was established in the Colony of Rhode Island 
some time before the middle of the seventeenth century, probably in 
the year 1643, when its founder was received as an inhabitant of Ports- 
mouth. The members of the Brayton house have been extremely 
prominent in connection with the development of Southeastern Massa- 
chusetts, particularly with that region centering about the city of Fall 
River, and the early territory which went to form that city. The great industries which 
have grown up thereabouts are not a little indebted to the enterprise and intelligence of 
the early Braytons, various members of the family having numbered among the most 
prominent business leaders, financiers, and promoters of the colossal milling industries 
of the region. 

(I) FRANCIS BRAYTON, the founder of the family in America, was born in 
England, in 1611-12. He came to this country as a young man, and was received as a 
resident in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, as early as the year 1643. Eight years later, in 
1655, he was made a freeman, and in 1662-63 was elected a member of the General Court. 
He served as deputy to the General Court in 1669, 1670-71, 1679, and 1684. In 1667 ne 
enlisted in the troop of horse which was maintained for the common defense, and gen- 
erally played a prominent part in the life of the community. Francis Brayton married 
Mary , who died about the year 1692. He died the same year. Children: 

1. Francis, died in 1718. 4. Martha, married John Pearce. 

2. Mary, married Joseph Davol. 5- Elizabeth, married Jared Bourne. 

3. Stephen, mentioned below. 6. Sarah, married Thomas Gatchell. 

(II) STEPHEN BRAYTON, son of Francis and Mary Brayton, was a resident of 
Portsmouth, Rhode Island, probably all his life, although the date of his birth is not 
known, and it is possible that he may have been a native of England. He was a freeman 
in the year 1678, and a member of the grand jury in 1687. He married, March 8, 1679, 
Ann Tallman, daughter of Peter and Ann Tallman, of Portsmouth, and died in 1692. 
Children : 

1. Mary, born February 12, 1680. 4- Preserved, mentioned below. 

2. Elizabeth, born December 8, 1681. 5- Stephen, born August 2, 1686. 

3. Ann, born July 6, 1683. 6. Israel, died about 1756. 

(III) PRESERVED BRAYTON, son of Stephen and Ann (Tallman) Brayton. was 
born in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, March 8, 1685. He became a freeman in Portsmouth 
in 1706, the year in which he attained his majority, and lived there until 1714, when 
he purchased one hundred and thirty acres of land in the settlement of Swansea, Massa- 
chusetts. He made that place his home during the remainder of his life. This farm 
came to be known as the Brayton homestead, and is still called that to the present day. 
It is situated on the west bank of the Taunton river, in what is now the town of Som- 
erset, which was set off from Swansea in the year 1790. This was not the whole of 



xo8 



1$rapton 



Preserved Brayton's holdings. He owned in addition another farm in Swansea, besides 
property in Freetown, Rehoboth, and Smithfield, Rhode Island. 

He was married, in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, to Content Coggeshall, daughter of 
John Coggeshall, and granddaughter of John (i) Coggeshall, one of the first settlers 
of Rhode Island, and one of the foremost figures in the early life of the colony. Pre- 
served Brayton and his wife both died in Swansea, the former on May 22, 1761, and the 
latter in 1759. 

(IV) ISRAEL BRAYTON, son of Preserved and Content (Coggeshall) Brayton, 
was born in Swansea, Massachusetts, October 13, 1727, and inherited his father's farm 
in Swansea, known as the Brayton Homestead. Here he spent his entire life, and was 
a well known figure in the affairs of Swansea for several decades. He married, April 19, 
1752, Mary Perry, and they were the parents of nine children, among them John, 
mentioned below. 

(V) JOHN BRAYTON, son of Israel and Mary (Perry) Brayton, was born in 
the town of Swansea, Massachusetts, April 12, 1762. To him descended the old Bray- 
ton homestead, purchased by his grandfather, and there he spent his life. It was during 
his lifetime that Somerset was set apart from Swansea, and in the former town he died 
May 12, 1829. 

He married, November 21, 1782, Sarah Bowers, daughter of Philip and Mary 
Bowers, and a sister of Philip Bowers, Jr., who married Mary Brayton, his sister. She 
was born July 13, 1763, and died August 17, 1843, at tne a 8" e °f eighty years. They 
were the parents of eleven children, of whom Israel, who is mentioned below, was the 
fifth. 

(VI) ISRAEL BRAYTON, son of John and Sarah (Bowers) Brayton, was born 
in Somerset, Massachusetts, on the Brayton homestead, July 29, 1792. He spent his 
entire life there, and died November 5, 1866. He married, in August, 1813, Keziah 
Anthony, a daughter of David and Submit (Wheeler) Anthony, the former a direct 
descendant of John Anthony, one of the pioneer settlers of Rhode Island, who came 
from England, in the year 1634. The Anthony family was prominent in Rhode 
Island affairs, and had become allied with many of the most important families of 
the colony. Keziah (Anthony) Brayton was born in Somerset, July 27, 1792, and died 
in the same place, October 24, 1880. Israel and Keziah (Anthony) Brayton were the 
parents of nine children: 



1. Mary, born in Foxboro, Massachusetts, May 
9, 1814; married (first) in 1842, Major Brad- 
ford Durfee, of Fall River, who died in 1843, 
leaving one son, Bradford Matthew Chal- 
oner Durfee, born June 15, 1843, died, un- 
married, in 1872. His mother gave in his 
memory the B. M. C. Durfee High School 
in the city of Fall River. She married (sec- 
ond) in 1851, the Rev. Jeremiah S. Young, 
who died in 1861. She died in Fall River, 
March 22, 1891. 

2. William Bowers, born in Swansea, April 6, 
1816; married Hannah Turner Lawton, of 
Tiverton, Rhode Island. 

3. Nancy Jarrett Bowers, married Daniel 



Chase, and their only child died in infancy. 

4. Elizabeth Anthony, married Rev. Roswell 
Dwight Hitchcock, and they were the par- 
ents of the following children: Roswell, 
Mary B., Harriet W., Bradford W. 

5. David Anthony, born in Swansea, April 2, 
1824, died August 20, 1881; married Nancy 
R. Jenckes, of Fall River. 

6. John Summerfield, born in Swansea, De- 
cember 3, 1826; married Sarah J. Tinkham, 
of Middleboro, Massachusetts. 

7. Israel Perry, born in Swansea, May 24, 
1829; married Barthenia Gardner, of Swan- 
sea. 

8. Hezekiah Anthony, mentioned below. 



(VII) HEZEKIAH ANTHONY BRAYTON, one of the most vital figures in the 
history of industrial development in Fall River, was the son of Israel and Keziah 
(Anthony) Brayton, and was born June 24, 1832, on Main street, Fall River, Massa- 
chusetts. Here he passed his childhood, and attended local schools for his education. 



'Braptcw 109 

Later he was sent to the Academy at East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and after being 
graduated from this institution, returned to his native State and taught school for one 
year in the town of Seekonk. He did not find, however, the opportunity for develop- 
ment in this calling that he desired, and at the end of the first year he secured a position 
in a railroad office, where beside the work involved in his duties he continued the study 
of mathematics, specializing in that branch of the science which bears directly on civil 
engineering. His character was of the type with which New England has made us 
familiar; determined to advance himself he perfected himself sufficiently in the study 
of mathematics to qualify as a surveyor. In this capacity he went West and worked for a 
considerable time in Texas. He then returned to the North and settled for a time at 
Lawrence, Massachusetts, where he was engaged in the carding and mechanical engi- 
neering department of the Pacific Mills in that city. 

It was about this time that there occurred in the East what was known as the 
"Westward movement," and this Mr. Brayton joined, in association with his brother, 
Israel Perry Brayton, and established himself in Chicago, engaging in the grain and 
commission business on the Chicago Board of Trade. This business was afterward 
transferred to New York City, and was carried on in connection with the Produce 
Exchange there. Mr. Brayton spent nearly twenty-five years in Chicago and New 
York, and in 1872 returned to Massachusetts, where he remained until the close of his 
life. In Massachusetts he took an active part in the manufacturing interests of Fall 
River, and was most successfully identified with these during the remainder of his 
career. He was made vice-president of the First National Bank of Fall River, in which 
institution he also held the office of cashier. A number of years later, upon the failure 
of the Sagamore Mills, he was appointed one of the trustees in charge of that property. 
Mr. Brayton played an important part in the settlement of the affairs of this concern, 
and upon its reorganization as the Sagamore Manufacturing Company was elected its 
treasurer and a member of the board of directors. These two offices he continued to hold 
until his death, and the large growth of the business was due in no small measure to his 
capable management. Beside the Sagamore Manufacturing Company, Mr. Brayton 
was interested in the Durfee Mills, of which he was president and a director. Mr. 
Brayton was regarded by his associates in Fall River, and throughout the milling indus- 
try in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, as one of the most successful mill operators 
of that region. During the period of his management the Sagamore Manufacturing 
Company did a most extraordinary business, and established a record that has not been 
surpassed. His great success in large affairs was undoubtedly due to the fact that he 
found one of his keenest pleasures in business combinations and organization, and he 
was in a great measure a prototype of the great captains of industry of to-day. His 
conception of mill operations was intensive in character, and he carried the efficiency 
of his mills to a high point, keeping equipments and conditions up to the very latest and 
most modern standards. He rarely made an error, and his judgment was much sought 
in financial affairs. At the time that he first took charge of the Sagamore Manufacturing 
Company, one mill was in operation and the foundation of a stone mill had been laid. 
Quickly, however, the results of his progressive policy were discernible, and Mr. Bray- 
ton rapidly erected the requisite buildings. Some time later, when one of the mills was 
destroyed by fire, he rebuilt it in a surprisingly short time. William Lawton Slade 
Brayton engaged in business as a cotton broker, and on the death of his father became 
treasurer of the Sagamore Mills. 

Hezekiah A. Brayton was deeply interested in the welfare of the city of Fall River, 
and devoted much time to work in its behalf. He possessed great faith in the future of 
the city, and did all he could to improve its fortune. He was always conceiving new 



no 



15rapton 



combinations in the business world, and was ever ready to aid in the development of new 
and promising enterprises. There can be no doubt that the present great prosperity of 
the city owes much to his judgment and foresight, his energy and enthusiasm, which 
were contagious. It is interesting to note that the last cotton corporation formed in 
Fall River prior to his death had his backing, and that he was a large subscriber to its 
stock. 

His death occurred at his home in North Main street, Fall River, March 24, 1908, in 
his seventy-sixth year. The board of directors of the Sagamore Manufacturing Com- 
pany passed the following resolutions to his memory at a meeting convened the day after 
his death : 

Hezekiah A. Brayton, treasurer of this corporation since the 6th day of November, 1879, died after 
a short illness, on the twenty-fourth day of March, 1908, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. The 
ability and signal success with which he managed the affairs of this corporation are recognized by every 
one familiar with it, and by the community at large. His personality dominated the entire organization 
and impressed upon it his own belief in honest work and fidelity to everyday duty. It was his pride to 
make good, and to keep his word absolutely. A contract was to him a matter of personal honor, as well 
as of dollars and cents. He was a man of strong and unique individuality, direct and straightforward 
in his dealings, frank of speech, absolutely honest and with a rare touch of humor. Behind his apparent 
impulsiveness, there often lay long and deeply considered reasons. As the years passed, he acquired 
in an extraordinary and ever increasing degree the confidence of those who associated and dealt with 
him. He was fortunate in his life, and he died at the height of his success before age had dulled his 
interest or impaired his mental vigor. His death is a serious loss to this corporation, and to us, his asso- 
ciates. 



Mr. Brayton married, March 25, 1868, Caroline Elizabeth Slade, of Somerset, Massa- 
chusetts, a daughter of the late Hon. William Lawton and Mary (Sherman) Slade. 
Mrs. Brayton survives her husband and resides at the Brayton home in Fall River. 
(See Slade VII). Mr. and Mrs. Brayton were the parents of the following children: 



1. Caroline Slade, born March 10, 1869; resides 
in New York City. 

2. Abby Slade, born November 10, 1870, in 
New York City; married Randall Nelson 
Durfee, of Fall River, and they are the par- 
rents of four children: 

Randall Nelson, Jr., born March 13, 

1897. 

Bradford Chaloner, born August 12, 

1900. 

Caroline, born March 12, 1904. 

Mary Brayton, born March 4, 1909. 

3. William Lawton Slade, born November 13, 
1872, in New York City; now treasurer of 
the Sagamore Manufacturing Company, to 
which office he succeeded his father. He 
married, June 18, 1003, Mary Easton Ashley, 
daughter of Stephen B. and Harriet Rem- 
ington (Davol) Ashley, of Fall River; their 
children are: 

Lawton Slade, born June 20, 1904. 
Lincoln Davol, born October 20, 1905; 
Constance, born March 22, 1907. 
Ruth Sherman, born April 17, 1908. 
Perry Ashley, born May 25, 1910. 



Mary Elizabeth, born June II, 1912. 
Richard Anthony, born June 19, 1913; 
Sherman, born July 19, 1915. 
Harriet, born December 26, 1916. 

4. Israel, born August 5, 1874, in Fall River; 
is now a member of the law firm of Jen- 
nings & Brayton; married Ethel Moison 
Chace, of Fall River, and they are the par- 
ents of three children: 

Charlotte, born March 24, 1913. 

Philip Sherman, born December 9, 

1914. 

Roswell, born April 14, 1917. 

5. Mary Durfee, born May 1, 1877, died March 
18, 1889. 

6. Stanley, born March 20, 1879, died June 29, 
1902, at Caux, Switzerland. 

7. Arthur Perry, of whom further. 

8. Margaret Lee, born December 14, 1883. 

9. Dorothy, born December 9, 1885; married, 
February 23, 1916, Dr. William Russell Mac- 
Ausland, of Boston, Massachusetts; they 
are the parents of a daughter, Dorothy, born 
April 16, 1917. 

10. Katharine, born December 16, 1887. 



Mr. Brayton was no less happy in his domestic relations than in his business. His 
home was always the abode of hospitality, and expressed in its appearance the culture 
and refinement of its dwellers. He was a devoted husband and father and the same 
characteristics which made him so popular among his friends kept his household in an 
ever cheerful state. 




TRISTRAM COFFIN, 

THE FIRST OF THE RACE THAT SETTLED IN AMERICA 

FIRST CHIEF MAGISTRATE OF 

NANTUCKET, 1671. 

BC UNITED DO HONOR TO HIS NAME 




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(VIII) ARTHUR PERRY BRA YTON, son of the late Hezekiah A. and Caroline E. 
(Slade) Brayton, and the descendant of several of the oldest and most influential families 
of Masachusetts and Rhode Island, was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, May 25, 1881. 
He was educated in the B. M. C. Durfee High School of Fall River, and later attended 
the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut. On completing his studies he engaged 
in business pursuits in Fall River, devoting his attention to the management of the 
Durfee farm in South Somerset of which he was owner. In connection with the Durfee 
farm he conducted a highly successful dairy business. Following the entry of the United 
States into the war, and up to the time of his death, he served the government in an 
official capacity in the training of women for agricultural work, and employed many on 
his farm in Somerset. He also supplied farmerettes to the neighboring farmers. An 
able business man and an active worker in charitable and religious fields, he had crowded 
into his comparatively brief span of years a wide range of interests which seldom char- 
acterizes the man who has attained three score and ten. Business was not his field — he 
was successful in the ventures which he entered, a keen and sagacious investor, and an 
able manager, yet he resented the demands which large affairs almost invariably make 
to the exclusion of other interests. He was a man of broad-minded tolerance, a keen 
observer, widely traveled, who had weighed the frenzied rush and specialized effort of 
commercialism against the well-ordered, well-rounded life of the man who engages in 
many pursuits, and finds the zest of life in widely diversified channels. 

A sincere desire to be of aid to humanity, to do the greatest good for the greatest 
number, inspired the entire career of Arthur P. Brayton. In 1896 he became a member 
of the First Congregational Church, and until his death maintained an active interest 
in the church and Sunday school. For many years he was clerk of the church, president 
of the Young People's Society, and librarian of the Sunday school. He was also one of 
the founders of the Adams and Junior Adams clubs, church societies for men. He was 
prominently identified with many church organizations, and for many years was 
treasurer of the Seaside Home. His gifts to charitable causes were large, and no 
reasonable appeal to him was ever refused. He gave impulsively, and for this reason 
the actual extent of his gifts to charitable and philanthropic causes never became known. 
He was a man well loved by hundreds, for he had the social instinct, the gift of making 
and holding a friendship, an earnest sincerity and warmth which drew men to him 
instantly. Mr. Brayton was a favorite in club circles. He was a member of the Que- 
quechan Club, the Fall River Country Club, and numerous business organizations. 
Yachting was his favorite sport, and he was the owner at different times of several 
yachts and speed boats. A commodore of the Fall River Yacht Club for several years, 
he did much to promote its interests. He was also president of the Narragansett Bay 
Yacht Racing Association from February 14, 1917, until his death. 

Mr. Brayton was unmarried. His death in Fall River, Massachusetts, October 14, 
1918, was the cause of sincere and wide-spread grief. 

SLADE. 

The name Slade has an interesting origin. Its meaning as a common noun is "a 
small strip of green plain within a woodland." One of the rhymes about Robin Hood 
runs: 

It had been better of William a Trent 

To have been abed with sorrowe, 
Than to be that day in greenwood slade 
To meet with Little John's arrowe. 

In England we have the del la Slades of the Hundred Rolls. The word is seen in 
many compounds like Robert de Greneslade (of the greenslade) ; William de la Morslade 



112 



SlaDe 



(the moorland slade) ; Richard de Wytslade (the whiteslade) ; Michael de Ocslade (the 
oakslade). Sladen, that is sladeden, implies a woodland hollow. The name Slade in this 
country has sometimes been written Slead or Sleed. During the period which has 
witnessed the growth and development of the city of Fall River as an industrial center, 
the name Slade has been prominently identified with its affairs. 
The following is the heraldic description of the Slade arms : 

Arms — Per fesse argent and sable a pale counterchanged, and three horses' heads erased, two and 
one, of the second, a chief ermine. Thereon two bombs fired proper. 

Crest — On a mount vert a horse's head erased sable, encircled with a chain in form of an arch, gold. 
Motto — Fidus ct audax. (Faithful and bold). 

The Slade coat-of-arms as it was originally registered during the time of Queen 
Elizabeth was : 

Arms — Argent, three horses' heads sable, a chief gules. 
Crest — A horse's head, erased sable. 

(I) WILLIAM SLADE, founder of the family in this country, is said to have been 
born in Wales, and was the son of Edward Slade. The family appears to have been 
but temporarily located in Wales, as it was long identified with Somersetshire, England. 
William Slade appears at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1659, when he was admitted a 
freeman of the colony, and became an early settler in the Shawomet purchase, included 
in that part of Swansea, Massachusetts, which became the town of Somerset in 1690. 
As early as 1680, when the first record of the town begins, Mr. Slade was a resident of 
Swansea, and the meetings of the proprietors were held at his house after their discon- 
tinuance at Plymouth, in 1677. He was a large landholder, his domain including the 
ferry across Taunton river, which has ever been known as Slade's Ferry, and this ferry 
remained in possession of the family until the river was bridged in 1876, at which time 
it was operated by William Lawton and Jonathan Slade. William Slade married Sarah, 
daughter of Rev. Obadiah Holmes, of Rehoboth. The Holmes coat-of-arms is as follows : 



gold. 



Arms — Barry wavy of six or and azure on a canton gules a lion passant of the first. 

Crest — Out of a naval crown or, a dexter arm embowed in armor, holding a trident proper, spear 

Motto — Justum et Tenacem propositi. 



Children of William and Sarah (Holmes) Slade: 



1. Mary, born May, 1689. 

2. William, born in 1692. 

3. Edward, mentioned below. 

4. Elizabeth, born December 2, 1695. 

5. Hannah, born July 15, 1697. 

6. Martha, born February 27, 1699 



7. Sarah. 

8. Phebe, born September 25, 1701. 

9. Jonathan, born August 3, 1703, died aged 
about eighteen. 

10. Lydia, born October 8, 1706. 



(II) EDWARD SLADE, son of William and Sarah (Holmes) Slade, was born in 
Swansea, Massachusetts, June 14, 1694. He was a member of the Society of Friends. 
He married (first) in 1717, Elizabeth Anthony, who bore him one son, William, born 
September 25, 1718. He married (second) December 6, 1720, Phebe, daughter of Samuel 
and Sarah (Sherman) Chase. He married (third) Deborah Buffum. The children of 
second marriage were : 



2. Samuel, mentioned below. 

3. Elizabeth, born April 29, 1723. 



4. Joseph, born November 16, 1724. 




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Children of third marriage : 

5. Edward, born November 11, 1728. 7. Phebe, born July 4, 1737. 

6. Philip, born April 19, 1730. 8. Mercy, born in 1744. 

(Ill) SAMUEL SLADE, son of Edward and Phebe (Chase) Slade, was born Novem- 
ber 26, 1721, in Swansea, where he lived and received from his uncle, Captain Jonathan 
Slade (who died without issue), the ferry previously alluded to as Slade's Ferry. Beside 
conducting the ferry he also engaged in agriculture and blacksmithing. He married 
Mercy, daughter of Jonathan and Mercy Buffum, born July 3, 1723, in Salem, Massa- 
chusetts, died November 18, 1797, in Swansea. Children, all born in Swansea: 



1. Jonathan, mentioned below. 

2. Robert, born October 7, 1746. 

3. Henry, born August 20, 1748. 

4. Edward, born September 27, 1749. 

5. Samuel, born January 20, 1753. 



6. Caleb, born June 24, 1755. 

7. Buffum, born May 31, 1757. 

8. William, born October 18, 1759. 

9. Benjamin, born March 14, 1762. 



(IV) JONATHAN SLADE, son of Samuel and Mercy (Buffum) Slade, was born 
August 13, 1744, in Swansea, where he passed his life, and died November 16, 181 1. He 
married Mary, daughter of Daniel and Mary Chase, born 15th of the 12th month, 1746, 
in Swansea, died there September 7, 1814. Children: 



1. Jonathan, born 10th of 2nd month, 1768, died 
8th of 1 2th month, 1797. v 

2. Mercy, born 31st of 6th month, 1770. 

3. Mary, born 15th of 4th month, 1772. 

4. Anna, born 20th of 1st month, 1775, died 19th 
of 5th month, 1805. 

5. Patience, born 5th of 5th month, 1777, died 
26th of 10th month, 1798. 



6. William, mentioned below. 

7. Nathan, born 10th of 2nd month, 1783. 

8. Phebe, born 15th of 5th month, 1785. 

9. Hannah, born 18th of 1st month, 1788, died 
23rd of 5th month, 1805. 

10. Lydia, born 3rd of 4th month, 1791, died 26th 
of 10th month, 1804. 



(V) WILLIAM (2) SLADE, son of Jonathan and Mary (Chase) Slade, was born June 
4, 1780, in Swansea, and resided in that part of the town which became Somerset, where all 
his children were born, and died September 7, 1852. He was an influential and active citi- 
zen of the community, and filled many offices of trust and responsibility. In 1826 he began 
the operation of a horse boat at the ferry, and in 1846 adopted steam as a motive power. In 
1812 he was one of the purchasers of the land upon which was built the Pocasset Com- 
pany's mill, one of the first two mills in what was then the town of Troy, now the city of 
Fall River. These mills were the subsequent pioneers in the cloth-making industry, estab- 
lished in 1813. Mr. Slade was one of the original stockholders in the Fall River Manufac- 
tory, and in 1822 was one of the eight corporators of the Pocasset Manufacturing Com- 
pany, which gave great impetus to the cotton manufacturing industry of Fall River. He 
was also an original proprietor of the Watuppa Manufacturing Company. He married 
Phebe, daughter of William and Abigail Lawton, born August 21, 1781, in Newport. 
Rhode Island, died March 18, 1874, in her ninety-third year. Children, all born in Somerset : 



1. Abigail L., born January 22, 1809. 

2. Lydia Ann, September 17, 1811. 

3. Amanda, December 2, 1813. 

4. Jonathan, September 23, 1815. 



5. William Lawton, mentioned below. 

6. David, September 4, 1819. 

7. Mary, September 30, 1821. 



Lawton Arms — Argent on a fesse between three crosses crosslet fitchee sable as many cinquefoils of 
the field. 

Crest — A demi-wolf salient reguardant argent, vulned in the breast gules. 
Motto — Liberte toute entiere (Liberty unfettered). 

(VI) HON. WILLIAM LAWTON SLADE, son of William (2) and Phebe (Law- 
ton) Slade, was born September 6, 181 7, in Somerset, and was reared upon the homestead 
farm, attending the common schools of the section, and later the Friends' School at 
Providence. He continued to operate the ferry, and was an extensive farmer, acquiring 



ii4 ^laOe 

in his lifetime several fine farms. In 1871 he purchased the ferry property of the 
Brightmans, lying on the east side of Taunton river, and in company with his brother, 
Jonathan Slade, was the last to operate the ferry which had been in the family more than 
two centuries, and was discontinued on the construction of the bridge in 1876. 

He early became interested in the manufacturing concerns at Fall River, and was a 
member of the first board of directors and later president of the Montaup Mills Company, 
organized in 1871, for the manufacture of duck and cotton bags, then a new industry in Fall 
River. He was one of the promoters in 1871 of the Slade Mill, the first of the group of fac- 
tories erected in the southern district of the city, built on a Slade farm, of which he was 
director and president. He was also a member of the board of directors of the Stafford 
Mills, and held stock in several other manufacturing industries of Fall River. In i860 
he was made a director of what subsequently became the Fall River National Bank. 

For many years he served as a selectman of the town of Somerset, his long continu- 
ance in this office testifying to his efficiency. In 1859 and again in 1864 he represented the 
town of Somerset in the General Assembly of the State, was a member of the committee 
on agriculture during his first term, and on public charitable institutions in his second, and 
was a member of the committee of arrangements for the burial of Senator Charles Sum- 
ner. In 1863 he was a member of the Massachusetts Senate, in which he served as a mem- 
ber of the committee on agriculture. His political affiliations were with the Republican 
party, but he was never an officeseeker, and accepted public service as a part of his duty as 
a good citizen. He was often called upon to engage in the settlement of estates and served 
as a commissioner for that purpose. In him the cause of temperance ever found a staunch 
and energetic supporter. He was a lifelong member of the Society of Friends. 

He died July 29, 1895, an d two days later the board of directors of the Slade Mill 
testified to his character and services in the following resolution, which was entered 
upon their records : 

William Lawton Slade was one of the originators of this company, and has been its president 
since the date of its incorporation in 1871. He has always identified himself with its interests, and 
its welfare has been his constant care. He gave freely of his time and thought to the business of 
the corporation. Every subject presented to his attention received from him calm consideration and 
mature deliberation, and his judgment was universally respected. He was broad in his views, far-seeing 
in his suggestions and looked not alone to the present, but to the future. He was a man of noble pres- 
ence, high character, sound judgment and unswerving integrity. He was pleasant in his manner, and 
was universally esteemed and respected. 

This corporation has lost in him a firm friend, a wise counsellor and a sagacious adviser, and its 
directors, each and every one, feel a keen sense of personal bereavement. 

It is resolved that we attend his funeral in a body and that copies of this record be furnished to 
his family and for publication. Henry S. Fenner, Clerk. 

Mr. Slade married, October 5, 1842, Mary Sherman, daughter of Asa and Elizabeth 
(Mitchell) Sherman, of Portsmouth, Rhode Island. (See Sherman V). She was born 
September 16, 181 5, in Portsmouth, and died March 29, 1900, in Somerset, Massachusetts. 
Children: 

1. Caroline Elizabeth, mentioned below. beth; of these, Mary and Elizabeth died in 

2. Abigail L., born March 15, 1848; married young womanhood, and Alice is the wife 
James T. Milne; died November 5, 1872. of Preston C. West, and resides in Saskat- 

3. Mary, born July 12, 1852, died August 15, chewan, Canada. 

1877; married Velona W. Haughwout, and 4. Sarah Sherman, died young, 

left three children: Mary, Alice and Eliza- 5. Anna Mitchell, died young. 

(VII) CAROLINE ELIZABETH SLADE, eldest child of William Lawton and 
Mary (Sherman) Slade, was born January 3, 1846, in Somerset, and became the wife of 
Hezekiah Anthony Brayton, of Fall River. (See Brayton VII). 




ARMORIAL_ENSIGN OF 



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Ioannis Sherman, generosi, Gvilielmi filiieivs. 

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VtTVMYLO. MERITIb, SANGYINE, L.AYDE. PARES. 
HlC PATER, HIC NATVS^. NEPOS^.PROPAGINE, CLARA 

SHERMANNI, OTTRAO. NOMINA' CHAR A SOLO. 
SaNCTA DEI CVL.TV, CVRA2, CELEBRIA EGENVMt 

2.VE1S P1A 3VBSIDIJ HFC MVNERA IN S.VA DAB ANT. 
2.VIUBET OCTO ANNOS DF.CIES PROPE VIXIT, AT AVLA 

ViVIT IAM A.TEKNA. SPIRITVS ORBE DECVS. 
Hfc VNA XX VDTO, RECVBANT; VNA VNDE RESVRCANT, 

AC VNA A CHR15TO LAVREA PARTA BEET. 



German 115 

SHERMAN. 

The following - is an heraldic description of the coat-of-arms of the Shermans of 
Yaxley, County Suffolk. Given under Henry VII. to Thomas Sherman: 

Arms — Or, a lion rampant, sable, between three oak leaves vert. » 

Crest — A sea lion, sejant, sable, charged on the shoulder with three bezants, two and one. 
Motto — Mortem vince virtute. 

Of the London Shermans, descendants of the Yaxley house : 

Arms — Same arms. An annulet for difference. 

Crest — A sea lion, sejant, per pale, or and argent, guttee-de-poix, finned, of the first, gold, on the 
shoulder a crescent for difference. 

Of Ipswich, County Suffolk ; brother of Thomas Sherman, of Yaxley : 

Arms — Azure, a pelican or, vulning her breast proper. 

Crest — A sea lion, sejant, per pale, or and argent, guttee-de-poix, finned, gold. 

The surname of Sherman in England is of German origin, and at the present time 
in Germany and adjacent countries the name is found spelled Schurman, Schearman, 
Scherman. It is derived from the occupation of some progenitor, who was a dresser or 
shearer of cloth. The family bore the Suffolk coat-of-arms, and probably lived in the 
county of Suffolk originally, whence they removed to Essex in the fifteenth century. 
The name is found in England as early as 1420, and through wills and other documents 
is traced as follows : 

(I) THOMAS SHERMAN, Gentleman, was born about 1420, and resided at Diss 
and Yaxley, England, dying in 1493. He had a wife Agnes, and a son, John. 

(II) JOHN SHERMAN, a gentleman, of Yaxley, born about 1450, died November, 
1504. He married Agnes, daughter of Thomas Fullen. They had a son, Thomas. 

(III) THOMAS (2) SHERMAN, son of John and Agnes (Fullen) Sherman, was 
born about 1480, and died in November, 1551. He resided at Diss, on the river Waveney, 
between the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. His will mentions property including the 
manors of Royden and Royden Tuft, with appurtenances, at Royden and Bessingham, 
and other properties in Norfolk and Suffolk. His wife, Jane, who was probably not his 
first, was a daughter of John Waller, of Wortham, Suffolk. Children : 

1. Thomas. 6. Anthony. 

2. Richard. 7. Francis. 

3. John. 8. Bartholomew. 

4. Henry. 9. James. 

5. William. 

(IV) HENRY SHERMAN, son of Thomas (2) and Jane (Waller) Sherman, was 
born about 1530, in Yaxley, and is mentioned in his father's will. His will, made Janu- 
ary 20, 1589, proved July 25, 1590, was made at Colchester, where he lived. His first 
wife, Agnes (Butler) Sherman, was buried October 14, 1580. He married (second) 
Margery Wilson, a widow. Children : 

1. Henry, mentioned below. Edmund died in 1641. 

2. Edmund, married Anna Clere, died 1601 ; his 3, Dr. Robert, of London. 

son Edmund was father of Rev. John Sher- 4. Judith, married Nicholas Fynce. 

man, of New Haven, Connecticut, where 5. John, died without issue. 



u6 



German 



(V) HENRY (2) SHERMAN, son of Henry (1) Sherman, was born about 1555, in 
Colchester, and resided in Dedham, County Essex, where he made his will August 21, 
proved September 8, 1610. He married Susan Hills, whose will was made ten days after 
his, and proved in the following month. Six of the sons mentioned below were living 
when the father died. Children: 



1. Henry, born 1571, died in 1642. 

2. Samuel, mentioned below. 

3. Susan, born in 1575. 

4. Edmond or Edward, born about 1577. 

5. Nathaniel, born 1580, died young. 

6. Nathaniel, born 1582. 



7. Elizabeth, born about 1587. 

8. Ezekiel, born July 25, 1589. 

9. Mary, born July 27, 1592. 

10. Daniel, died in 1634. 

11. Anne, married Thomas Wilson. 

12. Phebe, married Simeon Fenn. 



(VI) SAMUEL SHERMAN, son of Henry (2) and Susan (Hills) Sherman, was 
born 1573, and died in Dedham, in 1615. He married Philippa Ward. 



THE FAMILY IN AMERICA. 

(I) PHILIP SHERMAN, immigrant ancestor and progenitor of the American 
branch of the Shermans, was the seventh child of Samuel and Philippa (Ward) Sher- 
man, and was born February 5, 1610, in Dedham, England. He died in March, 1687, in 
Portsmouth, Rhode Island. He came to America when twenty-three years old, and 
settled at Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he was made freeman, May 14, 1634, standing 
next on the list after Governor Haynes. In 1635 he returned to England, remaining for 
a short time, but was again in Roxbury, November 20, 1637, when he and others were 
warned to give up all arms because "the opinions and revelations of Mr. Wheelwright 
and Mrs. Hutchinson have seduced and led into dangerous errors many of the people 
here in New England." The church record says he was brought over to "Familism" by 
Porter, his wife's stepfather. 

In 1636 he was one of the purchasers of the island of Aquidneck, now Rhode Island, 
and on the formation of a government in 1639 became secretary under Governor William 
Coddington. The Massachusetts authorities evidently believed he was still under their 
jurisdiction for, on March 12, 1638, though he had summons to appear at the next court 
"if they had not yet gone to answer such things as shall be objected," he did not answer 
this summons, but continued to be a prominent figure in Rhode Island affairs. He con- 
tinued to serve in public office, and was made freeman March 16, 1641, was general 
recorder 1648 to 1652, and deputy from 1665 to 1667. He was among the sixteen persons 
who were requested, on April 4, 1676, to be present at the next meeting of the deputies 
to give advice and help in regard to the Narragansett campaign. He was public-spirited 
and enterprising. After his removal to Rhode Island he left the Congregational church 
and became a member of the Society of Friends. Tradition affirms that he was "a devout 
but determined man." The early records prepared by him still remain in Portsmouth, 
and show him to have been a very neat and expert penman, as well as an educated man. 
His will shows that he was wealthy for the times. In 1634 he married Sarah Odding, 
stepdaughter of John Porter, of Roxbury, and his wife Margaret, who was a Widow 
Odding at the time of her marriage to Porter. Philip Sherman's children : 



1. Eber, born 1634, lived in Kingstown, Rhode 
Island, died in 1706. 

2. Sarah, born in 1636, married Thomas Mum- 
ford. 

3. Peleg, born 1638, died 1719, in Kingstown, 
Rhode Island. 

4. Mary, born 1639, died young. 

5. Edmond, born 1641; lived in Portsmouth 
and Dartmouth; died in 1719. 

6. Samson, mentioned below. 

7. William, born 1643, died young. 



8. John, born 1644; a farmer and blacksmith in 
what is now South Dartmouth; died April 

16, I734- 

9. Mary, born 1645, married Samuel Wilbur. 

10. Hannah, born 1647, married William Chase. 

11. Samuel, born 1648; lived in Portsmouth, 
died October 9, 1717. 

12. Benjamin, born 1650; lived in Portsmouth. 

13. Philippa, born October 1, 1652; married 
Benjamin Chase. 



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(II) SAMSON SHERMAN, son of Philip and Sarah (Odding) Sherman, was born 
1642, in Portsmouth, where he passed his life, and died June 27, 1718. He married, 
March 4, 1675, Isabel Tripp, born 165 1, daughter of John and Mary (Paine) Tripp, died 
1716. Children: 



1. Philip, born January 16, 1676. 

2. Sarah, September 4, 1677. 

3. Alice, January 12, 1680. 

4. Samson, January 28, 1682. 



5. Abiel, October 15, 1684. 

6. Isabel, 1686. 

7. Job, mentioned below. 



(Ill) JOB SHERMAN, son of Samson and Isabel (Tripp) Sherman, was born 
November 8, 1687, in Portsmouth, and died November 16, 1747, in Portsmouth. He mar- 
ried (first) December 23, 1714, Bridget Gardiner, of Kingstown, and (second) in 1732, 
Amie Spencer, of East Greenwich, Rhode Island. Children of first marriage : 



1. Philip, born October 12, 1715. 

2. Israel, born October 31, 1717. 

3. Mary, born January 16, 1719. 

4. Job, born May 2, 1722. 

Children of second marriage : 

9. Amie, born May 27, 1734. 

10. Benjamin, born September 14, 1735. 

11. Samson, mentioned below. 

12. Martha, born November 28, 1738. 



5. Bridget, born May 7, 1724. 

6. Sarah, born October 29, 1726. 

7. Alice, born April 25, 1728. 

8. Mary, born October 13, 1730. 



13. Walter, born August 20, 1740. 

14. Dorcas, born November 2, 1742. 

15. Abigail, born September 10, 1744. 



(IV) SAMSON (2) SHERMAN, son of Job and Amie (Spencer) Sherman, was 
born July 23, 1737, in Portsmouth, where he spent his life, engaged in agriculture, and 
died January 24, 1801. He married, December 9, 1761, Ruth, daughter of David and 
Jemima (Tallman) Fish, of Portsmouth. Children: 



1. Walter, born April 4, 1763; married Re- 
becca Anthony, of Portsmouth. 

2. Amy, born January 6, 1764; married Daniel 
Anthony, of Portsmouth. 

3. Job, born January 21, 1766; married Alice 
Anthony. 

4. Susanna, born October 19, 1767; married 
Peleg Almy, of Portsmouth. 

5. Hannah, born January 27, 1769; married 
Jonathan Dennis, of Portsmouth. 

6. Anne, born November 19, 1770; married 



Nathan Chase, of Portsmouth. 

7. David, born June, 1772; married Waite 
Sherman, of Portsmouth. 

8. Ruth, born October 21, 1773, died in infancy. 

9. Ruth, born February 20, 1778; married Oba- 
diah Davis, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. 

10. Asa, mentioned below. 

11. Abigail, born April 2, 1782; married Abram 
David, of Fair Haven, Massachusetts. 

12. Mary, born November 18, 1783: married 
David Shove, of Berkley, Massachusetts. 



(V) ASA SHERMAN, son of Samson (2) and Ruth (Fish) Sherman, was born 
December 22, 1779, in Portsmouth, and died at Fall River, December 29, 1863. His 
remains were interred in the Friends' Cemetery at Portsmouth. He was a birthright 
member of the Friends, was a farmer and landowner in Portsmouth. He married, at 
the Friends' Meeting in Newport, November II, 1805, Elizabeth Mitchell, born October 
17, 1782. in Middletown, Rhode Island, daughter of Richard and Joanna (Lawton) 
Mitchell. (See Mitchell IV). Children: 



1. Ruth, born November 21, 1806. 

2. Joanna, born July 30, 1808, died at Fall 
River, September 9, 1863. 

3. Sarah, born February 30, 1810; married, No- 
vember 20, 1839, Abner Slade, of Swansea, 
Massachusetts. 

4. Amy, born September 16, 181 1; married, 
October 21, 1839, Mark Anthony, of Taun- 



ton, Massachusetts. 

5. Richard Mitchell, born September 16, 1813. 

6. Mary, mentioned below. 

7. Asa, born December 23, 1817. 

8. Daniel, born June 25, 1820. 

9. William, bom April 9, 1823. 

10. Annie, born July 17, 1826, died at Fall River, 
January 15, 1849. 



(VI) MARY SHERMAN, fifth daughter of Asa and Elizabeth (Mitchell) Sher- 
man, was born September 16, 1815, in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. She married, October 
5, 1842, Hon. William Lawton Slade, of Somerset. (See Slade VI). 



1 1 8 %bc r ma n «ap i tcije 1 1 

(VII) CAROLINE ELIZABETH SLADE, daughter of Hon. William Lawton 
and Mary (Sherman) Slade, married March 25, 1868, Hezekiah Anthony Brayton, of 
Fall River. (See Brayton VII). 

MITCHELL. 

Mitchell Arms — Sable, a fess wavy between three mascles or. 
Crest — A phoenix in flames proper. 
Motto — Spernit humum. 

(I) RICHARD MITCHELL, the ancestor of a New England family, was a native 
of Bricktown, in the Isle of Wight, Great Britain, where he was born in 1686. There 
he learned the trade of tailor, and on attaining his majority decided to go into business 
for himself in his native place. He visited London, there to obtain the necessary 
materials, and while there was seized by a press gang and taken on board a man-of-war. 
Tailors were not then exempted, as were other mechanics, from impressment. The 
vessel on which he sailed spent some time at Newport, Rhode Island, and here Richard 
Mitchell found opportunity to escape. He made a suit of clothes for the Governor's 
son, which so pleased the latter that he secreted him and kept him in concealment until 
after the vessel had sailed. He continued to reside in Newport, and became a member 
of the Society of Friends, later taking a prominent part in the life of the community. 

He married, in 1708, Elizabeth Tripp, of Dartmouth, Massachusetts, born in 1685, 
daughter of James and Mercy (Lawton) Tripp, granddaughter of James and Mary 
(Paine) Tripp, and also of George and Elizabeth (Hazard) Lawton, great-grand- 
daughter of Thomas Hazard, the founder of a noted family in Rhode Island. Richard 
Mitchell died September 24, 1722, at the age of thirty-six years, and his widow married 
(second) April 18, 1734, William Wood ; she died February 13, 1740. Children of Richard 
and Elizabeth (Tripp) Mitchell : 

1. Elizabeth, born July 13, 1709; married, De- 3. James, mentioned below. 

cember 8, 1726, Jabez Carpenter. 4. Richard, born September 5, 1719; settled 

2. Mary, born October 17, 1712; married, May in Nantucket, Massachusetts. 

18, 1732, Caleb Coggeshall. 5. Joseph, born November 25, 1720. 

(II) JAMES MITCHELL, first son of Richard and Elizabeth (Tripp) Mitchell, 
was born April 20, 1715, in Newport, Rhode Island. He was a member of the Society 
of Friends, in which he was an elder, and died October 5, 1799. He lived for a time 
at Nantucket, Massachusetts, where he married Anna Folger, who was a daughter of 
Jethro and Mary Folger, of Nantucket. He moved later to Middletown, Rhode Island, 
near the Portsmouth line, and there continued to make his home until his death. 
Children: 

1. Mary, born November 10, 1739; married 4. Hepsabeth, born March 14, 1750; married 
Mathew Barker, of Newport. (first) Peter Chase; (second) David Buf- 

2. James, born August 31, 1743; married Eliz- fum. 

abeth Anthony. 5. Richard, mentioned below. 

3. Elizabeth, born July 9, 1746; married Giles 
Hoosier. 

(III) RICHARD (2) MITCHELL, son of James and Anna (Folger) Mitchell, was 
born November 25, 1754, in Middletown, Rhode Island, and lived in that town, near 
what is known as Mitchell's Lane, where he died October 26, 1833, and where he is 
buried. He married, November 6, 1776, Joanna Lawton, a native of Portsmouth, 
daughter of John and Sarah Lawton, who died August 6, 1830. Children: 





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1. Jethro Folger, born March 14, 1778; mar- 5. Peter, born July 3, 1784; married Mary 
ried Anne Gould. Wales. 

2. Isaac, born August 21, 1779; married Sarah 6. Sarah, born May 19, 1787. 

Gould. 7. Joanna, born December 3, 1788; married 

3. John, born January 15, 1781; married Kath- David Rodman. 

erine Gould. 8. Ann, born August 6, 1791. 

4. Elizabeth, mentioned below. 9. Richard, born February 20, 1793. 

(IV) ELIZABETH MITCHELL, eldest daughter of Richard (2) and Joanna 
(Lawton) Mitchell, was born October 17, 1782, in Middletown, Rhode Island, and became 
the wife of Asa Sherman, of Portsmouth, Rhode Island. (See Sherman V). 

PROMINENT PERSONS OF THE MITCHELL FAMILY. 

Sir Andrew Mitchell, Vice-Admiral of the British fleet that forced the entrance to 
Texel Island, Holland, in the war against the French and Dutch, in 1794. He captured 
the Dutch fleet, helping to establish the naval supremacy of Great Britain. 

Sir Charles H. B. Mitchell, High Commissioner of the State of Perak, one of the 
Malay States, and was directly responsible for the first meeting between the native chiefs 
and the British residents for the purpose of friendly discussion, in 1897. 

James Mitchell, Scotchman, who perfected an ingenious amplification of the Maelzel 
metronome. 

John Mitchell, who perfected and manufactured the first machine that made steel 
pens. 

J. A. Mitchell, one of the founders and the first editor of the weekly magazine, 
"Life." 

J. C. Mitchell, one of the most famous of the early racquet players. 

J. K. Mitchell, one of the pioneers of the liquid gas field. He first froze sulphurous 
acid gas to a solid. 

Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, member of the Zoological Society of London ; a recog- 
nized authority in the study of mammalia. 

R. A. H. Mitchell, Eton, Oxford, Hants. Prominent Britainer and the greatest 
cricket player of all times. 

W. M. Mitchell, well known astronomer, specializing in the study of the sun. 

Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchell, of the Long Island branch. United States Senator 
and author, who urged the adoption of Fredonia as the proper name for this country in 
his "Address to the Fredes or People of the United States." 

Stephen Mitchell, a tobacco manufacturer of international repute; founded the 
second largest library in Scotland. 

THE MITCHELLS IN AMERICA. 

There are many branches of this family scattered throughout the United States, 
founded in early Colonial days by the several representatives of the house who came 
from England and Scotland, and settled principally in the New England States. The 
descendants were numerous, and migrated from one part of the country to another as 
new regions were opened. Almost invariably, however, members of the various branches 
are to be found within a short distance of the original location of the progenitor. 

The Mitchells of Roanoke county, Virginia, offer a good example of this rule. 
Founded in the early part of the seventeenth century, the descendants continue to live 
on and in the vicinity of the old family estate, while other members are found throughout 
the South. They are related by marriage to the family of Colonel Zachary Lewis, whose 
father was a messmate of Washington during the war with the French. They are con- 



i2o Qiitc&dl 

nected in the same degree with the Thomas and Graham families, the latter that of a 
governor of North Carolina, William Graham. 

The Pennsylvania family was founded by the descendants of William Mitchell and 
wife Elizabeth, who emigrated from Yorkshire county, England, and settled in Bermuda. 
Offsprings of this branch also settled in Baltimore. Another branch of York county, 
Pennsylvania, claims George Mitchell, born in Scotland in 1734, as progenitor. 

The Long Island family, of ancient origin, has furnished many famous public men, 
as have the Nantucket stock, of which Professor Maria Mitchell and her brother Henry 
were descended. The Connecticut Mitchells claim kin with Rebecca Motte, of Revolu- 
tionary fame ; with Governor Saltonstall, and Governor Dudley, of Massachusetts ; also 
with the Gardiners of Gardiner's Island. 

One western branch of the family claim "Honest John Hart" as an ancestor. He 
was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, from New Jersey. James 
Mitchell, a Scotch settler from Glasgow in 1730, founded the family which produced 
among other well known men, Stephen Mitchell, his son, who was one of the settlers of 
Wethersfield, Connecticut, and a member of the first Congress at Philadelphia. He was 
also Chief Justice of Connecticut. Donald Mitchell, best known as "Ike Marvel," the 
essayist, was of the third generation in America. Stephen Mitchell had six sons, all 
college graduates. Matthew Mitchell was the progenitor of another family in Con- 
necticut. He was a passenger on the "James" in 1635, together with his wife and child, 
and settled in Connecticut, near Wethersfield, of which place he became town clerk in 
1639. He was a representative at court from Saybrook ; he took an active part in the 
Pequot War, and removed to Hempstead, Long Island, in 1643. The town of Hingham, 
Massachusetts, was probably named by Edward Mitchell, a passenger, in 1638, on the 
"Diligent," from Hingham, England. 

Experience Mitchell, who lived at Plymouth, Duxbury and Bridgewater, Massa- 
chusetts, came from England on the "Ann," in 1623. He married Jane the daughter of 
Francis Cook, who was one of the "Mayflower" Pilgrims. 

Many of the famous men of the Revolution were members of the Mitchell family. 
They include: Major Abiel and Colonel Mitchell, from Massachusetts; Captain Alex- 
ander Mitchell, from New Jersey ; Nathaniel Mitchell, captain of a battalion of the 
Flying Camp, from Delaware ; Captain Joseph Mitchell, from Virginia ; Captain James 
and Major Ephraim Mitchell, of South Carolina, and Lieutenant John Mitchell, of 
Georgia. 

MISS MARIA MITCHELL. 

The most prominent member of the Nantucket family of that name, descendant of 
old Quaker stock, Maria Mitchell, was born August 1, 1818, the daughter of William 
Mitchell. Her father (1791-1869) was a school teacher and a self-taught astronomer, 
who rated chronometers for Nantucket whalers. He was well known in the New 
England States as a learned man, and held the position of overseer of Harvard Univer- 
sity from 1857 to 1865, with all the prestige attached to such an office. For a time he 
was in the employ of the United States Coast Survey, and did some excellent work in 
that department. 

Miss Maria Mitchell had as early as 1831 (during the annual eclipse of the sun) 
been her father's assistant, and the progress she made under his tutorage, together with 
the certain genius she possessed in the science, may be visualized from the fact that 
sixteen years later, on October 1, 1847, sne discovered a telescopic comet, seen by De 
Vico on October 3, by W. R. Dawes, October 7, and by Madame Rumker, October n. 
For this discovery, outstripping as she did the famous astronomers of the world, she 




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TH?: NANTUCKET MITCHELL HOMESTEAD 



Opitcfjell 121 

received a gold medal with the congratulations of the King of Denmark, and was elected 
in 1848 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, being the first woman member 
of this organization. In 1850, as a further recognition of her excellent work, she was 
elected a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 

She removed from Nantucket to Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1861, setting up in the 
latter city the great equatorial telescope which had been presented to her by popular 
subscription by the women of America. Here she lived and studied until late in the 
year 1865, when she was chosen professor of astronomy and director of the Observatory 
at Vassar College. She continued actively in this position until 1888, when she became 
professor emeritus. For many years she had specialized in the study of Jupiter and 
Saturn, and in 1874 she began to make photographs of the sun. She died at Lynn, 
Massachusetts, June 28, 1889. 

Henry Mitchell, her brother, was a famous hydrographer. He was born in the 
year 1830, and died in 1902. 

Adjoining the Maria Mitchell homestead, which is still carefully preserved, stands 
a memorial astronomical observatory and library erected in Miss Mitchell's honor by 
popular subscription in 1908. In it are kept the excellent collections and records which 
she and her brother made during the years of patient research in the fields of their chosen 
sciences. 




Ter-2— 2 



fcott 




Arms — Argent, a double-headed eagle displayed sable. 
Crest — A talbot's head couped. 

>HE surname Lott is of that large class of surnames which had their 
origin in Biblical names. It is of baptismal origin, and signifies liter- 
ally "the son of Lott." The authority, Charles Wareing Bardsley, 
M. A., says on the subject in his "Dictionary of English and Welsh 
Surnames" : "All my instances are from the southeastern counties. 
* * * As Abraham was common, it seems natural that Lot should 
be the same. The story, as an attractive one, would be familiar to the 
peasantry. The leading personages of the Old Testament as well as the New were 
utilized at the font." 

The family in America dates from the earliest decades of the period of colonial 
emigration. In New England, especially in the Colonies of Massachusetts and Connec- 
ticut, and in New York, it has been prominent and influential from the earliest times. 
Scions of these branches of the English house have played notable parts in American 
colonial life, and have been conspicuous figures in our latter growth and development. 
The name of Lott is an honored one, and carries a large prestige among families of 
early date. 

Among the rugged pioneers who dared to face the unexplored country of the 
Mohawk Valley in the State of New York, to spread the civilization of the already far 
advanced eastern coast, was the founder of the New York State branch of the Lott 
family, whose descendants in later generations made their home in the thriving city of 
Fulton and in the surrounding countryside. 

HARRY LIVINGSTON LOTT, a member of this branch of the family, was born 
in Fulton, New York, May 29, 1839, the son of William and Elizabeth (Thayer) Lott. 
His mother, a member of the old colonial Thayer family, was the descendant of a long 
line of honorable and upright men who had left the mark of their lives on the history 
of communities in which they had lived. 

Young Lott passed his childhood in Fulton, where he attended the elementary and 
secondary schools. Of a mechanical turn of mind, he was deeply interested in drafts- 
manship from his earliest years, and on completing his schooling apprenticed himself 
to learn the trade of draftsman and machinist. He made very rapid progress, through 
careful application to his work, and, through a certain native genius, he became an expert. 
While still in his teens he left Fulton, and made his way north into Canada, where he 
established himself in his trade and remained for a short period. In 1864 he decided to 
return to the United States. In the latter years he settled in Waterbury, Connecticut, 
which remained his home until his death. He entered actively into many departments 
of the city's life, and within a short period became a well known figure in many circles. 
Mr. Lott became a member of the Volunteer Fire Department, Company No. 1, and 
was prominent in this organization until the time of his removal to Bridgeport, Con- 
necticut. His business connections as a draftsman and machinist were many and varied. 
His genius was of a versatile and restless type, and as his services were always in 
demand, he applied himself to many different lines of work, all with equal success, during 
the comparatively short period of his business career. He was highly esteemed in the 




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Hott«IRo&!n0on 123 

large establishments with which he was connected, and was recognized as a man of fine 
ability and large inventive powers. 

In 1870 he left Waterbury, and removed with his family to Bridgeport, Connecticut, 
where he became connected with the Bridgeport Brass Company, and later with the 
Home Sewing Machine Company. In the latter concern he served in the needle depart- 
ment, and held an important post in this capacity until his untimely death. 

Honesty, sincerity of purpose, breadth of view, and the true friendliness of the 
democratic man, characterized him throughout his entire life, and made him loved by 
scores of friends, and honored and respected by the men who were his associates in busi- 
ness life. His faithfulness to the interests of his employers was no less great than his 
faithfulness to the rights of the men who worked under him, in whom he developed their 
best abilities, and many of whom owed their initial impetus in business life to his advice 
and kindly aid. Beyond his work and his home, he had few interests. His home, how- 
ever, was the centre of a warm and cheering hospitality, and he drew to it all of the 
better things of the life, the worth-while interests, the lasting and essential things, that 
go to round out a worth-while life of telling influence. 

On July 17, 1865, Harry Livingston Lott married, in Waterbury, Connecticut, Rose 
A. Robinson, daughter of Edward and Maria (Baxter) Robinson, descendant of an old 
English family. (See Robinson). Mrs. Lott survives her husband, and resides in Water- 
bury. Of a quiet, home-loving nature, Mrs Lott is nevertheless deeply interested in 
charitable and philanthropic endeavors, and has been a liberal donor to many noteworthy 
and effective undertakings of this nature. Eschewing ostentation in every form, Mrs. 
Lott has made democracy and fairness the foundation stone of her philosophy of life, and 
has chosen her friends with the keen instinct of a woman who may choose from all 
ranks of life, but separates carefully the wheat from the chaff. The children of Mr. and 
Mrs. Lott were : 

1. Lena R., who married Otto Storze, of Wa- wife of Franklin L. Peck, of Waterbury, 
terbury, Connecticut; their children are: Connecticut. (See Peck.) 

i. Leon Extell. 3. Willie, who died at the age of twenty 

ii. Helen Rose. months. 

2. Henrietta J., now deceased, who became the 

Harry Livingston Lott died in 1877, at tne a g e °f thirty-nine years. 

ROBINSON. 

This surname is one of the most popular in the English language. Dating from a 
time when Robin Hood was the hero of the lower classes of the English, it has been 
one of the most frequent entries in medieval and modern registers for several hundred 
years. It is of baptismal origin, and signifies literally "the son of Robert," from the 
nickname Rob, of which the popular diminutive was Robin. The name came to be 
adopted by all classes, and we find some of the conspicuous figures in English history 
members of this family. 

Arms — Vert, a chevron between three bucks standing at gaze, or. 
Crest — A buck's head erased. 

The family has been prominent in ecclesiastical history, and in the annals of pro- 
fessional life. Among its distinguished men are the following named: Beverly Robin- 
son, soldier, and famous Royalist of the Revolutionary period; Charles Robinson, Gov- 
ernor of Kansas; Charles Seymour Robinson, clergyman and religious author; Conway 
Robinson, noted jurist; Edward Robinson, Biblical scholar, 1794-1863; Ezekiel Oilman 



124 



Hoftfnson 



Robinson, educator ; Fayette Robinson, author ; George Dexter Robinson, Governor of 
Massachusetts ; Horatio Nelson Robinson, noted mathematician ; James Sidney Robin- 
son, Major-General in the Union Army during the Civil War ; John Cleveland Robinson, 
served with distinction in the Mexican and Seminole Wars, and later held rank of Major- 
General in Civil War; John M. Robinson, United States Senator; Lucius Robinson, 
Governor of New York ; Solon Robinson, author ; Stillman Williams Robinson, civil engi- 
neer of note; William Erigena Robinson, journalist; William Stevens Robinson, jour- 
nalist. 

Early in the seventeenth century several immigrants of the name came to New Eng- 
land, and were the founders of families which from the very beginning of American 
colonial history have occupied a prominent place in American life and affairs. The 
family herein under consideration, however, had its seat for many generations in historic 
old Birmingham, England, where Edward Robinson, father of Mrs. Harry Livingston 
Lott, was born June 6, 1807. 

Mr. Robinson was educated in Birmingham, and early in life learned the trade of 
button-making. He traveled considerably throughout England, studying at first hand 
various phases of the trade, and for a time resided in London. Partly desiring to leave 
behind him the unhappy associations of London, where two of his children had died 
within a short time, and partly to avail himself of the superior business opportunities of 
America, Mr. Robinson came to the United States, settling in Middletown, Connecticut. 
Between 1837 and 1840 he removed to Waterbury, and there entered the employ of 
"Uncle Mark Leavenworth" in the manufacture of cloth buttons. Later he was employed 
by William R. Hitchcock in the same line of business, until they disagreed over political 
matters, and Mr. Robinson launched an independent venture. 

In 1852, under the firm name of Edward Robinson & Son, he began the manufacture 
of buttons in Waterbury, and continued this with a large measure of success until 1872. 
On July 1, 1872, he leased his factory to the Novelty Manufacturing Company. This 
property, located on Maple street, was later purchased by the above concern in 1890 It 
had become too small for the extensive business of Mr. Robinson, and a little before 
1870 he had built still larger quarters. Mr. Robinson was highly successful in business, 
and for many years prior to his retirement from active affairs was one of the leading 
figures in the button-making industry in the Naugatuck Valley. He amassed a consid- 
erable fortune during this period, and his estate was valued at $100,000 at the time of his 
death. He had large real estate holdings throughout the city, and was universally 
recognized as a man of fine business acumen, unimpeachable integrity and unfailing 
justice. He was highly respected in business and private life. 

Edward Robinson married in Birmingham, England, on March 3, 1827, Maria Baxter, 
who was born in Birmingham. Mrs. Robinson died in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1868, 
aged sixty-two years. Their children were : 

1. Maria Eliza, born May 2, 1828, in England. 7. Anna Jane, born March 22, 1839, in Water- 

2. Samuel, born June 6, 1830, died in 1833. bury. 

3. Martha, born and died in London, in 1832. 8. Rose A., born April 22, 1841, of whom be- 

4. Edward, born September 9, 1833, in London. low. 

5. William Napoleon, born November 28, 1835, 9- George Lampson, born January 16, 1845. 

in Middletown, Connecticut; died in 1837. 10. Fannie E., bom October 26, 1848, in Water- 

6. Horace Baxter, born September 21, 1837, bury, 
in Middletown. 

Rose A. Robinson, fourth daughter of Edward and Maria (Baxter) Robinson, 
married, on July 17, 1865, Harry Livingston Lott, of Waterbury, Connecticut, whom 
she survives. 





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Peck 125 

PECK. 

This name is of great antiquity. It is found in Belton, Yorkshire, England, at an 
early date, and from there spread not only over all England but into every civilized 
country. The surname is of local origin, and means "at the peak, or peck," i. e., at the 
hilltop, and was first assumed by men the location of whose homes could thus be 
described. It is found in records and medieval registers as early as the Hundred Rolls, 
1273. 

Arms — Argent, on a chevron engrailed, gules; three crosses formee of the field. 

Many immigrants of the name came to New England early in the seventeenth cen- 
tury, among the most notable of whom were Deacon Paul Peck, John Peck, Henry Peck, 
and Joseph Peck, who were the founders of families of large influence on the life and 
history of their times. The Pecks of New England have never relinquished the prestige 
and proud position of their early ancestors, and the family to-day is one of the foremost 
in the United States. 

From the parts of the country in which they have made their homes, the different 
families of Pecks have been distinguished as the Massachusetts Pecks, the New Hamp- 
shire Pecks, the Connecticut Pecks. The late Franklin Lockwood Peck was a member 
of the long established Waterbury branch of the Connecticut Pecks, and a descendant 
of a family conspicuous for able, level-headed and scrupulously honest business men, 
rugged, upright citizens. 

ABIJAH PECK, grandfather of the late Franklin Lockwood Peck, was a native of 
the old town of Southbury, Connecticut, where the Peck family had been established 
for many generations. His early life was that of the ordinary farmer's son of the 
period, the summer months being spent on the farm, and the winter months in the most 
times in an inadequate country school. Eking out the training of the district school by 
studies at home, he gained an excellent education. He learned the trade of blacksmith, 
and while still a youth made a trip to the nearby town of New London, with the intention 
of establishing himself in his trade. He eventually returned to Southbury, however, 
and it would seem that on taking his decision to return he found himself very low 
financially. With a resourcefulness which was an active characteristic of his entire 
life, he set about the business of providing himself with the money for his journey 
home. On the first night of his trip he put in at a farm house, where he heard the good 
wife complain of feeling ill. Mr. Peck at once offered to prescribe for her, and offered 
a couple of pills carefully compounded of bread crumbs. These properly swallowed, 
the patient declared herself much relieved, whereupon she was offered a box of the 
same kind to keep on hand. For these she willingly paid Mr. Beck his price, and they 
parted mutually satisfied. History does not mention whether the good lady was per- 
manently cured of her malady, but certain it is that Mr. Peck reached home. However, 
such is the power of faith that it is permissible to believe that she was as much bene- 
fited as he. On his return to Southbury, Mr. Peck established himself as a farmer, but 
sometime later again engaged in his trade of blacksmith, continuing the two until the 
time of his death. He was a prominent figure in the local affairs of Southbury, and 
was highly respected as a citizen, and honored as a man. 

Abijah Peck married, and was survived by twelve children, among whom was 
Cyrus Peck, who is mentioned below. 

CYRUS PECK, son of Abijah Peck, was born on the old Peck homestead in South 
bury, Connecticut, in January, 1800. He received his education in the local public 
schools, and on completing it entered upon agricultural pursuits, which he followed 



126 peck 

until the close of his life. He was a successful and prosperous farmer, and a highly- 
respected member of the community. Cyrus Peck married Fannie Treat, a member of 
the famous Treat family of New England, and a native of the town of Bridgewater, 
near New Milford, Connecticut. They were the parents of the following children: 

1. Horace B. 3. Asa, mentioned below. 

2. Sarah, who became the wife of Henry 4. Mary, who married George Carrington, and 
Mathews, of Southbury. is now deceased. 

Cyrus Peck died in 1872, at the age of seventy-two years. His widow, Fannie Treat 
Peck, survived him for many years, and died at a venerable age. 

ASA PECK, son of Cyrus and Fannie (Treat) Peck, was born on the ancestral 
homestead, in Southbury, Connecticut, May 6, 1829. He attended school up to the age 
of about fourteen years, aiding in the work of the farm during the summer months. On 
quitting school he began to study the carpenter's trade, and within a short time became an 
exceptionally able carpenter and joiner. Although handicapped slightly by his youth, 
he determined to seek the larger opportunity of the city, and with all his worldly wealth 
in a small handkerchief, made his way to Waterbury, where after casting about for 
employment he secured a position as assistant with a Mr. Rice. He proved able beyond 
the hopes of his employer, and in a period of about a year in which he gained the highly 
valuable and necessary practical experience, he established himself independently in 
business as a contracting carpenter and builder. 

Mr. Peck was highly successful in business, and rose rapidly to a position of prom- 
inence in the trade. The quality of his work was universally recognized, and at a com- 
paratively early age he was entrusted with important civil contracts. He erected the 
High School, the Cooley Hotel, and numerous structures of a public and semi-public 
nature throughout the city. Mr. Peck was a man of large initiative and fine executive 
ability, and was a just and fair employer. He was thoroughly conversant with real 
estate and property values in Waterbury, and beginning operations on a small scale, he 
gradually increased the scope of his real estate dealings until they were very extensive. 
He amassed a considerable fortune through his business and property operations, and 
ranked among the most successful men of the community. Mr. Peck was always keenly 
interested in public and political issues, and although not an aspirant to public office, 
upheld to its fullest his duty as a citizen. He was a prominent figure in the fraternal 
life of the city, and was for many years a member of the Masonic Order. In the rooms 
of the Waterbury Lodge, "the Peck Chair" is kept in his memory. His religious affilia- 
tion was with the First Congregational Church, and he was a liberal donor to its 
charities. 

On January 2, 1854, Mr. Peck married Sarah Lockwood, daughter of Deacon Charles 
Lockwood, of Norwalk, Connecticut, and a descendant of Robert Lockwood, the founder 
of the family in New England, who is first of record in 1630 in Watertown, Massachu- 
setts. He later removed to Fairfield, Connecticut, where he established the Connecticut 
branch of the family, of which Deacon Charles Lockwood, father of Mrs. Asa Peck, was 
a member. The children of Asa and Sarah (Lockwood) Peck were: 

1. Fannie, died in early youth. 3. Franklin Lockwood, mentioned below. 

2. Emma, died in early youth. 

Asa Peck died on Easter Sunday, 1902, survived but a short time by his wife, who 
died on December 25, 1903. Both were buried in the old Riverside Cemetery. 

FRANKLIN LOCKWOOD PECK, son of Asa and Sarah (Lockwood) Peck, was 
born in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was prepared for college in the public and private 




^L?^ </ &/ 



Peck 127 

schools of Waterbury, and entered college, where he made an excellent standing in his 
studies, and from which he was graduated. Upon completing his college training, he 
immediately entered upon a business career, becoming the manager of his father's 
extensive real estate interests. He also engaged independently in the business, and was 
highly successful in his investments, forging rapidly to the front, as one of the fore- 
most business men and real estate dealers in Waterbury. At the death of Mr. Peck, Sr., 
Franklin L. Peck inherited the older man's large holdings in Waterbury, which con- 
sisted largely of apartment blocks located in various parts of the city. Mr. Peck devoted 
his time thenceforward until the time of his death to the management of this estate. 

He was a man of well rounded-out life, artistic tastes and inclinations, and was very 
fond of travel. He was deeply interested in the development of Waterbury as a manu- 
facturing city, and was prominently identified with many movements for the betterment 
of civic conditions. He was a member of the First Congregational Church of Water- 
bury. Sometime prior to his death, Mr. Peck removed from his handsome home on Park 
avenue, to the Elton Hotel, where he died, January 26, 1907, from pneumonia. His 
untimely death was deeply and earnestly mourned. 

Franklin Lockwood Peck married, in 1900, Henrietta J. Lott, who was born in 
Waterbury, Connecticut, and died there May 13, 191 1, at the age of thirty-nine years. 
She was the daughter of Harry Livingston and Rose A. (Robinson) Lott. (See Lott.) 




German 




Arms — Or, a lion rampant sable between three holly leaves vert. 
Crest — A sea lion sajant guttee d'or, finned proper. 

HE New England States have acquired a well deserved reputation for 
the large number of keen, progressive men, which she has sent out in 
all directions, and William Henry Sherman, of Cambridge and Boston, 
Massachusetts, Avas a fine instance of this greatly admired class. His 
name was known in the highest circles of the business world as that of 
a man to be trusted and one with whom it was a satisfaction to transact 
business. Among the business men of the city of Boston, there are 
not many who fill the space in the community, and command the attention of the chron- 
icler of passing events, as did Mr. Sherman, who was indeed a man of more than ordinary 
merit, and the possessor in a special manner of the confidence of his fellow-men. His 
name will always be found high up on the honor roll, and he represented the highest 
ideals of citizenship. Commercial integrity meant much to him, but intellectual enlight- 
enment and civic righteousness meant much more. His influence for good was felt either 
directly or indirectly by all his fellow-men, and his life has left a lasting impress upon 
his native city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Boston, Massachusetts The death of 
Mr. Sherman, which occurred in Boston, January n, 1903, closed a career which had 
been of great usefulness to mankind, and exercised an influence for good on the manu- 
facturing and financial interests, developments and improvements of the city, which 
will long be remembered. The name of this distinguished gentleman has ever stood as 
a synonym for all that was enterprising in business, and progressive in citizenship, and 
certainly no history of the city would be complete without extended reference to him. 
He was so closely identified with the financial interests of Boston, as well as with other 
enterprises, that the vacancy left by him was an unusually large one, and one which it 
will be extremely difficult to adequately fill. Mr. Sherman illustrated in himself the 
composite character of our great American citizenship, and presented in his temperament 
and disposition the masterful, forceful, intellectual and versatile quality of our great 
race. He was in the broadest sense a man of affairs, having achieved distinction both 
as a business man and as a financier. His accurate estimate of men enabled him to fill 
many breaches of his business with employees who seldom failed to meet his expecta- 
tions in every way. Genial and courteous upon all occasions, Mr. Sherman surrounded 
himself with many faithful friends, whose admiration and affection for him were exceeded 
only by the deep respect and esteem which they held for him. 

WILLIAM HENRY SHERMAN was born in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
July 29, 1841, the son of Abraham Patch Sherman, who was the son of Ephraim and 
Ruth (Patch) Sherman, of East Sudbury, now Wayland, Massachusetts. His mother 
was Mary (Fay) Sherman, a daughter of Samuel and Lucy (Mayo) Fay, of Warwick, 
Massachusetts. Both families were well known and old residents of the State of Massa- 
chusetts. On the paternal side, William Henry Sherman was a direct descendant of 
Captain John Sherman, of Watertown, Massachusetts, who settled there as early as 1634, 
and on the maternal side, he was a descendant of John Fay, of Marlborough, Massachu- 
setts, who located there in 1656. Going back to very remote times, we find the ancestry 
of the Sherman family one of great interest, and it is a positive fact that William Henry 
Sherman inherited many of the sterling qualities of his illustrious predecessors. 



German 129 

Mr. Sherman received his education in the public schools of Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, where he proved to be a diligent and observant pupil, but he was unable to com- 
plete his education in his native city, on account of his parents moving to Springfield, 
Massachusetts, in 1853, where later the young man entered into the furniture business 
with his father. The lure of the city and of better opportunities then caused him to 
leave his home, and he came to Boston, while still a very young man. He readily found 
employment there, and later entered the wool business under Samuel B. Rindge, in the 
firm of Parker, Wilder & Company. In 1873, Mr. Sherman, after steadily advancing from 
one position to another, became a member of the firm and remained so until the time of 
his death in 1903. He was known in business circles as a man of great ability, tireless 
energy and strict integrity of character. He attained wealth and success because he was 
wholly worthy of it, but he measured the value of his possessions and of his ability by the 
happiness he was able to give and the good he was enabled to do. He was a gentleman 
in the highest and loftiest sense of that term, and his life has shown that honesty when 
combined with brains and hard work can accomplish. To those who were so privileged 
as to have known him, and were intimately associated with him in a business way and in 
social life, his chief quality appeared as a benevolent heart, which never displayed itself 
in ostentatious forms, but in general effusion through channels calculated to produce 
the greatest good. The traits of character which Mr. Sherman possessed were such as 
commended him to his fellow-men. His faithful industry, methodical habits, sound 
judgment, and impregnable integrity were qualities which they could not fail to recog- 
nize and appreciate. 

Mr. Sherman was also a prominent figure in the financial circles of both Boston and 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and at one time was a director of the Old North National 
Bank, of Boston, and a vice-president of the Lechmere National Bank, of East Cam- 
bridge. To his church he was more than loyal, generous and responsive, for he did not 
wait to be asked to lend his support or to contribute to the church and its charities. He 
was for many years a prominent and active member of the Third Universalist Church, 
and a member of the Third Universalist Society of Cambridge, being repeatedly elected 
on the board of trustees. 

For a dozen years, Mr. Sherman served Tufts College as a trustee and as chairman 
of the committee on finance, where his devotion and his keen intelligence were of the 
greatest value. He knew the worth of what a college has to give and served with glad- 
ness the interests of an institute whose business it was in turn to serve the lives of the 
young. Being the possessor of a natural aptitude for business and a fixed determination 
to succeed in anything that he attempted, it is no wonder that Mr. Sherman reached 
such a high position in the business, financial and educational circles of the world, and 
won for himself the esteem and admiration of all with whom he was brought in contact. 
One of the chief factors in his success in life was undoubtedly his remarkable power of 
making friends, but this power in turn depended upon some of the most fundamental 
virtues for its existence. That he should first attract those who came in casual associa- 
tion was perhaps due to the attractive exterior, the ready wit and simple candor, but the 
transformation of these into faithful friends was possible only to the profound trust 
which all men felt in him, the perfect sincerity of his nature, and the honesty of his 
intentions. His popularity was very wide-spread, and the news of his death was felt as 
an irreparable loss in all parts of the State, but the strongest affection was felt for him in 
his own home district, and it was there that he gave most generously of his friendship 
and service. 

Among the many clubs and societies to which Mr. Sherman belonged were the 
Algonquin Club, the Brookline Country Club, the Boston Art Club, the Beacon Society, 



130 German 

the Eastern Yacht Club, the Merchants' Club, and the New England Historic-Genea- 
logical Society. Among his friends, neighbors and fellow-club members, Mr. Sherman 
carried the same kind and sympathetic nature that prevailed in his church and business 
affiliations. He knew the joy of ministering to the happiness of those about him, and 
his generosity was proverbial, and yet so unostentatious that but few were aware of 
their extent. 

On September 9, 1868, in Waltham, Massachusetts, William Henry Sherman was 
united in marriage with Ellen Sophia Lawrence, a daughter of Frederick and Jane Isa- 
belle (Smith) Lawrence. Mr. and Mrs. Sherman became the parents of three children, 
as follows : 

1. Ida, who became the wife of John Linfield 3. Edith, became the wife of Henry Adams 
Damon, Jr.; this union was blessed with three Morss, and they are the parents of three 
children, namely: Sherman Damon, born Sep- children: Henry Adams Morss, Jr., born 
tember 14, 1899; Lawrence Barton Damon, February 1, 191 1; Sherman Morss, born Feb- 
born December 2, 1002, and Priscilla Damon, ruary 22, 1912, and Wells Morss, born De- 
born October 26, 1904. cember 4, 1916. 

2. May, died at the age of three years. 

Since the death of her husband, Mrs. Sherman has continued to reside at No. 463 
Commonwealth avenue, Boston. Mr. Sherman loved all the members of his own house- 
hold with all the intensity of a strong man's affection. His first thought was always of 
his home and his family, and to minister to the joy and the well being of his wife and 
daughters was his main ambition. With them he made his home the brightest and most 
beautiful of places, and he loved beauty. A lovely painting or a beautiful statue had for 
him an irresistible charm, and he surrounded himself with these. But he loved only 
that art which represents joy and hope, and to him the supreme test of the value of 
any work of art was "Does it speak of life?" But the ministrations of Mr. Sherman were 
by no means confined to his home or his especial business, for he carried into the world 
the same love of life and beauty which he manifested in his home. Wherever he felt 
that he could minister to the happiness of those about him, his service was easily 
commanded. 

Mr. Sherman spent the summer of 1902 in Europe, and shortly after his return home 
he was taken suddenly ill, and after a brief illness passed away in the city he loved so 
much. His death has left a gap in the life of the community which, despite the years 
that have elapsed, is still unfilled. The influence which Mr. Sherman exerted in life was 
at once great and beneficient, and those who come after him should consider it a priv- 
ilege to keep it alive in the future. Being born of a distinguished ancestry, he did not 
fall below the standard which was thus set before him. 



Cutler 




Arms — Azure, three dragons' heads erased within a bordure or. 
Crest — A wivern's head erased or, ducally collared azure. 

*HE death of the late Samuel Newton Cutler, which occurred September 
22, 191 1, removed from the midst of Somerville, Massachusetts, a man 
who was just, generous and kind. He left behind him the memory of 
a nature rarely gifted with those attributes which made for doing unto 
others as he would have others do to him. He was a man of high 
ideals, to which he adhered with an unusual degree of faithfulness in 
the conduct of his life, and might well be pointed out as a model of good 
citizenship. In all the relations of his life, Mr. Cutler displayed those cardinal virtues 
that have come to be associated with the best type of American character, an uncom- 
promising idealism, united with a most practical sense of worldly affairs. His success 
was of that quiet kind, which integrity and just dealing with one's fellow-men is sure to 
bring, especially when coupled with ability such as his ; a success of the permanent type 
which the years increase and render more secure, because it rests on the firm founda- 
tion of the trust and confidence of the community. It is always very difficult, if not some- 
times impossible, to estimate fully the effect upon their environment of such men as Mr. 
Cutler, whose influence depends not so much upon the concrete deeds that they have 
accomplished as upon that subtle force which communicates itself unseen to all about 
them from a fine and gracious personality. But although any accurate gauge is impos- 
sible, we are surely justified in valuing such influence very highly. In the life of Mr. 
Cutler may be found a worthy example for the emulation of all youths who desire to 
establish themselves in the good will of their fellowmen, to accomplish something worth 
while in this world, and to leave with their successors a name which is far better than 
monuments of bronze or marble. After an honorable life of fifty-six years, and when in 
the very prime of life, Mr. Cutler passed over the Great Divide into the beyond, a man 
honored in life and of blessed memory. His life activities covered operations in several 
portions of the State of Massachusetts, but wherever he was located, by his energy and 
uprightness, he stood high in public esteem. 

SAMUEL CUTLER, the father of Samuel Newton Cutler, was born in Townsend, 
Vermont, in 1825. His wife, Sarah Jane (Bennett) Cutler, was also a native of Vermont, 
the date of her birth being 1851. Samuel Cutler settled in Boston and became one of the 
most prominent business men of that city. In 1856 he settled in Somerville, Massachu- 
setts. He was the president of the Bay State Belting Company of Boston, and a mem- 
ber of the firm of Hill & Cutler, dealers in cotton waste, in Boston. Politically he was 
a Republican, and was more or less prominent for over forty-nine years, especially in 
connection with the Perkins Street Baptist Church and also the East Somerville Baptist 
Church, in both of which he was deacon. In 1887 and 1888, he was a representative from 
Ward One in the General Court, and he passed away, July 12, 1905. His wife died in 
1899. They were the parents of five children, namely, Samuel Newton, Clarence Henry, 
Frank Ernest, Ella Florence, and Jane Ruth. 

SAMUEL NEWTON CUTLER was born at East Boston, Massachusetts, January 
25, 1855. the eldest child of Samuel and Sarah Jane (Bennett) Cutler. The ancestry of the 
Cutler family is an interesting one, the immigrant ancestor in this country being John 
Cutler, who was originally from Sprowston, now known as Sprauston, two miles north 



132 Cutlet 

of Norwich and about eight miles south of Hingham, County Norfolk, England. He 
embarked, it is believed, in the good ship "Rose," which sailed as early as 1637, an d m 
June of that same year John Cutler, his wife Mary, their seven children and one servant 
arrived in Hingham, Massachusetts. 

Samuel Newton Cutler removed to Somerville, Massachusetts, with his parents 
when he was but one year of age, and since that time had resided there. He obtained 
his early education in the public schools of Somerville, graduating from the Prescott 
School in 1869, from the High School in 1873, an d from Harvard College in 1877, taking 
the degree of A. B. He was a diligent and studious pupil, had won several prizes for 
scholarship in college and was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa before his graduation. 
Upon the completion of his education, Mr. Cutler had partially decided on following the 
vocation of a teacher, and after a brief experience in teaching school and in western life, 
in 1880, he entered the employ of his father's firm, Hill & Cutler, of Boston, who were 
exporters and dealers in cotton and wool stock and waste. This was more to his liking, 
and he displayed good business acumen and foresight in this undertaking. In 1892 Mr. 
Cutler was admitted into partnership, and from that time until his death he was active 
in the management of the concern which his father had so well established. Although 
he gave up teaching to enter commercial life, Mr. Cutler still retained and contiinued 
his interest in education, and from 1886 to 1903, inclusive, he represented Ward One of 
Somerville, Massachusetts, in the School Board, being chairman of that board from 
September, 1900, to January, 1904. 

Mr. Cutler did not confine his attention and interest to business affairs alone, for on 
the contrary he held the good of his adopted city ever uppermost in his mind and did 
all in his power to develop and advance its welfare and growth. He represented Ward 
One (Middlesex Sixth Representative District) in the Legislature during 1904 and 1905, 
serving on the committees on education, taxation and labor. There were none of his 
associates, either in business or political life, or even the most casual acquaintances, who 
did not fully realize the fundamental trustworthiness of his nature, and that he was a 
high-minded citizen, a true friend and a good neighbor. Mr. Cutler bore a high reputa- 
tion as a man of honor and uprightness, and all his transactions bore the closest scrutiny. 
He was indeed a man of the most unimpeachable integrity, in all the relations of life, the 
possessor of a high, almost stern, moral sense, but what of severity was in it was for 
himself only, as he was tolerant of the faults of others and charitable in his judgments 
of all. He was absolutely unassuming, and most democratic in his relations with other 
men, so that none was so humble but that he felt at home in Mr. Cutler's presence. 

Mr. Cutler united with the Perkins Street Baptist Church, of Somerville, Massachu- 
setts, in March, 1871, and became one of the constituent members of the East Somerville 
Baptist Church, organized in March, 1890. His father had been most prominent for over 
forty-nine years as deacon in these churches, and the son seemed naturally to follow in 
his father's footsteps. He was chosen deacon of the East Somerville Baptist Church in 
April, 1904, and at the time of his death was a teacher of a Bible Class in its Sunday 
school. Dr. Cutler was also influential in the financial world, and at one time was a 
trustee of the Somerville Savings Bank. He was also a trustee of the Somerville Hos- 
pital, and of the New England Baptist Hospital. 

On November 9, 1882, Samuel Newton Cutler was united in marriage with Ella 
Frances Stearns, who was a daughter of Hiram Newell Stearns. Her father was united 
in marriage on July 4, 1850, with Charlotte A. Chipman, a daughter of Samuel and Edith 
(Guilford) Chipman, of Marlborough, Massachusetts. Hiram Newell Stearns was born 
July 15, 1828, the son of Captain Freeborn and Clarissa (Demary) Stearns, of Rindge, 
New Hampshire, and he was a merchant in the city of Boston. Captain Freeborn 



Cutler 133 

Stearns was born November 24, 1784, the son of Bartholomew and Mary (Raymond) 
Stearns, of Winchendon, Massachusetts, and was a blacksmith by trade, having been 
captain of the militia company. He was united in marriage with Clarissa Demary, a 
daughter of Ezekiel Demary, of Dublin, New Hampshire, in 1809, who died in 1865, and 
they were the parents of fourteen children. Bartholomew Stearns was born August 4, 
1742, and was the son of Jotham and Mary (Flagg) Stearns, of Worcester, Massachu- 
setts. He settled in Winchendon, Massachusetts, where he was united in marriage with 
Mary Raymond, and they became the parents of ten children. The immigrant ancestor 
of the Stearns family was Charles Stearns, who was admitted a freeman in 1646, and 
drew land at Watertown, Massachusetts, where he was a town officer. He removed 
to the city of Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1651. 

Mr. Cutler was a man of wide interests and sympathies, a lover of his fellow-men, 
and of the formal and informal intercourse that exists between friends. He was not 
one of those men who devote their entire attention to the accumulating of material 
wealth, for on the contrary he was extremely fond of mingling with his fellow-citizens, 
and was a well known figure in the general life of Somerville. His interest in the wel- 
fare of his adopted city was proverbial, and he did much to encourage legitimate enter- 
prise and business of all kinds. Mr. Cutler was a life member of the New England 
Historic-Genealogical Society of Boston, of the Bostonian Society, the Somerville 
Historical Society, and of the Pilgrim Society of Plymouth, Massachusetts. He was also 
a member of the Vermont Association of Boston, of the Boston Baptist Social Union, 
the Young Men's Baptist Social Union, a life member of the Harvard Union, a member 
of Excelsior Council, Royal Arcanum, of Somerville, Massachusetts. As a business man 
Samuel Newton Cutler was noted for his integrity and inflexible honesty, as a friend for 
his loyalty and faithfulness, as a husband for his tender affection and unselfishness, as 
a church member for his unwearying service and devotion to the cause he loved and as a 
Christian for his humility and sincerity. 




Norton 




Morton — Moreton family, descended from Robert Morton. Arms granted in 1619. 
Arms — Argent, on a chevron gules between three square buckles' tongues pendent sable a mullet or. 
Crest — A cock's head or, between two wings expanded azure. 
Motto— Per severando. (By perseverance). 

»HE late John D wight Morton, who by his own honorable exertions 
gained for himself all that a man could desire, namely, friends, afflu- 
ence and position, was a man honored in life, and blessed in memory. 
Courteous and friendly, and the very soul of uprightness, he had many 
friends, whom he valued highly. The winning of success for himself 
was not, however, incompatible with the invaluable services rendered 
to the community-at-large, whose deep esteem he cherished, and cer- 
tainly that is the greatest height a man can reach, to win and retain the respect and 
admiration of his fellow-men. Not only did Mr. Morton rise above the standard of his 
line of business, but he also possessed in a high degree those excellencies of human 
nature that make men worthy of regard. He was a high-minded, liberal gentleman, 
keenly alive to all the varied requirements of life, and one of those capable of conducting 
operations of the most extended and weighty character and influence. His death, which 
occurred in Roxbury, Massachusetts, February 17, 1903, at the age of seventy-three 
years, was felt as a severe loss by his very large circle of friends and business associates. 

JOHN DWIGHT MORTON was born in Athol, Massachusetts, October 3, 
1830, the son of Jeremiah and Olive (Morse) Morton. The name Morton, Moreton and 
Mortaigne, historical research has found in Old Dauphine, and is still existent in France. 
In the annals of the family there is a statement repeatedly met with, that as the result 
of a quarrel one of the name migrated from Dauphine, first to Brittany, and then to 
Normandy, where he joined William the Conqueror. Certain it is that among the 
followers of William, painted on the chancel ceiling of the ancient Church of Dives, in 
old Normandy, is that of Robert De Mortain. It also figures on Battle Abbey Rolls 
and it is a matter of tradition that the Count Robert, who was half-brother of William 
the Conqueror, by his mother Harlotte, was the founder of the English family name of 
Morton. Of the English family of Mortons were: Robert Morton, Esquire, of Bawtry; 
Thomas Morton, Secretary to Edward the Third ; William Morton, Bishop of Meath ; 
Albert Morton, Secretary of State of James the First; and Thomas Morton, Bishop of 
Durham and chaplain to James the Second. Prominent among the English Mortons who 
early came to the United States were : Thomas Morton, Esquire, the Rev. Charles Mor- 
ton, Joseph Morton, proprietary governor of South Carolina, and George Morton. 

John Dwight Morton, in whose memory we are writing, was a lineal descendant of 
George Morton, who sailed with his wife, Juliana (Carpenter) Morton, and five children, 
in the good ship, 'Ann," the third and last ship to carry what are distinctively known as 
the fore-fathers, and reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, early in June, 1623. New Eng- 
land's Memorial speaks of George Morton and Timothy Hatherly as two of the principal 
passengers that came in this ship, and from George Morton's activity in promoting 
emigration it may be inferred that the ship "Ann's" valuable addition to the Colony was 
in a measure due to his efforts. He did not long survive his arrival, and his early death 
was a serious loss to the infant settlement. His character and attainments were such 
as to suggest the thought that had he lived to the age reached by several of his dis- 



Norton 135 

tinguished contemporaries, he would have filled as conspicuous a place in the life of the 
Colony. With much comfort and peace he passed to his reward, June 20, 1624. 

Lieutenant Ephraim Morton, the youngest son of George and Juliana (Carpenter) 
Morton, was born on the voyage to Plymouth, in 1623. He was a worthy son of a worthy 
sire, and in 1664, having previously served as sergeant, he was elected by the General 
Court as lieutenant of the Plymouth Military Company, and in 1671 was chosen a member 
of the Council of War, in which he was of much service for many years, including the 
period of King Phillip's War. He was not only prominent in civil and military affairs, but 
also in ecclesiastical, holding many years the deaconship of the Plymouth Church. He 
died September 7, 1693. Among the noted descendants of Lieutenant Morton are Gov- 
ernor Marcus Morton, his son, Marcus Morton, Chief Justice of Massachusetts, the Hon. 
Perez Morton, attorney-general of the Commonwealth, and the Hon. Levi Parsons Mor- 
ton, who was vice-president of the United States from 1889 to 1893. 

The sixth generation of the Morton family was represented in the Revolutionary 
War by Captain Isaac Morton, who was born April 18, 1754, in Boston. He was a 
member of the Boston Tea Party, and was an ensign in a Boston company at the battle 
of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Captain Morton served throughout the war, eight years 
in all, in the army and navy, and died at the age of seventy years, September 24, 1824. 
In a study of a family, one cannot fail to observe those salient characteristics, mental 
and physical, which appear in successive generations. They even oftentimes possess 
the same pronounced peculiar qualities of mind. The Morton family has been a most 
prolific race, its branches extending in all directions, and its members have become 
as numerous as the leaves. They were in the broadest sense distinctive men of affairs, 
having achieved eminence in many different lines of endeavor, and having filled many 
responsible offices of public trust. 

John Dwight Morton inherited many of his sterling qualities from a long line of 
distinguished ancestors, and as can be seen the history of the Morton family is exceeded 
in interest and antiquity by none in England. Mr. Morton's great-grandfather, Richard 
Morton, was one of the first settlers of Athol, Massachusetts, where the subject of this 
tribute was born. John Dwight Morton obtained his education in the country schools, 
and at the age of fifteen years began his business career in a country store in the adjoin- 
ing town of Royalston, Massachusetts. At the age of twenty-three years, in 1853, Mr. 
Morton left his home to come to Boston, where he entered the counting-room of Stinson 
& Valentine, dealers in paints, oils and varnishes, remaining there until the year 1859, 
when he became connected with the house of Banker & Carpenter, in the same line of 
business, becoming a partner of the house in 1864. In 1868 this firm name was changed 
to that of Carpenter, Woodward & Morton, which continued until January 1, 1893, when 
the partners organized a corporation with the name of the Carpenter-Morton Company, 
Mr. Morton becoming the treasurer and general manager. 

In Boston, Mr. Morton was especially prominent in the establishment of business 
organizations, both local and national, that have become institutions of wide influence 
and importance. He was one of the founders of the Paint and Oil Club of New England, 
and of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association. Of each of these organizations, 
Mr. Morton was at different times the president, in which capacity he displayed capable 
management and ability of a high order. It was Mr. Morton who first suggested the 
formation of the Boston Associated Board of Trade, calling the first meeting of the 
representatives of constituent bodies, taking an active part in its organization, serving 
as its first vice-president, and, as the chairman of its committee on postal affairs, being 
largely instrumental in securing improved mail service between Boston and New York. 
Mr. Morton was a conspicuous figure in the social life of Boston, and derived great 
enjoyment from the numerous clubs and societies to which he belonged, among which 



136 



Norton 



should be mentioned that he was a member of the Bostonian Society, the Boston Art 
Club, the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, the Knights Templar, the Boston 
Chamber of Commerce, the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, to which he 
was elected in 1899, and a member of the Roxbury Charitable Society. His great success 
in business had placed him in a position where he was enabled to aid those in distress, 
and he was a liberal contributor to many local charities in addition to giving largely to 
private benefactions. 

On October 7, 1862, John Dwight Morton was united in marriage with Maria E. 
Wesson, a daughter of William Cutler and Elizabeth (Jones) Wesson, of Hardwick, 
Massachusetts, and granddaughter of William Brigham Wesson, a well known Hard- 
wick, Massachusetts, clergyman of his day. Through her mother, Mrs. Morton is the 
sixth generation of Elder Brewster, the Pilgrim, her mother being the daughter of David 
Jones, who married Rachael Newcomb, whose mother was a Collins, and her grand- 
father, Captain Jonah Collins, discovered the Faulkland Islands. One of Mrs. Morton's 
ancestors, Captain Graves, served in the Revolutionary War. Mr. and Mrs. John Dwight 
Morton were the parents of three children, as follows : 



Arabel, became the wife of Joseph H. Good- 
speed, and their union was blessed with two 
children, namely: Morton Goodspeed, a 
Princeton student, who has left Princeton 
University to enter the Navy, and recently 
joined the Aviation Corps of the United 
States Army; and Joseph Henry Goodspeed, 
who is attending a preparatory school at 
Lawrenceville, New Jersey, fitting himself 
for Princeton University. 
George Carpenter, was united in marriage 
with Harriett Evans, of Cleveland, Ohio; he 
was recently elected president of the Na- 
tional Paint and Oil Association of the 



United States, an honor that was also con- 
ferred upon his father, who was one of the 
founders and the first president of this Na- 
tional Association; he is also general man- 
ager of the Carpenter-Morton Company of 
Boston. Mr. and Mrs. George Carpenter 
Morton are the parents of three children, 
namely: Eugene Evans, a graduate of Har- 
vard University, now training at the officers' 
camp at Plattsburg; John Dwight, now at- 
tending Roxbury Latin School, preparatory 
to entrance into Harvard University; and 
Marjorie Morton. 
Clara. 



Mrs. Morton has continued to reside at No. 268 Humbolt avenue, Roxbury, Massa- 
chusetts, since the death of her husband. The private virtues of John Dwight Morton 
were not less remarkable than his public, and the deep affection with which his family 
and intimate friends regarded him is the best tribute which can be paid to the strength 
and sincerity of his domestic instincts. He was the most devoted of husbands and 
fathers, ever seeking the happiness of those about him, and the most faithful friend, win- 
ning by his charming personality a host of intimates who repaid his fidelity in like kind. 

Mr. Morton was a man of high ideals, to which he adhered with an unusual degree 
of faithfulness in the conduct of his life, and might well be pointed out as a model of 
good citizenship and all that word implies. He inherited from a sturdy ancestry those 
strong principles that were the inspiration of his active and useful life. The influence 
of his fine life will remain to be an inspiration here and for the higher life, in which he 
was a sincere believer. No finer tribute could be paid to his worth than the simple 
and impressive words, spoken by so many who knew and loved him, "We have lost a 
friend." 








O^j/K^ro Cti^ct 



?*• 



<&oot>rtt)ge 




Arms — Argent, a fess sable, in chief three crosses crosslet fitchee of the last. 
Crest — Black bird proper. 

iROBABLY the greatest compliment that can be paid a man is that he 
has made himself an honor to his nation in the great commercial world, 
as well as a credit to the mercantile community in which he lived. Such 
a man was the late Micajah Newhall Goodridge, of Lynn, Massachu- 
setts, who by his own honorable exertions and moral attributes gained 
for himself all that a man could desire, namely, friends and position. 
Public-spirited in the highest degree, he was ever forward in encour- 
aging those enterprises which would in any way advance the interests and development 
of his native city. No visionary dreams of impossibilities ever filled his mind, and he 
was most practical in all of his ideas, building up instead of tearing down as he jour- 
neyed through life. Mr. Goodridge was one of those men who might almost be called 
incarnations of progress, whose very being seemed to radiate force sufficient to mould 
events to their liking. He was the possessor of sound judgment, great sagacity, quick 
perceptions, noble impulses and remarkable force and determination of character. His 
death occurred at his home in Lynn, Massachusetts, February 22, 1902, and was the 
cause of great sorrow on the part of the entire community, as the city mourned the loss 
of a member of one of its representative families. 

MICAJAH NEWHALL GOODRIDGE was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, Novem- 
ber 5, 1839, the son of Bailey and Mary Ann (Newhall) Goodridge, both of whom were 
highly respected natives of Lynn. His father, Bailey Goodridge, was born in Lynn in 
1810, and his mother was a direct descendant of Thomas Newhall, who was the first 
white child born in the city of Lynn. Mr. and Mrs. Bailey Goodridge were the parents 
of five children, and Micajah Newhall Goodridge was named after a deceased son of 
his grandfather, Paul Newhall, who had been named in memory of his grandfather, 
Micajah Newhall, who fought gallantly at Lexington. The family of Goodridge was 
founded in Massachusetts in the early years of the colony by William Goodridge, who 
settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and later removed to Watertown, Massachusetts. 
He died in 1683, and Micajah Newhall Goodridge was a direct descendant in the eighth 
generation. His education was received in the public schools of Lynn, and he graduated 
from the new high school in one of the first classes, and his diploma was awarded him 
in 1855 from the hands of Jacob Bachelder, who was the first high school principal in 
Lynn. Like the majority of the young lads of his native city, Mr. Goodridge, upon com- 
pleting his education, learned the trade of shoemaking, and his first employment was in 
the little shop of Samuel H. Frothingham, where the young man gained an insight into 
the principles of the business world. At that time the work was done all by hand, and 
all but the cutting was done in the little shoe shops which were then numerous all about 
through the town. For the greater part of his life, from that time on, Mr. Goodridge 
was engaged in some employment that was connected with the shoe manufacturing 
industry, which was the leading industry of Lynn. After becoming master of his trade 
he purchased the retail store of George Z. Collins, which had been conducted in what 
was then the Lynn Free Library building, and Mr. Goodridge continued in that business 
until the year 1872, when he removed to Charlestown, New Hampshire, to take a position 
as a foreman in a large shoe factory there. Some time afterward he was called to Clare- 

Ter— 2-9 



138 



<$ooDriDge 



mont, New Hampshire, where he held a similar position in a factory. As his reputation 
as a foreman increased, his services came to be desired by many other institutions, and 
in this way he rapidly increased his interests and associations. Mr. Goodridge returned 
to the city of his birth to take charge of the retail department of Wellman Osborne, a 
shoe dealer and manufacturer, in Lynn. He remained there until 1889, when the store 
and plant were totally destroyed by fire, and during the following year he became asso- 
ciated with George Z. Collins, in the leather board business in Boston. They owned 
leather board mills at Ashland, New Hampshire, East Tilton, New Hampshire, and at 
Lynn, Massachusetts, and at the time of his death Mr. Goodridge was associated with 
George Z. Collins and Arthur J. Phillips, under the firm name of George Z. Collins & 
Company. He became the president of the East Tilton Pulp Manufacturing Company, 
and remained in active business up to the time of his death. He was truly a type of busi- 
ness man that Lynn could ill afford to lose, and his death was indeed a distinct loss to 
Eastern Massachusetts. He was always ready to give generously to any movement that 
promised to benefit the community or its business interests, and although he was fre- 
quently called upon for suggestions and advice, he never begrudged the time taken by 
others from his busy days. 

In politics, although Mr. Goodridge did not hold or accept public office, he played 
a conspicuous part for many years. He was a staunch supporter of the Republican party, 
and was a strong advocate of the cause of temperance, besides being actively interested 
in municipal affairs. With him it was purely for the interest he took in the matter and 
because of a certain obligation he felt to the community-at-large to do his best for their 
interests and exert for their welfare his powers and talents, and in nowise for self- 
aggrandizement. That he would accept no office, though earnestly urged to do so by his 
political colleagues, would be ample proof of this, were proof needed in the face of his 
strong and remarkable personality. 

On September 13, 1865, Micajah Newhall Goodridge was united in marriage at 
Lynn, Massachusetts, with Georgianna Frothingham, also born in Lynn, a daughter of 
Samuel H. and Ann Maria (Tapley) Frothingham, of Lynn, Massachusetts. There 
are two Tapley coats-of-arms : 

Arms — Gules on a fess between three escallops argent, a lion passant azure. 

Arms — Gules on a fess between three crosses crosslet fitchee argent, a lion passant azure. 

To Micajah Newhall and Georgianna (Frothingham) Goodridge were born: 



Samuel Bailey, born in Lynn, Massachusetts, 
September 10, 1866, died in infancy. 
Harriet Leslie, born July 18, 1868, graduated 
from Boston University in 1891, taught 
Latin and Greek in several high schools in 
New England, held the position of head of 
the Latin Department in Wheaton Seminary 
(now Wheaton College), Norton, Massachu- 
setts, 1904-12, and later the position of pre- 
ceptress at Tilton Seminary, Tilton, New 
Hampshire, 1912-15. 

Alice Melville, born July 12, 1872, married 
(first) O. F. Pelley, by which marriage she 
became the mother of one child, a son, 



Ralph Wellington Pelley, and she married 
(second) Edward Fletcher Hodgkins, of 
Lamoine, Maine, but they are now residing 
in Waltham, Massachusetts. 
4. Frederick Stanley, born August 19, 1876, 
graduated from the Massachusetts Institute 
of Technology as a mechanical engineer in 
1900; he is an estimator in the building con- 
struction business in New York City, and 
resides in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey; 
married Ethel G. Higgins, of Lynn; they 
have a daughter, Katharine Ethel, born 
March 4, 1913. 



Mr. Goodridge was a prominent member of the Lynn Common Methodist Episcopal 
Church, and missed but two Sundays, on account of illness, during twenty-one consecu- 
tive years prior to his death. He was a zealous worker in the affairs of the church, and 
at the time of his death was treasurer of the Sunday school, secretary of the official 
board of the church, and class leader and steward. For some time Mr. Goodridge had 




(^^y 



^4 



I m 




(cjjoodridge 



<$ooDriDge 



139 



been a member of the Methodist Social Union of Boston and director of that association 
for two years ; he was also active in the Camp Meeting Association of Asbury Grove. 
He was one of those men who were greatly beloved and admired by all of his associates 
in the church and by many friends of other denominations. He was a member of the 
Bay State Lodge of Odd Fellows, a member of the Lynn Historical Society, a member 
of the Young Men's Christian Association of Lynn, and when a young man, was one of 
the first members of the Athenian Debating Society, a local organization which was 
maintained for ten years, and of which the Hon. Carroll D. Wright and others of national 
fame and celebrity were members. 

Mr. Goodridge was devoted to his family, and was a man who felt strongly the ties 
of family affection, spending as much time as was possible in their society, and contin- 
ually devising means for their happiness and pleasure. The basis of his character was 
its sterling principle, and being of an enthusiastic disposition he was ever ready to lend 
his aid in all departments of church, city or state. The personal character of the man 
was one to command the admiration and affection of all with whom he came in contact. 
In the many varied relations of life in which he took part his conduct was uniformly in 
accordance with the highest of standards, and his reputation for business probity and the 
essential personal virtues upon which must be founded all truly successful life was unsur- 
passed. And if his charity began at home, it did not end there, but passed out and 
embraced all his fellow-men without distinction or creed. 




Griggs 




Arms — Argent, three in escutcheons gules each charged with a bend vair. 

Crest — On the stump of a tree, erased and couped or sprouting two new branches vert, a pelican gold, 
vulning her breast gules. 

>HE general tone and character of any community is unquestionably the 
result in a large measure of the careers of those enterprising, pro- 
gressive men, such as the late Sylvester Randall Briggs, of Somer- 
ville, Massachusetts, whose successes, through their appeal to popular 
imagination, have caused them to be instinctively set up as models to 
be copied and their examples cited as worthy of imitation by the 
younger and growing generations. By this means it is inevitably 
brought about that the quality of ideals and ambitions held in common by the people of 
any place are brought into conformity with a certain type or types, at the root of each 
of which appears some striking personality or group of personalities responsible for its 
origin. Certainly nowhere have there appeared a greater number of those whose lives 
have well exemplified the qualities needed for success in the business world than in the 
New England States, and nowhere have the people been provided with more or better 
examples of industrial and financial leaders who might stand as types for universal imi- 
tation. There are some men who possess the power of crowding into one life duties and 
activities seemingly sufficient to occupy a dozen ordinary men, and who accomplish them 
all with success, nay distinction, and yet seem rather the better for it than otherwise. 
The various activities engaged in tells far more eloquently than any formal praise of 
the remarkable powers possessed by Mr. Briggs, especially if it be remembered that his 
ardent, enthusiastic nature would not permit his undertaking anything which he was 
not prepared to do, or any obligation which he did not observe to the fullest. His labors 
were great that is true, but his powers were equal to their adequate performance. Per- 
haps it was for this ideal of conscientious and enthusiastic energy that the personality 
of Mr. Briggs stood in the minds of his fellow-men, and yet it was only one of many 
commendable qualities for which his life might serve as a splendid example. His per- 
sonality was an unusual one, extremely distinct and vivid, so that it could not help 
impressing those about it for good, and it may well be hoped that the memory of it shall 
be preserved in records such as this to serve as a lesson to those who are to follow him. 
The death of Sylvester Randall Briggs, which occurred at his home in Somerville, Massa- 
chusetts, August 8, 1917 proved to be a great loss to the entire community, in which 
he was so well known and beloved. News of his death came as a shock to his many 
friends and old business associates, and all felt that death had taken from among them 
a man of a very winning personality and of the strictest integrity. Taken from every 
angle he was a man of the most sterling quality and of wonderful ideals, and is most 
deserving of real merit. 

SYLVESTER RANDALL BRIGGS was born in Assonet, a village of Freetown, 
Massachusetts, November 5, 1843, tne son oi Sylvester and Louisa H. (Martin) Briggs, 
both of whom were highly respected natives of Assonet. He was a direct descendant in 
the ninth generation of John Briggs, the immigrant ancestor, who was born in England, 
and was an early pioneer and settler of Newport, Rhode Island. He was admitted a 
freeman, in 1638, and was appointed on a committee to build a prison at Portsmouth, in 



TBrigga 141 

1655, and was on a commission for the purpose of effecting the union of the four towns 
of Providence Plantation, in 1654. Sylvester Randall Briggs' grandfather, Gilbert 
Briggs, was born in 1776, at Freetown, Massachusetts, and was united in marriage with 
Betsey Randall, in 1802, who passed away in Freetown, in 1864. She was the daughter 
of Captain Matthew and Hannah (Paine) Randall. Captain Matthew Randall was a 
famous captain in the Revolutionary War, commissioned in 1776 in the regiment of 
Colonel Thomas Marshall, and in 1776 and 1778 served under Colonel Jacob French. 
History records that Captain Randall fed and clothed his own troops in his zeal for the 
cause of the Colonies. He held receipts for money thus spent, but during his lifetime 
never asked to be reimbursed, and after his death the receipts were destroyed so that 
his family never received any compensation from the government. Sylvester Briggs, 
the son of Gilbert Briggs, and father of the gentleman whose name heads this tribute, 
and descendant in the eighth generation of John Briggs, the immigrant, was born at 
Freetown, Massachusetts, August 23, 1803, and died there in 1874, at the age of seventy- 
one years. He was a tanner by trade, having established the first tannery in that part 
of the State, and besides manufacturing leather he engaged in the manufacture of boots 
and shoes, with much success. He admitted his son, Sylvester Randall Briggs, into part- 
nership and the firm name became that of S. Briggs & Son. The tannery of the firm 
was at Assonet, a village of Freetown, Massachusetts, where Mr. Briggs was a leading 
citizen, much honored and esteemed. He was united in marriage with Louisa Hathaway 
Martin, a daughter of Mason and Hannah (Phillips) Martin, and a granddaughter of 
Ebenezer Phillips, whose three sons, Benjamin, James, and Eben, were proprietors of a 
general store in the city of Boston, and were men of sound business acumen. Sylvester 
and Louisa H. (Martin) Briggs were the parents of three children, namely: 

1. Francis Gilbert, born December 26, 1836, sides at No. 187 Central street, Somerville, 
died July 27, 1008. Massachusetts. 

2. Harriet L., born March 23, 1839, and re- 3. Sylvester Randall, in whose memory this is 

being written. 

Sylvester Randall Briggs received his education by attending the public schools of 
his native town, and at the Pierce Academy, at Middleboro, Massachusetts, when J. W. 
P. Jenks was the principal. Upon the completion of his education, Mr. Briggs decided 
upon following teaching. Accordingly he taught school, and became chairman of the 
school committee of Freetown, which office he filled for six years, and was auditor of 
accounts for one year. After a short time he concluded that he much preferred a busi- 
ness career, and accepted a partnership in his father's well established business. In 
1874 he established himself in the hide business at No. 132 Purchase street, Boston, 
in which he was engaged for seventeen years. Later, he founded the S. R. Briggs 
Company, of which he was treasurer at the time of his death. He was also treasurer of 
the Hereford Live Stock Company for ten years. During the Civil War he served for 
a short time in the reserve force. 

During the year 1874, Mr. Briggs removed to Somerville, Massachusetts, and during 
the pastorate of the Rev. Charles A. Skinner he was an indefatigable worker in the First 
Universalist Church, where he served on the standing committee with four others, none 
of whom survive him. Contributing most generously to the church work he was so 
deeply interested in, Mr. Briggs was also interested in other charities of the city, and 
was one of the directors of the Home for the Aged for a number of years. He never 
failed to respond nobly and generously to the call of the church, the Young Men's 
Christian Association and other worthy charitable societies. He was a man of large 
sympathies, and his heart was tender toward all humanity. He was of that frank, open- 
minded, outspoken type that never fails to gain both the admiration and affection of the 



142 



ISriggs 



world. He was a "Man's Man" and his virtues were of the kind that beget hearty com- 
radeship of the type only known between strong men. Genial, and social in his nature, 
Mr. Briggs was also identified with the social life of Somerville, Massachusetts, his 
adopted city, having been a member of the Central Club, the Webcowitt Club, the Winter 
Hill Men's Club, and the First Universalist Church Men's Club. There were but few 
subjects both of the present and past age in which Mr. Briggs was not vitally interested, 
and he proved to be a captivating conversationalist. 

In January, 1870, Sylvester Randall Briggs was united in marriage with Ellen P. 
Walker, a daughter of Benjamin and Phoebe (Williams) Walker. Mr. and Mrs. Briggs 
were the parents of two children, as follows : 



Lena Walker, born in Berkley, Massachu- 
setts, December 3, 1870, and received her 
education in the public schools of Somer- 
ville, Massachusetts. She was a student for 
two years in Smith College, and studied 
abroad under private tutors, in Germany and 
in Paris, France. In October, 1897, she be- 
came the wife of John Edwards Porter, and 
they are the parents of two children, namely: 
Randall E. Porter, born August 30, 1898, 
and Katrina Louisa Porter, born November 
5, 1005- 



2. Nellie May, born June 5, 1874, a t Asso- 
net, Massachusetts, and was educated at 
the public schools of Somerville Massa- 
chusetts, and also at Lassell Seminary, 
at Auburndale, Massachusetts, and traveled 
abroad. She became the wife of H. N. 
Chandler, of Brookline, Massachusetts, in 
April, 1008, and they are the parents of one 
child, Geraldine Beatrice Chandler, born 
June 20, 1913. 



Mr. Briggs' sister, Harriet L. Briggs, has been a member of his household for many 
years. She was educated in the public schools and at Atkinson Academy, New Hamp- 
shire, and Charlestown Seminary. Miss Briggs taught school for ten years at Assonet, 
Massachusetts, one year at Berkley, Massachusetts, and afterward for ten years was 
cashier and bookkeeper of the Congregational Publishing House. In March, 1904, Miss 
Briggs and her niece, Mrs. John Edwards Porter, attended the World's Fourth Sunday 
School Convention, held in Jerusalem. They sailed from New York and visited Madeira, 
Gibralter, Algiers, Malta, Athens, Constantinople, Ephesus, Haifa and Mount Carmel, 
taking an overland trip to Nazareth, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Jericho, the Jordan and Dead 
Sea, and returning visited Cairo, Naples and Rome. 

The funeral services of Sylvester Randall Briggs were most impressive, the officiat- 
ing clergyman being the Rev. H. D. Maxwell, while the music was furnished by the 
Lotus Male Quartette. Interment was at Assonet, Massachusetts, his native place. 

Mr. Briggs' many sterling qualities made him a splendid type of the useful citizen, 
who places public interests before private ones. A man of the day, a progressive busi- 
ness man in all matters where the methods of the present did not cross swords with his 
convictions of the right, his influence was a most potent one, and what is even rarer was 
always exerted in the cause of good. In the end, however, it was not in any of his 
concrete achievements, although these were noteworthy enough, that his real power lay, 
and it has been truly said of him that not until one knew him personally could one form 
a judgment of his actual worth. Behind the things a man does lies the still more impor- 
tant thing, what he is, and it was from this final fundamental term most of all that the 
virtue went forth from Mr. Briggs to affect the world about him. He did much, but he 
was more, and it was in him as an example of good citizenship and worthy and virtuous 
manhood that the chief value lay. He was a kind brother, an indulgent father, a loyal 
friend, a dear lover of children, and he will be greatly missed by all those who had been 
so privileged as to have known him. 



Hersep 




Arms — Gules, a chevron argent between three owls proper. 
Crest — A stag sejant proper. 

NERGY, self-confidence and a strict adherence to the moral law and 
those principles of human conduct that play so vital a part in mould- 
ing of society, were the traits which lay at the base of the character 
of the late Charles Henry Hersey, acting as the mainspring of his life, 
and shaping and guiding its entire development. His business success, 
as must all true success, depended first upon his highly moral char- 
acter, and then upon the special knowledge of his subject, a later and 
acquired power. In all that he did for himself, Mr. Hersey kept the interests of those 
about him ever in sight, and made no step, however conducive to his own advantage it 
might seem, if, in his candid judgment, it appeared harmful or contrary to others. 

It was in line with this instinct that all his relations with his fellow-men were carried 
out. He would not allow, for instance, his extremely exacting occupations to interfere 
with what he considered to be due his family any more than he erred in the opposite 
direction and allowed domestic ties to interfere with the discharge of his obligations to 
the outside world. Indeed, the only person whose inclinations and comfort he con- 
sistently sacrificed to the rest of the world was himself, for he rose early and retired 
late to fulfill his engagements with others and to minister to their wants. The death 
of Mr. Hersey, which occurred in Roxbury, Massachusetts, December 19, 1916, proved 
a great loss to the community, and to the business world in general. At the age of 
eighty-five years he passed from all earthly view, the news of his death coming as a sor- 
rowful shock to his many friends and acquaintances. Some men are seen at their best 
as founders and organizers, while the genius of others bends toward invention, or to the 
upbuilding and maintenance of enterprises which have been inaugurated by those of 
more initiative ability. Occasionally, however, we meet one who combines the talents of 
an organizer and the genius of the inventor with the ability to develop, enlarge and sus- 
tain, and such a man was Mr. Hersey, in whose name is this tribute. 

CHARLES HENRY HERSEY was born in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, on 
Eliot street, corner of Pond, July 27, 1831, and he was the son of Charles Sherwood and 
Sally Gay (Coney) Hersey. The surname Hersey or Hersy, as it is sometimes spelled, 
is a very ancient one and of French origin. It appears among the list of noblemen and 
gentlemen who went over to England with William the Conqueror. William Hersey, 
the progenitor of all who have borne this surname in Hingham and vicinity, was a native 
of County Norfolk, England, and came to New England as early as 1635. Early in the 
autumn of that year he located in Hingham, Massachusetts, with others who were pas- 
sengers on the ship upon which he arrived in this country. On July 3, 1636, a house lot 
of five acres was granted to him, on what is now South street, opposite West street in 
Hingham. This lot was bounded on the east by John Winchester, on the west by Wil- 
liam Buckland, and included within its limits the estate now owned by the late Ebenezer 
Gay. In Hingham, the Hersey family is still one of the more numerous of the surnames 
of the early settlers, and it has well represented the industrious as well as the enterpris- 
ing and influential portion of the inhabitants of the town. History records that at the 
time of the trouble about the election of officers for the Military Muster, in 1644, William 



144 ©ersep 

Kersey was assessed a heavy fine for supporting the views of the Rev. Peter Hobart and 
his friends. His contribution towards the erection of the new meeting house was the 
largest but one upon the list. William Hersey was elected a freeman, March 20, 1638, 
and served as selectman in 1642, 1647, an d 1650, and joined the Artillery Company in 
1652. His wife was Elizabeth Croade, whom he married in England, and she passed 
away in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1671, while he died there also, March 22, 1658. 

Charles Henry Hersey was the seventh lineal descendant of William Hersey, his 
grandfather, Jonathan Hersey, being of the fifth generation. Jonathan Hersey was born 
in Hingham, Massachusetts, October 20, 1742, and married, in 1777, Mary Berry, a 
daughter of Jane Berry. She was born in Hingham, May 19, 1754, and died at Roxbury, 
Massachusetts, November 10, 1832. Jonathan Hersey was a cooper by trade, and a 
soldier of the American Revolution. He died at Roxbury, at an advanced age, and much 
beloved by all. 

Charles Sherwood Hersey, the son of Jonathan and Mary (Berry) Hersey, and the 
father of Charles Henry Hersey, was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, August 1, 1793, 
and settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he was united in marriage with Sally Gay 
Coney. 

After attending the schools of his native town of Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, 
Charles Henry Hersey learned the machinist trade with his uncle, Jabez Coney, of 
South Boston, who was one of the best known men of his trade in the United States. Mr. 
Hersey then worked with Harrison Loring, the ship-builder, as draftsman, and in 1857 
designed the engines for the United States ship, "Hartford," which was Admiral Farra- 
gut's flagship through the Civil War. For this engine, Mr. Hersey invented a steam 
cylinder for reversing and the engine was reversed in ten seconds, the shortest time in 
which it could then be done. In 1859, Mr Hersey founded the firm of Hawes & Hersey, 
and in 1888 the Hersey Manufacturing Company was incorporated, of which he was the 
president for twenty-seven years. His business acumen was of the highest type, and 
there are many other sides to his nature which, while not so conspicuous, were quite 
worthy of praise. His sterling good qualities were very generally recognized, his honor, 
candor, and the democratic attitude that he held toward all men won for him a most 
enviable reputation, and the admiration and affection of a host of friends. His success 
was deserved, and the uniform happiness of his family relations and his life generally 
was the merited result of his own strong and fine personality. 

Mr. Hersey became thoroughly identified with the life of Boston, having always 
lived in Greater Boston, making his home for the last thirty-three years of his life in the 
house in which he died. He was always very active in the civic affairs of Boston, and 
was a member of the Common Council during the years 1871, 1872 and 1874, and of the 
Board of Aldermen in 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885. For many years Mr. Hersey was vice- 
president of the South Boston Savings Bank, and was president of the Old South Boston 
Horse Railroad until its consolidation with the West End Street Railway Company. 

Besides being prominent as a manufacturer, Mr. Hersey was widely known as an 
inventor, and some of his inventions are to-day in universal use. It was Mr. Hersey who 
invented the machinery that changed the old "Coffee Crushed" into granulated sugar, an 
invention which is used all over the world, to-day, and he also devised a machine for 
making cube sugar, which he patented in 1878, and which is widely used. In 1853 he 
invented and patented the Hersey Rotary Pump, and in 1873 he patented his sugar 
granulator, selling the English rights in 1877. Other inventions followed, including sev- 
eral used in the manufacture of soap, and one for drying salt. 

Mr. Hersey greatly enjoyed the intercourse with his fellowmen, and was always 
quick to enter into the informal social gatherings of his friends. He was one of the 



^etsep 145 

oldest Masons in New England, having joined St. Paul's Lodge in South Boston, in 1853. 
He was also a member of the Gate of the Temple Lodge and of Rabboni Lodge of 
Dorchester, Massachusetts, of which he was the oldest living member. For more than 
fifty years Mr. Hersey had been a member of St. Matthews Royal Arch Chapter, of 
South Boston, and he was a member of St. Omer Commandery, Knights Templar, of Dor- 
chester, being for many years the treasurer of the lodge and of the commandery. In the 
matter of his religious belief, Mr. Hersey was a Unitarian, and was a member of the First 
Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, which he joined thirty-one years prior to his death. 
He was very active in advancing the interests of the church in the community, and sup- 
ported with a liberal hand its many philanthropic undertakings. 

On May 22, 1855, Charles Henry Hersey was united in marriage with Sarah Abbie 
Gray, a daughter of Robert and Sarah (Ela) Gray, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 
Mrs. Hersey is a descendant of Israel Ela, who lived in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 
1677. Among other ancestors she numbers the Bosworths, Ropes and Emersons. Mr. 
and Mrs. Hersey were the parents of three children, as follows : 

1. Clara, born in South Boston, June 9, 1856. 3. Mabel Gray, died in infancy. 

2. Ada, born in South Boston, October 25, 1858. 

Mrs. Hersey and her two daughters reside in the beautiful Hersey Estate on Walnut 
avenue, Roxbury, Massachusetts. 

There was a wealth of testimony to the high esteem in which Mr. Hersey was held 
displayed at the time of his death, and the Hersey Manufacturing Company, of which 
he was the founder and president, passed the following resolutions : 

Charles Henry Hersey, the President of this Company, died in the fullness of years. The founder 
of the Company, its head until his death, he guided its fortunes with rare skill, and foresight, and made 
its name a synonym for honest, enduring workmanship. In public office, conspicuous for his integrity 
and superior intelligence, he set an example of devotion to public service, most worthy of imitation. In 
all offices of trust he was faithful, in all relations of life, loyal and true, in pain and suffering, patient 
and uncomplaining, and he gave happiness to all about him. The Directors of the Company feel that in 
his death they have lost a happy, lovable companion ; the Company, a leader whose memory will still 
show the way to his successors ; the community, a sterling citizen and high minded gentleman. The 
Directors express their gratitude for the many years of wise and helpful companionship with which 
they have been blessed and offer to his family their sincere sympathy in this great sorrow. 

Mr. Hersey had inherited many of his sterling qualities of character from a long 
line of distinguished ancestors, and he proved himself to be a man of rare nobility of 
character and of usefulness in life. All in all he was a strong, dependable sort of a 
man, who possessed that indefinable something called magnetism, that seemed to draw 
all men toward him. He passed from life's fleeting drama, leaving a host of friends 
and aching hearts to mourn his departure. 



iftlarshall 




Arms — Paly of six ermine and gules, on a chief azure three eagles' heads erased argent. 
Crest — An arrow argent headed and feathered azure enfiled with a ducal coronet or. 

N presenting to the public the records of the lives of such men as have 
deserved well of their fellow-men, and who although unobtrusive in 
their every-day life yet by their individuality and great force of char- 
acter mould the commercial destinies and give tone to the communities 
in which they live, we have no better example to present, and none 
more worthy a place in this volume than the late James Gilbert Mar- 
shall, who was one of the prominent figures in the life of Lowell, Massa- 
chusetts, during the generation just passed. The great and varied influence that is 
exerted by a man of high aims in business and in his relations to the community-at- 
large in which he lives was well exemplified in the career of Mr. Marshall. He was in 
every respect a typical representative of the New England character, persevering, enter- 
prising, courageous, conservative, and a man of the highest intellectual and moral 
integrity. The advancement of self-made men, such as Mr. Marshall, to higher positions 
of honor and responsibility, illustrates not only the opportunities under our institutions 
open to every man of intelligence, perseverance and integrity, but also that prevailing 
sentiment in the community which, disregarding a man's birth or material possessions, 
judges him by his character alone. The death of James Gilbert Marshall, which occurred 
at his residence in Lowell, Massachusetts, December 3, 191 1, cast a gloom over a large 
proportion of the community in which he was so well known and beloved. The general 
feeling among his host of friends and business associates was that the grim tyrant, 
Death, had removed from their midst a man who was just, generous and kind. He left 
behind him a memory of a nature rarely gifted with those attributes which made for 
doing unto others as he would have others do to him. Mr. Marshall was a man of high 
ideals, to which he adhered with an unusual degree of faithfulness in the conduct of 
his life, and might well be pointed out as a model of good citizenship. In all the 
relations of his life he displayed those cardinal virtues that have come to be associated 
with the best type of American character, united with a most practical sense of worldly 
affairs. 

JAMES GILBERT MARSHALL was born in Waterville, Maine, July 27, 1838, 
being the eldest of the five children of Horatio and Lucy (Gilbert) Marshall, of Water- 
ville, Maine. His father, Horatio Marshall, was a native of Pelham, New Hampshire, 
and had moved to Maine when a young man, where he followed his trade with consider- 
able success. He was an expert machinist, and held the position of superintendent in 
the Locomotive Works at Portland, Maine, for many years. He then retired from his 
business occupation, and became interested in farming. For this purpose he bought a 
farm at Chelmsford, near the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, which he continued to 
cultivate until advancing age rendered this impossible. The last few years of his life 
were passed in a small house built by his son, James Gilbert Marshall, where he dwelt 
with his wife in happiness until the time of his death in 1881. His wife survived him 
about five years, and was a member of the old Waterville family of Gilberts, well known 
in that region for many generations. 

The name of Marshall is found early in the State of Massachusetts, and has been 



sparsball 147 

identified with New Hampshire in a conspicuous way. It has been borne by a very 
considerable number of men of prominence in this country. 

James Gilbert Marshall passed the early years of his life in his native town of 
Waterville, Maine, where he attended the public schools for his education. His school- 
ing was decidedly slender, but his ambition as a child was great, and he sought in 
independent reading and study the education and general culture which his environ- 
ment alone was inadequate to give him. So successful was he in this endeavor that in later 
years it was always a surprise to a new friend to learn that he was not a college grad- 
uate. His achievement in thus educating himself is the more remarkable in view of 
this fact, and he always kept abreast of current thought and knowledge. Another quality 
which assisted him greatly in this process of self-cultivation was his habit of keen 
observation, so that all that he came in contact with found a ready reception through his 
marvelous intellect. 

Mr. Marshall's father being a machinist, it was only natural that the son should 
begin his business career in the same line, and accordingly he entered the machine shop 
where his father was employed and there learned the trade. In a short time his natural 
brightness and tireless energy was brought to the front, and he soon worked his way 
to a higher and better position. This was in Portland, Maine, and after remaining there 
for a short time he removed to Lowell, Massachusetts, where he secured employment in 
the same capacity. When the great struggle between the North and the South came to 
a head, and the Civil War broke out, Mr. Marshall proved his patriotism by offering his 
services, and if needed, his life. He volunteered early in the war, and enlisted in Com- 
pany B, First Regiment, Maine Volunteer Infantry. The gallant service rendered by 
this regiment in defense of the Union is now one of the honorable chapters in our 
National History. 

After receiving his honorable discharge from the army, he returned to Lowell, 
Massachusetts, and once more followed the trade he had left, working as an expert 
machinist for a short period. His aptitude, cleverness and intelligence soon recom- 
mended themselves to the men in authority of the Boston & Maine Railroad, and he was 
offered the position of cashier in the freight department, which he accepted. Not long 
after, Mr. Marshall received a better offer from the Boott Corporation, one of the large 
cotton manufacturing concerns in that region of the country. For thirty-three years he 
held the position of paymaster in this great cotton mill, and had retired from active 
business pursuits a few years prior to his death. As paymaster for the Boott concern, 
Mr. Marshall made a host of friends and admirers, both among the mill hands and the 
officers of the company, and it was only a short time before he came to occupy a very 
conspicuous and important place in the life of that corporation. When he resigned from 
this position which he had held so long, keen and sincere regret was expressed by all 
his associates, and his death, which followed not long after at the age of seventy-three 
years, came as a profound shock to all. He was one of those men whose death, at any 
time, or under any circumstances, would have cast depression over the community, 
and the sorrow of the many who knew and loved him was greatly intensified by the 
suddenness with which the blow fell upon them. After becoming associated with the 
Boott Corporation, Mr. Marshall bought the fine residence on Gorham street, Lowell, 
where his widow now resides. Later he erected a smaller house in the immediate vicin- 
ity, where his parents passed the latter part of their lives. 

Mr. Marshall was a prominent figure in the fraternal and social life of the city of 
Lowell, being a member of various clubs and organizations, among which should be 
mentioned the Grand Union Lodge, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the 
Masonic Order. In the latter he was particularly prominent, having taken his thirty- 



148 €@ar$tmll 

second degree in Masonry, and being a member of Ancient York Lodge, Ancient Free 
and Accepted Masons ; of Ahasuerus Council, Royal and Select Masters ; of Pilgrim 
Commandery, Knights Templar, and other of the higher Masonic bodies. Mr. Marshall 
was gifted with a fluent pen and a finished style, but never took up writing as a profes- 
sion. He did a great deal as a pastime and pleasure, his subjects being principally those 
connected with the history of the Masonic Order, of which he was a devoted member. 
These writings are now preserved and greatly prized by his fellow-Masons, and are an 
example of well written thoughts creditable alike to his zeal in his subject and his literary 
skill. In his religious belief, Mr. Marshall was a Universalist, and a faithful attendant 
at the Grace Universalist Church of Lowell, to which he contributed most liberally, 
especiallv to its undertakings of a philanthropic and benevolent character. 

James Gilbert Marshall was twice married, his first wife being Emily Clark, of 
Portland, Maine, whose death occurred shortly after their marriage. On September 19, 
1868, Mr. Marshall was united (second) with Florence Harris, a native of Maine, who 
had moved to Lowell in her early youth. Mrs. Marshall is a daughter of Moses and 
Hannah (Palmer) Harris, of Pittston, Maine. The Harris family was among the earl- 
iest in the New England States, and has contributed much to the advancement of this 
region and of the Nation, being found at the present time in connection with all worthy 
endeavor. It has been especially active in the fields of invention and pioneer develop- 
ment. Almost every State has found the name among those of its pioneer settlers, and 
it has spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Mr. and Mrs. Marshall adopted a daughter 
of Mr. Marshall's sister, Mrs. French, the child's name being Maude French. She is 
now the wife of Clarence A. Eastman, of Lyndeboro, New Hampshire, and they are the 
parents of two children, Florence Louise and Leslie H. Eastman. Mr. Marshall was 
ideally happy in his home life, and spent as much time as was possible at his own fire- 
side, surrounded by his wife and adopted daughter, to whom he was so devoted. 

Mr. Marshall's funeral services were conducted according to the rites of the Masonic 
Order, delegations from that and the other bodies with which he was affiliated being in 
attendance. All who had ever come in contact with Mr. Marshall, at any time, no 
matter how casually, carried away with them a feeling of warm affection and admiration 
for him. His essential honesty and charity made him a figure not soon to be forgotten. 
He was a type of man valuable in any community and valued wherever found. His life 
was one of industry and usefulness, abounding in acts of kindness and good will toward 
all with whom he was associated. As a citizen he was self-respecting and law-abiding, 
while his kindliness of disposition endeared him to many. He left to his family the rich 
legacy of a good name and the record of a useful and honest life. 




Writing 




HE surname Whiting or Whiton is derived from a place name, and has 

been in use in England since the earliest adoption of surnames there. 

Roger Whiten is mentioned in the Domesday Book, published in 1085. 

Alan De Whitting is mentioned in the rolls of Yorkshire in 11 19 and 

1 150; Hugo Whiting was of Dorsetshire in 1202; Everard De Whiting, 

of Yorkshire, in 1195; Giffard Whiting, of Somersetshire, in 1214; 

Willus De Whiton, of Yorkshire, in 1216; Thomas De Whiting, of 

Nottinghamshire, in 1276, and Wills Whiting, of Oxfordshire, in 1300. The Whitings 

have several coats-of-arms, but that in use by the family of this sketch at the time of 

the emigration and afterward is described as follows : 

Arms — Azure a leopard's face or, between two flaunches ermine in chief three plates. 
Crest — A demi-eagle displayed with two heads proper. 

(I) MAJOR WILLIAM WHITING held an enviable position among the early set- 
tlers of Hartford, Connecticut. At some time between 1631 and 1633 he became one of the 
purchasers of the Piscataqua grants of the Bristol men. He was associated with Lords 
Say, Brooke and George Wylls, and retained his interest in Maine until his death. He 
was one of the settlers in 1636, one of the civil and religious fathers of Connecticut, a 
man of wealth and education, and styled in the records, as "William Whiting, gentle- 
man." In 1642 he was chosen one of the magistrates ; in 1641 treasurer of the Colony of 
Connecticut, an office he held the remainder of his life. In 1646 a plot was laid by 
Sequasson, Sachem of the Naticks, to kill Governor Haynes, Governor Hopkins, and 
Mr. Whiting on account of the just and faithful protection which these gentlemen had 
afforded to Uncas. The plot was disclosed by a friendly Indian and the danger averted. 
He bore the title of major. He sat with the Court of Magistrates in 1637. In 1638 
Major Whiting was allowed to trade with the Indians, and was appointed with Major 
Mason and others to erect fortifications in 1642, and in the same year was appointed 
with Major Mason to collect tribute of the Indians on Long Island and on the Main. He 
was admitted a freeman in 1640, was treasurer from 1641 to 1647, an ^ was magistrate 
from 1642 to 1647. He was a merchant of wealth and had dealings with Virginia and 
Piscataqua. He had a trading house on the Delaware river, and another at Westfield, 
Massachusetts. His will, dated March 20, 1643, states that he was about to make a 
long voyage at sea. Major Whiting was powerful and useful in the colony on account of 
his broad views and wealth, which enabled him to carry out for the benefit of the com- 
munity his large and various plans. Always an efficient promoter of the trade and 
commerce of Hartford, he had trading houses also in various parts of the country, and 
he owned many large land patents. Governor Edward Hopkins and he were the leading 
merchants of the colony of which Hartford was the center. After the Pequot War was 
over they began to export corn beyond the seas. His widow, Susanna, married (sec- 
ond) in 1650, Samuel Fitch, of Hartford, and married (third) Alexander Bryan, of Mil- 
ford, Connecticut. She died July 8, 1673, at Middletown. 

(II) JOHN WHITING, second son of Major William Whiting, was born in 1635, 
graduated at the age of eighteen years at Harvard College, and located in Hartford in 
1660. There he was a colleague of the Rev. Samuel Stone, the pastor of the First Church. 



i 5 o Wbitiw 

He was among those who withdrew from this church in 1672, and formed the Second 
Church of Hartford, of which he was the pastor until his death, September 8, 1679. He 
married, in 1654, Sybil Collins, born about 1637, in England, a daughter of Deacon 
Edward and Martha Collins, prominent in the early history of Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts. 

(III) SAMUEL WHITING, third son of John and Sybil (Collins) Whiting, was 
born in 1670, and received much of his education under his father's instructions. He 
studied theology with the Rev. James Fitch, of Norwich, and was first minister of Wind- 
ham, Connecticut, before the town was organized. His first sermon was delivered there 
in 1693, and he was ordained in 1700. While on a visit to his cousin, the Rev. Nathaniel 
Collins, in Enfield, he died, in 1725. He married, in Norwich, 1696, Elizabeth Adams, 
born in 1681, in Dedham, Massachusetts, and died in 1766, in New Haven, Connecticut, 
a daughter of the Rev. William and Alice (Bradford-Fitch) Adams, a granddaughter 
of Deputy Governor William Bradford, and a great-granddaughter of Governor William 
Bradford, of the Mayflower Colony. 

The Bradford family is descended from William Bradford, who lived in Austerfield, 
Nottinghamshire, England, where he was taxed in 1575, and was buried in 1596. His 
eldest son, William Bradford, born about 1560, at Austerfield, died in 1591. His wife 
was Alice (Hanson) Bradford, and they were the parents of Governor William Brad- 
ford. After his father's death, he lived with his grandfather, and after the death of the 
latter in 1596, he lived with his uncle, Robert Bradford, in Scrooby, near the estate of 
the Brewsters in County Nottingham. He was a member of the church where the Rev. 
John Robertson preached, and thus was led to come to America with the Pilgrims. He 
married, in Amsterdam, Holland, Dorothea May, from Wisbeach, England, then sixteen 
years of age. They arrived in Plymouth on the "Mayflower," and Dorothea was drowned 
by falling overboard, in the year 1620. Soon afterward, Governor Bradford sent for an 
old sweetheart, Alice, the widow of Edward Southworth, and a daughter of Alexander 
Carpenter, of Rentham, England. They were married in Plymouth, where he died in 
1657 ; she survived him nearly thirteen years. Her eldest child, Major William Brad- 
ford, died in Kingston, Massachusetts, in 1703. He was the chief military officer in 
Plymouth Colony, was assistant deputy governor, and a member of Governor Andros's 
Colony, in 1687. His first wife, Alice, a daughter of Thomas and Wealthyan Richards, 
of Weymouth, Massachusetts, died in 1671. His eldest daughter, Alice, married (first) 
Major James Fitch and subsequently William Adams, of Dedham, and they were the 
parents of Elizabeth Adams, the wife of Samuel Whiting. 

(IV) WILLIAM WHITING, second son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Adams) Whit- 
ing, was born in 1704, in Windham, lived in Norwich and was a lieutenant-colonel of the 
Colonial forces at the siege of Louisburg. He was afterwards at Lake George, where 
his eldest son John was murdered by the Indians. He married, in 1724, Ann, a daughter 
of Joshua and Mary (Sandys) Raymond, of Block Island. 

(V) WILLIAM WHITING, fourth son of William Whiting, was born in 1730, 
became a distinguished physician, and lived in Hartford from 1759 to 1766, when he 
removed to Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and there died in 1792. He married, in 
1759, Anna Mason, a daughter of Jeremiah and Mary (Clark) Mason, of Franklin, Con- 
necticut, and a granddaughter of Daniel and Dorothea Mason, a great-granddaughter of 
Daniel and Rebecca Mason, and a great-great-granddaughter of Major John Mason. 

(VI) SAMUEL WHITING, the eldest child of William and Anna Whiting, born 
August 14, 1762, in Hartford, lived in Reading, Connecticut, where he died in 1832. He 



Wbitim 151 

married, in 1803, Sarah Betts, who was born March 19, 1780, in Reading, a daughter of 
Lieutenant Stephen and Sarah Betts, of that town. Lieutenant Stephen Betts was con- 
spicuous in the Revolution, was a deacon in the Reading Church, and kept a hotel at 
Reading Ridge. 

(VII) WILLIAM S. WHITING, the second son of Samuel and Sarah (Betts) 
Whiting, was born about the year 1804, in Reading, Connecticut, and married Amelia 
Sherman, in 1833. 

(VIII) STEPHEN BETTS WHITING, in whose memory this tribute is being 
written, was the son of William S. and Amelia (Sherman) Whiting, his birthplace being 
Reading Ridge, Connecticut, and the date of his birth January 22, 1834. Both of his 
parents had been school teachers, and it was only natural that the son's education would 
be carefully undertaken. It has been said of Mr. Whiting that he studied geography when 
but four years old. He first attended the public schools of his native town, after which 
he attended a finishing school at New Haven, Connecticut. His summer vacations were 
spent at work in various stores, later at the Jerome Clock Factory. For one year Mr. 
Whiting attended the New Haven Collegiate and Commercial Institute, where he studied 
mechanical and mining engineering. At fifteen years of age, he learned the machinist's 
trade, and before he was sixteen years old he designed and constructed a miniature 
steam engine which worked perfectly. When he reached his seventeenth year, Mr. 
Whiting designed and built an air-pump, of which the local paper at that time said : "It 
is well worthy of notice." He possessed, however, certain other abilities, which from the 
start made it seem unlikely that he would remain an inventor. These extended in the 
direction of mechanical knowledge and skill, abilities which are most characteristic of 
the type of New Englander which Mr. Whiting represented. He engaged in work as 
a journeyman, and at twenty-one years of age removed to Urbana, Ohio, where he took 
complete charge of the works of the Urbana Machine Company. In 1857 Mr. Whiting 
changed his place of residence to Alton, Illinois, where he accepted the position of 
superintendent of the Illinois Iron Works. 

In i860, Mr. Whiting decided to return to the East, going to Camden, New Jersey, 
where he managed the Kaighn's Point Iron Works. A year or two later, these works 
being sold, he with an old friend and schoolmate, Charles G. Wilcox, bought them. 
The firm became Wilcox & Whiting, and directed much important structural work, 
including the iron clad superstructure of the Chestnut street bridge in Philadelphia, 
which extended across the Schuylkill river, and the construction of the light-draft 
monitor "Koka" for the government during the Civil War. About 1865, Mr. Whiting's 
business partner being in poor health, he accepted the opportunity which offered to sell 
out the iron works at a good profit, and remained out of business for a year or two. 
Mr. Whiting then removed to Pottsville, Pennsylvania, where he accepted the call to 
the superintendency of the Colliery Iron Works. Afterward, having a chance to better 
himself, Mr. Whiting became the mechanical engineer and manager of the Philadelphia 
and Reading Coal and Iron Company, of the same place. While there he invented and 
patented a rope-driving apparatus, extensively known as the "Whiting System" for 
deep mining work, which is still used in copper mines and coal mines in this country, 
also in England, and in the diamond mines of Africa. This position Mr. Whiting held 
for twelve years, when he accepted, after urgent solicitation, the position of general 
manager of the Calumet and Hecla Copper Mining Company, at Calumet, Michigan, 
where he remained for thirteen years, when he retired from active business affairs, owing 
to impaired health. Mr. Whiting had supervised the construction of what was called 



152 



Wbitiw 



in his honor the "Whiting Shaft," at that time considered the deepest shaft in the world. 
Mr. Whiting - was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 

While at Alton, Illinois, Mr. Whiting was united in marriage with Kate Burr Draper, 
February 15, 1858. Mrs. Whiting was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, the only 
daughter of Albert Henry and Nancy Earl (Read) Draper. Her mother was the 
daughter of Jonathan and Nancy (Bicknell) Read. Mrs. Whiting's father was a manu- 
facturer of jewelry and brass buttons, in Attleboro, the firm being Draper & Sandland. 
Mr. and Mrs. Draper became the parents of five children, namely : 



1. Frederick Albert. 

2. Henry Read. 

3. Kate Burr, now the widow of Stephen Betts 



Whiting. 

4. Alice, who died when one year old. 

5. Edwin Frank. 



The coat-of-arms of the Draper family is as follows : 

Arms — Argent on a fesse engraved between three annulets gules as many covered cups or. 

Crest — A stag's head gules attired gold, charged on the neck with a fesse between three annulets or. 

Motto — Vicit perpecit. 

Mrs. Whiting's parents went west to Alton, Illinois, where she attended school. 
Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Betts Whiting were the parents of six children, as follows : 



mining engineer; married Maud Agnes, Clin- 
ton, of Hoboken, New Jersey, and they are 
the parents of four children: Walter Sher- 
man, Jr., who is first lieutenant of the Three 
Hundred and Second Massachusetts Regi- 
ment; Marjorie Earl, Alfred Clinton, and 
Eleanor. 

4. Albert Draper, was born in Camden, New 
Jersey; educated in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, where he received his degree of 
M. D.; he was united in marriage with Le- 
titia Poultney Perot, and they are the par- 
ents of two sons, Charles Perot, and Albert 
Draper, Jr. Dr. Whiting is medical director 
at the Germantown Hospital, and assistant 
surgeon at the Lankanow Hospital, residing 
in Philadelphia. 

5. Howard Earl, born in Pottsville, Pennsyl- 
vania; attended Harvard University, where 
he took a special course in civil engineering; 
he is connected with the Boston Elevated 
Company; he married Bertha Dearborn, and 
they are the parents of two children: How- 
ard Earl, Jr., born in Cambridge, and Rich- 
ard, born at Swamscott, Massachusetts. 

6. Stephen Edgar, born in Pottsville; gradu- 
ated from Harvard University, with the class 
of 1896; he is an electrical engineer; he 
makes his home with his mother , who lives 
in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mrs. Whiting 
attends the St. James' Episcopal Church. 



Since 1888, Mr. Whiting and his family had resided in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
spending the summer months at Calumet, and in recent years at Galloupe's Point, on 
the North Shore. Strong common sense and an invincible will, the latter tempered with 
unusual tact and judgment, were the basis of his character and incidentally of his success 
in life. He was a man of fine tastes, business integrity and unquestioned honesty, and 
a well known figure in industrial circles. Mr. Whiting always retained a warm affection 
for the region of his birth, but it became imperative that he should make his home else- 
where on account of his business interests. 



Clara Minnette, born in Alton, Illinois; edu- 
cated in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and St. 
Mary's Episcopal School at Burlington, New 
Jersey; she became the wife of Millard 
Hunsiker, a son of Cornelius and Mary Hun- 
siker. Mr. and Mrs. Millard Hunsiker were 
the parents of one child, Harold Whiting 
Hunsiker, who was united in marriage with 
Florence Lufkin, of Rye, New York, and 
they have one child, Harold Whiting Hun- 
siker, Jr. Mrs. Millard Hunsiker died in 
1887. 

Charles Wilcox, born in Camden, New Jer- 
sey; attended Stevens Institute at Hoboken, 
New Jersey; he is a mechanical engineer; 
was united in marriage with Mary Clinton, 
of Hoboken, and they had five children, 
namely: 

i. Dorothy Clinton, who became the wife 
of Bowden Washington, and bore him 
one child, Mildred Warner Washing- 
ton. » 
ii. Harold Clinton, now serving his coun- 
try in the Engineer Corps of the 
United States Army, 
iii. Mildred, who died at the age of ten 

years. 
iv. Gertrude, 
v. Helen. 
Walter Sherman, now deceased, was born in 
Camden, New Jersey; attended the Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology; he was a 



Waiting 153 

There can be no doubt that the popular impression which ascribes unusual idealism 
mingled with an uncommon grasp of practical affairs to the New England character is 
quite accurate, and that it has been this union that has accounted for the extraordinary- 
success attained by the people of this region and the amazing development of the region 
itself. The business records of New England are in a particular way a source of names, 
and among them there is a well deserved place for that of Stephen Betts Whiting, whose 
death at his residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 23, 191 5, at the age of 
eighty-one years, was felt keenly by a very large number of personal associates, and 
indeed by the community-at-large. During a long and active career, Mr. Whiting had 
always stood for the highest ideals of business integrity, while his activities contributed 
in no small degree to the welfare of his fellow-men. True, his friends were legion, but 
the bright spot on earth for him was his own fireside, and there he spent his happiest 
hours. Mr. Whiting is lovingly remembered by all who knew him, his life exemplifying 
the manly virtues of loyalty, kindliness and uprightness. His character was unspotted 
by stain or blemish, and fragrant indeed will always remain his memory. 




Ter-2-10 




€lltott 

Arms — Gules on a bend, engrailed. Or a baton azure all within a bordure vair. 
Crest — A dexter hand issuing from a cloud and showing a dirk purpure. 

(URSUING the records of successful men, who have built up the indus- 
tries of New England, and have made that region what it is, we are 
often compelled to wonder at the great number of men who, in the 
face of great odds, forced the issue with destiny, and made their names 
forever identified with this or that great enterprise, commercial, indus- 
trial or financial. 

These are the men who are the dominant and certainly the most 
conspicuous type in that entire great region, the type we think of first, when the term 
New England is used. It would be difficult to find a finer example of this type, which we 
so much admire, than that presented in the person of Samuel Elliott, late of Haverhill, 
Massachusetts, whose death occurred there September 23, 1890. The method by which 
he attained the position which he held, and which bestowed upon him the estimation of 
his fellow-men, attested his qualities of heart and mind. Ever courageous, alert to oppor- 
tunity, clear of judgment, untiring in labor, he carved out of enduring granite his suc- 
cess, as a monument to himself and to his exceptional qualities. The purpose of a 
biography and memorial is to set forth the salient features of a man's life, that one may 
determine the motive springs of his conduct, and learn from his life record that which 
makes his history worthy of being preserved, and the career of Mr. Elliott was char- 
acterized by high ideals of life's purposes and its objects, and a continuous endeavor to 
closely follow them. His life was one of unabating industry ; his deeds have spoken for 
him, and placed him among those substantial and successful business men, who are the 
bone and sinew of any city or community and the foundations upon which all else are 
built. 

SAMUEL ELLIOTT was born March 19, 1817, in that part of Amesbury now 
known as Merrimac, son of David and Abigail Elliott. History and tradition prove that 
among the Normans who invaded England in 1066, and fought at Hastings, was a Nor- 
man Knight, William De Eliot, who is claimed as the ancestor of the Elliotts of Stobs 
and the Elliotts of Minto in Roxborough, Scotland, both related collaterally to the 
Elliotts of Cornwall in Somersetshire and Devonshire, England. The name, spelled 
Eliot, Elliot and Elliott, appears in the early records of Massachusetts and forms an 
honorable part in the Colonial period of New England. With slight and inconsequen- 
tial changes in spelling, there were four Elliott families in early New England, namely : 
Rev. John Eliot, the famous apostle to the Indians, of Roxbury; Ebenezer, of Newton, 
Edmund, of Amesbury, and Andrew, of Beverly. 

Samuel Elliott was a direct descendant of Edmund Elliott, a planter of Ames- 
bury, Massachusetts, who subscribed to the oath of allegiance in 1667 and was on record 
as a resident there in 1670. He must have served in the Indian War, after making his 
will, as it is on record that he executed this will, "When he was going to war." 

Samuel Elliott's family was not of Haverhill lineage, but of a neighboring town, 
that part of Salisbury now called Merrimac, although his father, David Elliott, was a 
resident of Haverhill and died in the Whittier homestead. Mr. Elliott when a boy was 
a pupil in a district school taught by Harriet Livermore, as strange in the schoolroom 



(Elliott 155 

as she was eccentric in all the ways of her volcanic and troubled life. When Mr. Elliott's 
father died, the care of the nine children fell upon the mother, and Samuel, the eldest, 
entered thus early the work of life that he might help in bearing the burden. To the 
excellence of his mother, her wisdom, her carefulness, her teachings and her example, 
he felt as Lincoln did, that to her he owed everything. His education, received in the 
district school, he supplanted by two winter terms in the Hampton Academy, and he was 
justly proud that he earned the money for this advantage. In his young manhood, he 
opened a little store in Rocks Village, a country store with the usual variety of West 
India goods, clothes and small wares. But in the evenings he cut shoes, and so by 
industry and thrift he laid a sure foundation for a successful life. He early established 
himself at Rocks Village in the manufacture of slippers, and to some extent of pegged 
goods, where he became a large manufacturer for that time. Later, in the late sixties, 
he became a shoe manufacturer in Haverhill, forming a partnership with his younger 
brother, George, the firm being S. & G. Elliott, and becoming one of the group of older 
manufacturers, who laid the foundation of the shoe industry in Haverhill. It is inter- 
esting to recall that in those early days shoemaking was largely done by shoemakers, 
men who could construct the entire shoe, who took the material from the manufacturers, 
wrought it into shoes in the little shops close by their house and brought back the cases 
of finished goods. So the work of the Elliotts went to be done not only in the parishes 
of Haverhill, but in West Newbury and Seabrook, then renowned for the excellence of 
its shoemakers. At times the firm gave work to shoemakers, when there was great 
depression in the market, and goods were manufactured to pile up until a demand should 
appear for them at commanding prices. The firm continued in business in Haverhill, 
first on Merrimac street and subsequently on Washington street, where about 1876 they 
were owners of considerable real estate there, which they held up to the date of the fire 
which occurred in 1882. That event caused changes in their property interests there, 
and led to other lines of investments. Mr. Elliott about that time became interested, 
with other parties, in the purchase from Rev. Charles Wingate of that portion of Win- 
gate Estate lying in the rear of Washington street and near the Boston & Maine Rail- 
road Station, which led to the building up of Wingate and Granite streets. He was also 
associated with the late Warren Ordway in the purchase of a large quantity of real 
estate in Bradford, known as the Locke property, which proved to be a profitable invest- 
ment. Mr. Elliott's portion was divided into house lots, and very successfully disposed 
of, upon which a community of cottages were built under a system inaugurated by him, 
resulting in the creation of pleasant houses for many people. Mr. Elliott was also 
largely interested in real estate as an owner in different parts of the city, and particularly 
in East Haverhill, which was his home. He never was ambitious for any official posi- 
tion, and never sought nor held any public office, success in business was his leading 
aim, and in that he was successful, leaving a large estate. 

On December 7, 1844, Samuel Elliott was united in marriage with Sophia Elliott 
Ayer, daughter of Captain John and Sophia (Elliott) Ayer. Mrs. Elliott was a descend- 
ant on the maternal side of another branch of the Elliott family, and on her paternal side 
a lineal descendant in the eighth generation of John Ayer, the immigrant ancestor, who 
settled in Salisbury in 1640. The origin of the family name of Ayer is both knightly 
and romantic. The story is told in Thorp's Catalogue of the deeds of the Battle Abbey r 
The motto of the family is distinctly patriotic, "For the King oftentimes, for the Country 
at all times." The coat-of-arms is as follows : 

Gules, three doves, close argent beaked and membered or. 

Almost six centuries after the battle of Hastings, John Ayer, the first of the name 
to come to America, sailed to New England in 1640, and became first a settler in Salis- 



156 (Elliott 

bury, then in Ipswich, and finally, in 1645, m Haverhill, making his home near the pond 
that was first called Ayer's Pond and that now is called Lake Saltonstall, in the vicinity 
of Gale Park. He is listed among- the Haverhill land owners in 1645, an d m io 46 his 
property was valued at one hundred and sixty pounds. He died March 31, 1657, leaving 
a widow Hannah and nine children. His fifth child and third son was Robert Ayer, 
born in England, but designated a freeman in Haverhill in 1666, made a selectman in 
1685, an d known as sergeant after 1692. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry 
Palmer. He was living in 171 1, his long life of more than eighty-seven years witnessing 
many dramatic events, the witchcraft delusion, the Indian raids, and the memorable 
attack on the village of Haverhill, August 29, 1708, in which members of his own family 
were killed. 

Of his six children, the second child and the oldest son was Samuel Ayer, known in 
the annals as Captain Samuel Ayer, born November 11, 1654. He married Mary John- 
son, of Hampton, December 14, 1681. He was a selectman of the town, a constable, a 
deacon of the church, served in King Philip's War in 1676, captain of Haverhill and the 
first town treasurer, elected to that office in 1695. Captain Ayer was a fearless man, of 
great strength, and collecting a body of about twenty men he pursued the retreating 
Indians who attacked Haverhill in the early hours of August 29, 1708. Captain Ayer 
was slain before reinforcements arrived. 

The second son and the third of the ten children of Captain Samuel Ayer was James 
Ayer, born October 27, 1686. He was a deacon in the church, and a leading man in the 
town. He married Mary White, the great-granddaughter of William White, who was 
one of the first settlers of Haverhill. Deacon James Ayer was in 1721 one of three Hav- 
erhill commissioners to make reports concerning the disputed boundary between Massa- 
chusetts and New Hampshire. He was a large landowner in the eastern part of the 
town and Ayer's Hill was named for him. 

His oldest son was Samuel Ayer, born May 5, 1712. He married Ann, daughter of 
Richard Hazzen. She was born in the old Garrison House on Water street, which is one 
of the most noteworthy houses of Haverhill and which has been carefully restored to 
its original form and is to be kept to illustrate to future generations the architecture 
and the protective plan of a garrison house, when the Red Men were the dreaded enemies 
of the early Colonists. 

Samuel Ayer, Jr., son of Samuel and Ann (Hazzen) Ayer, was born in Haverhill, 
November 29, 1742. He married Sarah Chase. 

Their son, John Ayer, known as Captain John Ayer, born April 1, 1788, married 
Sophia Elliott, March 23, 1819. This marriage brings into our biography another inter- 
esting house, the Garrison House in Rocks Village, and another notable family, the 
Elliotts. 

In this old Garrison House, Enneking, the painter, found a model for his pic- 
ture, "The Old Kitchen," with huge beams and rafters, where the golden sunlight 
falls through the small western window, resting on the floor near the fireplace with its 
andirons, and pewter dishes, and the steep winding stairs are seen through the doorway. 
It is a charming place, with deep window-seats, closets, port-holes, attics, and additions 
here and there full of hiding-places, and a deep dark cellar divided into several com- 
partments, into one of which a party may enter through a narrow passage, and, after 
crossing the door, pile against it the very rocks taken there long ago, to be used, if 
necessary, in keeping out the terrible "Red-skins." The house was built by Joseph 
Peasley, before the year 1675. Here were held the quarterly conventions of the Quakers, 
to whom the meeting-house in Haverhill was forbidden. Mary, the daughter of Joseph 
Peasley, and the great-grandmother of John Greenleaf Whittier, who brought the Quaker 
faith into the Whittier family, was born here. 



(Elliott 



i57 



John Peasley's son, Robert Peasley, of whom history records that he was the owner 
of two slaves, inherited the estate, and by will bequeathed it to his sons, Samuel and 
Amos, from whom Ephraim Elliott purchased it in 1758. Ephraim Elliott dwelt in the 
East Parish, was a saddler by trade, and a man of marked mental ability and leadership. 
He married, January 9, 1752, Mary, the daughter of the Rev. Payne Wingate, the grand- 
father of the Hon. Moses Wingate, Haverhill's centenarian of half a century ago. Mrs. 
Elliott's uncle was the Hon. Timothy Pickering, and her brother was a judge of the 
New Hampshire Superior Court, and a United States Senator. 

Mrs. Elliott was a woman of brilliancy and intellectuality, with so tenacious a 
memory that she could repeat nearly everything she read, including the New Testament 
and many chapters from the Old. The second son of Ephraim and Mary (Wingate) 
Elliott was Ephraim Elliott, Jr., who married Mehitable Haseltine, and their eldest son 
was Moses Haseltine Elliott, the physician, born in 1789, upon whose life fell the ming- 
ling light and shadow of romance. Dr. Elliott went to Pensacola, Florida, in 1822, and 
while ministering to those who were ill with the pestilence, fell a victim to yellow fever, 
and died at the early age of thirty-three. His sister was Sophia Elliott, whose marriage 
to John Ayer, March 23, 1819, brings us back to the family tree that we are outlining in 
this biography. Their daughter, Sophia Elliott Ayer, married the descendant of 
another branch of the Elliott family. Samuel Elliott, in whose memory this memoir is 
being written. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Elliott were the parents of six children, as follows : 



George Hazzen, born in Rocks Village, Sep- 
tember 19, 1845. He attended the old Whit- 
tier School near the poet's homestead, and 
finished his education at Atkinson and Colby 
academies and New London, New Hamp- 
shire. He became associated with his father 
in the boot and shoe industry, but retired 
from active business after his father's death, 
his time then being occupied in managing the 
Elliott estate. He was preeminently a Ha- 
verhill boy, its legends and traditions he 
cherished from their very foundation. The 
traits of a patriotic, progressive and intel- 
lectual ancestry were found in his character. 
He was gracious and urbane, dignified, but 
not austere, and withal a man of affairs. 
He did not take part in public matters, but 
those with whom he came in contact knew 
him to hold strong and decided views, and 
he was well read and an original thinker. 
He was a member of the Pentucket Club, 
and popular with his fellow clubmen. He 
was an attendant at the Second Church in 
Rocks Village, was ever interested in its 
welfare and assisted the church financially. 
He died March 6, 1916, loved and respected by 
all who knew him. 
Emma Frances, born February 17, 1847, died 



September 21, 1848. 

3. Herbert, born November 17, 1849, died June 
17, 1852. 

4. Emma Sophia, born March 6, 1853; she at- 
tended the old Whittier School, graduated 
from the high school of Haverhill, and then 
attended Abbott Academy for one year. She 
was united in marriage with the Rev. Thomas 
Germain Alexandre Cote, who, at the time 
of their marriage, was pastor of the First 
French Congregational Church at Lowell. 
The Rev. Cote died in Savannah, Georgia, 
April 27, 1906. After his death, Mrs. Cote 
continued to live a year in Lowell, after 
which she took up her residence in her old 
ancestral home in East Haverhill, where 
four generations of her family have lived, 
and three have been born. 

5. Samuel Ayer, born at East Haverhill, Mas- 
sachusetts, July 11, 1856, died October 24, 
1856. 

6. Mary Rich, born October 16, i860; she 
attended the old Whittier School and gradu- 
ated from the Haverhill High School; she 
lives with her sister, Mrs. Cote, in the old 
ancestral home, which is known as "Maternal 
Acres," on Elliott road, just off the Ames- 
bury road in East Haverhill, Massachusetts. 



Friday, June 14, 1918, will ever be remembered by the members of the Haverhill 
Historical Society as the day on which was dedicated the New Memorial Hall. On this 
date the names of the donors were made public for the first time, namely: Mrs. Emma 
Sophia (Elliott) Cote and Miss Mary Rich Elliott. 

The new hall, which has been in course of construction for the past year, will bear 
the name of "AYER-ELLIOTT MEMORIAL HALL," and was given to the Haverhill 
Historical Society by Mrs. Cote and Miss Elliott in honor of their father, Samuel Elliott, 
a founder of the shoe industry in Haverhill, and their mother, Sophia E. (Ayer) Elliott, 
a descendant of John Ayer, a pioneer, who settled in Haverhill in 1640. 



158 (Elliott 

The Hon. Edward G. Frothingham, president of the Haverhill Historical Society, 
in accepting the memorial building in behalf of the society, said : 

This is indeed a day of rejoicing for our Historical Society. Ever since we have been occupying 
our original quarters, our collection of gifts, curios and articles of great interest have been growing more 
and more extensive and we have greatly suffered for room for proper arrangement and display. Real- 
izing our imperative need for more extended and commodious quarters, Mrs. Cote and her sister. Miss 
Elliott, daughters of the late Samuel Elliott, one of our most prominent and enterprising citizens, have 
had built, and now present this beautiful, commodious and fire-proof hall, which is to be known as the 
"Ayer-Elliot Memorial Hall," and in behalf of the Haverhill Historical Society, as its president, this 
munificent and needed gift is accepted, with very grateful appreciation. This building being entirely 
fire-proof, there is every reason to believe that it will remain permanently for future generations to 
enjoy, and the names of the generous donors will be graven not only on the walls of our building, but 
indelibly in the hearts of our membership, whose gratitude for this noble and valuable gift will also be 
inscribed upon the annals of our Society and never be forgotten. 

It is fitting, in closing this biography, to pay a small tribute to the memory of 
Samuel Elliott. From his ancestors, who were of the best New England type, he 
inherited a rare combination of qualities that formed a noble manhood. He was a man 
whose character and influence would have gained him distinction in any walk in life. 
He was a staunch supporter of the government during the Civil War, and threw the 
entire weight of his influence against secession. He was particularly happy in his 
domestic relations, and the most charming and interesting of companions, pouring out 
the hoarded stores of long years of close observation, silent thought and clear analysis 
of striking events. His dignity and simplicity, courtly politeness, and lively sympathies, 
always secured for him warm regard from old and young. For the latter, he felt a 
paternal interest and was ever a wise counsellor and faithful friend. A man, he seemed 
of cheerful yesterdays and confident to-morrows, with a face not worldly-minded, for it 
bore so much of nature's impress, gayety and health, freedom and hope, but keen withal 
and shrewd. At the age of seventy-three he passed away, surrounded by his family, 
full of years and honors, with faculties bright and affections warm to the last, much 
lamented by his fellow-citizens and sincerely mourned by a wide circle of friends. He 
left to his family that choicest of all legacies, an honored name, and a reputation for 
uprightness, integrity, gentleness and courtesy. Such is the record of the man who was 
truly and sincerely one of "Nature's Noblemen." 





e u. 



'//trttiffA ^y. £y. ioc/e 



3&eb. Chomas Germain aiesanore Cote, B. &. 




The Cote and Coote coats-of-arms, according to Burke's General Armory, is as 
follows : 

Cote Arms — Argent, fretty azure, on a canton sable a lion rampant or. 
Crest — A cock or, combed and wattled gules. 

Coote Arms — Argent, a fesse between three coots sable. 
Crest — A coot's head erased sable. 

O have achieved fame in one direction is conceded to be an enviable con- 
dition by the majority of human beings, but in the life of the Rev. 
Thomas Germain Alexandre Cote we have a man who has attained 
eminence as a minister, missionary and humanitarian. In his par- 
ticular field, he was eminently successful, and in every instance he 
labored for the best interests of humanity, with never a thought of self- 
aggrandizement. Especially was he eager to watch the progress of 
the kingdom of Christ, to whose furtherance his life had been so enthusiastically devoted. 
His useful life of three score years and three greatly enriched the community in which 
he lived, and his death, which occurred at Savannah, Georgia, April 27, 1906, was widely 
lamented by all who knew him, or had in any way come in contact with him. 

THE REV. THOMAS GERMAIN ALEXANDRE COTE was born at St. Jean- 
Baptiste de L'lle Verte, Province of Quebec, Canada, October 21, 1842. He attended 
school in his native village, and later on he studied at Quebec, in the Catholic Seminary 
and at St. Laurent College, near Montreal. In 1864, being dissatisfied with the system of 
Roman Catholic theology, he sought admission in the Evangelical Mission School at 
Pointe-Aux-Trembles, near Montreal, Canada. It was there, in this noble refuge for all 
those who are anxious to find the truth, that Monsieur Cote received with enthusiasm the 
good messages of the Gospel. From this date his ambition was to devote his life for the 
moral and spiritual good of his countrymen. In 1868, he completed his theological studies 
at the Presbyterian College of Montreal. On August 9, 1871, he was ordained a minister 
of the Gospel and went to establish a mission at Chicoutimi, Province of Quebec. A,fter 
five years of hard and zealous labor and many privations, he succeeded in building a 
modest little church. In 1876, the "Synode des Eglises Evangelique du Canada" was 
organized and Rev. Cote was called to take charge of the French church at Joliette, 
Province of Quebec. Poverty predominated in the French Protestant churches, and in 
February, 1877, he was delegated by the Synode to collect money in the United States. 

In the summer of 1877, he visited Lowell, Massachusetts, and there he became 
acquainted with one of the American pastors of Lowell, Dr. Barrows, who said to him, 
"Your work in Canada is excellent, but we need you here." A few months later, Rev. 
Cote received a letter signed by the minister of Lowell, asking him to become the French 
Missionary of the city. Rev. Cote, having accepted this call, put himself to the front, 
worked hard, and fought with courage the strong current of malignity, prejudice and 
indifference of a population drifting away from all religious influence. He began regular 
religious meetings that year in Wyman Hall, twelve persons attending. On July 3, 
1877, the church was organized, with seven members, and Rev. Cote was installed as 



160 Cote 

pastor. Fire destroyed Wyman Hall in February, 1878, which was a great loss to the 
infant congregation. The day after the fire a friend called to see Rev. Cote; he spoke 
words of consolation and said, "Take courage my friend," here is the first contribution 
toward the construction of a French church in Lowell. This was the gift of the gen- 
erous Cooledge and it was a blessing for Rev. Cote and his people. In 1879 a building 
lot for the new church was bought, and on October 26, 1881, the inauguration and con- 
secration of the first French Protestant church in Lowell took place. Dr. Barrows 
preached in English, and Dr. Chiniquy, of Montreal, Canada, preached in French. The 
day after this hopeful and joyful event, Rev. Cote, full of enthusiasm, wrote to a friend 
in Ohio: "God has blessed my humble work; we have succeeded." Encouraged by the 
work accomplished in Lowell, the Massachusetts Home Mission Board of Boston, being 
desirous of doing a little more good for the French population, appointed Rev. Cote 
general missionary or superintendent of the French work for the State of Massachu- 
setts. He began his new work, March 1, 1884, and the following is a summary of the 
missionary work accomplished: Fall River, Massachusetts, church organized in 1884; 
Springfield, Massachusetts, church organized in 1884; Holyoke, Massachusetts, church 
organized in 1886; Ware, Massachusetts, church organized in 1886; Spencer, Massachu- 
setts, church organized in 1888; Marlboro, Massachusetts, church organized in 1889; 
Haverhill, Massachusetts, church organized in 1889; Pittsfield, Massachusetts, church 
organized in 1889; Newburyport, Massachusetts, church organized in 1896. 

As a general missionary, Rev. Cote was possessed of a dignified and commanding 
appearance, full of perseverance and firmness, always ready to labor in the Lord's vine- 
yard. He was a very capable man in organizing and enthusing his fellow Christians, 
and his heart was full of sympathy and of noble and generous impulses. He was an 
intense lover of nature, a man of the highest ideals, and indefatigable in the perform- 
ance of the duties he loved so well. 

In 1887, some of the members of the French Pastoral Union, took the boat from 
Fall River to Providence. Rev. Cote was in this party, and talking about the great work 
to be done said, "What we need the most now is a French Protestant newspaper." Rev. 
T. A. Dorian, of Ware, Massachusetts, said, "I have an old printing press, that works 
only by the power of the arms, or the muscles of the legs, and I gladly offer you this 
press." The Rev. Cote, full of hope, said, "Well, I will make the press go, Rev. Provost 
will be the editor of the paper." Two months later "The Semeur," a weekly paper of 
sixteen pages, was published at Ware, Massachusetts, and later in Springfield, Massa- 
chusetts, and the energy and enthusiasm of Rev. Cote was again illustrated in the pub- 
lishing of this paper. 

The usefulness of Rev. Cote, in Massachusetts and all over New England, was fully 
appreciated and demonstrated on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the 
organization of the French Protestant Church of Lowell, September 18, 1902, when he 
was presented with a gold medal, valued at one hundred dollars. On this occasion the 
Rev. Provost spoke words highly commendatory of Rev. Cote's work in the interest of 
the French Protestantism, and impressed on all those who had gathered to celebrate 
that the medal was given to Rev. Cote as a testimonial of love from all the French 
Protestant churches and missions, to show their appreciation of the Christian life he had 
devoted in their behalf so zealously and willingly. 

Rev. Cote resumed his pastorate in Lowell in 1895, preaching until September, 
when he was forced to abandon the work on account of poor health. In July, 1905, no 
longer hopeful of regaining his strength, he resigned his pastorate, being shortly after- 
wards made pastor emeritus. He was also one of the founders of the French-American 
College at Springfield, Massachusetts. He died, suddenly, at Savannah, Georgia, April 



Cote 



161 



27. 1906. The news of his death came as a great shock to the parishioners in Lowell 
who entertained for him the deepest reverence and warmest affection. He had been 
minister of the French Protestant Congregational Church in Lowell for over a quarter of 
a century. When Rev. Cote departed from this life, all the French Protestant churches 
in the New England States deplored the sad event. The French Church of Torrington, 
Connecticut, held a very impressive memorial service and the following resolutions 
were adopted : 

Resolved, That we members of the French Evangelical Church of Torrington, Connecticut, have 
heard with deep sorrow of the death of our good and esteemed brother, the Rev. Thomas Germain 
Alexandre Cote. His death is a loss for all our French churches in New England. In passing these 
resolutions, we pay but a feeble tribute of affection to the memory of a faithful pastor and a conscientious 
worker. We sincerely sympathize with our afflicted sister, Mrs. Cote. 



The Rev. Thomas Germain Alexandre Cote was united in marriage with Emma 
Sophia Elliott, daughter of Samuel and Sophia Elliott (Ayer) Elliott, of Haverhill, 
Massachusetts. After his death, Mrs. Cote continued to live a year in Lowell, Massa- 
chusetts. Since then she has resided at the old Elliott Homestead in East Haverhill, 
Massachusetts. 



Cusfring 




OTHING has contributed more to the increase of commerce and general 
prosperity than the improvement in transportation facilities, and these 
are based chiefly upon the foundation of civil engineering, a profession 
the value of which cannot be over-estimated. It is of a widely known 
member of this honorable profession that this memorial is being written, 
Ethan Allen Cushing, of Milton, Massachusetts. The man who achieves 
success solely by well directed efforts of his own natural abilities and 
strength of character is a type which has ever appealed to all of us. Mr. Cushing was 
generally beloved and justly honored for his sterling worth, high principles and un- 
swerving integrity. There are some men who seem to take possession of the public 
heart and to hold it after they have gone, not by flashes of genius or brilliant services, 
but by kindness and the force of personal character, and also by steady and persistent 
good conduct in all the situations and under all trials of life. They are always in 
sympathy with all that is useful, pure and good in the community wherein they dwell, 
while the community itself, on its side, cheerfully responds by extending to them respect- 
ful admiration and sincere affection. Such a man was Mr. Cushing, and his death, which 
occurred in Milton, Massachusetts, January 12, 1898, marked the ending of a most 
useful career, and left a vacant place in the many hearts of those who had recognized his 
true traits of manhood. As a business man he was in many respects a model. The goal 
of his ambition was success, but he would succeed only on the basis of truth and honor. 
Justice and equity he regarded as the cornerstones of the temple of trade, without which 
it could not stand. Mr. Cushing illustrated in his character and career the true New 
Englander, a class of men noted the world over as types of the sturdiest qualities of 
manhood. Ambitious, energetic, courageous in all business operations, undaunted by 
difficulties, which are bound to arise from time to time, thoroughly honest, Mr. Cushing 
made himself a man to whom the community in which he resided looked to for aid and 
influence. 

Few families in this country have been more celebrated than the Cushings, and prob- 
ably no other one has furnished more judges for our Probate, Municipal and Supreme 
courts. In all its branches it has been highly respectable, and it still maintains its 
ancient standing. The genealogy of the Cushing family forms of itself almost a synop- 
sis of the colonizing and early settlement of the New England States and a portion at 
least of the Province of Quebec, and by that purest and best of its stock, the Puritans. 
In the halls of the Legislature, in the administration of the laws, in the arena of com- 
merce and in all the relations of the times in which they lived, the members of this 
remarkable family appear almost pre-eminent. Among the New England records the 
name is variously spelled "Cushin, Cushan, and Cushing." In a "List of the First 
Settlers of New England," is found the name of Jeremiah Cushing, Boston, juror, 1680. 
The Cushing coat-of-arms are first found in the Heraldic Visitation of the County of 
Norfolk, England, and are described as follows: 

Arms — Gules, an eagle displayed argent quartering gules, three right hands torn from the wrists, a 
canton chcquery, or and azure. 

Crest — A crown supported by two gambs, from which is suspended a heart resting on a wreath and 
helmet. 

Motto — Virtute et numine, which, when translated, means By Valor and by Divine Aid. 



Cussing 163 

The immigrant ancestor, Matthew Cushing, sailed from Gravesend, England, in the 
ship "Diligent," arriving at Boston, in 1638. He and his fellow-passengers during that 
same year commenced the settlement of Hingham, Massachusetts, which they named 
after the name of the former home of the Cushing family in England. At a town meet- 
ing held in 1638, a house lot of five acres was given to Matthew Cushing, and this lot up 
to the year 1877 was in possession of his direct lineal descendants. He became a deacon 
in the church and died in 1660, at the age of seventy-two years. 

ETHAN ALLEN CUSHING, whose distinguished name is the subject of this 
memoir, was born in Springfield, Vermont, October 29, 1837, the son of Ethan Allen and 
Lydia (Osborne) Cushing. He was one of three children, the others being George and 
Stanley Cushing. 

His early education was obtained in the local public schools of his native city, 
and later he attended school in Hartford, Connecticut, where he proved to be a dili- 
gent and intelligent pupil. He was ready and quick of apprehension, and upon the 
completion of his education Mr. Cushing, being desirous to enter the business world, 
went to Milton, Massachusetts, where he became a master mechanic. Previous to this, 
he had studied civil engineering, which prepared him for the responsible position which 
he held in Milton. When his ability and proficiency became known, his services were 
in great demand, and not long afterward Mr. Cushing became the superintendent of the 
Walter Baker Company, of Dorchester, Massachusetts. He continued in this capacity up 
to the time of his death, and had gained for himself the esteem of both those above and 
below him in rank. He was ever lenient towards those in his employ, striving at all 
times to better life for them. His efforts in this endeavor were greatly appreciated, and 
he became generally beloved and respected. The personality of Mr. Cushing was one 
that will not be quickly forgotten by the great host of those who called him friend. He 
was a man who combined gentleness and firmness, yielding easily where his sense of 
right and justice was not concerned, but inflexible enough where his conscience had 
rendered its decision. He was a delightful companion, as he remembered and recounted 
with vivid power the many interesting experiences he has passel through during his long 
career as a business man. Mr. Cushing made an ideal citizen and one that any com- 
munity might hold up as a type for its youth to imitate and follow. 

During the year 1863, Ethan Allen Cushing was united in marriage with Sarah 
Rebecca Sumner, a daughter of Lemuel and Sally (Walker) Sumner. Her father, Lem- 
uel Sumner, was a son of Jesse Sumner, who came from England in 1743, and was an 
uncle of Charles Sumner, the great abolitionist, and former United States Senator from 
the State of Massachusetts. Jesse Sumner was appointed by Governor Caleb Strong 
first lieutenant and later second lieutenant for the Colonies during the Revolutionary 
War. Mr. and Mrs. Cushing were the parents of two children, as follows : 

1. Eva Allen, born in Cambridge, Massachu- July 28, 1867, and died at the age of eighteen 
setts, October 14, 1864, and died in infancy. years, after he had prepared to enter Har- 

2. Ethan Allen, born in Milton, Massachusetts, vard University. 

Mr. Cushing was a strong character and was interested in the affairs of the com- 
munity, which were ever uppermost in his mind, and at the same time he was most 
devoted to his family, in all ways a faithful husband and a wise father. He was strictly 
a "home man," and found his greatest pleasure and relaxation in his home. In his 
religious belief, Mr. Cushing was a Unitarian, and belonged to the Unitarian Club, being 
active in the affairs of the church, and most generous in his contributions towards its 
worthy causes. 



164 



Cusfring 



The death of Mr. dishing, at the age of sixty-one years, was a real loss to the com- 
munity, not alone because it cut short all the valuable activities in which he had been 
long engaged, but also because it removed from among his fellow-men a strong and 
winning personality, whose influence was always a direct source for good. The soul of 
sincerity and honor, his purposes were always high-minded, and he was indeed a man 
of sterling character, retaining throughout his life the strong respect for right and law 
inherent in many New England families. Kindly and tolerant of all, he was a delightful 
companion and a true friend, and he died as he had lived, an honest man. 




iftanson 




Arms — Argent, a cross calvary between two mullets gules. 

'HE memory of the life of Alfred Small Manson is a blessed benediction 
to those who were his associates and friends, whom he numbered 
among the representative men of the State of Massachusetts. It is 
indeed impossible to estimate the true value to a city of such men as 
Mr. Manson, for the influence which they exert can be found in all 
the commercial, financial and industrial life, extending itself to the 
whole social economy as well. A list of the representative men of the 
city of Boston, and of the State of Massachusetts, who have made themselves notably 
conspicuous in both public and private life by a combination of most excellent qualities 
and whose superior force of character has placed them in the front rank would be 
decidedly lacking in accuracy were the name of Mr. Manson not to be found. Not only 
did he rise above the standard in his line of business, and in the business world in gen- 
eral, but he was the possessor in a high degree of those excellencies of character which 
always make men worthy of the deep regard of their fellow-men. He was ever keenly 
alive to the varying requirements of trade, and conducted operations of the most extended 
and important. He exemplified the sturdy virtues and traits of the old stock from which 
he was descended, and which was transplanted to the genial and friendly soil of the 
New England States. The death of Mr. Manson, which occurred in the city of Boston, 
October 7, 1903, caused genuine grief among a wide circle of his friends and business 
associates. Being endowed by nature with a large heart, honorable and high-minded in 
all his personal and business relations, and ready to help advance any just or good 
cause, Mr. Manson was distinctly a power for good in any community wherein his lot 
had been cast, and it was only natural that the general feeling of the public at the time 
of his death was that of deep sorrow and regret, for in all the walks of life he had so 
acquitted himself as to be regarded as a most valued and honorable citizen and as a 
representative business man. 

ALFRED SMALL MANSON was born in Searsmont, Maine, in a home where 
he was taught to cherish the best traditions of New England life, and the date of his 
birth was January 31, 1841. He was a descendant of Richard Manson, of Scotland, who 
was an early settler of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. His direct line of descent was: 
Richard Manson ; John Manson, of Portsmouth and Kittery, Maine ; Samuel Manson, of 
Kittery ; William Manson, of Kittery and South Berwick, Maine ; John Manson, of 
Gorham, Maine, and of Eaton, New Hampshire ; and William Manson, of Limington, 
Searsmont, and South Berwick, Maine. 

Mr. Manson obtained his early education in the public schools of his native town, 
and attended the Academy at New Hampton, New Hampshire, where his diligence and 
intelligence were early recognized and admired. While attending the Academy, he 
taught winter schools in other towns, and upon completing his education became a 
teacher in that vicinity. He was considered a capable teacher, broad in his views and 
thorough in his methods. He always took a deep interest in the welfare of the pupils 
whom he instructed, and they in return bestowed upon him their love and affection. 
During the year 1865, Mr. Manson felt the lure of the larger city and came to Boston, 
wherein he could foresee greater and higher possibilities for himself. He entered the 



i 66 0§an$on 

employ of Crosby & Ainsworth, who were wholesale book-sellers and publishers. He 
soon became connected with the publishing part of the business, and a short time 
afterward was made one of the associate authors of the famous Payson, Dunton & 
Scribners Writing Books. Mr. Manson was very successful in introducing these and 
other publications of Crosby & Ainsworth, Woolworth, Ainsworth & Company, and of 
their successors into the schools of many leading cities and towns. It is indeed difficult 
to estimate the great influence of such books on the countless number of pupils who 
have used them and on the educational methods of the country. Mr. Manson continued 
in this line of work for more than thirty years, and met with success. He was also a 
collector of books and of antique articles of historic interest, and many of these books 
he illustrated with portraits and rare pictures that he had collected from time to time 
from different sources. Though not especially musically inclined, Mr. Manson had a 
very fine collection of violins, a large and valuable collection of Colonial furniture, and a 
collection of American arms, consisting of guns, swords and pistols, which had been used 
in this country from its early settlement until after the Civil War. 

Mr. Manson possessed much talent for drawing, and was an expert in the theory and 
practice of penmanship. Perhaps it was in this connection that he was most widely 
known. He was greatly interested in tracing the development of copy books and hand- 
writing from the Colonial and earlier days down to the present time, and collected a 
large number of old time writers' books, that had much historic interest and value and 
are now in a New York library. Mr. Manson took a deep interest in looking up a 
genealogy and history of the Manson family, but unfortunately did not live to publish 
the data which he had collected. He became a member of the New England Historic- 
Genealogical Society, May 20, 1899. 

On December 6, 1880, Alfred Small Manson was united in marriage with Mary 
Eliza Langley, a daughter of James Towle and Eliza Ann (Swan) Langley, of Arling- 
ton, Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Manson were the parents of one child, a son, Waldo 
Searsmont Manson. Mr. Manson was greatly devoted to his family, and spent as much 
time as was possible in their society, continually devising means for their happiness and 
pleasure. Around his home he seemed to shed a benign influence which acted as a ray 
of sunshine. Always tender and loving in the home circle, his heart was no less filled 
with love toward all humanity. He was a man of strong individuality and of artistic 
taste. His life was one of unabating industry, his deeds have spoken for him and placed 
him among those substantial men who are the bone and sinew of a city or community, 
and the very foundation upon which all else is built. The sorrow of the public at the 
news of his death was universal, and he died leaving an honored name, a name and 
record of which his family might well feel proud. The purpose of a biography and 
memorial is to set forth the salient features of a man's life that one may determine the 
motive springs of his conduct, and learn from the record that which makes his history 
worthy of being preserved, and the career of Mr. Manson was characterized by high 
ideals of life's purposes and its objects, and a continuous endeavor to closely follow 
them. Mr. Manson was a man of sterling character, and retained throughout life the 
strong respect for right and law inherent in many New England families. And if his 
public life was thus commendable, not less so was his more intimate intercourse with 
family and friends. 




Alu*uhum (Bxit&xm Wmmut 



Wpman 




Arms — Argent, a fesse between three crescents sable, fire issuant proper. 
Crest — On a wheatsheaf fessways or, a cock gules. 

>HE career of a successful man not only directly benefits society, but 
when it is the result of individual effort it affords an incentive to others 
for high endeavor and the achievement of like success. For this reason 
worthy examples not only justify but merit a place on the historic 
pages, and the career of Abraham Gibson Wyman was in the line of 
these observations. He well exemplified in every way the typical New 
England character, enterprising, courageous and conservative, a man 
of the highest intellectual and moral integrity. It is an occupation alike of pleasure and 
profit to trace the life histories of those successful men whose achievements have been 
the result of their own unaided efforts, who, without even the average advantages sur- 
rounding the typical youth, have worked themselves up the ladder of success and accom- 
plishment until they have found secure places in the regard and admiration of their 
fellow-men. It is an occupation of pleasure because the human mind is so constituted 
that it cannot fail to respond to the story of strong deeds worthily performed, of profit 
because the inevitable fruit of such pleasure is imitation of the thing admired, even 
though it be unconscious imitation. Of such histories we in this country are fortunate 
in having an unusual number to stand for us as types of wholesome conduct leading to 
well merited success, such as cannot fail to have a happy influence upon the ideals and 
ambitions of the young. Such a record, so fraught with beneficent possibilities for 
others, is to be found in the life story of Mr. Wyman, who for many years was one of 
the substantial business men and representative citizens of the city of Boston, and whose 
death, which occurred at his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, November i, 1903, was 
felt as a severe loss by that community. 

In his long and successful business career his word was always as good as his bond, 
and his private life was without a stain or blemish. In his relation with the busy world 
he Avas highly regarded by all those who had the honor of his acquaintance, and in 
Boston, Massachusetts, where he was so well known and beloved and in which he took 
such a deep and abiding interest in all that was for the best interests of the community, 
his untimely passing away created a vacancy that it will be difficult indeed to adequately 
fill. In the death of Mr. Wyman we are forcibly reminded that within our borders are 
many of the leaders in really virile business character and probity, as well as in the 
realm of spotless private lives. In his departure from earthly environment, Brookline 
as his home, the city of Boston as the scene of his business activities, and Massachusetts 
as the Commonwealth, in which he was such an active force in varied affairs, each lose 
a representative of the highest type and one of the noblest of men in the community. 
Death is always sad in any case, but when a strictly honorable and perfectly conscien- 
tious business man as Mr. Wyman is taken away, it is indeed regretful, for we have too 
few such men to spare any. Throughout all the varied responsibilities of life this dis- 
tinguished gentleman acquitted himself with dignity and fidelity, and although his 
business dealings brought him into contact with people from all the walks of life, 
nothing but adherence to the strictest principles of honor was ever attributed to him. 
He was one of those men who labored persistently and energetically, not only to win 
success for himself, but to make his life a continual source of benefit to his fellow-men. 



168 Wymm 

ABRAHAM GIBSON WYMAN was born in the city of Boston, September 
24, 1830, the son of Abraham and Miranda (Priest) Wyman, both of whom were highly 
respected natives and residents of the State of New Hampshire. They became the 
parents of five children, namely: George, Abraham Gibson, of whom further; Charles, 
Maria, and Carrie. 

The childhood days of Abraham Gibson Wyman were spent in the usual occupations 
of that period, and he attended the public schools in Boston for his education. He gained 
an excellent education, as he was of so ambitious a nature that he availed himself of 
every opportunity that arose. He had a strong desire in his youth to attend college, 
and regretted greatly the circumstances which rendered this impossible. He was not, 
however, of the temperament which allows obstacles to discourage him, and while he 
could not take a formal course of studies in any advanced institution, he continued 
throughout his life as an independent scholar, so that there were few men better 
informed upon general topics or more widely cultivated than Mr. Wyman. Upon the 
completion of his studies in the public schools, Mr. Wyman gained an introduction into 
the business world in his father's store, the wholesale grocery business, and as this 
establishment was run on the best of business lines the young man was enabled to 
gather a wide understanding of methods and principles employed in business, and these 
were of the utmost value to him later in life, when he was admitted into partnership with 
his father. Mr. Wyman continued in this business until 1900, when he retired from all 
business affairs, and conducted it with a high degree of success. Although the influence 
of Mr. Wyman upon the community, due to the part he played in the business world, 
was a great one, it was not by any means the sum total of that which he exercised, or 
perhaps even the major portion of it. This was rather the result of his character as a 
man, a character which, coupled with a strong personality such as that possessed by 
Mr. Wyman, could not fail to have its effect upon all those with whom he came in 
contact. At the base of his character, as it must be at the base of all worthy characters, 
were the fundamental virtues of courage and honesty, and to these he added not only 
other virtues, but the graces of personality and manner which made him at once the 
charming companion and the most faithful friend. 

It was not alone in the business world that Mr. Wyman became well known and 
respected, for he was not one of those men who devote all their time and attention to 
their own business interests, but was on the contrary very public spirited, and was elected 
assessor of Boston, and also served as deputy collector of taxes. He filled both of these 
offices with honor, and the account of his life and the various activities engaged in tells 
far more eloquently than any formal praise of the remarkable powers possessed by 
him, especially if it be remembered that his ardent, enthusiastic nature would not permit 
his undertaking anything which he was not prepared to do, or any obligation which he 
did not observe to the fullest. His labors were great, but his powers were equal to 
their adequate performance. 

Abraham Gibson Wyman was united in marriage with Abby Ann Phipps, a daughter 
of Benjamin and Sarah Kettell (Frothingham) Phipps. Mr. and Mrs. Wyman traveled 
abroad during the year of 1901, and since the death of her husband Mrs. Wyman has 
continued to reside in Brookline, Massachusetts, at No. 1722 Beacon street. She is a 
cousin of the well-known historian, Richard Frothingham. Mr. Wyman was a man of 
strong domestic instincts, who found his greatest happiness at his own fireside. 

Benjamin Phipps, the father of Mrs. Wyman, was born in Charlestown, Massachu- 
setts, October 18, 1797, and passed away in that city, April 7, 1878, at the age of eighty- 
one years. He was the son of Samuel and Esther (Rand) Phipps, and was a harness 
maker by trade, and a prominent citizen of Charlestown. He had held many offices in 




& 






Piripp* 169 

the town, and was alderman after it became a city. For many years Mr. Phipps was a 
treasurer and one of the founders of the Winchester Home Corporation, a home for 
aged women, and he continued to hold this office until the time of his death. He 
married (first) Abigail Kimball, who died July 18, 1828, at the age of thirty-three years. 
Their union was blessed with one child, Benjamin Phipps, Jr. He married (second) 
Sarah Kettell Frothingham, September 9, 1829, and they were the parents of two child- 
ren, namely : John Alfred, and Abby Ann, now the widow of Abraham Gibson Wyman. 
» Benjamin Phipps, Jr., was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, February 12, 
1824, and died in Brookline, May 1, 1906. He was educated in the Bunker Hill School 
in his native town, and at the early age of fifteen applied for a position with Parker, 
Blanchard & Wilder. There was but one vacancy and two applicants, and Mr. Phipps 
was rejected because the other boy was more muscular, and in those days the younger 
employees were obliged to assist at times with such work as is now done by porters. 
Twenty-nine years later he was admitted as a partner in this same firm. A letter from 
his schoolmaster led the firm to take him on trial, and from office boy he was promoted 
to a clerical position, after a faithful service, and was admitted to the firm, May 31, 1868. 
Mr. Phipps outlived the other members of the firm, and at the time of his death was the 
head of the establishment. The firm was one of the early commission houses of Boston, 
and one of the first, if not the first, to sell cotton goods on commission. It expanded 
until it became the selling agent for some fourteen mills, in not a few of which the firm 
was largely interested financially. In 1849, at tne time of his marriage, Mr. Phipps 
settled in Chelsea, Massachusetts, and three years afterward bought his first house there. 
He took an active interest in the affairs of the town, and in 1877 was a member of the 
Common Council, in 1878 was made alderman. In 1869 he became a trustee of the new 
public library of Chelsea, and served until 1894, two years after he had removed from 
the city. He was chairman of the book committee, and deeply interested in the success 
of the library. In 1855 M r - Phipps was chosen a trustee of the Chelsea Savings Bank, 
organized the year before, and in 1879 he was elected its vice-president. At his death 
he was the oldest trustee both in point of age and service. He declined the nomination 
for the office of mayor, although he was strongly urged by many friends to run. He 
was a member of the First Unitarian Church of Chelsea, for many years was its treasurer, 
and met many of its obligations out of his own private purse, a fact which was unknown 
until his successor was elected. He was strongly attached to his home, and even after 
his removal to Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1892. He retained the ownership of his 
Chelsea house, and continued to assist the church. Thus in 1892 Mr. Phipps took up his 
residence in the Aberdeen district of Brookline, and he attended the First Parish Church 
there, also maintaining a pew in the First Parish Church of Brookline, Massachusetts. 
Mr. Phipps became a director of the Hamilton National Bank, and after its re-organ- 
ization was a director and vice-president of the National Hamilton Bank, and later, a 
director, when it was merged into the Fourth National Bank, serving until his death. He 
was a director in the Mill Owners Mutual Fire Insurance Company, until it was con- 
solidated with the Arkwright Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and was on the executive 
committee of the Home Market Club, and was one of its vice-presidents from 1899 until 
the time of his death. He was a director in the Belvidere W'oolen Manufacturing Com- 
pany, treasurer and director of the Cocheco Woolen Manufacturing Company, treasurer 
and president of the Gonic Manufacturing Company, treasurer and director of the Stirl- 
ing Mills, treasurer and director of the Phoenix Factory, president of the Monadnock 
Mills, director of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company, director from 1890 and presi- 
dent from 1901 until his death of the Yantic Woolen Company, and for many years was 
treasurer and director of the Union Manufacturing Company. During the year 18S4, 

Ter_2_n 



170 P&ippSi 

Mr. Phipps was chosen treasurer of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers, 
and was re-elected continuously until the time of his death. He was a man universal, 
deeply respected by his business associates for his high sense of honor and sterling char- 
acteristics. He was a splendid example of an upright business man, of integrity both 
in private and business life, who by reason of his ability, faithfulness and capacity 
reached the topmost round of the ladder of success. 

Mr. Phipps was a member of the Union Club, the Country Club, the Boston Art 
Club, the Bostonian Society, and the New England Cotton Manufacturers' Association. 
In all these organizations he derived great enjoyment in the informal intercourse with his 
fellow-men, and surrounded himself with a host of faithful friends, who never ceased in 
their affection and admiration for this distinguished gentleman. 

On January 4, 1849, Benjamin Phipps, Jr., was united in marriage with Anne M. 
Bowen, a daughter of Abel Bowen, of Chelsea. Mr. and Mrs. Phipps were the parents 
of three children, as follows : 

1. Annie K., born in Chelsea, died at the age the parents of three children, namely: Mau- 
of seven years. rice B., Benjamin K. and Alfred G. 

2. Walter Bowen, educated in the Chelsea 3. Horace Jones, born in Chelsea, and engaged 
schools, and later was in the wool business; in the manufacture of stained glass. 

he married Frances B. Smith, and they were 

The Rev. Dr. William H. Lyon said of Mr. Phipps at his funeral services : 

His was a long life and a strong life ; a useful life and a steadfast life ; an upright life and a beloved 
life; a religious and a happy life. When we think of what he has been in those ways, our grief is almost 
lost in admiration and in gratitude, and we are sure that the life so well begun we may follow without fear. 

In all that he did for himself, Mr. Phipps ever kept the interest of those about him 
in sight, and took no step, however conducive to his own ends, if to his candid judgment 
it appeared as harmful to others. He was the possessor of the sterling virtues so typical 
of the best New England character, and these, coupled with his marked personality, 
made him a very decided force in any community. 

Energy, self-confidence and a strict adherence to the moral law were the traits which 
seemed to lie at the bottom of the character of Mr. Wyman, and to shape and guide its 
entire development. His business success, as must all true success, depended upon his 
character just as much as upon his knowledge, which was a later acquirement. Perhaps 
it was for his ideal of conscientious and enthusiastic energy that the personality of Mr. 
Wyman stood in the minds of his fellow-men, yet it was only one of many commendable 
qualities for which his life might well serve as an example. His personality was an 
unusual one, extremely distinct and vivid, so that it could not help impressing those 
about it for good, and it may well be hoped that the memory of it shall be preserved in 
records such as this to serve as a splendid example to those who are to follow him. 



Russell 




Arms — Argent, a chevron between three crosses crosslet fitchee sable. 

Crest — A demi-lion rampant, collared sable, studded or, holding of the shield. 

HE late Francis Henry Russell, for many years a well-known business 
man of New England, enjoyed the respect and confidence of the busi- 
ness world, and the friendship of those whom he met socially. He 
established for himself an enviable reputation as a man of business, 
straightforward and reliable under all circumstances, and courteous 
and affable to his patrons, whom he always endeavored to please. 

He was honest and sincere in all business transactions, always 
conducting his affairs along the strictest lines of commercial integrity. 

He was very temperate in all his habits, believing in moderation in all things, and 
possessed much business tact, as well as executive force and unfaltering enterprise. 
When the history of the State of Massachusetts and her successful business men shall 
have been written, its pages will bear no nobler name than that of Mr. Russell. He 
belonged to that class of citizens who, unassuming in their natures, nevertheless form the 
character and mold the society of the communities in which they dwell. It is this class 
that develops our great manufacturing interests, spreads our commerce, and replaces 
the rude hamlets of our forefathers with magnificent business palaces. Mr. Russell was 
the possessor in no small degree of that mysterious and magnetic charm which, intangi- 
ble as the spirit of life itself, yet manifests itself with great force in all the human rela- 
tions, and differentiates its possessors from the commonplace. 

The death of Mr. Russell, which occurred at his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, 
January 16, 1919, at the advanced age of eighty-six years, brought to a close the career 
of a most useful business man. Deep regret and sorrow were everywhere expressed, as 
all felt that death had removed a man of fine natural ability, and one whose memory will 
long be cherished in the hearts of those who had come into contact with him, in both the 
business and social world. 

FRANCIS HENRY RUSSELL was born at Plymouth, Massachusetts, August 3, 
1832, the son of Nathaniel and Catherine Elizabeth (Elliott) Russell, and traced his ances- 
try from Governor Bradford, of Mayflower distinction. The Russells of New England 
come of distinguished English ancestors. The family relation of those who arrived in 
America by that name in the early part of the sixteenth century is not clearly established, 
but what records exist clearly establish that they were of the same general family on the 
other side of the Atlantic ocean. The first to reach New England by that name was 
the Hon. Richard Russell, who was a son of Paul Russell, of Hereford, England. Rich- 
ard Russell was born in 161 1, in County Hereford, England, apprenticed in Bristol, 
England, in 1628, and arrived in Boston in 1640. He was admitted to the church in 
Charlestown, Massachusetts, and became a prominent merchant, representative, coun- 
cillor, speaker and treasurer. This line of Russells says Wymann, the historian, "were 
eminent in social station, and distinguished in multifarious public service for nearly three 
centuries." 

Francis Henry Russell prepared for college in the schools of Plymouth, Massachu- 
setts, and under the tuition of the Rev. Augustus R. Pope, Unitarian minister at Kings- 
ton, Massachusetts. He entered Harvard as a freshman in 1849, anc * graduated with the 



172 ftussell 

class of 1853. His part at Commencement was a dissertation, "The Latin Language in 
the Middle Ages." This class left college with a membership of eighty-eight, the largest 
class ever graduated up to that time, and had the distinction to have among its members 
one who afterwards became president of Harvard University, Charles W. Eliot. Few 
classes that have graduated from Harvard, if any, have shared more largely in the 
services of the University. The class of Fifty-three has paid tribute to the professions 
in the following proportions : twenty-five to the law, sixteen to education, eleven to medi- 
cine, ten to the pulpit, leaving twenty-five for commercial and manufacturing pursuits. 
After graduation Mr. Russell entered upon the business of iron manufacturing at 
Plymouth, a business in which his father and grandfather had been engaged under the 
firm of Nathaniel Russell & Company. This firm so continued until their successor, a 
corporation, was organized under the laws of Massachusetts, with the Robinson Iron 
Company of which Mr. Russell was made treasurer. Iron manufacturing having become 
unprofitable in Massachusetts, he liquidated his holdings in this corporation, and in 
1882 removed to Brookline, Massachusetts, and became connected with the Bates Manu- 
facturing Company, cotton manufacturers, having their business office in Boston. He 
was treasurer of this company until his retirement from business activities. Mr. Russell 
was a man of fine musical tastes, was a violinist of ability, and as a member of the Pierian 
Sodality at Harvard he played this instrument in the orchestra. He was the oldest 
member of this organization, and an event of interest in his long association with the 
society was the celebration, in 191 5, of its centenary, in which exercises he took an active 
part. 

On November 10, 1858, he was united in marriage with Emily Stevens, daughter of 
Abiel and Abby (Archer) Stevens, natives of North Andover and Salem, Massachusetts. 

Stevens Arms — Per chevron azure and argent, in chief two falcons rising or. 
Crest — A demi-eagle displayed or. 

Emily (Stevens) Russell was born in Methuen, Massachusetts, December 11, 1835. 
Her father, Abiel Stevens, was associated with Jonas dickering in piano manufacturing, 
and was a public-spirited citizen. There were eleven children in the Stevens family of 
which Mrs. Russell is the only surviving member. Mrs. Russell is a descendant in the 
seventh generation of John Stevens, the English ancestor, who settled in Andover, in 
1636, and who died and was buried there. Mr. and Mrs. Russell were the parents of one 
daughter, Mary Howland, who was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and was educated 
in the schools of Plymouth and private schools in Boston. She lives with her mother in 
Brookline, Massachusetts. 

Only two members of Mr. Russell's class of 1853 of Harvard University now sur- 
vive, Dr. Charles W. Eliot, president emeritus of the University, and Hon. Robert S. 
Rantoul, former mayor of Salem, Massachusetts. Mr. Russell took great joy in his alma 
mater, in fact loyalty was the keynote of his life. He believed in making life joyful, he 
helping men by the sunshine of his personality, the beauty of his courtesy and the human 
element of his long and eventful life. He had a rich gift of good fellowship in sunshine 
and in storm. He was honorable, courteous, considerate and buoyant of spirit, and 
friendliness pervaded his nature. He was liberal and fair-minded in considering all 
the questions of his day and age, which for several generations has become characteristic 
of the Russell family. He had a charming manner, was warm-hearted and affectionate, 
and his courtesy was unfailing. He was good to work with, good to live with, and good 
to know. He was fortunate in that sweet memory that will outlive all eulogy, and in 
the silence of reverent commemoration we can still detect the pulse of the great heart 
that has ceased to beat. 




ew. /jforfje 'W. <Jl*>/lif 




^ctwid -yiicwb/i C/iellu 



Itellp 




'HERE is one satisfaction greater than fulfillment and that is forbear- 
ance, for forbearance in one thing always means at least a partial ful- 
fillment in something greater. This might well be the motto of those 
good men who, with complete self-sacrifice, give up the pleasures and 
objectives of worldly achievements to devote themselves to the good 
of their fellows in this and the next world, for if what they put aside 
is great, yet still greater is that which they take up, the task of making 
God's truth prevail upon the earth. Of no group of men can this more truthfully be 
said than that great army who have devoted their lives to the service of the Christian 
church and whose efforts are continually directed toward furthering the cause of 
Christianity in all the countries of the world. Representative of the finest type of clergy- 
man was the Rev. George Washington Kelly, whose death at Haverhill, August 16, 1898, 
in the ninety-first year of his life, deprived that city of one of its most highly-respected 
and venerable citizens, and Christianity of a zealous and able preacher of the word of 
God, and the entire community a very potent influence for good. 

REV. GEORGE WASHINGTON KELLY was born at Lewisburg, Virginia, 
August 8, 1808. His early education was secured in the schools of his native town, and at 
the age of nineteen years, on August 5, 1827, he entered the University at Athens, Ohio, 
from which he graduated three years later. His tastes were toward the church and a four 
years' course at Andover Theological Seminary followed. In May, 1834, he was settled 
in a pastorate of the Congregational church at Hamilton, Massachusetts, and here he con- 
tinued for more than sixteen years, beloved for his kindness and many excellent qualities. 
In 1835, tne second year of his pastorate at Hamilton, he met Mary, daughter of David 
and Sarah (Colby) Marsh, of Haverhill, and the two were later united in marriage. 
Mr. and Mrs. Kelly were the parents of three children : 

1. Sarah Marsh, born in Hamilton, Massachu- public schools of Haverhill; he was a gal- 
setts; she was educated at the Bradford lant soldier during the Civil War, and on his 
Academy, and lives in the old Marsh home- return home studied law, was admitted to the 
stead at No. 49 Main street, Haverhill, Mas- bar and located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, 
sachusetts. which city afterwards he was elected to rep- 

2. David Marsh, who died in infancy. resent in the Wisconsin Legislature. Later 

3. David Marsh, born in Hamilton, Massachu- in life he returned to Boston, where he prac- 
setts; he received his early education in the tised his profession for thirty years. 

Mrs. Kelly passed to her reward some years before her husband's death, loved and 
respected by all who knew her. From her earliest years a strong sense of justice charac- 
terized her daily life, and the traits of a patriotic, progressive and intellectual ancestry 
were found in her character. 

In the fall of 1849 Mr. Kelly was obliged to resign his pastorate on account of rapidly 
failing health. He then removed to the home of his wife's family, in Haverhill, there to 
spend his remaining days, and after taking up his residence there he became prominent 
in the Center Church Society, holding at different times the office of deacon and clerk. 
Always a devoted student, the later years of his life were passed in his library in the 
midst of his books, from which he derived that comfort which made it possible for him 
to suffer pain and illness so uncomplainingly. 

His literary research made him remarkably well-informed and those who knew him 
intimately will remember him as a charming conversationalist. Theology was his pre- 



174 Q^arsf) 

ceptor, philosophy his mistress, and nature his prompter. There may and must always 
be a difference of opinion relative to the sterling worth of a man, but it remains true that 
the elements of greatness lie in the soul. Renown may be a builder of tombs, wit may 
be but life's estate, but the good work of men like the Rev. George Washington Kelly 
constitute an imperishable gain. 

In writing the foregoing tribute to the memory of this God-fearing man, the Society 
considers it meet and proper to offer a brief biography in memory of his wife, Mary 
(Marsh) Kelly. On her paternal side Mrs. Kelly was a descendant in the sixth genera- 
tion of George Marsh, the immigrant ancestor, who came to Massachusetts in 1635. 
The surname Marsh has been common in England ever since the use of surnames. It is 
undoubtedly a place name. Families of the name of Marsh were numerous in Counties 
Norfolk, Suffolk, York, Kent, Essex, England. Sir Thomas Marsh lived in 1560, bore 
these arms which, with slight variations, were borne by all the Marsh families in 
England. 

Arms — Gules, a horse's head couped between three crosses bottonee fitchee, argent. 

GEORGE MARSH came from Hingham, England, in 1635, with wife and four chil- 
dren, in company with twenty other families led by Rev. Peter Hobart. They landed at 
Charlestown, Massachusetts, June 8. He married Elizabeth in England Chil- 
dren: Thomas, Elizabeth, Onesiphorus, born 1630, in England; Mary. 

ONESIPHORUS MARSH, son of George Marsh, was admitted a freeman in the 
Massachusetts Colony in 1635, an< ^ settled in Hingham. He located at what was 
"Marsh's Hill," a mile west of the village. He had three sons and two daughters : 
Onesiphorus, Jr., John, Thomas, Mary, Abigail. 

JOHN MARSH, son of Onesiphorus Marsh, married Lydia Emerson and had ten 
children. In 1721 he was chosen deacon of the First Parish Church. He died November 
24, 1734. 

DAVID MARSH, son of John Marsh, married Mary Moody, of Newbury, and had 
twelve children. He, like his father, was chosen deacon of the First Parish Church. 
He died November 2, 1777. 

MOSES MARSH, son of David Marsh, married Rebekah Walker, February 6, 1759, 
and had twelve children. He passed away October 20, 1823, aged eighty-eight, and his 
wife died aged eighty-four. 

DAVID MARSH, fifth child of Moses Marsh, was born July 26, 1767. In partner- 
ship with his brother John, he did business for nearly fifty years on Merrimack street, 
Haverhill, in a store on the river side just east of the residence of John Plummer. There 
they manufactured hand cards for carding wool before machines for that purpose, driven 
by water, were introduced in Haverhill. During the second war with England they 
began to make machines also and the cards with them. They made the first carding 
machine used in this part of the country. Subsequently, they sent many into New 
Hampshire and Maine. They were engaged for a number of years, in the earlier stage 
of the business in Haverhill, in the manufacturing of shoes, and in the long course of 
his business the example of David Marsh became proverbial, not only for the fairness 
of his dealings and his promptness to meet all obligations, but likewise for the brotherly 
kindness which marked his intercourse with his fellowmen. 





A (R 



^JUrU^) 



3fo|m Albert Proton 




Arms — Gules, on a chevron between three fleurs-de-lis or, a thistle proper, a bordure wavy of the 
second. 

Crest — An eagle reguardant holding in its dexter talon a fleur-de-lis or. 
Motto — Labor omnia vincit. 

T IS only of comparatively recent years that the inestimable benefits 
conferred upon the community by the business man are coming to 
have their due share of recognition, and that the records of these men 
are being set down by the side of those other more showy ones con- 
nected with military service and the affairs of State. This we do 
because we are coming to regard the former as more truly representa- 
tive of human life in general, and as telling of the kind of life most 
largely contributive to the sum of human happiness. Such a man, for instance, is John 
Albert Brown, of Ipswich, Massachusetts, all of whose great powers have been directed 
throughout his life to constructive work, and who may at the same time be looked upon 
as of the most valuable type of citizen. For many years Mr. Brown has been a well- 
known business man in Ipswich, Massachusetts, enjoying the respect and confidence of 
the business world, and the friendship of all those whom he meets in a social way. He 
has truly made for himself an enviable reputation as a man of business, straightforward 
and reliable under all circumstances, always courteous and affable to his business asso- 
ciates, whom he strives to please. It can be truly said of Mr. Brown that his own labors 
constituted the secure foundation upon which has been built his success in life. He has 
ever been honest and sincere in all his business transactions, and always conducted his 
affairs along the strictest lines of commercial integrity. Through his geniality and 
sociability, Mr. Brown has acquired numerous friends from all the walks of life, and 
surely no higher compliment can be paid a man than to say that he has won the esteem 
and admiration of his fellow-men. 

JOHN ALBERT BROWN was born in Beverly, Massachusetts, June 7, 1844, 
the son of John and Sarah (Wilkins) Brown. His father, John Brown, was a son of Asa 
Brown, who was a well-known and successful farmer, having a large tract of land in 
what is now called Danvers, Massachusetts. Asa Brown passed away on this farm, and 
the son, John Brown, was born on the same farm, becoming a farmer, both prosperous 
and popular, like his father before him. He bought the large farm adjoining the old 
Brown farm, and here is where John Albert Brown was born. John Brown died on the 
farm, at the age of seventy-one years, and his wife, who was a daughter of Captain 
Samuel Wilkins, a well-known military officer, died in Ipswich, Massachusetts, at the 
age of eighty-nine years. Mr. and Mrs. John Brown were the parents of nine children, 
as follows : 

1. Sarah, deceased, who became the wife of 5. Lucy, deceased, who became the wife of 
Ansel Webster. John Caldwell. 

2. Harriet, deceased, who became the wife of 6. John, who died while very young. 
Francis Hovey. 7- John Albert, of whom further. 

3. Martha, became the wife of John Putnam; 8. Charles Edward, a sketch of whom follows, 
both are deceased. 9- George B., of Ipswich, Massachusetts, who 

4. Mary, deceased. is a prominent business man there. 

John Albert Brown spent his boyhood days on the farm, in the usual occupations of 
the lads of his time and age. He obtained his education in the country school, and later 



176 TBroton 

attended Thetford Academy, in Vermont, where he acquired an excellent education, 
which fitted him well for his introduction into the business world. He became a car- 
penter by trade, and his first employment was with his brother-in-law, Francis Hovey, 
with whom he remained for four years. Then in partnership with his brother, Charles 
Edward Brown, now deceased, Mr. Brown engaged in the brick and lumber business, 
in time owning brick-yards at Ipswich, Essex and Manchester, and employing many 
people. They were the owners of saw mills in Ipswich and in Alexandria, New Hamp- 
shire, and remained in business together for about twenty-five years. Mr. Brown has 
continued in the brick and lumber business up to the present time. Mr. Brown's father 
was the owner of a large wood-track in Wenham, which Mr. Brown and his brother, 
Charles Edward Brown, cut off and sold to various brick-yards at eight dollars a cord. 
Mr. Brown is the possessor of what is called "push" in this country, and from early 
manhood has been a zealous and diligent worker. Before starting life for himself, he 
first cleared a mortgage of eight hundred dollars on his father's farm, and during the 
same winter he worked on Wenham Lake cutting ice, in company with his brother, 
Charles Edward Brown. It was there that each earned their first fifty dollars, and with 
that sum they started to make a name for themselves in the business world. The fol- 
lowing winter, the two brothers invested in twenty-four acres of timberland, in Middle- 
ton, which they afterward cut. Mr. Brown is still an active man of affairs, and is the 
owner of two ice plants, besides hundreds of acres of land. The firm known as Brown 
Brothers includes John Albert Brown and George B. Brown, and these men have built 
about eighteen houses in Ipswich, Massachusetts, on what was known as Haskell Field. 
There is a street called Brown street, which runs through this section. Brown Brothers 
also own houses on Liberty, Cottage and Washington streets, and on Kimball avenue, 
with two double houses in Beverly, Massachusetts, on Lyman street. 

Mr. Brown is affiliated with the Republican party, and was elected assessor of Ips- 
wich, Massachusetts, which position he held for three years. He was elected an overseer 
of the poor, which office he filled for about six years. He has served as selectman for 
eighteen years, retiring in March, 1918. He was elected to the State Legislature, in 
1901, and was placed on the committee of liquor laws while in the Legislature. His 
record there was an honest and sincere one, and well deserving of merit. 

John Albert Brown married (first) Abbie Lord, of Ipswich, Massachusetts, a 
daughter of the old and well-known grocer, Asa Lord, deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Brown 
were the parents of one child, a daughter, Hattie, who died when about twenty years of 
age. Mrs. Brown died in 1874. Mr. Brown married (second) June 21, 1888, Lucretia 
Perkins Ellis, a daughter of George W. and Elizabeth (Perkins) Ellis. The home life 
of Mr. Brown has been an ideal one, and it may be truly said that in all the relations of 
life he has been beyond reproach, and might well serve as an example to the youth of 
his community. 

The personality of Mr. Brown is one that has made him highly respected among his 
fellow-men, and his character is typical of the best of New England families. He is 
well known in social and fraternal circles as well as in those of the business world, and 
is a member of the Knights of Pythias, of Rebekah Lodge, and of the Independent Order 
of Odd Fellows. Mr. Brown has been fortunate in his business connections, and pos- 
sesses the sterling qualities by which his ancestors were distinguished. He has made 
his way in the world with no other capital but his energy and determination, coupled 
with business foresight and ability. He truly belongs to that class of distinctively Amer- 
ican men who promote public progress in advancing individual prosperity, and whose 
private interests never preclude active participation in movements and measures which 
concern the general good of a community, Mr. Brown combines with business ability 



IBroton 177 

and sagacity of a high order, those personal qualities which have gained for him public 
confidence, esteem and the affection of a host of friends. He is a man without pretense, 
thoroughly genuine, absorbed in his work, and bent upon doing the best that he can. 

Ipswich, Massachusetts, is proud to claim as her own citizen so truly progressive a 
man as Mr. Brown, one in whose character the qualities of enterprise and genuine con- 
servatism are so happily blended. It is always by men of this well-balanced nature that 
the best work is accomplished, and the most enduring results are obtained. Their 
advancement may not always be as rapid as that of those in whose natures enterprise 
is alloyed by rashness, but it is steady and continuous. Mr. Brown has in his life the 
elements of greatness because of the use he has made of his talents and opportunities, 
his thoughts being given to the mastery of praiseworthy problems, and the fulfillment 
of his duty as a man in his relations to his fellow-men, and as a citizen in his relations to 
his State and his country. In private life the amiable and generous disposition of Mr. 
Brown has endeared him to many friends. 





Charles <£btoart> Proton 

E are apt to turn our eyes to the past when we desire to find examples 
of work and ability in any of the departments of life, it being the pre- 
vailing impression that sincere motive and earnest endeavor are there 
to be found, while to-day they are mainly conspicuous in their absence. 
Perhaps there is no field where this search will be more surely success- 
ful than the New England States, which to-day, as in the past, show 
to the enquirer many men who are worthy descendants of a long line 
of sturdy forebears and who amply maintain the high traditions of the past. Among 
the citizens of Ipswich, Massachusetts, who have achieved distinction in business 
entitling them to be placed among the representative men of the community, there are 
some whose quiet perseverance in a particular pursuit, while it excites notice from the 
great masses as the years pass by, also results in elevating them to positions enviable in 
the eyes of their fellow-citizens, and as lasting as well as merited. In this class we will 
find Charles Edward Brown, who gained a success in life that is not measured by 
financial prosperity alone, but is gauged by the kindly and congenial associations that 
go toward satisfying the nature of mankind. Through all the varied responsibilities of 
life this noble gentleman acquitted himself with dignity, fidelity and honor, and easily 
won the approbation and esteem of his fellow-men. For many years Mr. Brown, with 
alert, business-like mien, was a familiar sight to the residents of Ipswich, Massachu- 
setts, and when he passed from earthly view, at his home in Ipswich, September 6, 1906, 
deep regret was expressed throughout the community, in which he was so well known 
and beloved. His death deprived that city of one who from many aspects is to be 
regarded as having been of great and invaluable service to his adopted community, of 
which he was long a member. His manner and bearing were frank and open, and he 
was extremely easy of approach, instantly winning the confidence of those with whom 
he came in contact, whether in a business or social manner. His business success, as 
must all true success, depended quite as much upon his character as upon the knowledge 
which he later acquired. It was his indomitable will and his admirable heroism which 
brought to him success, not only in the material things, but in those things which make 
for fullness and richness of life. 

CHARLES EDWARD BROWN was born in Beverly, now Danvers, Massachusetts, 
in March, 1847, the son ot John and Sarah (Wilkins) Brown. Mr. and Mrs. John Brown 
were the parents of nine children, all of whom but two are now deceased. Those living 
are John Albert Brown, of Ipswich, Massachusetts, and George B. Brown, also of Ips- 
wich, both of whom are prominent business men of that city. Charles Edward Brown 
was one of the younger children, and spent his childhood days upon the old family farm. 
He received his education in the country schools, and when not at study worked on the 
farm. In those days every young man was supposed to earn his own livelihood by his 
hands, and accordingly, Mr. Brown began by cutting timber tracts. Later he became 
interested in buying these tracts, in which capacity he displayed keen knowledge and 
foresight. When he had reached his twentieth year, Mr. Brown removed to Ipswich, 
Massachusetts, where he could foresee greater possibilities for himself, and in a short 
time after his arrival there he started a brick-yard, and later admitted his brother, John 
Albert Brown, into the business, the firm name becoming that of Charles E. & John A. 
Brown. This partnership continued until about seven years before Charles Edward 



'Broton 179 

Brown's death, and the two brothers met with success. There are some men whose 
energies are so great that they seem unimpressed by difficulties that would discourage 
the average man, who press on to their objectives through obstacles, at the mere sight 
of which the majority of their fellow-men faint upon the way. For these men who 
have begun in humble circumstances and worked themselves up the ladder of success to 
a position of prominence in the community, we have a term in this country which 
describes most accurately their achievements. We call them "self-made" men, and do 
them honor as the most characteristic expressions of the ideals and spirit of the age. 
Beginning in a humble position in life, Mr. Brown, by sheer force of will and indefatig- 
able industry, worked his way up the ladder of success until he met with a brilliant 
recognition, which his untiring efforts so well deserved. The firm of Charles E. & John 
A. Brown, later dissolved, and Mr. Brown and his son, Walter G. Brown, engaged in the 
same line of business at the old location under the firm name of C. E. Brown & Son. After 
the death of Mr. Brown the son continued to manage the business until the year 1916. 

In 1875, Charles Edward Brown was united in marriage with Almeria D. Brown, a 
daughter of Captain William D. and Hettie M. (Ellis) Brown. Mrs. Brown's father was 
a sea captain, and at the age of twenty-one years was the owner of his own ship. Both 
he and his wife died in Ipswich, Massachusetts, his wife passing away first, and he eleven 
months later, at the age of seventy-two years. Mr. and Mrs. Brown were the parents of 
two children, as follows : 

1. Walter G., who was united in marriage with 2. Cora M., who became the wife of George A. 

Alice R. Warner, and are residing in lps- Peabody, and they are the parents of two 

wich, Massachusetts. Until the year 1916, children, namely: Charles A. Peabody, and 

Mr. Brown managed the business that was Raymond B. Peabody, who resides at Dover, 

so well established by his father. New Hampshire. 

Mr. Brown was very fond of his home and spent much of his time there in the intimate 
intercourse of family life. The activities of this successful business man were always 
along those lines which resulted in progression and improvement, and his worth in the 
world has been widely acknowledged by his fellow-men, and by those whose opinions 
are best worth having. 

Mr. Brown was kind and genial to all, a man of rare nobility of character and useful- 
ness of life, possessing the strictest integrity, and of whom it could truthfully be said that 
his word was as good as his bond. He left behind him many friends, but not an enemy, and 
he harmed no man and helped innumerable. He was more than an ordinary man, and 
his brain was like his body, strong and full of force. His achievements were many 
indeed, and a great many of them were extraordinary. 



Correp 




Arms — Argent, on a mount in base vert, a horse passant sable, saddled and bridled gules, in chief 
a cross crosslet fitchee of the third. . 
Crest — A horse's head argent. 

T has been said of an eminent man of old that he has done things 
worthy of being written, that he had written things worthy to be read, 
and by his life had contributed to the welfare of the Republic and to 
the happiness of mankind. He of whom this transcendent eulogy can 
be pronounced with even partial truth is entitled to the gratitude of 
the entire race. Nowhere within the broad confines of the Common- 
wealth of Massachusetts has there died a man over whom this might 
more truthfully have been spoken than the late Elbridge Torrey, a most worthy son of 
the State of Massachusetts, who, when he passed away at his home in Dorchester, 
Massachusetts, January 2, 1914, left an irreparable loss behind him. All felt that death 
had removed a man endowed with many fine traits of character, and one who had strictly 
followed those high ideals in life which we all admire. He was the possessor of executive 
ability, keen discrimination, and that energy which prompts an individual to accom- 
plish whatever he undertakes. As the years passed, Mr. Torrey gained a most enviable 
reputation and position in the regard of his social acquaintances and his business asso- 
ciates, who found him at all times true to every trust reposed in him, and faithful to a 
high standard of manhood. The memory of this distinguished gentleman is cherished by 
the city of Boston, as one of those whom she delights to honor. The self-reliance of 
Mr. Torrey never once failed him. Always willing to listen to and respect the opinions 
and theories of others, when the time for action came, he acted for himself and accord- 
ing to his own judgment. He attracted to himself a large circle of friends, whose admir- 
ation for his many abilities was surpassed only by their deep respect for his many 
sterling qualities and by the affection which his numerous lovable traits of character 
never failed to inspire. 

ELBRIDGE TORREY was born in the town of South Weymouth, Massachusetts, 
September 17, 1837, the son of Joseph and Harriet (Wade) Torrey. He was a descendant 
in the seventh generation of Lieutenant James Torrey, who was born in Combe Saint 
Nicholas, Somersetshire, England, and had settled permanently at Scituate, Massachu- 
setts, as early as 1640, and who died July 6, 1665. The second in line of descent was 
Jonathan Torrey, who was born September 20, 1654, and married Ruth Fry. Their son, 
Jonathan Torrey, was born May 25, 1684, and he was the father of David Torrey, who 
married Elizabeth Turner. David and Elizabeth Torrey were the parents of Samuel 
Torrey, who married Dorothy Blanchard. Joseph Torrey, the son of Samuel and the 
father of the man in whose memory this was written, was born at South Weymouth, 
Massachusetts, August 28, 1798, and died May 19, 1861. His wife, Harriet (Wade) 
Torrey, was a native of Charlestown, Massachusetts, and died June 12, 1897. She was 
a daughter of Ebenezer Wade, Senior, who was a descendant of Jonathan Wade, who 
came to America with his wife Susannah from Northamptonshire, England, in the ship 
"Lion," arriving in 1632. The Wade family is one of the oldest of the Anglo-Saxon 
families. Men bearing the name occupied positions of honor and trust in the primitive 
polity of the Saxon Heptarchy. Centuries later, Armigel Wade, before the Jamestown 



Cotrep 181 

settlement or the sailing of the "Mayflower" had explored the coast of Newfoundland, 
and as his monument proudly boasts, he was the first Englishman to land on the shores 
of the New World. Space would fail to tell of all those of the name who have won 
honorable distinction on the fields of battle, in the councils of the nation or in the various 
paths of honorable business or professional achievement. Elbridge Torrey was also 
connected with the Rev. Samuel Torrey, who was twice elected to the Presidency of 
Harvard College, but had declined the office in each case. 

Mr. Torrey received his elementary education in the public schools of his native 
town, Weymouth, and subsequently pursued the classical course at Pierce Academy, 
in Middleboro, Massachusetts, and was graduated from the State Normal School at 
Bridgewater, with high honors. He proved to be a diligent and intelligent pupil, and 
upon the completion of his education, he taught school for a few years. He became the 
principal of the South Weymouth High School, where he remained for a short while. 
Later Mr Torrey went to Europe for a year's travel, for the purpose of studying in 
Paris and Berlin. While there he traveled through Italy and Switzerland, and other 
countries of Europe. Upon his return from abroad he entered at once upon a business 
career, becoming a member of the firm of Joseph Lovejoy & Company, January i, 1862, 
and he remained there until 1869, when he became connected with the house of Fowle, 
Torrey & Company, importers of carpets. During the year 1875 this firm was succeeded 
by that of Torrey, Bright & Capen. In 1895 this was incorporated as the Torrey, Bright 
& Capen Company, of which Mr. Torrey was the president. This house became widely 
known and always enjoyed an enviable prosperity. Mr. Torrey retired a few years 
before his death, and carried with him into his retirement the best wishes of his large 
host of friends. 

Mr. Torrey did not confine his interest to business affairs alone, but was ever most 
willing to be of aid to his State and Nation. He was frequently solicited to accept 
political office, which he, however always declined. He was elected a corporate member 
of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, in 1876, and from that 
year until he resigned in 1893 ne was a member of the prudential committee. He was 
also a member of the deputation from the board that visited the churches and mission 
stations in Turkey. For many years Mr. Torrey was a trustee of the Central Turkey 
College, of Bradford Academy, of the Hartford Theological Seminary, and of Mt. Holy- 
oke College. 

Mr. Torrey was strongly loyal to his religious convictions, a conservative theolog- 
ically, but kindly and gracious to those whose opinions differed from his own. He was 
one of the original members of the Boston Congregational Club, in Boston, and was 
closely identified with the Second Church of Dorchester, Massachusetts, of which he 
became a member in 1863, and which he served as deacon for forty-six years. For forty- 
two years he was chairman of the standing committee of the parish, and was superin- 
tendent of the Sunday school for five years. 

On October 14, 1862, Elbridge Torrey was united in marriage with Alice White 
Shaw, a daughter of Theron Vinson and Rebecca Tubbs (Colburn) Shaw, of Weymouth, 
Massachusetts. Mrs. Torrey is a granddaughter of the Rev. Samuel Woods and Ruth 
Colburn. While in York, England, where they had been spending six months, Mr. and 
Mrs. Torrey celebrated their Golden Wedding Anniversary, October 14, 1912. They 
were in absolute agreement touching all the great aims and objects that give interest, 
zest and achievement to life. It was Mrs. Torrey's sympathies and helpful spirit which 
aided Mr. Torrey in the attainment of a vigorous and robust manhood. Enough cannot 
be said concerning the home life of Mr. Torrey which was ideally happy in every respect. 
His domestic affections were such that he found his chief recreation and pleasure in the 



1 82 Correp 

home circle. "True as steel" is a phrase which aptly describes this worthy gentleman, 
for true indeed he was, true to his family, true to his friends, and true to the best of 
all principles. He was an extensive traveller, from which he derived great delight, and 
had crossed the ocean seventy-eight times, also making many trips to different parts 
of the world, and was always able to recount with vivid power his many experiences on 
the journeys that he had taken. He was a splendid type of courtly, cultured Christian 
gentleman, and to such a man must go forth our sincerest praise and admiration. 

Mr. Torrey had been a vice-president of the Congregational Church Building Society, 
the president of the board of trustees of the Cullis Consumption Home, a member of the 
council of the Home for Aged Couples, in Roxbury, Massachusetts, a member of the 
board of trustees of the Elm Hill Home for Aged Persons of Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
a director in the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and 
was a member of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society. Thus can readily be 
seen that aside from his business the interests of Mr. Torrey were wide and varied. He 
v/as pre-eminently a successful business man, and during his busy life was ever seeking 
for opportunity and never waiting for fortune to seek him out. The many beautiful 
floral tributes at his funeral bore witness by their presence of the high esteem in which 
he was held. The following appreciation of Mr. Torrey was prepared by the Rev. Fred- 
erick A. Noble, D. D., LL. D., who knew him intimately for many years: 

Rlbridge Torrey was a fine specimen of the New England type of man. The training and traditions 
of two hundred and fifty years of Massachusetts life were in his blood. He had the thoughtfulness, the 
quiet but determined purpose and the forward looking habit which always characterized the Puritan. His 
regard for good men and the opinion of good men was profound ; but he stood on his feet and did his 
own thinking and claimed the right just as his fathers had done before him to agree or disagree with other 
people in the conclusions which they had reached. His supreme loyalty was to God, and his conduct 
revealed his sense of the obligation which rests on every man to know and to do the divine will. Ethical 
ideals of a high order had expression in his character. From first to last, always and everywhere, he was 
honest, upright, manly and true. In him straight thinking and a regnant conscience walked hand in hand, 
and the conclusions at which he arrived after mature reflection, were quite sure to commend themselves 
to right reason. He had an unobtrusive but marked personality. His good sense, his sincerity and his 
clear and discriminating judgment were always in evidence. In any conference or grave matter he would 
not have been forward to express his opinions, but no one concerned in the discussion would have 
thought all available light had been obtained or the last word spoken until his views had been presented. 
He was richly endowed with the qualities which inspire universal respect and confidence. He belonged to 
the class of men who help to make sweet homes, to give to churches standing and efficiency, who conduct 
business along sane lines and by methods which are upright and honorable and whose careers are con- 
tributions of inestimable worth to the order, thrift, happiness and perpetuity of the Commonwealth. The 
loss to a community when a man like Mr. Torrey passes on is marked and serious. Men of intelligent 
foresight and uncompromising integrity, men who follow the gleam and in all their plans and actions are 
swayed by high ideals, stand at the head in the best schedules of a peoples possessions and are the most 
precious achievements of civilization. Citizens of public spirit do well to point to their daring business 
enterprises and triumphs, to their buildings and educational institutions, but nothing to which the most 
justifiable and loyal pride can call attention ever measure up in value to well rounded and high grade 
personalities. These are some of the standards by which we measure the progress of humanity. But 
the encouraging fact is that the going of a man of the standing and eminent worth of him whose story 
has just been briefly outlined is not the end of what may be properly called his life. In what he said, did, 
and was, he lives on still. This familiar figure, this long time neighbor and friend, this high-minded and 
eminently useful citizen, will not again be seen on the streets of Boston; nor will he any more mingle in 
the business, social, civic and religious affairs of the town, but the influence of his life, like a mountain 
brook which has been absorbed into a large stream, will flow on and sweep out and still out endlessly. It 
will be a moral dynamic in the career of many a man who will be utterly oblivious of its source. It will 
be felt in marts of trade, counting rooms, banks, homes, churches, charitable organizations, boards of edu- 
cational institutions, and on missionary fields long past the time when human skill can trace its source or 
follow its lines of improvement. Unto the end and whenever felt this influence will be wholesome, benefi- 
cent and inspiring. Life is worth living, if it is lived as Elbridge Torrey lived it, in unflinching loyalty to 
his ideals, and on the high level to which he climbed making of it an achievement infinitely worth while. 



Cotrep 



.83 



A man of forceful character, Mr. Torrey, from the date of his arrival in Dorchester, 
established himself as one of the leading figures in the business and public life of his 
adopted city. Honorable, upright, he rendered to every man his just due, and where 
there was a doubt as to exact justice he cheerfully resigned his claim. Social, hospitable 
and blessed with a genial nature that won for him hosts of friends, every day of his life 
was well accounted for, and his years, seventy-six, were all spent in honorable activity. 
In his life may be found a worthy example for the emulation of all youths who desire to 
establish themselves in the good will of their fellowmen, to accomplish something worth 
while in this world, and to leave with their successors a name which is far better than 
monuments of bronze or marble. 




Oilman 




ILMAN is an ancient English surname and the family is found in various 
counties in the most ancient records. The surname is doubtless derived 
from a place name. The coat-of-arms of the family is as follows : 

Arms — Sable, a man's leg couped at the thigh in pale argent. 
Crest — A demi-lion rampant argent issuant from a cap of maintenance gules, 
turned up ermine. 

Motto — 5"i Deus, quis contra? (If God be with us, who can be against us?) 

(I) EDWARD GILMAN was born in England, and married, June 22, 1555, Rose 
Pysse. His will, made February 9, 1573, proved July 7 of the same year, mentions the 
oldest and three other sons and five daughters. His widow married (second) April 3, 
1578, John Snell, who was buried October 3, 1613. The children were: 

1. John. 3. Lawrence, baptized at Caston, November 3, 

2. Robert, mentioned below. 1561. 

(II) ROBERT GILMAN, son of Edward Gilman, was baptized at Caston, England, 

July 10. 1559, and buried March 6, 1631. He married Mary , who was buried at 

Caston, March 9, 1631. He was mentioned in the will of his brother Lawrence in 1629. 
He offered to his son John in his will, lands which had come to him by his father's will. 
The children were : 

1. Robert, married (first) May 14, 161 1, Rose 3. Lawrence, of Caston, baptized December 1, 
Hawes; married (second) Mary , who 1594- 

died in 1658. 4. John, baptized at Caston, February 28, 1598. 

2. Edward, mentioned below. 

(III) EDWARD (2) GILMAN, the immigrant ancestor, was born in England, in 
1587-88, and married at Hingham, England, June 3, 1614. Mary Clark. With his wife, 
three sons, two daughters and three servants, he embarked in the ship "Diligent" from 
Gravesend, with one hundred and thirty-three others, led by Rev. Robert Peck, and arrived 
at Boston, August 10, 1638. He settled in Hingham, and was admitted a freeman, Decem- 
ber 13, 1638. He was a proprietor and a grantee of Seekonk, now Rehoboth. In 1647, 
he removed to Ipswich, Massachusetts, where he was a selectman in 1649. He sold his 
Hingham estate, October 1, 1652. He and several of his children settled later at Exeter. 
He died some time before April 10, 1655, when administration of his estate was granted 
to his widow Mary, the sons and sons-in-law consenting. The children were : 

1. Mary, baptized at Hingham, England, Au- 4. Lydia, married, January 19, 1645, Daniel 
gust 6, 1615. Cushing. 

2. Edward, twin, baptized December 25, 1617. 5. Hon. John, mentioned below. 

3. Sarah, twin, baptized December 25, 1617. 6. Moses, baptized March 11, 1630. 

(IV) JOHN GILMAN, son of Edward (2) Gilman, was born January 10, 1624, and 
baptized at Hingham, England, May 23, 1626. He died July 24, 1708. He married, June 20, 
1657, Elizabeth Treworge, a daughter of James and Catherine (Shapleigh) Treworge. 
She was born in 1639, and died September 8, 1719. He came to England with his father 
in 1638, and removed to Rehoboth with him a few years later, and afterwards to Ipswich. 
The date of his arrival at Exeter was about 1648, and he was at first connected with his 
brother in the lumber and milling business. After his brother's death he received the 




man 



<2>ilman 



■ 8s 



entire management and became the leading- citizen in the town. On April 27, 1650, his 
name appears upon the records in connection with a town order, and in November, the 
same year, he and others claimed shares in the commons. In 1652, he was elected select- 
man and held that office for several years. He received grants of land in 1674, and at 
other dates. When Massachusetts was separated from New Hampshire, in 1680, he 
received the appointment of councillor and held that office for three years. He was a 
member of the House of Representatives, and in 1693 he was elected speaker. He seems 
to have lived in Exeter until his death in 1708, aged eighty-four years. His descendants 
principally were the ones to whom the town of Gilmanton was granted in 1727 for 
services done for the country, but they continued to live at Exeter mostly. The children 
were : 



1. Mary, born September 10, 1658. 

2. James, February 6, 1660. 

3. Elizabeth, born August 16, 1661. 

4. John, born October 6, 1663, died young. 

5. Catherine, born March 17, 1664-65. 

6. Sarah, born February 25, 1666-67. 

7. Lydia, born December 12, 1668. 

8. Samuel, born March 30, 1670, died August 
9, 1691. 

9. Nicholas, mentioned below. 



10. Abigail, born November 3, 1674. 

11. John, born January 18, 1676-77. 

12. Deborah, twin, born April 30, 1679, died 
September 30, 1680. 

13. Joannah, twin, born April 30, 1679. 

14. Joseph, born October 29, 1680, died in in- 
fancy. 

15. Alice, born May 23, 1683. 

16. Catherine, born November 27, 1684. 



(V) NICHOLAS GILMAN, son of John Gilman, was born December 26, 1672, and 
died in 1741. He was a farmer and merchant, and owned much property. He was a 
judge of the Superior Court. His property was valued at 33,931 pounds, and the inven- 
tory mentions "one negro man named Tom," valued at 260 pounds, "one malater woman 
named Jence, and her child," valued at 280 pounds, and "The Genealogy in the Parlor," 
valued at 100 shillings. He married, June 10, 1697, Sarah Clark, a daughter of Nathaniel 
and Elizabeth Clark, of Newbury. His wife was born June 17, 1678, and died August 25, 
1741. The children were : 



1. Samuel, born May 1, 1698. 

2. John, born December 24, 1699. 

3. Daniel, born January 28, 1702. 

4. Nathaniel, born March 2, 1704. 

5. Nicholas, mentioned below. 



6. Josiah, born February 25, 1710. 

7. Sarah, born June 25, 1712. 

8. Trueworthy, born October 15, 1714. 

9. Elizabeth, born November 5, 1717. 
10. Joannah, born July 20, 1720. 



(VI) REV. NICHOLAS (2) GILMAN, son of Nicholas (1) Gilman, was born Jan- 
uary 18, 1707-08, and died April 13, 1748. He married, October 22, 1730, Mary Thing, a 
daughter of Bartholomew and Sarah (Kent) Thing. She was born January 11, 1713, 
and died February 22, 1789. He went to the Latin School at Newburyport, Massachu- 
setts, when he was eight years old, and graduated from Harvard University in 1724, 
aged seventeen. The celebrated Dr. Mather Byles was with him in the University. He 
began to preach at Kingston, New Hampshire, October 30, 1727, and in February, 1728, 
was called to Newmarket, but declined. On March 3, 1742, he was ordained at Durham, 
New Hampshire, and he lived there until his death, greatly beloved by his people. He 
only preached six years at Durham, as his health was not good. He was a subscriber 
to the life of Cotton Mather, by his son, and to Prince's Chronology. He had a large 
library valued at 3,237 pounds. He was buried at Exeter and the following inscription 
is on his gravestone : "Here lies the remains of the Rev. Mr. Nicholas Gilman, who was 
pastor of the Church of Durham, where he died April 13, 1748. Aetate 41. Ehcu quam 
brevis." "He was endowed with many amiable and useful accomplishments. His man- 
ners were given to graveness, being easy and pleasant. He was exemplary in extensive 
Charity and Beneficence, eminent in Piety, Self Denial and Victory over ye World. A 
fervent, sound persuasive Preacher, abounding in the work of the Lord. He is now 



Ter— 2-12 



1 86 



Oilman 



departed, and (as we hope) sleeps in Jesus. — Let us follow him wherein he followed 
Christ. Abi amice tuam — respice finem." An interesting and historical diary of his has 
been preserved. In the library of Harvard University there is a catalogue of the insti- 
tution saved, which was once his property, and in it he has written brief comments on 
students there, which time has made very valuable. In 1727, he delivered the Master's 
Address at Commencement, and the subject was "An dignitas Christi essentialis, sit Cultus 
religiosi Basis et Fundamentum. Affirmat Respondens Nicolaus Gilman." At Durham he 
made out "A Carnal Scheme," which related to his salary and how it was used, and at the 
end he stipulates that if currency depreciated he should be paid proportionately more, 
and if currency became more valuable he should receive proportionately less. In case of 
a failure to agree, the matter was to be referred to three neighboring ministers and three 
justices. Mr. Gilman received George Whitefield very cordially when he visited New 
Hampshire. His early death was probably caused by his intense interest in religious 
matters, and his earnest and hard work. When President Clap, of Harvard, and other 
distinguished clergymen uttered their ''Testimonies" against the new light, others gal- 
lantly took his part and upheld him. The Rev. Ebenezer Parkman, of Boston, August 
20, 1746, gives an account, anything but flattering, of the excitement he saw at Durham, 
in which he spoke of Mr. Gilman's party. The letters which Dr. Gilman wrote to his 
relatives at the time cannot fail to convince one of his loyal, kind and true spirit. Mr. 
Gilman wrote an elaborate defense in reply to pamphlets and sermons against Mr. 
Whitefield. On Saturday, September 29, 1770, Mr. Whitefield dined at Captain Gilman's 
in Exeter, and he preached after dinner to a great multitude in the fields, and died on 
the next day. The children were: 



1. Bartholomew, born August 26, 1731. 

2. Nicholas, born June 13, 1733. 

3. Tristram, mentioned below. 



4. Joseph, born May 5, 1738, at Exeter. 

5. Josiah, born September 2, 1740. 

6. John, born May 10, 1742, died June 8, 1752. 



(VII) REV. TRISTRAM GILMAN, son of Rev. Nicholas (2) Gilman, was born 
November 24, 1735, died April 1, 1809. He was united in marriage, May 3, 1771, with 
Elizabeth Sayer, who was born September 12, 1747, died November 20, 1790, a daughter 
of Hon. Joseph Sayer, of Wells, Maine. He graduated at Harvard College in 1757, and 
studied for the ministry. He was ordained and installed as minister of the First Con- 
gregational Church at North Yarmouth, Maine, December 8, 1769. He was one of the 
original trustees of Bowdoin College, and president of the board for many years. He 
was the first president of the Maine Missionary Society and served to the time of his 
death. During his pastorate he baptized 1,344 persons and admitted 293 to his church. 
The children were as follows : 



1. Joseph, born at North Yarmouth, February 
26, 1772, a physician at Wells, Maine. 

2. Mary, born March, 1774, became the wife 
of Major Hugh McLellan. 

3. Elizabeth, born June 18, 1776, became the 
wife of Dr. Francis Brown, president of 
Dartmouth. 

4. Tristram, born February 25, 1780, was a 
lawyer, located at Clinton, New York. 



5. Eunice, died young. 

6. Nicholas, (see on a following page). 

7. John, born January, 1786, died young. 

8. Theodosia, born February 9, 1788, became 
the wife of Dr. John Stockbridge, of Bath, 
Maine. 

9. Samuel, born November 11, 1790. 




rsfmws-**-** ■' ■ ' 



// (ff/ft/jt f' r/f/ / /f s/////f/// 



Oilman 




N a study of a family, one cannot fail to observe those salient char- 
acteristics, both mental and physical, which appear in successive gen- 
erations. Oftentimes it is found that they even possess the same pro- 
nounced qualities of mind. The Gilman family has been a most 
prolific race, while its branches extended in all directions. Taken from 
every angle, the late William Edwin Gilman was a man of the most 
sterling quality, of wonderful ideals, and is most deserving of real 
merit. His personality was an unusual one, extremely distinct and vivid, so that it 
could not help impressing those about him for good, and it may well be hoped that his 
memory shall be preserved in records, such as this, to serve as a lesson to those who are 
to follow him. Strong in his business ability, and beautiful in his character, Mr. Gilman 
passed his years, sixty-five, principally in Boston and Somerville, Massachusetts. The 
strength of his business ability is demonstrated by his rise in the business world, and 
the beauty of his character was shown in his devotion to his family and in his great 
benevolence. Industry, thrift and perseverance marked Mr. Gilman's way through life, 
and to these qualities he added an honesty of purpose that enabled him to avoid those 
business and moral pitfalls that abound in every great city to trap the unwary. He 
began life in a career of his own choosing, character and ability being his chief assets. He 
proved to be an energetic worker, and devoted to his business, but when his day's work 
was ended, his own fireside claimed him, and there his happiest hours were spent. No 
man attained higher reputation for honorable dealing than Mr. Gilman, and in the 
business world, as well as socially, his friends were many. His promises or statements 
could always be relied upon, for he held his word sacred, and his excellent business 
judgment often enabled others to profit as well as himself. He gave close attention to 
the details of his business, never dividing his energy, but holding closely to the one 
line of commercial activity that he had chosen as his. The death of Mr. Gilman, which 
occurred in Somerville, Massachusetts, December 12, 1912, proved to be a great loss to 
the entire community, in which he was so well known and beloved. The general feeling 
of those with whom he had been thrown in contact was that death had taken from among 
them a man of a very winning personality and of the strictest integrity. And what finer 
tribute than this can be paid to a departed one ! 

WILLIAM EDWIN GILMAN was born in Wells, Maine, January 27, 1847, the 
third son of William Allen and Lavinia Emerson (Kimball) Gilman. His father, Wil- 
liam Allen Gilman, was the ninth in descent from Edward Gilman, the immigrant 
ancestor of the family, and a son of Nicholas (3) and Betsey (Allen) Gilman. Nicholas 
(3) Gilman, who was the grandfather of William Edwin Gilman, was the son of the 
Rev. Tristram Gilman, and was the eighth generation of Edward Gilman, the progenitor 
of the family. Nicholas (3) Gilman was born in North Yarmouth, Maine, October 10, 
1783, died October 6, 1840, at the age of fifty-seven years. He was united in marriage 
with Betsey Allen, of Wells, Maine, who was born April 4, 1782, died December 15, 1851. 
He possessed a good education. In 1801, he removed to Wells, Maine, and in 1821 was 
appointed justice of the peace, serving the remainder of his life in that capacity. He 
represented Wells in the State Legislature for six years, and was town clerk and select- 
man for eighteen years. In 1831 he was one of the founders of the Second Congrega- 
tional Church of Wells, Maine, and became one of its first scribes. He was elected a 



188 Oilman 

deacon in 1833, holding that office until the time of his death. Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas 
Gilman were the parents of the following children : 

1. William Allen, mentioned below. 4. Mary Morrill, born December 18, 1818, passed 

2. Samuel Bartlett, born April 7, 1814, died De- away March 28, 1835. 
cember 20, 1866. 5. Tristram, born June 26, 1823. 

3. Nicholas, born September 22, 1816. 6. John Low, born August 26, 1827. 

WILLIAM ALLEN GILMAN, son of Nicholas (3) Gilman, was born in Wells, 
Maine, April 6, 181 1. He was united in marriage (first) with Lavinia Emerson Kimball, 
October 11, 1836. Mrs. Gilman was a daughter of Thomas Emerson Kimball, of Ando- 
ver, Massachusetts, and she died June 7, i860. September 2, 1862, Mr. Gilman was 
united in marriage (second) with Sarah J. Pope, who was born November 25, 1816. Mr. 
Gilman was an officer of the Boston Custom House, a scholar and a gentleman. Being 
a descendant of a distinguished ancestry he never fell below the standard which was set 
before him. By his first marriage he became the father of seven children, as follows: 

1. Mary Morrill, who was born in Roxbury, 4. William Edwin, in whose memory we are 
Massachusetts, in 1837. writing. 

2. Francis Brown, born in Wells, Maine, in 5. Catherine Lavinia, born at Wells, in 1852. 
1839, died at North Andover, Massachusetts, 6. John Warren, born at North Andover, Mas- 
in 1861. sachusetts, in 1855. 

3. Thomas Kimball, was born at Wells, in 7. Lavinia Emerson, born at North Andover, 
1841. Massachusetts, in i860, died young. 

WILLIAM EDWIN GILMAN received his education at North Andover, Massa- 
chusetts, in a private school, and upon the completion of his schooling went to Boston, 
which city he had selected for his introduction into the business world. Soon after his 
arrival there, Mr. Gilman engaged in the leather business, and later took in with him his 
brother, Thomas Kimball Gilman, the style of the firm being W. E. Gilman & Com- 
pany. Mr. Gilman remained actively engaged in this business for many years, and had 
retired just a year before his death. He was truly a man of unusual strength of char- 
acter and business ability, and made his way to success through all the obstacles. He 
became thorough master of the leather business, and was rigidly honest in all his dealings 
with the business world, and in fact, in all his relations with life. His marked ability 
came to the fore, and under his splendid management the business flourished, and he 
became a prominent figure in the business life of his adopted city. 

In social circles, Mr. Gilman was a conspicuous figure, and through his geniality and 
sociability he acquired numerous friends from all the walks of life. He was a member 
of the Harvard Council of the Royal Arcanum, and belonged to the New England Order 
of Protection. His regard for the rights and opinions of others was scrupulous and 
unvarying, while his honesty of purpose was everywhere apparent. Quick and keen of 
apprehension, Mr. Gilman was the possessor of the utmost kindness of heart, was cour- 
teous to all, very charitable in all his dealings, and a true gentleman in the best sense of that 
word. Politically, he was a Republican, but never aspired to hold public office, as that 
life did not appeal to him. Mr. Gilman inherited the fine, moral, religious instincts of his 
illustrious forefathers, and in his religious belief was a member of the Congregational 
church, to which he contributed most generously. A man who had met with success in 
life, Mr. Gilman never once lost touch with his fellow-men, and in his departure from 
this earthly environment the city of Boston lost one with whom it was a pleasure to 
transact business. His genial, democratic manner was not a mask put on to further 
any purposes or ambition of his own, but was the reflection of a broad mind and a sym- 
pathetic heart. 

In 1881, William Edwin Gilman was united in marriage with Adeline Rebecca Kim- 
ball, a daughter of Jesse and Lydia (Barnes) Kimball, both natives of Massachusetts. 



Oilman 



189 



Jesse Kimball was born in Andover, and his wife in Boxford. Mrs. Gilman was edu- 
cated in the Waltham High School and at the Salem Normal School. Mr. and Mrs. 
Gilman became the parents of one child, namely: Grace Barnes Gilman, who was born 
in 1884, in Newtonville, Massachusetts, and educated in the public schools of Somer- 
ville, Massachusetts. She became the wife of Edmund Derby Collier, of Groton, Massa- 
chusetts, the son of Eugene Osemus and Emma Augusta (Derby) Collier. Mr. and Mrs. 
Edmund Derby Collier are the parents of six children, as follows: Francis Gilman, 
Loring Derby, Robert Hastings, Edwin Kimball, who died in his fourth year; Marion 
Warren and Eugene Emerson Collier. 

A true and loyal friend in both public and private life, William Edwin Gilman was 
one of that stamp of men who leave their impress on the community which is thus 
enriched by their presence, and who will not soon be forgotten by their fellow-men. 




Itpman 




N Arthur T. Lyman, of Waltham, Massachusetts, we beheld a man 
whose intense and well-directed activity, coupled with his recognition 
and utilization of opportunities, gained for him distinct prestige in the 
commercial world, and won for him the deep esteem and respect of his 
fellow-men. His activities were always along those lines which 
resulted in progression and improvement, and at his death, which 
occurred in Waltham, Massachusetts, October 24, 1915, his worth in 
the world was widely acknowledged by those among whom his active years were passed 
Association with Mr. Lyman meant expansion and elevation, for his interests were 
always in touch with those broadening processes which bring a wider, higher knowledge 
of lite, and enable the individual to place a correct valuation upon those things which 
go toward making up life's activities and interests. Mr. Lyman was one of the strong, 
because one of the best balanced, the most even and self-masterful of men ; and so well 
acted his part in both the commercial and private life of the community, that the cities 
of Boston and Waltham, Massachusetts, were enriched by his example, his character and 
his untiring labor. While the race is not always given to the swift, nor the battle to 
the strong, the invariable law of destiny accords to tireless energy, industry and ability, 
a successful career, and such was the life work of Mr. Lyman. He was blessed by 
nature with many gifts of a very high order, which he did not hesitate using to promote 
the welfare and happiness of his fellow-men. He developed a strong business ability, 
and possessed a progressive turn of mind and habit of closely following the trend of 
modern thought and invention, so it can be readily understood that his death was a dis- 
tinct loss to the communities in which he lived, and came as a cruel blow to all. In his 
long and successful career his word was always as good as his bond, and his private life 
was without stain or blemish. In Waltham, Massachusetts, where he took such a deep 
and abiding interest in all that was for the best interest of the community, and where he 
was so well known and beloved, his untimely passing away created a vacancy that it will 
be difficult to adequately fill. Time alone can demonstrate what Mr. Lyman has done 
for Waltham and all its people. 

Arthur T. Lyman inherited his sterling qualities from a long line of distinguished 
ancestors, and the history of the Lyman family is exceeded in interest and antiquity by 
none in England. In Anglo-Saxon the name Leoman, believed to be "Lion Man," 
appears as the name of a land-holder previous to the Norman conquest. Like most of 
the English surnames, now almost universally known as Lyman, it has passed through 
many changes in settling down to the present orthography. It has been written as 
Lehman, Leyman, Lyeman, Lemman, Lemon, Leman and De Le Man. In French it is 
written L'aiman, and in America it has taken the form of Liman, Limen, Limmon, and 
Lemond. In the records of both the town and the church in Northampton, Massachu- 
setts, for the first fifty years or more the name is generally written Liman, and it was not 
until the early part of the eighteenth century that it took the form of Lyman. The 
Lyman family have at different times borne five separate armorial bearings or emblems, 
and that which appears to have been most frequently adopted by them is that of Sir 
John Lyman, Lord Mayor of London, for a few years before the first immigration to this 
country. Sir John Lyman was largely interested in the Fishmongers Company, and it 
has been suggested that the dolphins shown therein may have had some reference to his 



ILtmian 191 

interest. The crest is surmounted by a pelican in her nest feeding her young. The sig- 
nificance of these emblems and the origin of these armorial bearings is given by Burke : 
In the twelfth century in the reign of King James the First, a coat-of-arms was granted 
to Sir John Lyman, as follows : 

Arms — Azure, a chevron embowed, three dolphins naiant, argent The dolphins are said to be 
"symbols of social love." 

ARTHUR T. LYMAN was born in the city of Boston, December 8, 1832, the 
son of George W. and Anne (Pratt) Lyman. His grandfather was Theodore Lyman, 
Sr., who was born in old York in the province of Maine, which then belonged to the State 
of Massachusetts. The date of his birth was January 5, 1753, the son of the Rev. Isaac 
and Ruth (Plummer) Lyman. His father, the Rev. Isaac Lyman, was, as his tombstone 
records, "for more than sixty years the venerable and pious pastor of the First Church 
in York." During the Revolutionary War it became almost impossible for the farmers 
and fishermen of York to pay their minister any salary except an occasional tithe. Theo- 
dore Lyman, the oldest son, seeing the struggles his parents had to endure, refused to 
go to college, which his father was anxious to have him do, for he had been a college 
man himself. Theodore Lyman went to work as early as possible in order to help his 
parents and their large family of children, and was soon successful in his business deal- 
ings. He lived first at Kennebunk, Maine, where he married Sarah Emmerson, with 
whose father he was in business. A few years later, he removed to Boston, and became 
the owner of a house near where the Revere House now stands on Bowdoin Square. His 
first wife having passed away, Mr. Lyman was united in marriage (second) with Lydia 
Williams, January 26, 1786, a niece of Timothy Pickering, of Salem, Massachusetts. 
Theodore Lyman died at Waltham, Massachusetts, May 4, 1839, at tne a S e °f eighty- 
six years, his wife having died in 1826. Two children of his first wife lived to maturity, 
namely: Sarah, who died unmarried, and Olive, who became the wife of Mr. Paine, and 
soon afterward died, leaving a daughter, Lucy Lyman Paine. By his second wife, Mr. 
Lyman was the father of four children, namely : George W., Theodore, Jr., Charles and 
Mary Lyman. Mary Lyman became the wife of Samuel A. Eliot, and one of her chil- 
dren, Charles W. Eliot, is president emeritus of Harvard College. The second son, Theo- 
dore Lyman, Jr., was mayor of Boston in 1834 and 1835, and was the founder of the 
Westboro Reform School, called the Lyman School for Boys. His son, Theodore 
Lyman, was a brilliant officer on General Meade's staff in the campaign of the Wilder- 
ness in the Civil War. 

The oldest son, George W. Lyman, and the father of Arthur T. Lyman, inherited the 
Lyman estate at Waltham, Massachusetts, which his father, Theodore Lyman, the 
Boston merchant, bought from Mr. Livermore, the deed being dated March 2j, 1793, and 
it conveyed one hundred and fifty acres, for the price of twenty-four hundred pounds. 
During the year 1801, Theodore Lyman bought from Solomon Flagg and Lenord Wil- 
liams additional land, and the deed to this land was acknowledged before John Lowell, 
Jr., the grandfather of the wife of Arthur T. Lyman. George W. Lyman was a grad- 
uate of the class of 1806, at Harvard University, and at the time of his death, in Sep- 
tember, 1880, at the advanced age of nearly ninety-four years, he was the oldest living 
Harvard graduate. The original house on this beautiful estate was built by Theodore 
Lyman in 1793, alterations and additions were made in 1882, and it is now considered by 
landscape connoisseurs one of the finest estates in New England. 

Arthur T. Lyman received his preparatory education entirely in private schools, 
and graduated from Harvard University with the degree of A. B., in 1853, and in 1857 
he received the additional degree of A. M., from Harvard. From 1856 to i860, he 



192 



Lpman 



engaged in the East India trade, but gave this up to join his father in the cotton manu- 
facturing business. From this time on the number of his business interests broadened 
rapidly. His natural talents and splendid business acumen soon caused him to become 
recognized as one of the leading cotton manufacturers in the New England States. He 
was the treasurer of the Appleton Company from 1861 to 1863, and of the Hamilton 
Manufacturing Company from i860 to 1863. He was associated with the Hadley Com- 
pany from 1866 to 1889, and with the Lowell Manufacturing Company from 1881 to 
1900. Mr. Lyman was a large owner of stock in cotton mills in the United States. He 
was the president of the Pacific Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts, the Merrimack 
Manufacturing Company of Lowell, the Massachusetts Cotton Mills of Lowell, Massa- 
chusetts, the Massachusetts Mills in Georgia, the Whittenton Manufacturing Company 
of Taunton, Massachusetts, the Boston Manufacturing Company, and the Waltham 
Bleachery and Dye Works. Mr. Lyman was also president of the "Proprietors of Locks 
and Canals on the Merrimack River," and a director of the Lawrence Manufacturing 
Company, and of the Dwight Manufacturing Company. He was president of the Boston 
Athenaeum, and the Provident Institution for Savings in Boston. From 1892 to 1899, 
Mr. Lyman was overseer of Harvard University ; and he was a member of the Massa- 
chusetts Historical Society. He was a large contributor to the fund for the Waltham 
Training School for Nurses, and was the first president of the Waltham Hospital 
Corporation. In his religious belief, Mr. Lyman was affiliated with the Unitarian 
church ; was director and treasurer of the American Unitarian Association, and for 
thirty-eight years, senior warden of King's Chapel in Boston. On June 6, i860, at the 
ordination of the Rev. James C. Parsons, as pastor of the Unitarian church in Waltham, 
Mr. Lyman, then a young man of twenty-eight years, was prominently identified with 
the impressive ceremonies. 

During the year 1858, Arthur T. Lyman was united in marriage with Ella Lowell, 
a daughter of John Amory and Elizabeth Cabot (Putnam) Lowell, of the city of Boston. 
Mrs. Lyman passed away March 28, 1894. To Mr. and Mrs. Lyman were born seven 
children, as follows: 



1. Julia, born January 30, 1859. 

2. Arthur, born August 31, 1861, became mayor 
of Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1896, and suc- 
ceeded his father as president of some of 
the numerous corporations with which he 
had been identified. 

3. Herbert, born May 17, 1864, and is treasurer 
of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, 
of Lowell, Massachusetts. 

4. Ella, born February 26, 1866, and became the 
wife of Dr. Richard C. Cabot; she is an 
active member of the Massachusetts State 
Board of Education and a member of the 
Council of Radcliffe College. 



5. Susan Lowell, born February 8, 1869, died 
September 14, 1878. 

6. Mabel, born January 15, 1872. 

7. Ronald Theodore, born July 8. 1879; he is 
treasurer of the Boston Manufacturing 
Company, at Waltham, Massachusetts, of 
the Whittenton Manufacturing Company, 
of Taunton, Massachusetts, of the Sal- 
mon Falls Manufacturing Company of New 
Hampshire, and of the Waltham Bleachery 
and Dye Works. Other large real estate 
and various interests divide the attention of 
this family, and several members have made 
themselves well known by service to the 
public. 



On account of his multitudinous business interests, Mr. Lyman never found time 
to devote to public affairs, but was always keenly interested in matters pertaining to 
the general growth and welfare of humanity. Those who were so privileged as to have 
known him in an intimate way say that he was a man of the most lovable traits of 
character. He was in every sense of the word, "A Captain of Industry," and found 
comfort and solace from his great business responsibilities in wandering about his beau- 
tiful and charming estate in Waltham, holding communion with nature, in all her 
splendor. 

The memory of the individual may and does fade away, but the result of good work 
which he has done remains as a permanent advantage to his race. In the busy marts of 



Lpman 193 

trade, it has been Mr. Lyman's privilege to contribute more largely than most of his 
fellow-men to the advancement of American institutions, and to the growth and develop- 
ment of humanity in general. His life had not only covered a longer period of years, but 
his labors had been more diversified and had extended over a much larger portion of the 
world than can be the case with most men. Mr. Lyman never mingled largely in general 
society, finding great comfort and pleasure in his own home, surrounded by the family 
to whom he was so devoted and by his books. His memory was wonderful, and his 
stores of accumulated knowledge were always at his very command. Prominent in so 
many ways and excelling in every field of endeavor into which he entered, it is indeed 
difficult to select Mr. Lyman's most pronounced characteristics. 

His generous and noble qualities had endeared him to all, and he was a man of 
keen foresight, sound judgment, and broad and progressive ideas. He was a quick 
discerner of human nature, and possessed in a rare degree the faculty of winning the 
favorable regard of all classes by his genial manner, his unfailing humor, and his 
versatility in adapting himself to others. His practical sense and clear discernment 
made his counsels of great value and much sought after. From his illustrious ancestors 
he had inherited a rare combination of qualities that formed a noble manhood, and he 
was indeed a man whose character and influence would have gained him distinction in 
any position of life. He was particularly happy in his domestic relations, and the most 
charming and interesting of companions, pouring out the hoarded stores of long years 
of close observations, silent thought, and clear analysis of striking events. 

Dignity and courtly politeness always secured for Mr. Lyman the warm regard 
of both the old and young. A man he seemed of cheerful yesterdays and confident 
to-morrows, with a face not worldly-minded, but keen withal and showing the deepest 
intelligence on all matters. At the age of nearly eighty-three years, Arthur T. Lyman 
was taken from his earthly environment, and his loss was deeply lamented by his fellow- 
citizens, and sincerely mourned by a wide circle of friends. 





Arms — A crest on a mural coronet, an otter and a badger. 

Motto — Ut amnis vita labitur, which translated means, "Life glides away like a river." 

'HE title of an "upright man" is one of the most honorable that can be 
borne by any business man. It is a distinction won in warfare and 
against temptations that exist in the business world. Not many come 
through a protracted course unscathed and untainted, and it is an occa- 
sion for congratulation that the city of Boston shows a long list of 
business men who have honored their occupations by pure lives and 
honest trading. The name of John Henry Brooks is one that was well- 
known in the business annals of this city, and it is written prominently among the best 
and most successful men of his day. The death of John Henry Brooks, which occurred 
at his home, "Wayside Farm" in Milton, Massachusetts, July 21, 1913, was mourned by 
all classes of the community, for he was one of those masterful kind of men who always 
forge ahead, and in doing so win the affection and admiration of their fellow-men in the 
various walks of life. The loss of such a man is to be lamented, and his memory highly 
cherished. 

The name of Brooks is said to have been derived from a residence near a stream. 
Its medieval forms are Ate-Broc, Attenbroke, which afterwards softened to A-Broke and 
pluralized to Brooks. Genealogical research reveals the first mention of the surname 
Brooks in the records of Suffolk county, England, where is found recorded the name of 
William De La Broke, owner of the Manor of Brooke in Somerset county, and who died 
in 1231. 

RICHARD BROOKS, at the age of fourteen years, came to America in the ship 
"Blessing" in July, 1635. His older brother, Robert Brooks, left his native country and 
came to America with his wife in the ship "Hercules," the year following, and joined his 
younger brother at Marblehead, Massachusetts. Another brother, William Brooks, 
arrived in this country in 1637, having also made the journey in the ship "Blessing," and 
settled in Salem, Massachusetts, where he was admitted a freeman in 1638. These three 
brothers were the immigrant ancestors of the Brooks family in America. The. Brooks 
family became eminent in their adopted country in all the walks of life, and were asso- 
ciated with the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs of the United States. 
To become conversant with their history would naturally create in their progeny a source 
of pride in the name of Brooks heretofore unappreciated. As builders and merchants 
they have built cities and illumined the marts of trade ; in the field of science and medi- 
cine they have obtained great prominence ; and in the arena of statesmanship they have 
produced men of thought and men of action. As clergyman, educators and lecturers they 
have occupied high places ; as musicians, composers and artists they have contributed 
profusely to social life ; and as authors and poets they have attained the laurel wreath 
of fame. Also as heroes of the Colonial, Revolutionary, and later wars they have 
rendered patriotic service which has added luster to the name of Brooks. 

JOHN HENRY BROOKS, in whose memory this tribute is being written, was 
born in Detroit, Michigan, June 20, 1848, the second son of John Wood and Charlotte 
(Dean) Brooks. His father, John Wood Brooks, was born in Stow, Massachusetts, 
August 2, 1819, and passed away in Heidelberg, Germany, September 16, 1881. He was 



T5rook0 195 

a civil engineer of international reputation; his greatest engineering feat was the build- 
ing of the Hoosac Tunnel. In 1863 he was chosen chairman of the commissioners of the 
Troy & Greenfield Railroad, and of the Hoosac Tunnel. He was also interested with 
John Murray Forbes in directing the interests of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, and other railroad projects. He was united in marriage with Charlotte Dean, 
a daughter of the Rev. Paul Dean, and their union was blessed with three children, 
namely: Walter Dennison, John Henry, and Ella Cora Brooks. 

On his maternal side, John Henry Brooks was a lineal descendant of Captain George 
Dennison, of Stonington, Connecticut, who was captain of the New London county 
forces in King Philip's War of 1675 an d io 76, under Major John Mann and Samuel 
Tolcott. He was second in command with Major Robert Treat in the great Indian 
Swamp fight, and captured the Indian chief, "Cononchet," in 1676. He was captain of 
volunteers in 1689, an d was chosen with Major John Mason to assist the Bvuat Chiefs 
to govern their tribe. He was deputy to the General Assembly in 1689, 1693 and 1694, 
and passed to his reward, November 12, 1699. 

John Henry Brooks was about seven years of age when he came to Milton, Massa- 
chusetts, with his parents. He received his education in Boston, first as a pupil at Mr. 
Dixwell's private school, and later attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
After completing his education, Mr. Brooks entered the business offices of his father, 
John Wood Brooks, who was intimately associated with John Murray Forbes in rail- 
road projects. Mr. Brooks remained in the Boston office of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad for many years after his father's retirement, and later became prom- 
inent in mining and other companies. He served as a director of the Baltic Mining 
Company, the Copper Range Consolidated Company, the Lathrop Coal Company, of 
which he was also the secretary and treasurer, St. Mary's Canal Mineral Land Com- 
pany, which he had served as vice-president and director, and director of the Trimoun- 
tain Mining Company and the Milton Water Company. Mr. Brooks retired from busi- 
ness pursuits in 1893, just twenty years prior to his death, and had made his home in 
Milton, Massachusetts, since he was a boy. He also possessed an estate in Cohasset, 
Massachusetts, where it was his custom to spend the summer months. He was con- 
sidered one of the most prominent residents of Milton, and was active in town affairs, 
having served as a member of the warrant committee, of which he was later elected 
chairman, also for several years served on the park commission, of which he was chair- 
man, and was a director of the old Milton Water Company before the water supply was 
handled by the town. 

In social life, Mr. Brooks was most genial and pleasant to meet, and those who 
knew him intimately will mourn his loss greatly for many years to come. He was a 
member of the Union Club of Boston, and of the Society of Colonial Wars in the Com- 
monwealth of Massachusetts, to which he was eligible through his ancestor, Captain 
George Dennison, from whom Mr. Brooks was seventh in descent, and who was prom- 
inently active in public offices and affairs in the last part of the seventeenth century. 

On June 4, 1873, John Henry Brooks was united in marriage, in Boston, with 
Lucretia Gilbert, a daughter of Samuel and Almira Little (Sprague) Gilbert, both of 
whom were highly respected natives of Boston. The Gilbert coat-of-arms is as follows : 

Arms — Azure, a chevron ermine between three eagles displayed or. 

Crest — Out of a mural coronet or, a demi-lion rampant, ducally crowned of the first, holding 
a battle axe sable, headed argent. 

Mrs. Brooks is a great-granddaughter of the Hon. Seth Sprague, who was born in 
Duxbury, Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts, July 4, 1760. He was sixteen years of age 
on July 4, 1776, the day on which the Declaration of Independence was declared. In 



196 



15rooks 



1777 he enlisted as a private in the Continental Airmy and fought with great valor for 
the principles expounded by the framers of the Declaration of Independence. He was 
always ready to speak and work for any good cause or object, and his fellow-townsmen 
were pleased to call on him on all occasions of danger and emergency, and he responded 
quickly, ably and faithfully. He was elected and served for twenty-seven years in the 
State Legislature in the House and Senate, and worked faithfully for the interest and 
benefit of his town and county, as well as for the welfare of the Commonwealth. He 
was twice honored by being chosen a member of the electoral college which decided the 
choice of president and vice-president of the United States. He lived in the old house 
in which he was born throughout his long, eventful and happy life, to the ripe old age of 
eighty-seven years, and passed away July 8, 1847, with the esteem, respect and love of 
the entire community. As a tribute to his memory the historian has deemed it meet and 
proper to record his "Creed of Life," and may it be a guide and monitor for his progeny 
and all mankind: 

To be able to look every man squarely in the eyes ; to smile at ill fortunes ; to make friends and hold 
them; to keep clean of mind and body; to laugh at mistakes and frown when temptation comes, a-visiting; 
to be ready with a word of cheer when that word will help; to strive to develop to the utmost the heart, 
head and hand, qualities endowed by the Ruler over all; to hold all women in respect and to love one; 
to weave the thread of eternal optimism into the lives of all with whom we may come in contact; to 
worship the lives of all with whom we may come into contact; to worship nature and the Great Spirit 
that conceived it, in a word to play the game of life with a steady hand and a conscience and a real desire 
to be of service. This was the Hon. Seth Sprague's religion. 

Mrs. Brooks' grandfather was Samuel Gilbert, and her father, Samuel Gilbert, Jr., 
was a prominent Boston merchant. It was he who suggested to Monsieur Le Grand the 
necessity of a meeting place for business men of Boston. Later Mr. Gilbert and Mather 
Bolles organized the Boston Stock Exchange. Mr. and Mrs. Brooks were the parents 
of five children, as follows : 



Henry Gilbert, who graduated from Harvard 
University with the class of 1898; is a mem- 
ber of various Boston clubs, and resides in 
Milton, Massachusetts; he was united in 
marriage with Rachael W. Roberts, and they 
are the parents of one child, Rachael Brooks. 
John Edward, also of Milton, graduated from 
Harvard University with the class of 1899; 
he was united in marriage with Helen 
French, and their union was blessed witn 
three children, namely: John Edward, Charles 
Stratton and Frances French. 



3. Laurence, graduated from Harvard Univer- 
sity with the class of 1904; married Eliza- 
beth Tooke, of St. Louis; they are the par- 
ents of one child, Sallie Carter Brooks. 

4. Charlotte Louise, the only daughter, became 
the wife of John Alden Lee, and they are 
residing in Portland, Oregon; Mr. and Mrs. 
Lee are the parents of four children, namely: 
David Alden, Gilbert Brooks Alden, Deborah 
Sampson, and Charlotte Louise. 

5. Winthrop Sprague, also a graduate of Har- 
vard University; has entered the United 
States Naval Reserve. 



John Henry Brooks was tender, devoted and considerate in his home life, and his 
traits of loyalty and unselfishness caused him to be deeply loved not only by the mem- 
bers of his own immediate family, but by his neighbors and friends. 

The funeral services of Mr. Brooks were held at his late residence in Milton, Massa- 
chusetts, the large estate that had been known for many years as "Wayside Farm." 
The Rev. Howard K. Bartow, rector of St. Stephen's Church in Cohasset, Massachusetts, 
was the officiating clergyman, and interment was at Forest Hills Cemetery. Mr. Brooks 
was perhaps best known as J. Henry Brooks, and was one of those men who take pos- 
session of the public heart by kindness and the force of personal character. He was a 
man of manly qualities and rare character, and the possessor of business principles of 
a very high order. Long will memory hold him in fond remembrance by his host of 
friends, who learned to esteem, to deeply love him, and who felt at the time of his depart- 
ure from all earthly view that out of the community had gone forth one who was indeed 
a leader, a friend and a brother. 




///.j// st ■ /J/t/s//// ■ /'J'//*//* 



JFretuI) 




k HE death of the late Austin Bryant French, which occurred in Brook- 
line, Massachusetts, July 3, 1914, was a loss not only to his immediate 
family and the large circle of devoted friends which his good qualities 
had won for him, but to his fellow-men in general, few of whom had 
not benefited in some way by his life and example. It is always very 
difficult, if not impossible, to estimate the effect upon their environ- 
ment of such men as Mr. French, whose influence depends not so much 
upon the deeds that they accomplished as upon that subtle force which communicates 
itself, unseen, to all about from a fine and gracious personality. This is a success wor- 
shipping age, and it is the men of deeds and accomplishments that we delight in honor- 
ing. We demand success and, as though in response, we have a progress in all depart- 
ments of material achievement such as the world has never before witnessed. Perhaps 
the most characteristic of all the achievements of the day is that in the line of industrial 
and commercial development, and it is the leaders of activity in this direction that are 
our choicest heroes. Among the prominent manufacturers of the State of Massachusetts, 
the name of Austin Bryant French is most conspicuous, as much for the high principle he 
observed in the conduct of his business as for the success that attended it. His passing 
away at the ripe old age of ninety-one years removed a man who was in the fullest sense 
of the term a progressive, virile, self-made American. He was thoroughly in harmony 
with the spirit of this modern age, and in compassing his own success performed a cor- 
responding service for the community in which he resided. His judgment was excellent, 
his opinions were honest, and he was always loyal, faithful and patient. He was friendly, 
amiable and helpful, while his good nature was never known to fail. He was the 
possessor of fine natural abilities, which were greatly strengthened by reading and 
training. Mr. French was a gentleman in every possible sense, by birth, inheritance, 
instinct and habit, in the technical, the general and the widest meaning of the word. A 
gentleman at the head of his family, and one who did not think parental authority and 
thorough discipline inconsistent with fatherly love and tenderness ; a gentleman in whom 
refinement had not dulled the edge of force, nor gentility dissipated the drive of action ; 
in short, a gentleman, who realized the highest significance of the name, and who lived 
up to its ideals all through life. 

AUSTIN BRYANT FRENCH was born in Easton, Massachusetts, August 18, 
1823, the son of Captain Henry and Emily (Bryant) French. The coats-of-arms of the 
French and Bryant families are as follows : 

French Arms — Ermine, a chevron sable, a crescent for difference. 
Crest — A dolphin embowed proper. 

Bryant Arms — Azure, on a cross or a cinquefoil between four lozenges gules. 
Crest — A flag azure, charged with a saltire argent. 

The surname French, as is plainly indicated, had its origin in France, the early 
Norman records showing it in a variety of forms. The family claims its origin from 
Rollo, Duke of Normandy, who was himself a Norseman Viking, but who settled in 
France and in A .D., 910, formally adopted the Christian religion, being baptized, and 
taking the name of Robert, the Count of Paris being his godfather. He had already con- 



198 jftencf) 

quered the province of Normandy, which was ceded to him in due form. The surname 
French is derived from the French word, "Grene," which signifies the ash-tree. The 
ancient motto of the family was : "Death rather than dishonor." The family is consid- 
ered as one of the most ancient and honorable in England. It was anglicized to French 
as early as the year 1300. There were many emigrants of this name who came to Amer- 
ica and made their homes in Randolph, Braintree, Ipswich, Salisbury, Weymouth, Cam- 
bridge, Exeter, Dorchester, and in other important New England settlements. Thus 
from his ancestors Austin Bryant French inherited a rare combination of qualities that 
formed a noble manhood. He was indeed a man whose character and influence would 
have gained him distinction in any position of life. 

By the removal of his father, Captain Henry French, to North Bridgewater, Massa- 
chusetts, Mr. French became a resident of Brockton, Massachusetts, where he started his 
business career with an older brother, the late Henry V. French. This partnership was 
dissolved in 1852. Marriage with Sarah J. Atkins, of Randolph, Massachusetts, led Mr. 
French to locate in that town, where he engaged in the manufacture of boots with the late 
Matthew Clark. Afterwards, finding this line of endeavor to his liking, Mr. French 
formed a co-partnership with J. W. Kennan, of East Bridgewater, Massachusetts, and 
carried on an extensive leather business in Boston, Massachusetts, which, proving 
successful, led him to retire about thirty years prior to his death, when he built the 
house which he continued to occupy in Aberdeen, which lies on the line between Brigh- 
ton and Brookline. Mr. French suffered considerable loss when his place of business was 
destroyed by the big Boston fire in 1871, but he faced this discouraging fact, as he had 
faced life, with the courage and confidence bred of his character and of his faith. He was 
rigidly, inflexibly and uncompromisingly honest, and was one of those men who fortu- 
nately possess a marked individuality all their own. His dignity, courtly politeness, and 
lively sympathies secured for him the warm regard of both the old and young. He 
proved to be the most charming and interesting of companions, pouring out the hoarded 
stores of long years of close observation, silent thought and clear analysis of strik- 
ing events. 

Energy, self-confidence and a strict adherence to the moral law were the traits 
which seemed to lie at the bottom of Mr. French's character. His business success, as 
must all true success, depended quite as much upon his character as upon his knowledge, 
which was a later acquirement. Those who knew him were enabled to appreciate his 
many attractive qualities, and although the first years of his venture into the manufac- 
turing line proved exceedingly laborious, they were nevertheless productive of much 
substantial success, financially, such as to make his withdrawal possible from his busi- 
ness affairs in 1884. In all that he did for himself, Mr. French kept the interest of those 
about him ever in sight, and took no step, however conductive to his own ends, if to his 
candid judgment it appeared harmful to others. 

On January 22, 1850, Austin Bryant French was united in marriage with Sarah Jane 
Atkins, in Brockton, Massachusetts, a daughter of Captain Henry Atkins, of Province- 
town, Massachusetts, and Susan (Hitchborn) Atkins, of Boston. Captain Henry Atkins 
was an old sea captain, and highly esteemed for his sterling traits of character. He 
was the father of two children, both daughters, namely: Elizabeth Jane Atkins, 
and Sarah Jane Atkins, who is now the widow of Austin Bryant French. The surname 
Atkins has become distinguished in New England history, and has been borne by some 
of the most eminent men of that section. Massachusetts claims with pride many sons 
of the name, and it has been associated with progress and development everywhere. Mr. 
and Mrs. French's wedded life covered a period of sixty-four years, during which they 
were almost completely exempt from illness, and lived an ideally happy life. The union 
of Mr. and Mrs. French was blessed with three children, as follows: 



JFcencf) 



199 



I. Jeannette, born in Randolph, Massachusetts, 
became the wife of Theodore Minert Clark, 
Professor of Architecture in the Massachu- 
setts Institute of Technology, and one of the 
consulting architects of Trinity Church in 
Boston. Mr. Clark died in 1912, and his 
wife in February, 1914, just six months be- 
fore the death of her father. Mr. and Mrs. 
Clark were the parents of Austin Hobert 
Clark, who was united in marriage with 
Mary Upham, of Newton, Massachusetts, 
who bore him five children, namely: Austin 
Hobert, Jr.; Sarah, Hugh, Mary, and an 
infant, not yet named. 



Charles Austin, born in Randolph, and grad- 
uated from the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology. He studied medicine, and en- 
gaged in the optical business at the corner of 
Tremont and Winter streets, Boston. He 
was united in marriage with Ida De Vail, of 
New Bedford, who graduated from Smith's 
College. They are now residing in Water- 
town, Massachusetts. 

Emily, born in Randolph, Massachusetts, be- 
came the wife of John H. Eddy, of Newton- 
ville, Massachusetts, and they are the par- 
ents of two children, Beatrice and Virginia 
Eddy. 



The funeral of Austin Bryant French, in whose memory we are writing, was held 
from his family home in Brighton, Massachusetts. The services were conducted by the 
Rev. James Reed, minister of the Church of the New Jerusalem. His ministrations 
were supplemented by hymns which were sung by the Harvard Male Quartet. Follow- 
ing the service, the body was taken to Randolph, Massachusetts, for burial, in which 
town Mr. French formerly resided. 

The integrity of purpose of Mr. French, combined with his goodness of heart, and 
his faithfulness to obligation, caused him to stand for what was best in life, thereby 
leaving an impression for good in the community in which he lived. He truly deserved 
the popularity that he enjoyed, the success that sprang from it, and that highest of com- 
pliments which the people can pay an honorable man. His courage and fidelity to prin- 
ciple were well illustrated throughout his career, and he has furnished an example of 
those strong and worthy virtues which we have come to look upon as typical of New 
England and its people. 



Mantis 




Arms — Or, a fesse dancette between three cross crosslets fitchee gules. 

Crest — A griffin segreant per fesse or and gules. 

Motto — Probum non poenitet. (The honest man has not to repent.) 

RESPITE the somewhat cynical sentiment that seems to be growing in 
vogue to-day with regard to moral and ethical standards in the conduct 
of business, the fact remains that only such successes as are founded 
upon the rock of honor, integrity and courage are possessed of stability, 
and that those which are not so' founded, however vast their temporary 
inflation, are bound to collapse and to be brought to naught finally. 
One of the best examples of the power of honesty to support the suc- 
cess that has been built upon it was that of the company known as the Sands, Taylor & 
Wood, flour merchants of the city of Boston. The story of its success is identical with 
that of the career of one of its leading and most prominent members, the late Orin Edgar 
Sands, who gave his great business ability wholly to the establishing of this firm, mak- 
ing it his life work. Mr. Sands became one of the prominent figures in the life of both 
Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his death, which occurred at his home in the 
latter city, in his sixty-eighth year, May 6, 1917, was felt as a loss by a very large pro- 
portion of the community. All who had come into contact with him at any time, no 
matter how casually, carried away with them a feeling of warm affection and admiration 
for him as one whose nature was of the most generous mould, whose essential honesty 
and charity made him a figure not soon to be forgotten. Lives that truly count in the 
shaping of events are not always by any means just those that occupy the most exalted 
and official positions in the world, for the development of character and individuality in 
the person is after all the most potent instrument to control and lead others. Mr. Sands 
was a splendid example of this type of man, and his methods in business were based 
entirely upon the rock of honor and integrity, thus making it a pleasure to transact 
business with him. His accurate estimate of men was remarkable, and enabled him to 
fill the different departments of his business enterprise with men who seldom failed to 
come up to his expectations in every way. 

ORIN EDGAR SANDS was born in Cambridge, Middlesex county, Massachu- 
setts, April 28, 1850, the son of John L. and Sarah (Hayes) Sands, both of whom 
were natives of Lyman, Maine. Mr. Sands was a direct descendant of the pioneer 
ancestor, Henry Sandys, who came to America in 1633 from Reading, Berks, and died in 
Boston, Massachusetts. His son, Captain James Sandes, one of the founders of Shore- 
ham, Rhode Island, was born in Yorkshire, England, 1622, died in Rhode Island, 1695 ; 
married Sarah Walker, daughter of Jonathan and Catherine (Hutchison) Walker. Sup- 
posed grandson of Edwin Sands, D. D., archbishop of York, 1577, all of whose surviving 
sons were members of the second London Virginia Company. James Sands, another 
ancestor, came to this country as early as the year 1650, from Cornwall, England, and 
settled in Watertown, Massachusetts. The surname Sands is of ancient English origin, 
and is spelled also Sandes and Sandys. The distinguished gentleman whose name heads 
this memorial proved to be a loyal member of this family, and obtained an excellent 
education at the Washington school in his native city, and later, for a brief period, was a 
pupil at a Boston business college. He was eager to take up the burden of life, and 



^an&s 201 

entered the business world on October 31, 1865, as a boy of fifteen years of age. Mr. 
Sands was first employed as an errand boy for the firm of James F. Edwards & Com- 
pany on State street, Boston, who were wholesale flour merchants. Three years later 
he became a salesman, with territory from Cape Cod to the State of New Hamp- 
shire. In those days, when business houses paid in money and not by check, sales- 
men sometimes collected hundreds of dollars, which added the danger of robbery to 
their trips. A few years later, Mr. Sands went to work for the firm of Cutting, Winch 
& Company, a receiving house, then in the Boston City Flour Mills. Here he learned the 
business of milling flour, and after serving faithfully the above concerns, Mr. Sands 
returned to the employ of the firm with which he had first begun his business career, 
James F. Edwards & Company. Upon the death of his brother in 1880, the firm of 
Sands & Fernald, which had succeeded that of James F. Edwards & Company, became 
Sands, Fernald & Sprague, then later, Sands, Page & Taylor, and finally, Sands, Taylor 
& Wood. 

Mr. Sands was one of the prominent figures in the Boston market district, and was a 
national factor in the flour business. He was one of the first to recognize the value of 
advertising combined with a product of which quality was the main virtue at the time 
when competition was forcing the quality down to meet low prices. This was during 
the year 1896, and the new brand of flour, called King Arthur, which was thus named by 
Mr. Sands was put on the market. On October 30, 1915, Mr. Sands was given a dinner 
by his wide circle of friends at the City Club, in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of 
his entrance into the flour business. Capable management and unfaltering enterprise 
were well balanced factors in him, while his complete justice and honesty endeared him 
to those who were beneath him in rank, and who looked up to him in something of the 
light of a champion. For the three years prior to his death, Mr. Sands had had many 
serious attacks of illness, and just previous to the Thanksgiving before his passing 
away, he was obliged to give up active business affairs, which awakened very keen and 
sincere regret upon the part of all his associates. Thus the last three years of his life 
were years of lessening power and action, which to a man of his energetic temperament 
was indeed extremely difficult to bear, and yet he bore all this with unflinching fortitude. 
He was never known to complain, and was always the possessor of that agreeable, sunny 
disposition which drew all men toward him. 

Orin Edgar Sands was united in marriage with Charlotte Bradbury, of Portsmouth, 
New Hampshire, a daughter of Ezra and Arexine Southgate (Libbey) Bradbury, both 
of whom were highly esteemed natives of Scarboro, Maine. Mrs. Sands died in 1914. 
Mr. and Mrs. Sands became the parents of one child, a daughter, Marion M. T. Sands, 
who resides in the Sands homestead in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mr. Sands was also 
survived by two sisters, namely: Mrs. D. Webster Littlefield, of Kennebunk, Maine, and 
Mrs. F. E. Mason, of Brooklyn, New York ; also one brother, M. W. Sands, of Cambridge, 
Massachusetts. Mr. Sands was a domestic man, a man who loved his home above all 
else, and in spite of his membership in a number of social and fraternal organizations and 
his activity in some of them, he spent most of his time at his own hearthstone. The com- 
pany of his wife and only daughter was the society that he enjoyed most, but he was 
also very fond of the informal intercourse with his neighbors and friends, in short, all 
those spontaneous little associations and amenities of which the best of friendship is 
made up. 

Mr. Sands was a man of strong religious feelings and broad convictions, and was a 
faithful attendant of the First Congregational Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
giving most liberally to its work, especially to the undertakings of a philanthropic and 
benevolent character. His funeral was a notable affair, being attended by a large nura- 

Ter— 2— 13 



202 



^anDs 



ber of friends, including a strong representation of business men from both Cambridge 
and Boston. The Rev. Dr. Raymond Calkins, pastor of the First Congregational Church, 
conducted the services, and the Beethoven Quartet sang. Rev. Dr. Calkins paid a high 
compliment to Mr. Sands for his honor and courage as manifested all through his life, 
and spoke of the proud name he gave to the product that he sold, just as the escutcheon 
of the King of England knew no taint, so there was no flaw in what he made and offered 
to the world. Dr. Calkins also told of the great assistance Mr. Sands had been to him 
and his church. Interment was at Mt. Auburn Cemetery. 

The memory of the late Orin Edgar Sands will not soon be forgotten by the large 
number of those who learned to prize him for his unassumed worth, his integrity, and his 
sterling traits of honor and courage. He was more than an ordinary man, and the general 
feeling of the public was most admirably expressed in editorials and obituary articles 
which appeared in the various newspapers at the time of his death. Few men have led 
a more active and useful life ; and few have been more universally rcognized and 
acknowledged as one of the most honored and esteemed citizens of his community, and 
as a leading factor in the flour business of the New England States. 





Bamelson 

Arms — Argent, a bend sable. 

O UNDERSTAND the meaning to a man of the honor of his family — 
to know the general status in a democracy of families of old and hon- 
orable lineage — is to know and understand the meaning and brightness 
of the national honor. For this can never be any brighter than the 
honor of the family. This statement is nowhere more clearly and con- 
clusively proved than in the Roman civilization, in which the dominant 
unit was the family, and in which the parent was given the power to 
slay any of his sons who brought disgrace to the family name. To-day the weapon 
which the community uses to punish the crime of staining family honor is public opinion. 
Public opinion, the moral law, love of country, home, and God, are what have made the 
aristocracy of America, not an aristocracy of wealth or noble blood in the ordinary inter- 
pretation of the word, but an aristocracy of right and of noble deeds. 

In the foremost ranks of this aristocracy in the State of Connecticut is the Danielson 
family, which holds a place of honor and respect in the community eclipsed by none. The 
Danielson family is of Scotch origin, and was established in America in the middle part 
of the seventeenth century. Since the time of its founding the family has been promi- 
nent and active in the service of the country, and has furnished its sons liberally in times 
of peace and war. Its members have from time to time been distinguished in military 
service, and have rendered valuable services in official life. The borough of Danielson, 
in the State of Connecticut, the home of several generations of Danielsons. was named in 
their honor, and is to-day a silent monument to them, mute evidence of the high place 
which they have always held in the hearts and minds of the community. 

(I) SERGEANT JAMES DANIELSON, progenitor of the family in America, was 
a native of Scotland, whence he emigrated to the New World, settling on Block Island, 
now the town of New Shoreham, Rhode Island, among the earliest residents of that 
place. Early land records show him to have been a man of considerable fortune. He 
assumed a prominent place in the town. Between the years 1688 and 1705 he purchased 
several large tracts of land in Block Island, and was admitted a freeman of the Rhode 
Island Colony at the May session of the General Assembly in 1696. In 1700 he was 
elected sergeant of the town of New Shoreham. In September, 1696, he agreed to raise 
£ 100 to pay for making a suitable harbor. In the same year he served as a soldier in the 
expedition against Quebec under General Wolfe, and participated in the engagement on 
the Heights of Abraham against the French under Montcalm. In early life he served 
almost continuously in the wars against the Indians, and in reward for heroic services 
received a grant of land in Voluntown, in the eastern part of Connecticut, from the 
General Assembly. His purchases of land were very extensive. In 1706 he bought eight 
hundred acres of land on the Quinebaug river, in what is now the town of Pomfret. This 
included a mansion house and barn. The following year he bought a tract of two 
thousand acres of land lying between the Quinebaug and Assawauga rivers. He is said 
to have been the first settler south of Lake Mashapaug, at the southern end of which he 
built a garrison house. This new settlement afterward became the present town of 
Killingly. James Danielson became one of the most prominent and influential citizens 
of the community. He presented the town with a burying ground, located between the 
two rivers above named, and was the first to be buried in it. He died January 22, 1728. 



204 Danielson 

He was twice married. The name of his first wife was Abigail. He married (second) 
Mary Rose, who died February 23, 1752, in her eighty-sixth year. 

(II) SAMUEL DANIELSON, son of Sergeant James and Mary (Rose) Danielson, 
was born in 1701. He inherited a large part of his father's extensive property holdings, 
including his homestead in what is now the town of Killingly. He succeeded to his 
father's place in the community, which was much like that of the English country squire. 
He became a leader in the industrial affairs of the town. Part of the vast Danielson 
holdings on the Quinebaug river became the site of a manufacturing village named 
Danielsonville, now known as Danielson. Samuel Danielson married Sarah Douglas on 
March 26, 1725. She was'born in Plainfield, Connecticut, December 7, 1704, daughter 
of Deacon William (3) and Sarah (Proctor) Douglas, and died March 29, 1774. (See 
Douglas IV). He died in 1780, at the age of eighty-five years. 

(III) COLONEL WILLIAM DANIELSON, son of Samuel and Sarah (Douglas) 
Danielson, was born August 11, 1729, in the town of Killingly, Connecticut, and resided 
there all his life, becoming very prominent in the town's affairs. He was elected con- 
stable and collector of taxes in 1760. In the same year he was elected lieutenant of the 
local militia. In 1774 he was commissioned major of the Eleventh Militia Regiment; 
and in the following year took one hundred and forty-six men to Cambridge from 
Killingly. He became colonel in 1776, and after the close of the Revolutionary War a 
general of militia. In 1788 Colonel William Danielson was a member of the State Con- 
vention called to ratify the National Constitution. He married, October 29, 1758, Sarah 
Williams, who was born in 1737, and died January 10, 1809. He died in Killingly, August 
19, 1798. 

(IV) GENERAL JAMES (2) DANIELSON, son of Colonel William and Sarah 
(Williams) Danielson, was born in Killingly, Connecticut, January 18, 1761, and died 
there October 25, 1827. He married, on December 3, 1788, Sarah Lord, of Abington, 
Connecticut. She was born June 17, 1769, and died April 28, 1852. 

(V) HEZEKIAH LORD DANIELSON, son of General James (2) and Sarah 
(Lord) Danielson, was born in Danielson, Connecticut, December 16, 1802, and resided 
there all his life. He was prominent in local affairs in the town, and was a deacon of 
the Congregational church. He died in 1881. He married Laura Weaver, of Brooklyn, 
Connecticut. Their children were : 

1. Charlotte Tiffany, born in 1827; married 4. John Weaver, mentioned below. 

Orville M. Capron; died 1918. 5. Joseph, born in April, 1835, died in 1898. 

2. Lucy Storrs, born in 1829; married John 6. Edward, born in 1837, died in 1882. 
Hutchins, and resides in Danielson. 7. Daniel, born in 1842; now a resident of 

3. Elizabeth S., born in 1831; married Charles Danielson. 

C. Cundall; died in Seattle, Washington, 8. Henry M., born in 1845, resides in Danielson. 

July, 1916. 

(VI) JOHN WEAVER DANIELSON, son of Hezekiah Lord and Laura (Weaver) 
Danielson, was born in Danielson, Connecticut, March 30, 1833. He received his early 
education in the public schools, and later attended the Woodstock Academy, after leaving 
which he entered the business world as a clerk in the establishment of Edwin Ely. 
Shortly afterward he was given the position of clerk in the mill office in his native town, 
of which Amos De Forest Lockwood was agent. 

In i860 he left Connecticut, and went to Lewiston, Maine, in company with Mr. 
Lockwood, who was superintending the construction and equipment of the Androscoggin 
Mills there. Mr. Danielson remained in Maine for thirteen years. In 1873 ne resigned 
as agent and went to Providence, Rhode Island, where in partnership with Mr. Lock- 
wood he engaged in business. Mr. Lockwood died in 1884, and in the same year Mr. 








Ot^t^i^C 



*t/\ t-' 






Daniel$on«DougIa0 205 

Danielson was elected treasurer of the Quinebaug Company of Danielson, and the Lock- 
wood Company of Waterville, Maine. He rapidly became a power in the line of industry 
in which he was engaged, and a leader in several enterprises of considerable magnitude. 
He was treasurer of the Wauregan Mills at Wauregan, Connecticut ; the Lewiston 
Bleachery and Dye Works at Lewiston, Maine, and the Ponemah Mills at Taftsville, 
Connecticut. In addition to his huge cotton interests in the New England States, he was 
also a stockholder in several cotton mills of the South. Mr. Danielson was a well-known 
figure in the financial world. In 1877 he became a member of the corporation of the 
Providence Institute for Savings, and in 1884 was elected a director of the same institu- 
tion. He was also a director of the Rhode Island Hospital Trust Company, and a mem- 
ber of its finance committee ; from 1887 to 1908 he served as treasurer of the Rhode 
Island Hospital. He was a deacon of the Central Congregational Church at Providence. 
From 1886 until the time of his death, Mr. Danielson was a member of the Rhode Island 
Historical Society. 

John Weaver Danielson married, August 24, 1858, Sarah Deming Lockwood, born 
May 30, 1836, at Slatersville, Rhode Island, the daughter of Amos De Forest and Sarah 
Fuller (Deming) Lockwood. Mrs. Danielson survives her husband. (See Lockwood, 
Deming and allied families). Their children were: 

1. Edith Lockwood, married Elisha Harris gert, of Providence, Rhode Island; has 
Howard, of Providence; children: adopted two children, Alice, who died at the 

i. John Danielson Howard, who mar- age of one and one-half years, and Edith. 

ried Mildred GrandstafF, and they 3. Amos Lockwood, died October 15, 1918; 

have one daughter, Catherine How- married Charlotte Ives Goddard, and had 

ard. one child, Henry L. Danielson, who died at 

ii. Elisha Harris Howard, Jr. the age of fourteen years, 

iii. Alice Lockwood Howard, married 4. John De Forest, died October 16, 1909; 

Raymond E. Ostby. married Pauline Root, who now resides in 

2. Alice Weaver, the wife of Theodore P. Bo- Boston. 

Mr. Danielson was a member of the Hope and Art Clubs of Providence, of the 
Arkwright Club of Boston, and of the Oquossoc Angling Association of the Rangeley 
Lakes, Maine. He was a man of sterling worth, and greatly respected and loved in 
Providence. The following is an excerpt from the resolution passed by the Rhode 
Island Historical Society at the time of his death : "He was conspicuous for his wide 
activity and success in business and manufacturing interests, and his devotion to the 
mission of the Christian Church. He was wise in counsel, upright in life, public spirited 
as a citizen, and greatly honored by all who knew him." 

DOUGLAS. 

The Douglases, a Scottish noble family of ancient date, have figured notably in the 
history of Scotland and England for over six hundred years. The first member of the 
family to emerge with any distinctness from traditional history was William de Doug- 
las, or Dufglas, whose name appears frequently on charters from 1175 to 1213. The 
surname itself is derived from the Gaelic dubh glas, which means literally "dark water." 
The family has figured in the history, the literature, and poetry of Scotland and England 
from time immemorial. 

The American Douglases descend from several unrelated progenitors, of whom one 
of the earliest to settle in New England was Deacon William Douglas, founder of the 
Connecticut family herein under consideration. 

(I) DEACON WILLIAM DOUGLAS, immigrant ancestor and progenitor, was 
born in 1610, without doubt in Scotland, although in what part of Scotland there is no 
means of knowing. His wife was a resident of Ringstead, England. His father, Robert 



206 Douglas 

Douglas, was born about 1588. How and where William Douglas became acquainted 
with his wife, Ann Mattle or Motley, is unknown. She was the only daughter of Thomas 
Mattle or Motley, of Ringstead, where she was born in 1610; of her two brothers one 
died young and the other without issue, and she was the sole heir of her father. William 
Douglas came to New England with his wife and two children, Ann and Robert, in 
1640. The common tradition is that they landed at Cape Ann. He settled in Gloucester, 
near by, but removed to Boston in the same year. The first mention of him in the 
Boston records occurs on June 30, 1640, when he was made a freeman. He did not remain 
in Boston, however, but removed to Ipswich the next year, where he had a share of the 
public land, February 28, 1641. He remained at Ipswich for about four years, returning 
to Boston in 1645. He was' a cooper in Boston, and on May 1, 1646, purchased of Walter 
Merry and Thomas Anchor a dwelling house, shop, and land. 

Later he removed to New London, Connecticut, and obtained considerable property 
through purchase and grants from the town. One of his farms he bequeathed to his son 
William and it has remained in the family for over two centuries. In 1662-63 he was 
appointed one of the appraisers of property for the town of New London. The appraisal 
was delivered to the General Court at Hartford, but the court was not satisfied, for it 
fined Douglas and others. The town was indignant and objected to the action, and the 
fine was subsequently withdrawn. William Douglas was a member of the committee 
to consider calling a new minister. The land for the new church was purchased by him. 
In 1670 he was chosen one of the deacons. He and Mr. Willerby were appointed to 
deliver provisions to Commissary Tracy at Norwich, during King Philip's War. He was 
one of the most prominent citizens of New London. He was a man of liberal education, 
eminently fitted for the position of leadership which he attained. He was deputy to the 
Connecticut General Court in 1672, and once or twice later. In May, 1670, his wife, then 
sixty years old, made a journey to Boston to establish her claim as heir to her father's 
property. She died in New London about 1685. Deacon William Douglas died in 1682. 

(II) DEACON WILLIAM (2) DOUGLAS, son of Deacon William (1) and Ann 
(Mattle) Douglas, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, April 1, 1645. He came to New 
London with his parents in 1660. On March 29, 1706, he received lands in Voluntown, 
which he afterwards sold to his son William. He inherited land from his father, which 
he gave to his grandson William, son of Richard, on condition that his grandson live 
with him and take care of him until death. He and his wife Abiah were received into 
the Congregational church in 1670, and his three sons were afterward admitted into the 
church at different times. After the death of his father in 1682, he was chosen deacon, 
an office which he held for upward of fifty years until his death. In the ancient burial 
ground in New London may be seen a moss-covered tablet, with the inscription: "Here 
lyeth ye body of Deacon William Douglas, who died Mar ye 9th 1724-5, Aged 80 years." 
He married (first) Abiah Hough, daughter of Edward Hough, and granddaughter of 
Edward Hough, of Westchester, Cheshire, England. She was born September 15, 1648, 
and died February 21, 1715. He married (second) July, 1715, Widow Mary Bushnell, 
who survived him. 

(III) DEACON WILLIAM (3) DOUGLAS, son of Deacon William (2) and 
Abiah (Hough) Douglas, was born in New London, Connecticut, February 19, 1672-73. 
He was admitted to the church, July 24, 1698. The next year he removed with his wife 
and two children to "the new plantation on the Quinnebaug, which was afterward named 
Plainfield." There lands were set off from him "on the east side of the river." He also 
owned lands in Voluntown, which he purchased of his father, August 18, 1715, for £13. 
He was of the little company that covenanted together and formed a church in Plainfield 
in 1705. He was chosen first deacon. Deacon William Douglas died in the prime of 



DougIas«£ocktoooD 207 

life ; his will, dated July 6, 1717, and proved September 25 following, was one of the few 
documents saved when Arnold burned the town of New London in 1781, In it he pro- 
vides for his wife Sarah, and eleven children, all the latter under twenty-one years of 
age. His wife was Sarah Proctor, but no date of marriage can be found in the New 
London records. His two eldest children were born in New London, and all the others 
in Plainfield. His widow Sarah was living in 1729. 

(IV) SARAH DOUGLAS, daughter of Deacon William (3) and Sarah (Proctor) 
Douglas, was born in Plainfield, Connecticut, December 7, 1704. She married Samuel 
Danielson, of Killingly, Connecticut, and died March 29, 1774, aged seventy years. (See 
Danielson II). 

LOCKWOOD. 

Arms — Argent a fesse between three martlets sable. 

Crest — On the stump of an oak tree erased proper a martlet sable. 

Motto — Tutus in undis. 

Lockwood is an English surname of very ancient origin, and is found in the Domes- 
day Book, which dates back a period of eight hundred years. It is a place name, and the 
family has several branches in England, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, County Essex, and 
Northampton. The family is a very ancient and honorable one, and entitled to bear 
arms by royal patent. The coat-of-arms of the Lockwoods is derived from the Rev. 
Richard Lockwood, Rector of Dingley, County Northampton, in the year 1530. 

(I) ROBERT LOCKWOOD, the immigrant ancestor of the family in America, 
was a native of England, and emigrated to the Colonies in the year 1630. He came first 
to Watertown, Massachusetts, where he was admitted a freeman on March 9. 1636-37. 
He was the executor of the estate of one Edmund Lockwood, supposed to have been his 
brother. About 1646 he removed from Watertown, Massachusetts, to Fairfield, Connec- 
ticut, where he died (intestate) in 1658. Robert Lockwood was admitted a freeman at 
Fairfield, Connecticut, May 20, 1652. He was appointed sergeant at Fairfield, in May, 
1657, and is said to have lived for a time in Norwalk, Connecticut. In 1650 he deeded 
to Rev. John Bishop the house and lot which he purchased of Elias Bayley, Rev. Mr. 
Denton's attorney. 

He married Susan , who married (second) Jeffrey Ferris, and died at 

Greenwich, Connecticut, December 23, 1660. The inventory of the estate of Robert 
Lockwood, dated September 11, 1658, amounted to £467 63s., taken by Anthony Wilson 
and John Lockwood. On May 13, 1654, Susan Lockwood, wife of Robert Lockwood, 
gave evidence in a witch case at a court held at New Haven, Connecticut, and stated 
that she was present when Goodwife Knapp was hanged for a witch. (New Haven Col- 
onial Records). 

(II) LIEUTENANT GERSHOM LOCKWOOD, son of Robert and Susan Lock- 
wood, was born in Watertown, Massachusetts, September 6, 1643, and died in Green- 
wich, Fairfield county, Connecticut, March 12, 1718-19. He removed to Greenwich 
with his father when he was nine years of age. He became one of the twenty-seven 
proprietors of the town of Greenwich, and held many positions of public trust and impor- 
tance in the town. By trade he was a carpenter, and was the principal builder in the 
town. In 1694-95 Gershom Lockwood and his son were taxed on £153 15s. He made 
his will November 22, 1692, and was called at that time Gershom Lockwood, Senior. 
Lieutenant Gershom Lockwood married Lady Ann Millington, a daughter of Lord 
Millington, of England. She came to New England in search of her lover, a British 



208 JLocktoooD 

army officer. Failing to find him, she taught school, and subsequently married Gershom 
Lockwood, of Greenwich, Connecticut. In 1660 her parents sent her from England a 
large oak chest, ingeniously carved on the outside, and strongly built; tradition says 
that the case contained half a bushel of guineas, and many fine silk dresses. The chest 
has been handed down through several generations and at last accounts was in the 
home of Mr. Samuel Ferris, in Greenwich, Connecticut. Lieutenant Gershom Lock- 
wood married (second) Elizabeth, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Montgomery) 
Townsend, and the widow of Gideon Wright. 

(III) ABRAHAM LOCKWOOD, son of Lieutenant Gershom and Ann (Milling- 
ton) Lockwood, was born about 1669, in Greenwich, Connecticut, and died in June, 
1747, at the age of seventy-seven years. He was the first of the line to remove to Rhode 
Island, and there established the family. He was a resident of Old Warwick. Rhode 
Island, and a prosperous farmer and landowner there. He married, about 1693, Sarah 
Westcott, born in 1673, daughter of Amos and Deborah (Stafford) Westcott. (See 
Westcott III). 

(IV) CAPTAIN AMOS LOCKWOOD, son of Abraham and Sarah (Westcott) 
Lockwood, was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, about 1695, and died there on March 
11, 1772. He was admitted a freeman of the Colony of Rhode Island, April 30, 1723 
(Rhode Island Colonial Records, vol. 4, p. 327). Captain Amos Lockwood was prom- 
inent in public life in the colony, and held the office of deputy from Warwick, May I, 
1749. He married Sarah Utter, December 23, 1725. She was the daughter of William 
and Anne (Stone) Utter, of Warwick, Rhode Island, and was born August 1, 1707, died 
January 4, 1780. (See Utter III). 

(V) CAPTAIN BENONI LOCKWOOD, son of Captain Amos and Sarah (Utter) 
Lockwood, was born November 26, 1733, in Warwick, Rhode Island. He removed from 
Warwick to Cranston, Rhode Island, where he became a leading citizen and active in 
military affairs. He married, April 5, 1772, Phebe Waterman, born April 11, 1748, died 
October 19, 1808, daughter of Resolved (2) and Sarah (Carr) Waterman. She married, 
after the death of Captain Lockwood, Moses Brown, who died in 1836. Captain Benoni 
Lockwood died in Cranston, Rhode Island, February 19, 1781, aged forty-eight. 

(VI) BENONI (2) LOCKWOOD, son of Captain Benoni (1) and Phebe (Water- 
man) Lockwood, was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, April 2, 1777. During the early 
years of his life he followed the sea, ranking as captain. He later entered the profession 
of civil engineering, in which he engaged for the remaining years of his life. He died 
in Cranston, April 26, 1852. The following mention of him is found in the "History of 
Warwick, R. I.," p. 311 : "Dan'l Arnold left legacies to the Shawomet Baptist Church, 
which has brought to light the existence of a few members who claimed to be the 
church ; their names are Benoni Lockwood, Amelia Weaver, Lucy A. Lockwood and 
Eliza T. Lockwood." Captain Benoni (2) Lockwood married, April 29, 1798, Phebe 
Greene, daughter of Rhodes and Phebe (Vaughan) Greene. (See Greene VII). 

(VII) AMOS DE FOREST LOCKWOOD, son of Captain Benoni (2) and Phebe 
(Greene) Lockwood, was born at Pawtuxet, Rhode Island, October 30, 181 1. His edu- 
cation was terminated in his sixteenth year, and at that age he entered the business 
world in the employ of the firm of Peck & Wilkinson, merchants and manufacturers, of 
the town of Rehoboth, ten miles from his home, and his occasional visits to his home 
were made on foot. For two years he served as clerk in the store, and for two years 
was a mill hand, acquiring a knowledge of the manufacture of cotton fabrics. Thence 
he became an operative in the employ of Almy, Brown & Slater, of Slatersville, Rhode 



LocbtoooD 209 

Island. He found this work congenial and put all his energy into an exhaustive study of 
its every phase, familiarizing himself with all the details of the work, and making him- 
self in a short time one of the firm's most valued employees. He later became superin- 
tendent of the mill before he had attained his majority, and three years later was made 
resident agent. After eight years of faithful service in this capacity he became one of 
a company formed to rent and operate the property, which was successfully carried 
forward for a period of ten years. 

Mr. Lockwood remained a resident of Slatersville twenty-one years, and his influ- 
ence upon the community was most salutary. He had early formed religious connections 
under the care of Rev. Thomas Vernon, at Rehoboth, and his life and conduct were cal- 
culated to inspire noble motives in others. When the lease of the Slatersville property 
expired, Mr. Lockwood became interested in the Quinebaug Mills of Danielson, 
Connecticut, and was one of the original proprietors of the Wauregan Mills in Plainfield, 
same State, which were begun under his supervision and managed by him for several 
years. After residing in Danielson five years he went to Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 
1855, and rearranged the Pacific Mills of that State. Three years later, in 1858, as 
mechanical engineer, he took charge of extensive operations for Boston capitalists at 
Lewiston, Maine, and in other places in the State and Northeastern Massachusetts ; he 
still resided in Danielson until i860. Under his supervision the Androscoggin Mills at 
Lewiston were built, equipped, and put in operation, and for several years he was resi- 
dent agent. He resided twelve years in Lewiston, where the operations under his charge 
were very profitable, and he acquired a great variety of business interests. He was 
elected treasurer of Bowdoin College, and about the same time became a corporate 
member of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, both of which 
positions he filled during his life. Tn the spring of 1874 a corporation was formed to 
engage in manufacturing at Waterville, Maine, and Mr. Lockwood was chosen treasurer 
of the company, which took his name, and the Lockwood Mills, erected according to his 
plan, were operated with great success and profit. In 1873 he returned to Rhode Island, 
and continued thereafter to reside in Providence. At the time of his decease he was 
president of the Saco Water Power Machine Shop at Biddeford, Maine. The minutes 
of the directors relating to his death speak of him as "one who had been associated with 
them from the beginning of the enterprise, and one who was interested and active in its 
success, and whose loss cannot be measured," and "to the managers a personal loss 
which cannot be filled." The institutions, corporations and associations of various kinds 
with which he was identified numbered nearly one hundred. His memorialist says : "It 
seems amazing that one man has done so much and done it so well, and yet, as one has 
said, 'was never in a hurry.' " Mr. Lockwood was one of the early presidents of the 
Congregational Club of Rhode Island, which passed appropriate resolutions following 
his death, of which the following is the closing paragraph : 

Resolved, That in the death of Amos D. Lockwood we have suffered no common loss. He was iden- 
tified with the industries of our State, with its soundest business enterprises, with its charitable institu- 
tions and with its religious life. Tn all these departments his influence was felt in a marked degree, and 
always on the side of right. By his death we have lost a leader of industry, who was an ornament to our 
community, a counselor whose advice was always wise, a man whose uprightness and integrity stood firm 
as the everlasting hills, a friend whose kindliness endeared him to all who knew him, a Christian whose 
daily life exemplified the faith which he professed. 

Mr. Lockwood lived in the times of the greatest development in the American 
industries, and he contributed no small share not only to the material development of 
the region in which he lived, but also to its moral and social uplifting. He assisted in 
planting the cotton industry in the South, where it has grown to large volume. The 



210 LocfetoooD 

directors of the Pacelot Manufacturing Company at Spartanburg, South Carolina, passed 
proper resolutions upon his death, which follow : 

Resolved, That we have heard, with much regret, of the death of Amos D. Lockwood, for whom we 
had the highest respect and regard. 

Resolved, That in him was found a true friend not only of our company but also of the entire 
South. While his death will be a great loss to the many enterprises with which he was connected, the 
entire manufacturing interest of the South is no less a sufferer. By his works he showed great faith in 
the future of this country. Full of energy and experience he commanded our respect and confidence. 
Frank and candid, useful in every way, full of honors, a Christian gentleman, we saw in him a man as 
he should be. His life was worth living. 

A man of strong convictions, he was of most kindly nature, and to him the home 
circle was very dear. He was a child among children ; was very fond of music and 
gifted with a sweet voice, which retained its strength and purity to the last. He was 
never too busy nor too weary to listen to singing, or join in it. Particularly marked in 
his observance of the Sabbath "he could ill bear the presence in his family of any one 
who intruded themes of business on sacred time. He never would permit repairs on 
mills under his control on that day." Having been asked his opinion in regard to 
Sabbath work in manufacturing establishments, Mr. Lockwood closed his letter in reply 
with the following words : "My habit from the commencement of my business life has 
been to work only six days a week, and to have those under me do the same ; and never 
have I departed from this custom except when property has been in danger from fire 
or flood." Kind and charitable as he was in respect to the opinions and practices of 
others, his convictions were an abiding law to himself. This appears, also, in his staunch 
abiding adherence to the cause of temperance. 

Mr. Lockwood was one of the early presidents of the Congregational Club of Rhode 
Island. As an expression of a sense of bereavement and an estimate of his character, at 
a meeting held February n, 1884, the following resolutions, offered by Hon. Rowland 
Hazard, were unanimously adopted: 

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from us, by sudden death, our well-beloved 
friend and associate, Amos D. Lockwood, a former President of the Club, a valued member of the Con- 
gregational Church, and a citizen of this Commonwealth, known and respected of all men for his sagacity, 
for his prudence, for his kindly courtesy, for his sterling integrity, and for his Christian character; and, 

Whereas, We desire to give some expression, however inadequate, to the feelings which we share in 
common with this whole community, it is therefore 

Resolved, That in the death of Amos D. Lockwood we have suffered no common loss. He was iden- 
tified with the industries of our State, with its soundest business institutions, and with its religious life. 
In all these departments his influence was felt in a marked degree, and always on the side of the right. 
By his death we have lost a leader of industry, who was an ornament to our community, a counselor 
whose advice was always wise, a man whose uprightness and integrity stood firm as the everlasting hills, 
a friend whose kindliness endeared him to all who knew him, a Christian whose daily life exemplified the 
faith which he professed. 

Resolved, That when such a man dies it is the duty of the living to bear testimony to the worth of 
the dead. We perform this duty with no empty form of words; with true and earnest feeling we would 
say, here was a man of whom we were justly proud; here was a life rounded and filled with duties faith- 
fully performed ; here was an example to put to shame our own shortcomings, and to lead us upward to 
loftier heights of Christian living. 

Resolved, That we tender our heartfelt sympathies to the afflicted family of our deceased friend. 
Within the sacred circle of private grief we cannot intrude, but the memory of his noble life, the recollec- 
tion of his kindly deeds, and the record of his Christian example form an heirloom in which we also have 
a part. We ask that those who were near and dear to him will permit us to lay our tribute of respect upon 
his tomb. Careful of his own reputation as a business man he would not speak ill of others. 

He married, May 2j, 1835, Sarah Fuller Deming, of Boston, born August 24, 1812. 
daughter of Charles (2) and Mehitable (Fuller) Deming, of Needham, died May 23. 
1889. (See Deming VI ). 



Witmott 211 

WESTCOTT. 

Stukeley Westcott, immigrant ancestor and founder of the Westcott family in 
America, was one of the twelve original grantees of the land bought by Roger Williams 
of the Indian Chiefs, Canonicus and Miantonomi. Removing from Salem, Massachu- 
setts, to Providence, in 1638, he became the progenitor of a family which has figured 
actively and notably in Rhode Island history for over two and a half centuries. 

(I) STUKELEY WESTCOTT, a native of England, where he was born in the 
year 1592, and was received as an inhabitant in Salem, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 
in 1636. Of his parentage and his reasons for coming to the New World little is known. 
The Westcott family was one of ancient date in England, long established and of hon- 
orable antiquity. The first entries of the name appear in the Hundred Rolls (1273), at 
which date there were Westcotts in Counties Bucks, Somerset, and Oxford. The surname 
is of local origin, and signifies literally "of Westcott ;" there are numerous parishes and 
hamlets of the name in counties Gloucester, Bucks, Berks, etc. The place name itself 
is a compound of West and cot, a hut, or small dwelling, and the meaning is obvious. 

Beyond doubt Stukeley Westcott was an Englishman of good birth and breeding. 
Shortly after settling in Salem, however, he fell into disrepute with the Puritan authori- 
ties there, and on March 12, 1638, was one of those who had license to depart the colony, 
before the session of the General Court in the following May. In October, 1638, he was 
in Providence, Rhode Island, and there with eleven others had from Roger Williams of 
the land the latter had purchased from Canonicus and Miantonomi. Soon after he had 
a lot granted him. In 1639 he was one of the twelve original members of the First Bap- 
tist Church. On July 27, 1640, he signed an agreement with thirty-eight others for a 
form of civil government. In 1648 he removed to Warwick, but still retained some of 
his property in Providence, for in 1650 he was taxed there. From 165 1 onward he took 
an active and important part in public affairs. In 1651-52-53-55-60 he held the office of 
commissioner. In 1652-53-54-55-56 he was surveyor of highways. In 1653 ne was 
assistant, and in this year was on a committee to confer with the Indians about fencing, 
etc. The Town Council met at his house in 1654. In 1655 he was appointed to keep a 
place of entertainment ; a sign was to be set out "at the most perspicuous place." On 
March 3, 1660, he was foreman of the Grand Inquest, his sons Amos and Jeremiah being 
also on the jury. In 1664 Stukeley Westcott was authorized to keep an ordinary for 
the entertainment of strangers during the time the King's commissioners held court in 
Warwick. In 1671 he served Warwick as deputy to the General Assembly. He died on 
January 12, 1677. 

(II) AMOS WESTCOTT, son of Stukeley Westcott, was born in 1631, in England, 
and accompanied his father to Salem. On June 5, 1648, he was recorded an inhabitant 
of Warwick. In 1654-55-56 he was town sergeant, and also water bailey, and often 
juryman. In 1655 he was made a freeman, and in the same year was appointed to go 
to each inhabitant for the votes for the General Court of Elections. In 1656 he was sent 
with two others to bring Pomham, the Indian sachem, before the court. In 1662 he had 
a lot in the division of the Potawomut lands., and also in the division of Toseunk lands. 
In 1666 he was chosen to represent Warwick as deputy to the General Assembly, and 
in 1670-71-72 again filled the office. In 1671 he was authorized to make assessments for 
arrears of taxes due the Colony, and after this date retired from the public service 
because of ill health. He died in 1685. Amos Westcott married (first), July 13. 1667, 
Sarah Stafford, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Stafford; she died in 1669; and he 
married (second), June 9, 1670, Deborah Stafford, her sister, who survived him and 
died in 1706. 



2 1 2 £&e0tcott«atter«^tone 

(III) SARAH WESTCOTT, daughter of Amos and Deborah (Stafford) Westcott, 
was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1673. She became the wife of Abraham Lock- 
wood, of Warwick. (See Lockwood III). 

UTTER. 

Opinions concerning the origin of the surname Utter are merely conjectural. It is 
in all probability a derivative of the personal name Oughtred or Utred, which flourished 
in Northumberland and was popular as a font name before the era of surnames. Another 
derivative is Utterson, found in Northumberland as early as the middle of the fourteenth 
century. 

The Utter family in America traces descent from Nicholas Utter, an Englishman of 
whose antecedents little is known, but who was evidently a man of some substance and 
wealth according to the standards of his time. He was of Westerly, and was taxed 
there as early as 1687. Nicholas Utter became the founder in Rhode Island of a family 
v/hich, although not large, has played an active and prominent part in the affairs of the 
Colony and State. 

(I) NICHOLAS UTTER, immigrant ancestor and progenitor, is first of record in 
Westerly, Rhode Island, in 1687, and was at different times a resident of Kings Town 
and Stonington. On November 6, 1687, he was taxed at Rochester (Kings Town), and 
on August 28, 1709, he joined in the "Shannock Purchase," with several other residents 
of Kings Town. On April 28, 171 1, with about twenty others, he purchased two tracts 
of land in Westerly, one of two hundred and eighty-six acres and the other of one 
hundred and fifty-six acres. On July 29, 171 1, he sold his son Nicholas two hundred and 
eighty-six acres of land on the Pawcatuck river, for £200. He died at Stonington. or 
near there, in 1722. His will, dated July 5, 1722, was proved October 17 following. The 
executors were Peter Crandall, John Maxson, and John Richmond. Nicholas Utter was 
twice married; the name of his first wife is not known. He married (second) Elizabeth 
, a widow, who died in 1722. 

(II) WILLIAM UTTER, son of Nicholas Utter, was born in 1679, and was a 
resident of Kings Town and Warwick, Rhode Island. On June 28, 1709, he was one of 
those who participated in the "Shannock Purchase." On February 26, 171 1, he bought 
one hundred acres in Warwick, for £60, of Thomas Greene. In 1716 he was made a 
freeman. In July, 1722, he bought of William and Patience Smith, of Kings Town, 
twenty-five acres in Warwick, and in the following year removed to Warwick, where he 
subsequently made other extensive purchases of land. William Utter married, Septem- 
ber 27, 1705, Anne Stone, who was born in 1682, and died in 1762, daughter of Hugh 
and Abigail (Busecot) Stone, of Wanvick. (See Stone II). He died in June, 1761. 

(III) SARAH UTTER, daughter of William and Anne (Stone) Utter, was born in 
Kings Town, Rhode Island, August 1, 1707. She married, December 23, 1725, Captain 
Amos Lockwood, of Warwick. (See Lockwood IV). 

STONE. 

The surname Stone is of local origin, derived at the very outset of the surname 
period from the residence of early ancestors of the family near some remarkable road- 
side stone or rock. The Court Roll of the Manors of the Vovills and Piggotts in Ard- 
leigh, England, contains an entry in Latin, dated in the reign of Henry V., 1416, "On 
the day of Mars next after the festival of the Holy Trinity," in which the names of 
various persons then living in the vicinity are mentioned, among them one designated 



^tone«&3aterman 213 

as "Willelmatte Stone." (William at the stone), who is referred to as not being present 
at a "Court Baron," for which delinquency he is fined. The name was well established 
throughout England at the time of the compiling of the Hundred Rolls, 1273, and we find 
entries for the various counties at that date. 

Within the first quarter of a century following the landing of the Pilgrims at Ply- 
mouth there were no less than ten persons by the name of John Stone settled in the 
immediate vicinity. Stone families, tracing from several unrelated progenitors, were 
established and prominent in several parts of New England before the middle of the 
seventeenth century. The Rhode Island family of the name was founded in the latter 
half of the century by Hugh Stone, a resident first of Warwick, whither he came under 
an agreement with Randall Holden, one of the first purchasers and original proprietors 
of Warwick. Hugh Stone became the founder of a family which, although not numer- 
ous, has figured honorably in Rhode Island life and affairs for over two hundred years. 

(I) HUGH STONE, immigrant ancestor and progenitor, was born in England, in 
1638. The date of his coming to the American Colonies is not known. For several 
years prior to his removal to Rhode Island he was employed by John Paine, a merchant 
of Boston. He came to Warwick under agreement with Randall Holden, in whose 
employ he remained for three years. In 1678 he was admitted a freeman of the Colony. 
He subsequently became the owner of property in Warwick, where he resided until his 
death in 1732. He married Abigail Busecot, who died about 1723, a daughter of Peter 
and Mary Busecot. 

(II) ANNE STONE, daughter of Hugh and Abigail (Busecot) Stone, was born in 
Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1682. She married, September 27, 1705, William Utter, who 
was born in 1679, and died in June, 1761, son of Nicholas Utter. She died in 1762. (See 
Utter II). 

WATERMAN. 

From the time of the founding of the Rhode Island Colony, the Watermans have 
occupied a conspicuous and honored place among those families whose history is insep- 
arably bound up with the history of the early Colony and Commonwealth. Richard 
Waterman, one of the twelve men of substance and standing among whom Roger Wil- 
liams divided the land which he had bought of Canonicus and Miantonomi, became the 
founder of a family which has never relinquished the prestige which accrued to it in the 
infancy of the Colony. The Watermans have figured notably in every phase of Colonial 
and State history for more than two and a half centuries. 

(I) COLONEL RICHARD WATERMAN, immigrant ancestor and progenitor, 
was born in England about 1590, and came to the American Colonies in the fleet with 
Higginson in 1629, having been sent as an expert hunter by the governor and company. 
An erroneous tradition exists that he came with Roger Williams. Settling first at 
Salem, Massachusetts, he became a member of the church there. In March, 1638, he was 
one of those who had license to depart the Colony, and in October of the same year he 
was one of the twelve persons who had deeds from Roger Williams of the land which 
he had bought of the Indian sachems, Canonicus and Miantonomi. After a few years 
he joined with Randall Holden, Samuel Gorton, and others, in the purchase, from Mian- 
tonomi, of a large tract of land on the western shore of the Narragansett. Here the 
settlement of Shawomet was commenced, which was afterward known as Old Warwick. 
Richard Waterman did not remove there from Providence with his fellow-purchasers, 
though he endured with his companions the losses and persecutions which fell upon the 
infant Colony through the unjust claims of Massachusetts to the position of the district. 
In 1643 a squad of Massachusetts soldiers arrested the leaders of the Colony, and carried 



2I 4 



MJaterman 



them to Boston, where many of them were incarcerated for several months. Richard 
Waterman suffered the confiscation of some of his estate, by order of the court, in 
October, 1643, an ^ was bound over to appear at the May term following. His compan- 
ions barely escaped sentence of death, while the sentence pronounced against Waterman 
at the General Court was as follows : "Being found erroneous, heretical, and obstinate, 
it was agreed that he should be detained prisoner till the Quarter Court in the seventh 
month, unless five of the magistrates do find cause to send him away; which, if they do, 
it is ordered that he shall not return within this jurisdiction upon pain of death." When 
released he took an important part in securing justice for the Warwick settlers. The 
agitation was finally settled by a decision of the English authorities in favor of the 
rightful owners who had purchased from the Indian sachems, and the controversy which 
had been urged so fiercely was forever set at rest. Waterman held possession of his 
valuable property, both in Providence and Warwick, and bequeathed it to his heirs, 
whose descendants have been numerous and influential. In 1655 he became a freeman 
of the Colony. In the same year he was elected commissioner, and filled the office again 
in 1656 and 1658. In 1658 he was warden. He was a church officer, and colonel of the 
militia ; a man of great force of character and distinguished ability. The name of his 
wife was Bethia, but no trace of her family has been found. Colonel Waterman died in 
October, 1673. A monument to his memory has been erected by some of his descend- 
ants, on the old family burying ground, at the corner of Benefit and Waterman streets, 
Providence. His wife died December 3, 1680. 

(II) RESOLVED WATERMAN, son of Colonel Richard and Bethia Waterman, 
was born in New England, either at Salem or Providence, in 1638. In 1667 he served as 
deputy to the General Assembly, and would undoubtedly have filled a prominent page 
in early Colonial history had not his life been terminated at the early age of thirty-two 
years. He married, in Providence, about 1659, Mercy Williams, who was born in July, 
1640, and died in 1705, daughter of Roger and Mary Williams. She married (second), 
January 3, 1677, Samuel Winsor. Resolved Waterman died in Providence, in 1670. 

(III) CAPTAIN JOHN WATERMAN, son of Resolved and Mercy (Williams) 
Waterman, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1666. On February 1, 1680, he 
chose guardians, being sufficiently old to make the choice. He was a lifelong resident of 
Warwick, and active in official life there. In 1706-07-08-11-16-18-20-23-24-25-26, he rep- 
resented the town in the Rhode Island General Assembly. In 1721-22-26-27-28 he was 
assistant. John Waterman held the rank of captain in the militia. He married, in 1691, 
Anne Olney, who was born January 13, 1669, and died in 1744, daughter of Thomas and 
Elizabeth (Marsh) Olney, and granddaughter of Thomas Olney, founder of the family 
in Rhode Island, and one of the thirteen original proprietors of Providence. John Water- 
man died August 26, 1728. The inventory of his estate, taken October 2 following his 
death, amounted to £1,239 I 4 S - JI d. and shows him to have been a man of wealth 
according to the standards of his time. 

(IV) RESOLVED (2) WATERMAN, son of Captain John and Anne (Olney) 
Waterman, was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, October 13, 1703. He was a large land- 
owner and prosperous farmer there until his death, about 1752. On October 12, 1732, 
he married Sarah Carr, who was born December 28, 1708, daughter of Edward and 
Hannah (Stanton) Carr, of Jamestown, and a lineal descendant of Caleb Carr, founder 
of the family in Rhode Island. (See Carr III). 

(V) PHEBE WATERMAN, daughter of Resolved (2) and Sarah (Carr) Water- 
man, was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, April II, 1748, and died October 19, 1808. 
She became the wife of Captain Benoni Lockwood, on April 5, 1772. (See Lockwood V). 



Cart 215 

CARR. 

The surname Carr, though common in England and Ireland as well as in America, 
is distinctively Scotch in origin. The earliest record of the name is in the Domesday 
Book, compiled in the eleventh century. William Karre, who accompanied William the 
Conqueror into England, became the founder of the earliest families of Carr and Kerr, 
in England and Scotland. The posterity of this Norman ancestor settled in the North 
of England on the borderlands between England and Scotland ; at a later date many 
went to the North of Ireland. In England the Norman-French Karre became Carr, just 
as Knut became Canute. In Scotland the surname has remained Karr, Kerr and Ker. 
The names of four of the family appear on the Ragman's Roll, a list of the Scotch baro- 
nets who swore fealty to Edward I. at Berwick in 1291 and a few years later. They 
were : Andrew del Ker, of Stirlingshire ; Henry Ker, of Edinburghshire ; Nicholas 
Kerre, of Peebleshire, and William Ker, of Ayrshire. The Kerrs appear among the East 
Border clans in 1547; in the Middle Marches in 1587; in Berwick in 1590; in Roxburgh 
and Lauderdale in 1597. The family has been represented from time immemorial in Ber- 
wickshire, Roxburghshire, Edinburghshire, Wigtonshire, Ayrshire, all tracing authentic 
pedigrees from the beginning of the fourteenth century A. D. The Kerrs and Carrs 
possess, or at different times have held, the Dukedom of Roxburgh ; the Marquisates of 
Beumont, Cessford, Lothian, and Roxburgh ; the Viscountcy of Boxmouth ; the Lord- 
ships of Caverton, Ker, and New Battle. Many have been members of the Scotch Par- 
liament. The surname signifies "stout," according to Hanna. 

The pioneers to America from Scotland, England, and Ireland during the colonizing 
period of our history were numerous. The first of the name to come to the shore of 
New England was George Carr, who with his wife Lucinda was a passenger on the 
"Mayflower." At a later date came Caleb Carr, founder of the most notable branch of 
the family in America, a figure of note in the early affairs of the Rhode Island Colony, 
of which he was president in 1695. 

(I) CALEB CARR, immigrant ancestor and progenitor, was born in London, Eng- 
land, December 9, 1616, the son of Benjamin and Martha (Hardington) Carr; he 
embarked in the ship "Elizabeth and Ann," at London, in 1635, coming to America with 
his older brother, Robert Carr, in whose family he remained until he reached his 
majority. At an early age he became active in public affairs in Newport, and in 1654- 
1658-59-60-61-62 held the office of commissioner. In 1655 he was admitted a freeman 
of the Colony. In 1661-62 he served the Colony as general treasurer. On January 30, 
1671, he was allowed £4 for services done by him. On April 11, 1676, he was appointed 
one of the commissioners "to take care and order the several watches and wards on this 
island, and appoint the places." This year he bought the services of an Indian captive 
(taken by Providence men). In 1679-80-81 -82-83-84-85-86-90-91 he was assistant for 
Newport. In 1687-88 he was chosen justice of the General Quarter Session and Inferior 
Court of Common Pleas. In May, 1695, he was elected governor to succeed Governor 
John Easton, who had been in office for the five preceding years. Up to this period, for 
most of the time, public service had been rendered gratuitously by civil officers. It was 
now enacted that the governor should have ten pounds a year, the deputy governor six 
pounds, and the assistants four pounds each. Governor Carr did not live long enough 
to reap much reward for the discharge of his duties as chief magistrate. He died in New- 
port, December 17, 1695, the fourth governor who died while in office. He was buried in 
a small family burying ground on the north side of Mill street, between Thomas and 

Spring streets, Newport. Caleb Carr married (first) Mercy ; (second) Sarah Pinner, 

daughter of Jeremiah and Frances (Latham) Clarke, and widow of John Pinner; she was 
born in 1651, and died about 1706. 



216 <Eatt~®reene 

(II) EDWARD CARR, son of Governor Caleb and Mercy Carr, was born in 
Rhode Island, in June, 1667. In 1698 he was made a freeman, and thenceforward until his 
death took a prominent part in official life. In 1669 he was deputy to the General Assem- 
bly from Jamestown. He filled the office again in 1702-03-05-06-07-09, serving at the 
same time as clerk of the Assembly. From 1701 to 1707 he served as member of a com- 
mittee appointed to audit the accounts of the colony. Edward Carr was a resident of 
Jamestown, and was a large landowner there. On October 6, 1686, he married Hannah 
Stanton, who was born November 7, 1670, and died in 1712. She was the daughter of 
John and Mary (Harndel) Stanton, and granddaughter of Robert Stanton, founder of the 
family in Rhode Island. 

fill) SARAH CARR, daughter of Edward and Hannah (Stanton) Carr, was born 
in Jamestown, Rhode Island, December 28, 1708. On October 12, 1732, she married 
Resolved (2) Waterman, son of Captain John and Anne (Olney) Waterman. (See 
Waterman IV). 

GREENE. 

Arms — Azure, three bucks trippant or. 
Crest — Out of a crown a buck's head or. 
Motto — Nee timeo nee spertno. 

The famous Rhode Island family, known as the Warwick Greenes, is a branch of 
the ancient English family of Greene of Greene's Norton, Northamptonshire, which 
flourished in that country from 1319 until the time of King Henry VIII. Sir Henry 
Greene, Knight, lord chief justice of England, was the head of this family in his time. 
His younger son, Sir Henry Greene, was beheaded in 1399 for his attachment to the 
cause of Richard II. Queen Catherine Parr, consort of King Henry VIII., was a member 
of this family, the daughter of Matilda Greene, who was the daughter and co-heiress of 
Sir Thomas Greene, of Greene's Norton. By the marriage of Matilda and her sister 
Anne, respectively, to Sir Thomas Parr and Baron Vaux, the Northampton estate passed 
into other families. 

A branch of this family, from which the American Greenes are descended, owned 
and occupied the estate of Bowridge Hill, in Gillingham parish, Dorsetshire, in the reign 
of Henry VIII. The ancient stone manor house is still standing. Surgeon John 
Greene, founder of the Greene family of Rhode Island, was a younger brother of the 
owner of Bowridge Hill, at the time of his emigration to America. The pedigree of the 
English Greenes, from the progenitor to the father of the American founder, extends 
over thirteen generations, and covers a period of four centuries. 

THE de GREENES de BOKETON. 

(I) LORD ALEXANDER de GREENE de BOKETON, a knight at the king's 
court, was the great-grandson of one of the Norman nobles who invaded England with 
William the Conqueror in 1066. In 1202 he received the estate of Boughton in North- 
ampton as a gift from King John. He is the earliest known ancestor of the Greene 
families of Warwick and Ouidnesset in Rhode Island. Lord Alexander assumed the 
surname after his chief estate, de Greene de Boketon, and for centuries it was used in 
legal documents in the full form, signifying literally Lord of the Deer Enclosure. The 
name shows that Lord Alexander came to an estate named long before, and noted for 
its extensive parks and deer preserves. Boketon — a compound of buck — and ton, mean- 
ing enclosure — became Bucks, and Buckston, and later Boughton, its present name. The 
full name was eventually shortened to de Greene, and following the reign of Henry VI., 




---vr*.— ;s<Ji 






cMtt'REENE 



Greene 217 

1422-71, with its attendant French wars, the family dropped the patrician "de" as savor- 
ing too highly of the French. 

(II) SIR WALTER de GREENE de BOKETON, son of Sir Alexander de Greene 
de Boketon, succeeded his father to the title and estates, and was probably a crusading 
knight in the seventh crusade, which ended in 1240, as he was listed in the old rolls of 
the twentieth year of Henry III. (1236) and the forty-fifth era of the same king (1261). 

(III) SIR JOHN de GREENE de BOKETON, son of Sir Walter de Greene de 
Boketon, accompanied King Edward III. to the Holy Land as a crusading knight and 
perished there, leaving an infant son. 

(IV) SIR NOINAS de GREENE de BOKETON, only child of Sir John de Greene 
de Boketon, received the title of his ancestors in his infancy. He accompanied Edward 
I. against the Scots in 1296, and is mentioned in the records of 1319 as then alive. He 
married Alice, daughter and co-heir of Sir Thomas Bottishane, of Brauston. 

(V) SIR NOINAS (2) de GREENE de BOKETON, son of Sir Noinas (1) de 
Greene de Boketon, inherited his father's title and became the fifth Lord de Greene de 
Boketon. He was born in 1292. About 1332 he was made high sheriff of Northampton; 
"The office in those days was esteemed equal to the care of princes, a place of great trust 
and reputation." He married Lucie, daughter of Eudo de la Zouche and Millicent, one 
of the sisters and heirs of George de Canteloupe, Lord of Abergaveny. Lady Lucie de 
la Zouche was of the blood royal. 

(VI) SIR HENRY de GREENE de BOKETON, son of Sir Noinas (2) de Greene 
de Boketon, was the foremost lawyer of his day in England, and was lord chief justice 
of the kingdom. He was speaker of the House of Lords in two parliaments (1363-64), 
and became at last the King's nearest council. He died in 1370, and was buried at 
Boughton. He left to his posterity one of the most considerable estates of the age. Sir 
Henry de Greene de Boketon married Katherine, daughter of Sir John Drayton, and 
only sister of Sir Simon Drayton, of Drayton. 

(VII) SIR HENRY (2) de GREENE de BOKETON, son of Sir Henry (1) de 
Greene de Boketon, was made the heir of his father, despite the English law of primo- 
geniture, by a special license given by the King. He was a very rich man, and the 
owner of many estates. He married Matilda, sole heiress of her father, Lord Thomas 
Mauduit, owner of five lordships and other possessions. Sir Henry de Greene was a man 
of parts, and became as prominent a statesman as his father had been. He was a mem- 
ber of the House of Commons, and one of its leaders, and subsequently was knighted 
and became one of the King's near counselors. As a favorite of the King, he received 
many more manors and estates. Sir Henry was one of a commission appointed over 
King Richard II., whose eccentricity amounted almost to insanity, and in this capacity 
counseled the king to confiscate the estates of the banished Henry Bolingbroke, Duke 
of Hereford and Lancaster. After the overthrow of Richard, Sir Henry was taken 
prisoner by Bolingbroke and beheaded in the market square in Bristol, September 2, 
1399. Shakespeare devotes much of Acts I and II of his "Richard II" to Sir Henry. 

(VIII) THOMAS de GREENE de BOKETON, son of Sir Henry (2) de Greene 
de Boketon, was the only son of his father, whose descendants remain to bear the name 
of Greene. From his came the Cillingham Greenes, and from them again the Warwick 
and Quidnesset Greenes, of America. 

(IX) The name of the son of Thomas de Greene de Boketon, who was the ninth of 
this line, has not been preserved. He was born about 1420, and came to manhood in the 

Ter— J— M 



218 Greene 

middle of the "bloody century." This included the period of the Wars of the Roses, and 
but little authentic history of many families during- this period is to be found. 

(X) JOHN (2) GREENE, the next of the line, was born about 1450. According to 
Dickens, John Greene carried the message from King Richard III. to Sir Robert Brack- 
enbury, commissioning him to put to death the two princes then imprisoned in the 
Tower. Sir Robert refused to execute the command. After the death of Richard, John 
Greene, although innocent of guilt in the matter, lost no time in putting the seas between 
himself and Henry VII., the rival and successor of Richard. He returned to England, 
where he lived for a while, then fled again and died abroad. He is known in family 
records as "John, the fugitive." 

(XI) ROBERT GREENE, son of John (2) Greene, owned and resided on his 
estate at Bowridge Hill, in the parish of Gillingham, County Dorset (a locality noticed 
in the Ordnance Survey of England), when he was taxed on the Subsidy Rolls in the 
time of King Henry VIII. (1543), in the 1st of Edward VI. (1547), and in the 1st of 
Queen Elizabeth (1558). The name of his wife is not known. 

(XII) RICHARD GREENE, son of Robert Greene, was his father's chief heir, 
and inherited the property of Bowridge Hill, as heir-at-law and residuary legatee of his 
brother, Peter Greene. He was taxed on the Subsidy Rolls of the 29th of Queen Eliza- 
beth (1587). His will, dated May 10, 1606, was proved May 3, 1608. The name of his 
wife is not known. 

(XIII) RICHARD (2) GREENE, son of Richard (1) Greene, succeeded to the 
estate of Bowridge Hill, 1608. He was appointed executor of his father's will He 
married Mary, daughter of John Hooker (alias Vowell), who was chamberlain of the city 
of Exeter, England, September 12, 1534, and represented Exeter in Parliament; he was 
uncle of the celebrated divine, Richard Hooker, rector of Bascombe, County Wilts, 
England, and prebendary of Salisbury. Mary (Hooker) Greene was the grandniece of 
Archibshop Grindal, of Canterbury. 

THE FAMILY IN AMERICA. 

(I) DR. JOHN GREENE, founder of the family in America, was born at Bow- 
ridge Hill, Gillingham Parish, County Dorset, England, about 1590. He resided at Salis- 
bury for about sixteen years, following there his profession of surgeon. On April 6, 
1635, he was registered for embarkation at Hampton, England, with his wife and six 
children (one having probably died in England before this date) in the ship "James," 
William Cooper, master, for New England. After a voyage of fifty-eight days he arrived 
in Boston, Massachusetts, June 3, 1635. He first settled at Salem, Massachusetts, where 
he was associated with Roger Williams, purchasing or building a house there, but soon 
after Mr. Williams' flight from Salem (1636) he sold it and, joining Mr. Williams at 
Providence, received from him one-thirteenth share of the land which he had bought of 
Canonicus and Miantonomi. He received as his home lot, No. 15, on the Main street 
in Providence. He was one of the eleven men baptized by Roger Williams, and in 1639 
was one of the twelve original members of the First Baptist Church on this continent, 
organized in Providence. In 1642 he bought land called Occupassuatuxet of Mianto- 
nomi. In January, 1643, he was one of the purchasers of Warwick, and although involved 
in the trouble between Massachusetts and the Warwick settlers concerning the owner- 
ship of the property, escaped arrest and imprisonment. In 1644 he accompanied Samuel 
Gorton and Randall Holden to England to obtain redress for their wrongs, embarking at 
New York. Two years later they returned, successful in their mission, and landed at 



Greene 219 

Boston. He was later a member of the committee which organized the Colony of Rhode 
Island, under the charter obtained from Charles I., in 1647. Dr - J ohn Greene was a 
prominent figure in the affairs of the town and Colony, and his public career was long 
and active. In 1654-55-56-57, he held the office of commissioner. On August 8, 1647, 
he was appointed member of the first Town Council of Warwick ; on February 26, 1648, 
he was elected commissioner. On May 7, 1649, he was made magistrate in the Court 
of Trials at Warwick. 

Surgeon John Greene was the first professional medical man in Providence Planta- 
tions. He is alluded to in Goodwin's "Pilgrim Republic" (p. 407) as "one of the two 
local surgeons" at Providence in 1638, though we are told "the people of Providence 
relied solely upon him for surgical aid long after his removal to Warwick in 1643." 

Dr. John Greene married (first) at St. Thomas' Church, November 4, 1619, Joanne 
Tatershall, or as was written on the church register, "Tatarsole." Nothing is definitely 
known of her English connections ; the name is frequently found in early records among 
post-mortem examinations, parliamentary writs, and charters, and is variously spelled 
Tatersall, Tateshall, Tatashall, Tatershal, and Tatershall. The first of the family of 
whom record exists came to England in the train of William the Conqueror and obtained 
the lordship of Tatershall in Lincolnshire, where he seated himself and from which he 
took his surname. His descendants were seated in Berkshire and Norfolkshire and 
were held in high repute. Joanne (Tattershall) Greene died soon after the removal of 
the family to Rhode Island and is supposed to have been buried at Conimicut, Old War- 
wick. Dr. John Greene married (second) "Alisce Daniels, a widow." She died in 
October, 1643, and he married (third) in London, England, about 1644, Phillippa (always 

written Philip) , who returned with him to America, and died in Warwick, March 

11, 1687, aged about eighty-seven years. He died in January, 1659, an d was buried at 
Conimicut. 

(II) JAMES GREENE, fourth son of Dr. John and Joanne (Tattershall) Greene, 
was baptized June 21, 1626, at St. Thomas' Church, Salisbury, England, and accom- 
panied his parents to America in 1635. He was made a freeman of Warwick in 1647. 
He resided at Potowomut, on the southerly side of Main street, and was town clerk in 
1661. He was a member of the General Assembly in 1664-65-66-67-68-69-70-72-73-74- 
1675-85-86-90. In 1670-71 he served as assistant and deputy under the second charter. 
He removed to Portsmouth with other inhabitants of Warwick to escape the Indians 
in King Philip's War, and resided for some years at "Hunting Swamp." In i684 he 
purchased lands in Warwick at Potowomut, where he settled, and where his descendant, 
the distinguished General Nathaniel Greene, of the American Revolution, was born. 
James Greene married (first) about 1658, Deliverance Potter, daughter of Robert and 
Isabelle Potter, whose farm adjoined his own. She was born in 1637 and died in 1664. 
He married (second) on August 3, 1665, Elizabeth, daughter of John and Susanna 
Anthony, of Portsmouth. James Greene died April 27, 1698. 

(III) PETER GREENE, son of James and Elizabeth (Anthony) Greene, was born 
at Warwick, Rhode Island, August 25, 1666. He was a lifelong resident of Warwick, a 
large land owner and a prosperous farmer there until his death in 1708. He married, 
February 12, 1696, Elizabeth Slocum, who was born about 1678, and died June 5, 1728, 
daughter of Ebenezer Slocum, of Jamestown, and granddaughter of Giles Slocum, of 
Portsmouth, founder of the family in America. 

(IV) THOMAS GREENE, son of Peter and Elizabeth (Slocum) Greene, was born 
in Warwick, February 19, 1705. He was a resident of Warwick and East Greenwich. 
He married Sarah Berry, daughter of Joseph and Marcy Berry. 



22o <$reene«IPaugi)an 

(V) STEPHEN GREENE, son of Thomas and Sarah (Berry) Greene, was born 
in 1733, in Warwick, Rhode Island. He married, October 24, 1754, Mary Rhodes, born 
January 29, 1732, died December 16, 1827, daughter of Malachi and Deborah (Whitman) 
Rhodes, of Pawtuxet, and a lineal descendant of Zachariah Rhodes, founder of the family 
in America. Stephen Greene died October 1, 1819. He was a prominent resident of 
Pawtuxet. 

(VI) RHODES GREENE, son of Stephen and Mary (Rhodes) Greene, was born 
at Pawtuxet, Rhode Island, August 25, 1755, and died after a lifelong residence there, on 
January 9, 1821. He was a prosperous farmer and large landowner there. On February 
7, 1780, he married Phebe Vaughan, who was born June 24, 1761, daughter of Chris- 
topher (3) and Wait Vaughan, of East Greenwich, and a lineal descendant of John 
Vaughan, of Newport, founder of the Rhode Island family of the name. (See Vaughan 
VI). 

(VII) PHEBE GREENE, daughter of Rhodes and Phebe (Vaughan) Greene, was 
born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, January 2, 1781. She married, April 29, 1798, 
Captain Benoni (2) Lockwood. (See Lockwood VI). 

VAUGHAN. 

Vychan, a Welsh personal name of great antiquity, signifying literally "small in 
stature," was the source of the surname Vaughan. The first entry of the name in 
medieval English records occurs in the Hundred Rolls, 1273 — William Vachan ; at this 
date the name was still in the transitional period. As early as the seventeenth century 
it had assumed its present form Vaughan. Vaughn is a comparatively modern Amer- 
icanism. 

John Vaugan, founder of the family in America, was a resident of Massachusetts 
prior to 1634. He subsequently removed to Newport, Rhode Island, where he resided 
until his death. His descendants have resided in Rhode Island for over two hundred 
and seventy-five years. 

(I) JOHN VAUGHAN, immigrant ancestor and progenitor, was a native of Eng- 
land. The date of his coming or the circumstances which attended it are not known. 
On May 20, 1638, his name appears on a list of the inhabitants admitted at Newport. In 
1639 he was granted a lot on condition that he would build on it within a year. He was 
to have forty-two acres at the place called "The Hermitage." In 1655 ne became a 
freeman. On May 22, 1662, he had seventy-nine and two-third acres laid out to him. 
In 1680 he was taxed £2 2s. 8d. After 1687, when he deeded to his son Daniel of New- 
port, his farm, mansion house, fifty acres, orchard, etc., he disappears from the records. 
John Vaughan married Gillian . 

(II) GEORGE VAUGHAN, son of John and Gillian Vaughan, was born in New- 
port, Rhode Island, October 20, 1650, and died May 7, 1704. He lived in Newport 
during the early portion of his life, but later removed to East Greenwich, where on 
October 31, 1677, ne was one °f the forty-eight who received the grant of five thousand 
acres which comprised the town. He took an active and prominent part in the affairs 
of East Greenwich, and in 1684-98-99-1704 represented the town in the Rhode Island 
General Assembly. In 1688 he served on the grand jury. In 1687 he was a member of 
the cavalry company. His will, dated April 11, 1699, and proved May 25, 1704, names 
his wife Margaret and son George as executors. On July 26, 1680, he married Margaret 
Spink, daughter of Robert and Alice Spink, who died after 1704. 




Berning 



$augi)an«Demi ng 22 1 

(III) CHRISTOPHER VAUGHAN, son of George and Margaret (Spink) 
Vaughan, was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, April 29, 1683, and was a lifelong 
resident of the town. In 1707 he became a freeman. His will, dated October 11, 1751, 
was proved August 29, 1752. On June 26, 1709, he married Deborah Nichols, who was 
born February 17, 1688, daughter of Thomas and Mercy (Reynolds) Nichols. Christo- 
pher Vaughan was a large landowner, prosperous, and wealthy according to the stand- 
ards of his time. The inventory of his estate amounted to £2,648 7s. 9d. He died at 
East Greenwich, August 18, 1752. 

(IV) CHRISTOPHER (2) VAUGHAN, son of Christopher (1) and Deborah 
(Nichols) Vaughan, was born in East Greenwich, July 6, 1710, and died there April 23, 
1758. He inherited his father's house and homestead farm for life. He was active and 

prominent in East Greenwich affairs. He married (first) Hannah ; (second) 

Elizabeth . 

(V) CHRISTOPHER (3) VAUGHAN, son of Christopher (2) Vaughan, was born 
in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, on April 22, 1735. He inherited the paternal estate, and 

made his home in East Greenwich until his death. He married Wait , and they 

were the parents of Phebe, mentioned below. 

(VI) PHEBE VAUGHAN, daughter of Christopher (3) and Wait Vaughan, was 
born in East Greenwich, June 24, 1761. She married, February 7, 1780, Rhodes Greene, 
of Pawtuxet. (See Greene VI). 

DEMING. 

Arms — Gules, between three bucks' heads couped at the neck argent, a crescent of the last for 
difference. 

Crest — A lion's head erased or. 

No positive proof of the origin of the surname Deming has ever been advanced. 
Different explanations of its source have been found, of which the most logical is that it 
is a corruption of the surname Damon, itself a corruption of D'Hammond, the name of 
"an ancient and illustrious family which has flourished in Surrey and Buckinghamshire, 
in England, and at Blois and Cherbourg in France." Careful search of English registers 
and records failed to reveal any mention of Deming, which shows that the surname as 
now spelled in this country is a distinctively American rendition of an early English 
surname. Deming, Demmon, Demon, Deman, Dement, Deminge, Demyng, and numerous 
other variations appear in New England Colonial records. The Demings in America 
trace from several progenitors, between whom no relationship has been discovered. John 
Deming, founder of the family herein under consideration, is of record in Wethersfield, 
Connecticut, in 1641. Other founders were Thomas Deman, of Hartford; Thomas 
Demond, of Fairfield ; and John Demmon, of Killingsworth, Connecticut. The family 
has figured honorably in the history of several parts of New England, and the name is 
an honored one in this section of the country. 

(I) JOHN DEMING, immigrant ancestor, was a native of England. The exact 
date of his coming to America is not known. Some authorities advance the belief that 
he was one of the pioneer settlers of Wethersfield, Connecticut, when the colony was 
founded in 1635. Proof exists, however, that he was there in 1641, when he recorded his 
homestead as a house, a barn, and five acres of land, bounded by High street, west, the 
Great Meadow, east, Thomas Standish's homestead, north, and Richard Crabbe's home- 
stead, south. John Deming became a man of much prominence in the community, and 



222 Deming 

on March 2, 1642, was one of the jury of the "particular court." On December 1, 1645, 
he was among the deputies chosen to represent Wethersfield, as Jo. Demon. In 1656 he 
again filled the office, and his name this time is entered as John Dement. In the same 
year he was appointed one of a committee, "to give the best safe advice they can to the 
Indians." On May 21, 1657, he was a deputy to the General Court as John Deming, and 
the next year as John Dement. He was deputy at different courts until 1667, and was 
also a litigant in several lawsuits. He is one of those named in the famous charter 
granted by King Charles to the original founders and to those who should afterwards 
become associated with them in the lands of Connecticut, "in free and common socage." 
He was among the first to obtain a lot across the river from Wethersfield, and within the 
boundaries of the town, on the "Naubuc Farms," afterward incorporated into the town 
of Glastonbury. He obtained it in the year 1640, when he appears in the records as John 
Demion. It is highly probable that he never lived there, for he had a house in Wethers- 
field in 1641, and sold the land on the east side of the river to Samuel Wyllis before 1668. 
John Deming also owned land in Eastbury, for which he was taxed in 1673. He became 
a freeman in 1669, with John Deming, Jr., and Jonathan Deming. He bought much 
land in Wethersfield at different times, and disposed of it largely by deed to his sons 
before his death. On February 3, 1692, he signed a codicil to his will, and this is the last 
recorded act of his life. He died soon afterward, though his will was not proved until 
November 21, 1705. There is no record of the dates of birth of his children, whose names 
have been taken from his will. His home lot with everything on it he bequeathed to his 
son Samuel. To his son David he left all the materials and tools in his shop. To other 
children he left money and movable property. He appointed his son Samuel executor. 
His will shows that John Deming was a man of considerable property and that he also 
had a trade. David Deming, who received his father's tools, was a rope maker, but it 
does not necessarily follow that the father pursued the same trade. Eunice and Sarah 
Standish, mentioned in his will as cousins, were the daughters of Thomas Standish, 
whose land adjoined Deming's. The connection of this family with that of Captain 
Miles Standish has not been found. 

John Deming was undoubtedly a prominent figure in the affairs of the Connecticut 
Colony. Trumbull speaks of him as one of "the fathers of Connecticut," and Hinman 
says that "he held the office of constable in Wethersfield in 1654," which shows that ho 
possessed the full confidence of the governor. His name appears on the records of the 
Colony with the prefix Mr., a courtesy paid only to men of considerable prominence. It 
is said that he was a representative at fifty sessions of the General Court. John Deming 
married Honor Treat, daughter of Richard Treat. 

(II) JONATHAN DEMING, son of John and Honor (Treat) Deming, was born 
about 1639, m Wethersfield, Connecticut, and there died after a lifelong residence in the 
town, on January 8, 1700, aged about sixty-one years. He was a prosperous farmer, 
and respected member of the community. Jonathan Deming married (first) November 
21, 1660, Sarah Graves, daughter of George Graves, who died June 5, 1668, in Wethers- 
field. He married (second) December 25, 1673, m Wethersfield, Elizabeth Gilbert, 
daughter of Josiah and Elizabeth Gilbert, born March 28, 1654, and died September 8, 
1714. 

(III) CHARLES DEMING. son of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Gilbert) Deming, was 
born in Wethersfield, on January (or June) 10, 1681. Captain Charles Deming was a 
shipmaster, or "mariner," as he is called in the early records. His home was in Needham, 
near Boston, and he left a valuable estate. His will, dated February 1, 1740, names his 
children, with the exception of Elizabeth, who had perhaps died before that time. Cap- 
tain Deming married (first) September 5, 1706, in Wethersfield, Anna Wickham, daugh- 



Deming«(2Defl! 



223 



ter of Thomas and Mary Wickham ; she was born January 2, 1684, and died in June, 1711, 
in Wethersfield. He married (second) November 5, 1713, in Boston, Massachusetts, 
Sarah Meers. 

(IV) JONATHAN (2) DEMING, son of Charles and Sarah (Meers) Deming, was 
born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 27, 1723, and died there May 26, 1791. He mar- 
ried, November 1, 1770, Esther Edes, who was born June 18, 1739, died August 30, 1792, 
daughter of Hon. Peter and Esther (Hall) Edes. (See Edes IX). 

(V) CHARLES (2) DEMING, son of Jonathan (2) and Esther (Edes) Deming, 
was born March 6, 1774, in Needham, Massachusetts. In early life he was a resident of 
Needham, later removing to Brighton, Massachusetts, where he conducted "The Bull's 
Head Tavern." In middle life he removed to Marlboro, New Hampshire, and at a later 
date to Fitzwilliam. He became a leader in the Masonic order in Fitzwilliam, and was 
one of the foremost citizens of the town in his day. He died in Needham, Massachu- 
setts, December 27, 1817. 

On July 24, 1792, he married in Needham, Massachusetts, Mehitable Fuller, who was 
born June 5, 1777, and died September 5, 1867, daughter of Moses and Elizabeth (Newell) 
Fuller. Their children were: 



1. Jonathan Edes, born November 11, 1793, 
died November 7, 1815, unmarried. 

2. Esther, born June 29, 1795, married Charles 
Dana, and died April 25, 1879. 

3. Charles, born August 21, 1796, died August 
27, 1706. 

4. Anne, born February 17, 1798, married, Jan- 
uary 31, 1830, Samuel Foss Barker, of Lubec, 
Maine, and died November 21, 1876. 

5. Charles, born June 13, 1799, married Eliza- 
beth Sawyer, and died May 8, 1857. 

6. Mary, born December 18, 1800, married, No- 
vember 19, 1826, John Gardiner Faxon, and 
died June 11, 1883. 



7. Elizabeth Fuller, born May 23, 1802, died 
September 15, 1831, unmarried. 

8. William, born February 21, 1804. 

9. Isaac, born September 2, 1805. 

10. Adeline, born April 14, 1808, died August 30, 
1809. 

11. Adeline Townsend, born July 5, 1810, mar- 
ried, September 8, 1824, Cyrus Balkam, and 
died March 8, 1883. 

12. Sarah Fuller, mentioned below. 

13. Francis, born April 20, 1814, married Eliza- 
beth Noble, and died March 5, 1858, in 
Naples, Italy, having one daughter, Eliza- 
beth Deming, who married Stephen Fuller, 
of Charlestown, Massachusetts. 



(VI) SARAH FULLER DEMING, daughter of Charles (2) and Mehitable 
(Fuller) Deming, was born in Needham, Massachusetts, August 24, 1812. She married, 
on May 2j, 1835, Amos De Forest Lockwood. (See Lockwood VII., in "Americana," 
April, 1919). 

EDES. 

The surname Edes is of baptizmal origin, signifying literally "Edes* son." Although 
the feminine font name Ede is now obsolete, it has made a most remarkable impression 
on the directories of English speaking peoples. Until the seventeenth century it lingered 
in England as a personal name. Every imaginable variant of the surname is found. 
Beyond doubt the name occasionally had its source in a nickname of Edward or Edmund, 
but the first derivation must be looked upon as absolutely decisive in the case of the great 
majority. 

Edes families have flourished in England for six centuries. The American family 
of the name is a branch of an ancient English family of County Essex. John Edes, the 
immigrant ancestor and progenitor, was a lineal descendant of Henry Edes, Gentleman, 
a large landowner of Bocking, County Essex. The family in America, though small, 
has figured honorably in the history of several towns of Massachusetts. 

(I) HENRY EDES, of Bocking, County Essex, England, must be regarded as the 
English progenitor, since it is not possible to trace beyond him accurately. 

(II) HENRY (2) EDES, son of Henry (1) Edes, was the administrator of his 
father's estate. He was the grandfather of Rev. John Edes, mentioned below. 



224 0£He$«ffulIet 

(IV) REV. JOHN EDES, great-grandson of Henry (i) Edes, was graduated at St. 
John's College, Cambridge, in 1610, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1614 he took 
his master's degree. For forty-one years he was rector of the church at Lawford, where 
he died April 12, 1658. A monument to his memory was erected by the town. 

(V) JOHN (2) EDES, son of Rev. John (1) Edes, was the father of the American 
emigrant. He was a resident of Lawford. 

(VI) JOHN (3) EDES, son of John (2) Edes, was born in Lawford, County Essex, 
England, March 31, 1651. He came to America before 1674, when he married Mary 
Tufts, daughter of Peter Tufts ; she was born June 15, 1655, ar >d was tne mother of John, 
mentioned below. John Edes served in the Indian Wars of 1675. He was a resident of 
Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

(VII) JOHN (4) EDES, son of John (3) and Mary (Tufts) Edes, was baptized 
at Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 26, 1680, and died of smallpox, January 16, 1721. He 
was a resident of Cambridge, and married there, April 13, 1698, Grace Lawrence, daugh- 
ter of George and Elizabeth Lawrence, who was admitted to the Cambridge church, July 
20, 1718, and died August 9, 1758. Grace (Lawrence) Edes was born June 3, 1680. Her 
father, George Lawrence, was born about 1637, and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts, 
where he died March 21, 1709. He married (first) September 29, 1657, Elizabeth Crispe, 
daughter of Benjamin Crispe, founder of the family in America, who was born in 161 1, 
and came to America in 1629; he was one of the original proprietors of Watertown, 
Massachusetts; Elizabeth (Crispe) Edes died May 28, 1681, and George Lawrence mar- 
ried (second) August 16, 1691, Elizabeth Holland. 

(VIII) PETER EDES, son of John (4) and Grace (Lawrence) Edes, was born Sep- 
tember 15, 1705, probably in Charlestown, Massachusetts, and lived there and in Cam- 
bridge, where he followed the occupation of hatter. On December 18, 1729, he married 
(first) Esther Hall, who was born December 2j, 1700, daughter of Stephen and Grace 
(Willis) Hall. Stephen Hall was the son of Widow Mary Hall, who came to this country 
with her two sons ; he lived at Concord, Stowe and Medford, Massachusetts, and later at 
"Queensbucke," Connecticut. Stephen Hall, Sr., married on December 3, 1663, Ruth 
Davis, daughter of Dolor and Margery (Willard) Davis ; her father was in Cambridge 
in 1634, and was one of the signers of the petition for the setting apart of the town of 
Groton in 1656. He had previously resided at Barnstable, where he died in 1673. He 
married Margery, sister of Major Simon Willard. Their eldest child became the wife of 
Stephen Hall, Sr., and mother of Stephen Hall, Jr., who was born in 1667, died Novem- 
ber 7, 1749. He married (first) about 1692, Grace Willis, daughter of Thomas and Grace 
(Fay) Willis, who was admitted to the church at Watertown, February 8, 1713, and died 
of smallpox, November 19, 1721. Their daughter, Esther Hall, became the wife of Peter 
Edes. Peter Edes was a prominent figure in the affairs of Massachusetts prior to the 
American Revolution, and was a member of the committee of correspondence at Harvard 
in 1773. Esther (Hall) Edes died June 14, 1756, and he married (second) November 26, 
1761, Anna Haskell. He died at Harvard. January 25, 1787. 

(IX) ESTHER EDES, daughter of Peter and Esther (Hall) Edes, was born June 
18, 1739. On November 1, 1770, she married Jonathan Deming. (See Deming IV). 

FULLER. 

The American Fullers spring from several unrelated progenitors. Samuel Fuller, 
with his brother, Edward Fuller, was a passenger on the "Mayflower," and among the 
pioneer settlers of Plymouth. Matthew Fuller, their brother, followed at a later date. 



ifullet 225 

Still later came others of the name, among them Thomas Fuller, of Dedham, founder of 
the family herein under consideration, and Thomas Fuller, of Woburn. All of these early 
founders were Englishmen of substance, and a large proportion of them took active and 
prominent parts in the early affairs of the towns in which they settled. 

The surname Fuller is of the occupative class, and of very ancient date. It signifies 
literally "the fuller," i. e., the cloth-bleacher or felter, and appears in medieval English 
records first with the prefix le, which later fell into disuse. Various persons named 
Fuller have won distinction in England and in America. Nicholas Fuller, born in 1557, 
was a distinguished Oriental scholar ; another Nicholas Fuller, a noted lawyer and mem- 
ber of Parliament, died in 1620; Isaac Fuller, noted painter, died in 1672; Andrew Fuller, 
born in 1754, was an eminent Baptist minister and writer; Thomas Fuller, English 
divine and author, born in 1608, was chaplain extraordinary to Chares II., and a prolific 
writer. It was said of him : "Fuller was incomparably the most sensible, the least 
prejudiced great man of an age that boasted a galaxy of great men." Sarah Margaret 
Fuller, marchioness of Ossobi, born in 1810, was a prominent American teacher, editor 
and author. Melville W. Fuller, born in 1833, distinguished as a jurist, served as chief 
justice of the United States. 

(I) THOMAS FULLER, immigrant ancestor and founder of the Needham family 
of the name, was born in England, but the exact date of his coming to America is not 
known. He was a resident of Dedham at an early date, and evidently was a man of 
considerable prominence in the early settlement. He represented Dedham in the Massa- 
chusetts General Court in 1673, 1679 an d 1686, and died September 28, 1690. Thomas 
Fuller married Hannah Flower, who was born in England. Among their children was 
John, mentioned below. 

(II) JOHN FULLER, son of Thomas and Hannah (Flower) Fuller, was born 
December 28, 1645, and died October 10, 1718. He owned lands in what is now Needham, 
at Purch Plain and Purch Meadow. On January 18, 1672, he married Joanna Gay, who 
was born April 23, 1649, in Dedham, daughter of John and Joanna Gay, who came to 
America about 1630, settling first at Watertown ; John Gay was later one of the founders 
of Dedham. 

(III) ROBERT FULLER, son of John and Joanna (Gay) Fuller, was born in 
Dedham, Massachusetts, August 11, 1685. He inherited lands in Needham from his 
father, and lived on what is now Forest street. In 1735 he built a new house on Forest 
street, which was the home of his grandson, Moses, and was among the oldest houses in 

the town. Robert Fuller married (first) Mary , who died March 7, 1719. He 

married (second) July 6, 1721, Sarah Mills. 

(IV) LIEUTENANT ROBERT (2) FULLER, son of Robert (1) and Mary 
Fuller, was born in Needham, Massachusetts, June 6, 1714. He was a lifelong resident 
of the town, prominent in local affairs, and active in the militia, in which he held the rank 
of lieutenant. He married Sarah Eaton, who was born August 24, 1713, and died July 10, 
1797, daughter of William and Mary (Starr) Eaton. Lieutenant Robert Fuller died in 
Needham, May 12, 1788. 

(V) MOSES FULLER, son of Lieutenant Robert (2) and Sarah (Eaton) Fuller, 
was born April 29, 1750, in Needham. Massachusetts, and lived there all his life in the 
house built by his grandfather, Captain Robert Fuller, in 1735. He was a well known 
citizen of Needham, active in public affairs in the town. 

On April 14, 1774, he married Elizabeth Newell, who was born February 22, 1754, 
daughter of Ebenezer and Elizabeth Newell. She died on November 29, 1834, in Weston, 
Massachusetts, aged eighty years. Their children were : 



226 



JFulIet 



i. Elizabeth, born 1775, died 17& 

2. Mehitable, mentioned below. 

3. Elizabeth, born July 13, 1779. 

4. Moses, born March 21, 1785. 



5. Mary, born March 25, 1788. 

6. Hervey, born October 16, 1700. 

7. Stephen Palmer, born February 10, 1794. 

8. Louisa, born June 25, 1798. 



Moses Fuller died in Needham, February 13, 1823, aged seventy-two years. 

(VI) MEHITABLE FULLER, daughter of Moses and Elizabeth (Newell) Fuller, 
was born June 5, 1777, at Needham, Massachusetts. On July 24, 1792, she married 
Charles Deming, of Needham, and died September 5, 1867. They were the parents of 
Sarah Fuller Deming, who became the wife of Amos De Forest Lockwood. (See Deming 
V and VI). 





Arms — Sable a fesse between three dexter hands appaume argent. 

Crest — A demi-lion rampant holding in the dexter paw a thistle, and in the sinister a fleur-de-lis 
proper. 

Motto — Manu et Corde. 

POWER in street railway interests in Massachusetts, a noted legis- 
lator, financier and clubman, the late Theodore C. Bates figured vitally 
in the life and affairs of Massachusetts in the closing decades of the 
nineteenth century and the opening years of the twentieth. As an 
organizer and executive of extraordinary ability and breadth of vision, 
he was an influential factor in industrial, financial and public life in 
New England for a period of nearly forty years. 

THEODORE CORNELIUS BATES, son of Elijah and Sarah (Fletcher) Bates, 
was born in the town of North Brookfield, Massachusetts, June 4, 1843, the descendant 
through a distinguished New England lineage of a family prominent in American affairs 
since early Colonial days. Generations of rugged, God-fearing forebears, who had been 
pioneers, builders and leaders, doers rather than thinkers, had implanted in him the 
heritage of a restless ambition to achieve, which is evidenced in his career from the very 
outset. He received his elementary education in the schools of North Brookfield, later 
attending the Pinkerton Academy at Derry, New Hampshire, where he distinguished 
himself as a student, and for three successive years won the first prize for brilliant 
scholarship, behavior and attendance. On completing his studies he returned to North 
Brookfield, and after a short period spent in the shoe factories of the town, again entered 
upon scholastic pursuits and became a teacher in the Brookfield school. He subsequently 
became principal of the North Brookfield High School. At the age of twenty-three years, 
deciding definitely on a business rather than a professional career, Mr. Bates resigned 
his post as principal, and became a traveling salesman for a large wholesale crockery 
house of Boston. 

In 1876 Mr. Bates entered the field in which he subsequently achieved so great 
prominence. In partnership with David H. Fanning, he launched the now famous 
Worcester Corset Company. From small beginnings the business expanded rapidly 
into one of the largest concerns of its kind in the world. During the early years of its 
history Mr. Bates devoted his time solely to the task of establishing the enterprise on a 
firm foundation, and the successful proportions to which it later attained were in large 
measure due to his sagacity and tireless efforts in its behalf. As the place of the Wor- 
cester Corset Company became assured in the manufacturing world of New England, 
Mr. Bates enlarged his interests, and became active in other phases of business and 
financial life in Massachusetts. He invested heavily in the West End Railway of Boston, 
and until the close of his business career was prominently identified with the railway 
interests of the State. He was one of the founders of the Worcester Electric Light 
Company, and a member of its board of directors from 1904 until his death. His hold- 
ings in street railways were very extensive and penetrated beyond the borders of his 
native State, the latest of his ventures being the Corning Street Railway of New York 
State. Mr. Bates was chief promoter of the North Brookfield Railroad, which was 
constructed in 1875 between North Brookfield and the main line of the Boston & Albany 
Railroad at East Brookfield. For several years he was president of the corporation 



228 'Bate* 

which built this road. In 1880 he was elected one of the State directors of the Boston & 
Albany Railroad Company, of which the commonwealth was then an important stock- 
holder. When, on his recommendation, the State stock was sold and the proceeds placed 
in the State school funds, Mr. Bates resigned his office. In later years he became deeply 
interested in electrical engineering and scientific research, and was the first American 
to go to Budapest to study the electric storage system. One of the great works of the 
closing years of his career was the construction of the Union Terminal Bridge over the 
Missouri river at Kansas City. 

Important and varied as were his achievements in the business world, the chief 
claim of the late Theodore C. Bates to a place in the annals of Massachusetts lies in his 
public career. In early manhood he allied himself with the Republican party, and at an 
early date was prominently identified with its interests in the town of North Brook- 
field. From 1870 to 1880 he was chairman of the Republican town committee of North 
Brookfield, and during this period was a vital and controlling figure in Republican 
politics throughout the county. For many years he was chairman of the Twelfth Dis- 
trict Republican Club, the Worcester County Republican Committee, the Worcester 
Congressional District Committee, and for ten years chairman of the executive com- 
mittee of the Republican State Committee of Massachusetts. In 1884 he was chosen 
a delegate to the National Convention at Chicago. In 1879 Mr. Bates was elected to 
represent North Brookfield in the Massachusetts General Court, and during his term of 
office served as chairman of the joint standing committee on claims and the joint special 
committee on retrenchment. In 1880 he declined reelection, but in 1882 accepted the 
nomination for the office of State Senator from the Fourth Worcester District, which 
comprised seventeen towns, from Athol on the north to North Brookfield on the south. 
During his term of office he served as chairman of the committee on railroads and mem- 
ber of the committees on prisons and federal relations. Throughout his entire legisla- 
tive career, in which he was influential in securing the passage of much-needed and 
beneficial laws, Mr. Bates never missed a vote on any measure brought before the House 
or the Senate. In 1883 the election of United States Senator was brought before the 
Massachusetts Legislature. The late Hon. George F. Hoar, as candidate for reelection, 
was opposed by General Benjamin F. Butler, then Governor of the State. The contest 
was bitter, and but for the able leadership of Mr. Bates, Mr. Hoar would have failed at 
the most critical period of his distinguished career. Mr. Bates was chairman of the 
State committee and personally supervised the senatorial campaign and paid the 
expenses. In 1883 he was appointed by President Hayes commissioner for Massachu- 
setts for the proposed World's Fair in New York City, of which General U. S. Grant 
was president. 

Despite the never-ending demands of his business and public interests, Mr. Bates 
devoted much time to North Brookfield which was his home during the greater part 
of his life. His interest in its welfare and advancement was deep-seated, and his efforts 
were tireless. He was influential in securing for North Brookfield its present unexcelled 
water system, than which there is none finer in the entire State. During the construction 
of the water works and afterwards, a period of seven years, he was president of the 
Board of Water Commissioners. In 1878, on the celebration of the twentieth anniver- 
sary of the North Brookfield High School, Mr. Bates founded the public library, agree- 
ing to contribute to the fund as much as the school could raise in six months. As 
president of the board of trustees of the library during the first eighteen years of its 
existence, he directed its policies and gave it the benefit of his business ability. He also 
continued his generous gifts and made possible the purchase of books. His salary, as 
a member of both branches of the Massachusetts Legislature, he gave to the same cause. 



T5ate$ 229 

As chairman of the North Brookfield school committee, he was for many years active 
in educational affairs in his native town. 

Although to the casual observer it would seem incompatible with his career as a 
business man, financier and public servant, Mr. Bates remained throughout his life a 
lover of literature and the arts, and a student. American history, the collection of 
Americana, and the study of the development of the country from the earliest Colonial 
days in conjunction with research in family history, amounted almost to a vocation with 
him, and in the course of a lifetime he amassed a great volume of valuable data in this 
field. North Brookfield, his native town, presented a rich area for study, and at his 
death a valuable and interesting manuscript on it was found on his desk. He was 
prominent in literary circles in Boston, and was a member of the New England Historic- 
Genealogical Society, the Massachusetts Society of Colonial Wars, the Massachusetts 
Society of the War of 1812, the Bunker Hill Monument Association, the Hooke Asso- 
ciation, the American Antiquarian Society, the Worcester Society of Antiquity, the 
New York Society of Founders and Patriots of America, and of the Massachusetts 
Society of Sons of the American Revolution, of which latter society he was for several 
years a member of the board of management. The world-famous Home Market Club of 
Boston, noted for its support of the protective tariff policy of the Republican party, was 
organized in the office of Mr. Bates at a meeting attended by George Draper, of Hope- 
dale, and Timothy Merrick, of Holyoke. These men, with Mr. Bates, were of the ten 
manufacturers who founded the club, and Mr. Bates was one of the first officers. 
Shortly before his death he undertook the preparation of an article for the "Protectionist 
Magazine," at the request of members of the club. He wrote extensively, with a facile 
yet forceful pen, for numerous well-known publications, and was widely known in 
literary circles. He was a notable figure in the Masonic order in Massachusetts, and 
had attained to the thirty-second degree in the Scottish Rite. He was a member of 
Morning Star Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and of Quinsigamond Lodge 

of Worcester, of which he was past master; he was also affiliated with Chapter, 

Royal Arch Masons; Worcester County Commandery, Knights Templar, and was 
secretary of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. He was trustee of the Masonic Educa- 
tional and Charity Trust funds. He was an able and forceful public speaker, logical, 
convincing in argument, skillful in the persuasion of men to his ideas, strong, virile, 
commanding in personality. 

Late in life Mr. Bates travelled extensively in Europe and America. During the 
last five years of his life, owing to failing health, having withdrawn from the greater part 
of his business interests, he devoted his time largely to the management and development 
of the Bates estate at North Brookfield, and to scientific experiments in the raising of 
crops. In 1910 he succeeded in raising more corn on an acre of land than had ever 
been raised in the country, and at the New England corn exhibit was awarded a gold 
medal for his exhibition. He later published an illustrated pamphlet on the subject 
which had a large circulation and considerable influence among New England farmers. 
He spent much time in beautifying his estate, which included not only the old Bates 
homestead, but an adjoining park of chestnut and oak trees, through which driveways 
were constructed to the Duncan estate, a family estate owned by his wife. He never 
relaxed his interest in North Brookfield, and until his death was active in its affairs. 
None of his contemporaries attained so high a place in the regard of the townspeople as 
he did. He was not only respected and honored for his charities, his beneficences, his 
tireless efforts for the advancement of local welfare — he was loved for the beauty of his 
character, his deep human sympathy, his kindliness, his simple goodness. In his gifts, 
though they were often of impressive size, there was none of the condescension of the pro- 



230 I5atz$ 

fessional philanthropist. His greatest pleasure was in doing for others. His friends were 
legion, and his home was the centre of a generous hospitality which was noted through- 
out the countryside. He was essentially a home lover, a devoted husband and father. 
The extent of his charities never became known because the greater portion of his gifts 
were made unostentatiously. He sent twenty-seven young men through college and 
technical schools, and gave numerous others the initial impetus toward subsequent 
business success. His death meant the removal of a vital force in the lives of hundreds. 
Theodore C. Bates died at his home in Worcester, Massachusetts, March n, 1912. 
Resolutions adopted by the various organizations of which he was a member, including 
the Society of Colonial Wars, the Society of the War of 1812, the Sons of the American 
Revolution, various banks of which he was a director or trustee, the Worcester Board 
of Trade, Masonic organizations and the town of North Brookfield, show the wide- 
spread grief which his death inspired. The following excerpt is taken from the resolu- 
tions of the town of North Brookfield : 

Resolved, That his fellow citizens of his native town of North Brookfield, in town meeting assem- 
bled, desire to give expression to their grateful appreciation of the noble service he rendered this 
community in the promotion of those great public utilities to which he so largely contributed in their 
accomplishment, which laid the foundation for our present industrial prosperity and the welfare of our 
people. 

Resolved, That his devoted interest in educational progress, the advancement of the ethical and civic 
life of the community, fostering as he ever did the loftiest ideals of the duties and responsibilities of citi- 
zenship, should enshrine his memory in our hearts with respect and gratitude and should be to all a 
source of inspiration and courage. 

Theodore C. Bates married, December 24, 1868, Emma Frances Duncan, daughter 
of Charles and Tryphosa (Lakin) Duncan, of North Brookfield, Massachusetts. They 
were the parents of one daughter, Tryphosa Duncan Bates, who became the wife of 
Francis Batcheller, of Boston, a sketch of whom follows. Mrs. Bates resides in Wor- 
cester, Massachusetts, during the winter months, making her home during the summer 
on the Bates and Duncan estates in North Brookfield. 

Emma Frances (Duncan) Bates was born in North Brookfield, Massachusetts, 
March 11, 1845, th e daughter of Charles and Tryphosa (Lakin) Duncan. 

Duncan Arms — Gules, on a chevron between two cinquefoils argent in chief, and a hunting horn 
of the same in base, viruled and stringed azure, three buckles of the last. 
Crest — A greyhound issuant proper collared or. 
Motto — Vivat Veritas. (Let truth endure). 

Charles Duncan had left his native town, Paxton, and moved to North Brookfield 
in order to more successfully continue the manufacturing business in which he was 
engaged, and became one of the most prominent and wealthy citizens of the town of his 
adoption. Charles Duncan was descended from William Duncan, who came from Aber- 
deen, Scotland, and settled in Oxford, Massachusetts, later going to Paxton. He 
belonged to the Duncan family so famous in Scottish history, and his descendants bear 
all the sturdy Scottish traits of thrift, honesty and shrewd business ability that is their 
heritage. Tryphosa (Lakin) Duncan was descended from Revolutionary soldiers on 
her father's side, and her mother was a daughter of the wealthy and distinguished 
Shipley family of New York, whose lineage book goes back to noble manor houses in 
England. 

A child of devoted and puritanical parents, Miss Duncan was brought up under 
the same rigid, strict discipline that marked the education of the New England women 
of her time, but added to the religious fervor imparted by her parents was the extremely 
careful education directed by her mother, a woman well known among her contempor- 






^v 




% 








15ate$ 231 

aries for her rare beauty of character, as well as for her beauty of person, who was also 
gifted with a soprano voice of rare beauty. Under the guidance of such a mother, 
Emma F. was given not only the education similar to that of young ladies of her time, 
but was carefully trained in many accomplishments that many young women not 
equally fortunately circumstanced could have no opportunity to acquire. 

At the age of sixteen Emma F. Duncan was known as a remarkably fine horse- 
woman and her riding won her several prizes at the fairs held in New England in those 
days, and always patronized and attended by the gentry of the surrounding country. 
At eighteen she was an accomplished whip, and handled the reins of a four-in-hand as 
well as most men. Anxious, however, for the development of her daughter's more 
genteel talents, to revert to the phrase of the day, Miss Duncan, under the tutelage of 
her mother, was trained in the art of declamation. To complete her education, she was 
sent to Oread College, at Worcester, Massachusetts, the first large institution of its 
kind in the country for the higher education of young women. Soon after the comple- 
tion of her studies, she was married to Theodore Cornelius Bates, of North Brookfield. 
Like her husband, Mrs. Bates has always been interested and active in public 
affairs, and her unusual executive ability has brought her to the fore in large organiza- 
tions for progress and improvement throughout the country, as well as in clubs and 
societies of various kinds. She is a member of the Worcester Woman's Club, the State 
Committee of the Civil Service Reform Association, of the State Committee on Con- 
servation, of the State Committee on Child Labor, of the Worcester Art Society, a 
member of the Worcester Society of Antiquity, and of the Society of Antiquity of 
America. Her generous and able work for the National Society of Daughters of the 
American Revolution brought her the distinguished office of vice-president general 
in 1906. She was reelected in 1908, and at the end of her second term, prevented by the 
constitution from serving again, she was shown the gratitude and affection of the State 
Society by the presentation at the congress, by its members, of a large silver loving cup. 
Petitions in favor of her election to the office of president general came from all parts 
of the country at the expiration of her term as vice-president, practically insuring a 
successful candidacy. Her wifely duties to her husband, then ill, made her feel it 
necessary to decline the honor. In 1913 she was made honorary vice-president for life, 
by a unanimous vote of the congress. There are but twelve others in the country. 
Mrs. Bates had previously been regent of the Timothy Bigelow Chapter of Worcester, 
and from the beginning has been one of its most prominent and active workers. She 
was elected honorary regent. 

In her own city she has had the first place in the Worcester Woman's Club, and 
has twice refused to accept the presidency, finding it impossible in connection with her 
many public and social duties, for Mrs. Bates has long been one of Worcester's most 
hospitable and generous hostesses. While Mrs. Bates is in no way a militant suffra- 
gette, she maintains that "No taxation without representation" holds good for the 
women of her country as it did for her forefathers, but she always maintains in her 
addresses before schools and colleges that a womanly woman is a far greater power for 
good in the world than a mannish woman, and while she upholds the women of her time 
for entering bravely into broader fields of activity, she urges upon the present day woman 
the necessity, not only of striving for rights which should be hers, but of acquiring the 
knowledge necessary for maintaining those rights, and the full comprehension of the 
responsibilities that those rights involve. Mrs. Bates never fails to remind her readers 
and listeners that woman can work, woman can achieve, and woman can succeed, but 
however strong her work, however great her successes and achievements, a woman's 
greatest glory is her womanhood and her work is equally potent if done in a womanly 
way. 



132 



IBM* 



Mrs. Bates has written many interesting essays, historical and descriptive, of her 
extensive travels, and frequently for the various charities in which she is interested she 
has given historical and descriptive lectures illustrated with carefully colored slides of 
much interest and in many cases of much value. Mrs. Bates keeps her old home in North 
Brookfield as a summer residence. The old Bates homestead, by a fortunate circum- 
stance, is joined to the Duncan property by a beautiful and extensive park, making the 
estate one of the most attractive in the New England hills. 

Throughout her active and busy life, Mrs. Bates has ever been a most devoted wife 
and loving mother, and her careful and intelligent motherhood is made pointedly mani- 
fest in the person of her only daughter, Tryphosa (Bates) Batcheller, to whom have 
been accorded more honors by the sovereigns and potentates of Europe than to any 
other woman in America. Mrs. Bates-Batcheller is a beautiful young woman, whose 
name as an authoress is already enviable, and whose voice, carefully watched over by 
her mother and trained by Madame Marchesi and Europe's best masters, has won her 
many plaudits here and abroad, from critics, friends and crowned heads alike, and 
through its tones has been won much for charity, as Mrs. Batcheller, like her mother, 
uses her gifts and talents for charity. 




^atcfteller 




RYPHOSA (BATES) BATCHELLER, author, singer and poet, is the 
only child of Hon. Theodore Cornelius and Emma Frances (Duncan) 
Bates, and wife of Francis Batcheller, a retired manufacturer of Boston, 
Massachusetts. She was born in North Brookfield, Massachusetts, at 
Aberdeen Hall, the summer home of her parents. 

Added to the prominence of her family (her father being one of 
Massachusetts's most distinguished men, and the name of Bates one 
of the oldest and most honored of New England names, inseparably connected with 
Boston, and its educational preeminence) her fine voice, her personal beauty, and 
natural charm of manner have given Mrs. Batcheller the unique position that she holds 
in the court circles of Europe, the high favor she enjoys with the Royal families of the 
Old World, and the hosts of friends and admirers that she has in nearly every capital 
of her own country, to which she is ardently devoted, though so much of her life has 
been passed abroad. It is not too much to say that no other American woman has ever 
been accorded the honors that Mrs. Bates-Batcheller has enjoyed, not only in Europe, 
but at home in our highest circles of society. She is justly proud of her forebears, her 
paternal ancestry dating back to 1242, when Sir Gerard Bate was Lord Mayor of 
London ; and the brass effigy of Sir Thomas Bate, who was Lord Mayor of London in 
1545, and a prominent jurat of his time, adorns the aisle of the famous old church of Lydd, 
in Kent, England. Clement Bates, accompanied by his wife, five children and servants, 
sailed from England in the ship "Elizabeth" for Boston in 1636, having been given a 
grant of land in Cohasset, by the King of England, and the original Bates house is still 
standing, and in the possession of a member of the Bates family. It was Joshua Bates 
who really established the first public library in the world, and the large reading hall in 
the Boston Public Library to-day is called Bates Hall. Mrs. Batcheller's great-grand- 
mother was Lucretia Emerson, a near relative of the great philosopher and poet, a 
relationship she may well treasure. 

As a tiny child she already showed marked artistic talents, and made her first 
appearance at three years of age at a charity performance before a large audience as 
"Queen of the Dollies," when she recited a long poem to sleeping children, whose dream 
she impersonated. She wrote long, interesting fairy-tales for her playmates when she 
was only ten years old, and at fourteen she was already an accomplished violinist. She 
was also very fond of dancing, and from a tiny tot was the favorite of the dancing master 
in the dancing school. She speaks and writes with ease six different languages. She 
has always been fond of out-of-door sports, and is an excellent horse woman, good tennis 
player, ice-skater, etc. She prepared for college with private tutors, and passed her 
examinations for Radcliffe College, entering the class of 1899, with honors, and consid- 
erably younger than the majority of her class. A year was then given to her presentation 
to society, and she made her social debut in Washington with her aunt, Mrs. Philip 
Chapin, and later was presented to society in her own home by her parents in Wor- 
cester, Massachusetts. Her social success, which was unusually brilliant both in the 
Nation's capital and at home, did not, however, deter her from her purpose, and she 
returned to the academic shades of Cambridge, following her college course with interest, 
showing special ability in English writing and the foreign languages. 

Three years with the great singing teacher, Madame Matilde Marchesi, were fol- 
lowed by a successful debut in Paris, and the almost unanimous praise of the musical 

Ter— 2— IS 



234 TBatc&ellet 

critics at home and abroad for the beauty of her voice, and the art with which she used 
it. Massenet, the great French composer, about this time took a great interest in the 
young singer, and often played her accompaniments when she sang in Paris. She 
studied later with many composers and operatic conductors, always broadening and 
perfecting her musical talents ; Bimboni, Giraudet, Mugnone, Panzani, Henschel, Lang, 
Massenet and Moret, Sgambati (who called her his "interprcte elletta") and Madame 
Marchesi's daughter, Blanche Marchesi, all added to the singer's pleasant memories and 
musical advancement. Her intense love of and preeminence in her art took her naturally 
before a larger public than that of the drawing-room, yet her concerts have always been 
given for charity, and she has devoted her talents to charitable purposes in accordance 
with the wishes of her parents, and following the example of her mother. Besides the 
great interest of her parents and her husband in her musical talents, she always enjoyed, 
during her lifetime, the intimate and affectionate interest and friendship of Julia Ward 
Howe,, who called her "my nightingale" and "my adopted granddaughter." 

In 19/54 President and Mrs. Roosevelt gave a beautiful musical for Mrs. Batcheller 
in the White House, and shortly after she sailed for England, where, with her husband, 
she was presented by Ambassador Choate to the English Court. Her London success 
was instantaneous, and she began at once to sing in London, where she gave several 
large charity concerts for the benefit of The League of Mercy, under Royal Patronage, 
and attended by members of the Royal family. She was made a Lady Vice-President 
of The League of Mercy, and for her singing and the work she has done for The 
League she was awarded the Order of Mercy by H. M. King George of England, a very 
rare honor. She was also invited by King Edward and Queen Alexandra to the Royal 
Garden parties at Windsor, and she still enjoys the favor of Queen Alexandra, who so 
much admired Mrs. Batcheller that she asked her to have her photograph specially taken 
for her, and honored the young American by giving her an autographed photograph of 
herself in her coronation robes. 

Also H. M. King George and Queen Mary have been most gracious, and accepted 
Mrs. Batcheller's books on Italy and Spain. His grace the Archbishop of Canterbury 
and Mrs. Davidson have shown her many courtesies along with many other prominent 
English people, and it is not difficult to understand why Mrs. Batcheller enjoys London 
and England in general. 

In 1905 Mrs. Batcheller was presented with her husband at the Court of Italy, and 
H. M. Queen Elena accepted the dedication of Mrs. Batcheller's first book on Italy, 
presenting the authoress with her autographed photograph, which forms the frontis- 
piece to the volume "Glimpses of Italian Court Life," a book giving the first intimate 
picture of Italian Court circles and the Rome of to-day. The work received the com- 
mendation of the press in general, and gained the special praise of Colonel Thomas 
Wentworth Higginson, who, with Mrs. Howe, now made Mrs. Batcheller a member of 
the Boston Author's Club. But her Roman success was threefold: Personal, for the 
numerous friends she made in the best Italian society, and the admiration they showed 
for the woman herself ; literary, in that her first book received the patronage and favor 
of the Italian Queen ; and musical, because of the real adulation her voice received from 
the music-loving Italians, and most of all from H. M. Queen Margherita, who invited 
her to sing in her palace, and attested her admiration with the presentation of a beau- 
tiful diamond pendant, and the following letter: "Dear Mrs. Batcheller: Her Majesty 
the Queen Mother charges me to send you herewith this jewel as a souvenir of the 
evening passed at the Palace of Queen Margherita, when Her Majesty admired your 
beautiful voice and really remarkable musical talent. I rejoice with you with all my 
heart and I beg you to receive, dear lady, my distinguished salutations. Marchesa di 
Villamarina." 



IBatdbeller 235 

Sgambati, the great Italian composer, also often accompanied Mrs. Batcheller when 
she sang in Rome, and composed some special things for her. Maestro Bustini also 
often played for the young singer, as did, too, the composer, Tosti. Being a great lover 
of lace, and of woman's work, Mrs. Batcheller took a real interest in the "Industrie 
Femminile" in Rome, in which she is a directress. It is to the Roman office that the 
results of the industrious schools all over Italy of lace and embroidery are brought, 
and Mrs. Batcheller was among the first to carry this work to America, and there not only 
showed it for admiration, but arranged for its sale. It has since become very popular 
and is greatly in demand. At this time Mrs. Batcheller was received in special private 
audience by H. H. Pope Pius X., who also gave his autographed blessing on his photo- 
graph, which he allowed to be published in the first book on Italy. Also H. R. H. the 
Duke of the Abruzzi and H. R. H. the Duchess Letitia of Aosta showed her many 
kindnesses. Returning to Paris, Mrs. Batcheller was invited to sing at the famous 
Figaro concerts, and her voice and art received the most enthusiastic praise from the 
French critics, being favorably compared with Melba and Calve. It was at this time 
that she met H. M. Queen Marie of Roumania. 

So great was the success of her first book on Italy that it was suggested that she 
should write another, and as in the one she had made real and vivid the picture of 
modern life of the ancient city of Rome, a city generally written of at the time of Caesar 
or in the middle ages, so it was pointed out that the many books on Italian villas gave 
no idea or sign of life, but were generally descriptions of architecture and gardens, 
leaving the reader quite ignorant of the life within. Added to her musical patronage, 
that of literature, Queen Margherita now accepted the dedication of this book, and gave 
her autographed picture for the frontispiece of "Italian Castles and Country Seats," and 
H. M. the King also sent his autographed photograph as an expression of his interest 
and approval. This volume appeared only after another long visit to Italy, and another 
even more complete reception to Mrs. Batcheller by her Italian friends into their 
intimate home and country life, a side of Italian society known but to few foreigners of 
any nationality. This volume was received with much praise from the Royal family of 
Italy, and was even more favorably commended by the press of America, England, and 
Italy than the first book. 

In 1910 Mrs. Batcheller, with her husband, went to Germany with special letters of 
presentation from President Taft, and in January Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller were pre- 
sented at the court of the Kaiser in Berlin. At the court ball, which followed, the Ger- 
man Empress came especially to talk with Mrs. Batcheller with whom she conversed in 
German, and shortly after, the American lady sang at court, where her voice was very 
much admired, and where she received many honors from the Imperial family. To her 
credit be it recorded that Mrs. Batcheller felt little sympathy with Germany or Ger- 
mans, and, not at all impressed by the attentions of the Kaiser, she left Berlin, and 
hastened back to her "dear Paris," where she declared quite frankly her aversion to 
"Prussian militarized society," as she expressed it. 

In the spring of 1910 H. R. H. the Infanta Eulalia of Spain (aunt of the present 
King) accompanied Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller on a long, interesting, and unusually event- 
ful journey through Spain, made in an automobile. The trip included Portugal, where 
Mrs. Batcheller was given a beautiful musical (following a dinner in the Royal Palace) 
by H.M. King Manuel and his mother Queen Amelie, who compared the singer's voice 
to Christine Nielson's. Lisbon, Cintra and the environs of the Portuguese capital were 
visited in the company of H. M. Queen Amelie in the Royal automobiles, and then Mrs. 
Batcheller proceeded with her husband to Madrid (the Infanta now returning to Paris), 
where they were presented by the American Minister, Mr. H. C. Ide, to Their Majesties 
the King and Queen and H. M. the Queen Mother of Spain. King Alfonso and his 



236 IBattbtlltt 

beautiful Queen as well as his mother, Queen Maria Christina, took the greatest interest 
in Mrs. Batcheller's books on Italy, and it was arranged that a book from the American's 
pen on Spain should follow other journeys to Spain, which meant other Royal favors 
and kindnesses on the part of all the Spanish Royal family. Here, too, in Madrid, Mrs. 
Batcheller was received into the best of Spanish society, and was as much admired for 
her personal charm (blondes are especially admired in Spain), as her voice was at the 
Royal Palace, where she was invited to sing. T. M. the King and Queen, H. M. the 
Queen Mother, H. R. H. the Infante Don Carlos and the Infanta Luisa, H. R. H. the 
Infanta Marie Teresa (the King's sister, now dead), and T. R. H. the Infantas Eulalia 
and Isabella (the last is especially devoted to music, and asked Mrs. Batcheller for her 
picture to put with other singers who have pleased her), all presented Mrs. Batcheller 
with their autographed photographs, allowing their publication in "Royal Spain of 
To-day," which was published by Longmans in the fall of 1913, and dedicated to 
T. M. the King and Queen of Spain. This book, which gives almost the only comprehen- 
sive picture of modern Spain, has received the highest commendation from the most 
representative press of America, England, and Spain, and was warmly praised by H. M. 
the King and members of the Spanish Royal family. 

Early in the winter of 191 1 Mrs. Batcheller, with her husband, was presented at 
the Court of Holland, where the young Queen Wilhelmina and the Queen Mother, 
Queen Emma, showed her quite special favors. At the Casino ball which followed, 
and was attended by Her Majesty, Mrs. Batcheller was asked to lead the cotillon, and 
she recalls her favors and good times in the little Dutch Capital as among her pleasant- 
est memories. 

Later in the season of this same year Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller were presented at 
the then most exclusive of European courts, that of Austria-Hungary, and here Mrs. 
Batcheller was shown quite unprecedented honors by the late Emperor Francis Joseph. 
At the court ball, where Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller were presented by the American 
Ambassador, Mr. Kerens (to quote in substance from the papers of the time), "His 
Majesty was so impressed with the beauty of the young American that he crossed the 
whole ball room to converse with her at length, though he spoke to no one else, and 
'made no circle,' to use the language of the court." He also summoned Mrs. Batcheller 
to a special private audience at Schonbrunn Castle, an absolutely unprecedented honor, 
never before accorded to any foreign lady of any country. The Emperor accepted the 
authoress' book on Italy with the remark "I wish I could find as sincere and loyal a 
friend for my country as you are for Italy, Madame, but perhaps you will write a book 
on Austria, and (in reply to a question from Mrs. Batcheller) I will gladly accept the 
dedication of such a volume." By order of the Emperor Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller were 
invited to the great court ball in Budapest, where again the Emperor (and King of 
Hungary) showed Mrs. Batcheller marked favor. She was also received in audience and 
entertained by many of the Archdukes and their families. Although Mrs. Batcheller 
admired much that she found in Austria she is too loyal an American, and too true a 
friend to Italy, to want us to dwell at length on her Austrian successes, which, how- 
ever, at the time, were very remarkable and much commented on in the diplomatic 
circles of Europe. 

The summer of 191 1 brought one of the pleasantest of Mrs. Batcheller's experiences, 
the presentation to T. M. the King and Queen of Belgium at the Royal Palace at Ostend 
In company with the Infanta Eulalia she was invited, with her husband, to tea with the 
Belgian monarchs, and the photographs that Mrs. Batcheller made of the King, Queen 
and the Royal children in a corridor of the palace at Ostend (now forever wrested from 
the hateful Hun) are among her most treasured souvenirs. 

H. M. Queen Elizabeth is an excellent violinist, and invited Mrs. Batcheller to sing 



TSattbtUtt 237 

for her later in Brussels, both their Majesties presenting the singer-authoress with their 
autographed photographs. 

In 1913 Mr. and Mrs. Bateheller made a long motor tour through Austria-Hungary, 
Croatia and Slavonia, taking many interesting pictures, and thoroughly investigating 
those countries. Returning by way of Bavaria, she, with her husband, were the guests 
of H. R. H. Prince Henry of Bavaria (now dead) and his mother H. R. H. Princess Arnulf, 
at Munich. Here, in the Royal automobiles, Mrs. Bateheller was shown the beauties of 
the fairy castles of Bavaria, built by the unbalanced, but artistic, King Ludwig II., and 
her Royal hosts had provided boxes at the opera for the Mozart festival, nearly all the 
operas of the famous Austrian composer being given in succession. This was an 
especial pleasure for the American singer, as she has always given special study to 
Mozart's music, it being particularly adapted to her clear, high, well-trained voice. 
Before leaving Munich, a beautiful musical was given in her honor at the historic Wit- 
telsbach Palace, where her voice and art received again much praise, and she was 
literally showered with honors, the Prince also writing a poem of real merit to her voice. 

In the autumn of 1913 Mrs. Bateheller was again with her friend H.R.H. the Infanta 
Eulalia of Spain, and a most interesting journey to the Scandinavian countries brought 
new experiences, new friends, and much pleasure. At Copenhagen Mrs. Bateheller was 
entertained with the Infanta by T.M. the young Danish King and Queen, and was also 
received by H. M. the Queen Mother of Denmark, H.M. Queen Alexandra of England 
and her famous sister, the Empress Maria Feodorovna (mother of the lately murdered 
Czar), who were sojourning in their summer refuge from all court etiquette and fatigues 
of official life, and who graciously invited the Infanta and Mrs. Bateheller to pass an 
afternoon with them ; and Mrs. Batcheller's camera has made a wonderful portrait 
souvenir of this memorable visit to these famous sisters. Madame Bramsen, the well- 
known Danish playwright, entertained the American writer at her curious and interest- 
ing villa at Kopje, and H. R. H. Princess Marie of Greece, who was then visiting in 
Copenhagen, also entertained the travelers. At Stockholm the party were received by 
H.M. King Gustave, who gave Mrs. Bateheller his autographed photograph and permis- 
sion to take pictures where she liked in and about the Royal Palaces in Stockholm and at 
Drottningholm, the summer residence of the Royal family. That Mrs. Bateheller made 
the most of these privileges her Swedish photographs attest, for she is an expert photo- 
grapher, and has taken the greater part of the pictures that illustrate her books A 
luncheon at the Royal Palace with the Crown-Princess was another of the pleasant hap- 
penings, for Mrs. Bateheller had met the Princess (who is the daughter of H. R. H. the 
Duke of Connaught of England) at the British Embassy in Rome, and had sung for the 
Royal visitors a few years before. Here also Mrs. Bateheller met the once famous singer, 
Christine Nielson, now Countess Casamiranda, and the young singer listened with 
eagerness to the interesting reminiscenses of the great Diva, who in her turn prophesied 
great successes for the American artist. Mrs. Bateheller is also devoted to all forms 
of art, and enjoyed the wonderful paintings of the great Swedish artists Zorn and Lil- 
lifors. for not only the public art galleries were visited, but all the best private galleries 
were thrown open to the travelers. 

At Bigdo, outside Christiania, in Norway, the party were entertained at luncheon 
by T.M. the King and Queen, and here the charming daughter of Queen Alexandra 
showed Mrs. Bateheller much kindness, expressing interest in her musical and literary 
work, King Haakon and the Queen not only giving their signed pictures, but allowing 
Mrs. Bateheller to photograph their little son H. R. H. Prince Olaf in his tiny Cadillac 
automobile (the smallest ever made), a gift from his beloved and distinguished grand- 
mother, Queen Alexandra of England. Whether later on we are to expect "Sketches of 
Scandinavia" is still to be answered after the war. 



238 IBattbtUtt 

In Frankfort, on the return journey to Paris, the party were entertained by H.R.H. 
the Grand-Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt (brother of the Empress of Russia), and at the 
large luncheon party were present also H. R. H. Prince Henry of Prussia, who was so 
much feted in America a few years ago, his wife Princess Irene, and many other Russian 
and German Royal guests. On the return to Paris Mrs. Batcheller met H.R.H. the Duke 
of Montpensier, who gave the American writer his interesting book on China,, where he 
has traveled extensively and intelligently, and assisted Mrs. Batcheller in some matters 
about her book on Spain, in which the French Prince's picture appears as the only Royal 
Prince in the Spanish Navy. 

During the entire war Mrs. Batcheller has been in Italy. She was invited to be 
present at the Coronation ceremonies of Pope Benedict XV., a most signal honor, as the 
ceremonies took place in the Sistine Chapel, which holds only about five hundred people, 
and a short time later she was received, with her husband, in special private audience by 
His Holiness, who imparted the Apostolic Blessing autographically on a photograph 
which he presented to Mrs. Batcheller. Recently Mrs. Batcheller has been made a life 
member of the Societa Dante Alighieri, and with the diploma came a letter from the then 
Prime Minister, Senator Boselli, who is also president of the Society, "expressing 
his sincere thanks and appreciation offered in the name of the Italian Government and of 
the Society for the valuable work rendered in many ways, and sincere friendship shown 
by Mrs. Batcheller for Italy." Mrs. Batcheller worked faithfully in various different 
war interests ; she is working with the American Red Cross in Florence, and has estab- 
lished, quite alone, an American Fund for Italian Mutilated, for which she has appealed 
for help to her many American friends. 

She is also working for the orphanage established by H. M. Queen Elizabeth of 
Belgium for the poor orphans of that martyred land, and called by the Queen after her 
own dear little daughter Princess Marie Jose, who is now at school in Florence. Indeed, 
Mrs. Batcheller is one of the very few whom the Belgian Queen allows to visit her 
daughter in her recreation hours. Mrs. Batcheller has written some interesting articles 
on Italian conditions during the war, and her voice is as much admired by the soldiers in 
the hospitals as by the great audiences where she has been accustomed to sing in hap- 
pier times. 

Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller's legal residence in America is in Washington, but their 
real residence before the war, was in Paris, and, indeed, Mrs. Batcheller is soon to give 
some concerts for the hospital of H.R.H. the Duchess of Vendome (sister of King of 
Belgium) at Neuilly just outside of Paris, but where Mrs. Batcheller will live after the 
readjustment of the world, who can say? It is easy to prophesy, however, that it is likely 
to be quite near her beloved Italy or France, though to her credit, be it said, that she is 
first, last and always a true and patriotic American. 

Mrs. Batcheller has always kept her interest, not only in her friends at home but 
in her charities and clubs. She has done excellent work for the National Civic Federa- 
tion of Woman's Work, of which she is a member, she is also a Daughter of the American 
Revolution, and was for some years Regent of the Abigail Adams Chapter of Boston. 
She is also a member of the following societies : Boston Authors' Club, Alliance Fran- 
chise of Boston, Circolo Italiano of Boston, the Authors' League of America, and she is 
an honorary vice-president of the Dante League of America, a member of the Radcliffe 
Union, of Radcliffe Class '99, also of the Lyceum Club of London, the Incorporated 
Society of Authors of England, the American Women's Club of London, lady vice- 
president of The League of Mercy, London, life member of the Societa Dante Alighieri 
of Rome, life member of American Red Cross, and of various tennis and sporting clubs 
at home and in Europe. 



»lltps 




Arms — Gules, a chevron argent, between three falcons proper, ducally gorged, beaked and mem- 
bered or. 

Crest — Out of a ducal coronet or, an arm embowed in armor, the hand holding a broken spear proper, 
powdered with fleur-de-lis gold. 

k HE name Phillips is baptismal in its derivation and signifies "the son of 
of Phillip." The name Phillip or Philip is of ancient Greek origin, and 
a combination of the two Greek words philos and hippos, meaning lover 
of horses. The early records of the name are very numerous and show 
it to have been in use in England and Wales for a period exceeding five 
hundred years. It ceased to be popular as a font name after the reigns 
of Mary and Elizabeth. Emigration to America of members of the 
Phillips family began early in the colonization period of our history, and from the earliest 
record of any of the name in New England, the various branches here have continued to 
produce men of sterling worth, who have rendered service to our Republic in the various 
walks of life, respected and honored citizens, leaders of the sciences, professions and 
industries. 

Among prominent persons of this name, may be cited the following: 
Adelaide Phillips — Famous American contralto. 
Edward Phillips — English author; "Theatrum poetarum." 

John Phillips, F. R. S., LL. D., D. C. L. — English geologist. One of the founders 
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; president of the Geological 
Society of London. 

Samuel Phillips, LL. D. — English journalist. One of the founders of the Crystal 
Palace Company. 

Stephen Phillips — British poet and dramatist. Author of "Endymion," "Paola and 
Francesca," "Herod ; a Tragedy," "Ulysses." 

Thomas Phillips — English portrait and subject painter. Professor of Painting at 
the Royal Academy. 

Wendell Phillips — American orator and reformer ; president of Anti-Slavery Society. 
William Phillips — British mineralogist and geologist. Author of "Outlines of Min- 
eralogy and Geology," "Elementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy," 
"Outline of the Geology of England and Wales." A Fellow of the Royal Society. 
Richard Phillips, F. R. S. — Distinguished British chemist. 

(I) MICHAEL PHILLIPS, immigrant ancestor and founder of this branch of the 
Phillips family in America, emigrated from England and settled in Rhode Island as early 
as 1668, during which year he was made a freeman in Newport. He died in Newport 
before 1689. The maiden name of his wife, Barbara, is not known. She died after 1706. 
After the death of Michael Phillips, she married Edward Inman, who on August 17, 1686, 
deeded sixty-six acres of land north of Providence to Joshua Clarke, the husband of her 
daughter. On August 26, 1706, she declined administration of the estate of Edward 
Inman. 

(II) JOSEPH PHILLIPS, son of Michael and Barbara Phillips, was a resident of 
Providence, Rhode Island, where in August, 1688, his name is found on the list of taxable 
persons. On June 16, 1713, he was taxed six shillings. He married Elizabeth Malavery, 



240 Pfrillip* 

daughter of John and Elizabeth Matavery. She died about 1719. Joseph Phillips died 
September 3, 1719. His will, dated August 21, 1719, was proved October 5, 1719, and 
named his wife Elizabeth, executrix. The inventory of his estate amounted to £ 105 5s. 
He was owner of much property in Providence, which he bequeathed to his wife. 

(III) JEREMIAH PHILLIPS, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Malavery) Phillips, 
was born in Providence, Rhode Island, between the years 1700 and 1705. After his first 
marriage in Providence, November 5, 1730, he removed to Gloucester. He married 
(second) in Gloucester, Dinah Inman, October 23, 1753. He married (third) April 6, 
1755, Rachael Inman. He was a man of prominence in the local affairs of Gloucester. 

(IV) JEREMY PHILLIPS, son of Jeremiah Phillips, was born at Smithfield, 
Rhode Island, about 1748, and removed with his father to Gloucester. He resided in 
Gloucester for the remainder of his life. He was a farmer on a large scale. Jeremy 
Phillips died in Gloucester, in 1822, aged seventy to seventy-five years, and was buried 
on his farm, near several other graves. 

(V) DAVID PHILLIPS, son of Jeremy Phillips, was born in Gloucester, Rhode 
Island, where he died August 9, 1847. He married Amy Smith. 

(VI) DAVID GRESHAM PHILLIPS, son of David and Amy (Smith) Phillips, 
was born at Scituate, Rhode Island, July 10, 1804, and was educated there. He later 
became the owner of the Phillips Tavern at North Scituate, Rhode Island. 

David G. Phillips married, at Scituate, Maria Rhodes, and all his children were born 
there. Children : 

1. Emeline Rhodes, born August 25, 1827. 5. Abby P., born March 9, 1837. 

2. Abby Fenner, born August 4, 1829, died 6. Herbert, born March 12, 1839. 
January 26, 1832. 7. Alice Arnold, born October 4, 1841. 

3. Ostrander, born November 1, 1831, died 8. Eugene Francis, mentioned below. 
January 15, 1873. 9. Charles Field, born October 27, 1847, died 

4. Elizabeth Braman, born January 9, 1834. in October, 1847. 

(VII) EUGENE FRANCIS PHILLIPS, son of David Gresham Phillips, was born 
in Providence, Rhode Island, November 10, 1843. He received his early education in the 
public schools of the city of Providence. During the last years of his course in high 
school came the outbreak of the Civil War, and its accompanying mad eagerness for war 
on the part of the youths in every section of the country. Mr. Phillips left school to go 
to the fighting line, enlisting in the Tenth Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment. 
After serving his term of enlistment he returned to Rhode Island, and continued his edu- 
cation. He immediately entered the business world, and for a period of several years 
engaged in various lines of endeavor. 

In 1878, after being in banking, Mr. Phillips began experiments on the manufacture 
of insulated electric wire. He was an organizer of great resourcefulness and genius, and 
the infant industry which started in a small shed in the rear of his home in Providence, 
has since grown to enormous proportions, and is to-day one of the largest steel and 
copper wire manufacturing establishments of the kind in the world. Discoveries in the 
field of electricity greatly developed the possibilities of the new industry, and through 
his ability to forsee the size and importance of the manufacture of insulated wire, and 
its value in extending and broadening the uses of electricity, Mr. Phillips was able to 
bring the business to the place which it now holds. The first plant of the company was 
located at the corner of Stewart and Conduit streets ; in 1890 the factory was enlarged 
to include the entire square of which the two streets above named form a part. In 1893 
another addition to the plant was necessary, and since the city did not afford efficient 
nor ideal conditions for work, the present site on the Seekonk river, in East Providence, 



Phillips 241 

was purchased from the Richmond Paper Company, and the factory altered and modified 
for the manufacture of wire. The presence of an industry of such size in the vicinity, 
and the opportunity for employment which it afforded, caused the speedy growth of a 
village which was named Phillipsdale in honor of Mr. Phillips. Since its very inception, 
he has been the guiding genius of this huge project, and responsible for its success in a 
greater measure than anyone connected with it. 

The infant industry was named the American Electrical Works and is one of the 
largest and most important plants of its kind in the world, controlling an industry whose 
importance cannot be overestimated. The annual output of the concern covers wire 
and cables of every description, from heavy telephone and street cable wire to the deli- 
cate silk covered wire used for testing. The plant at East Providence is complete in 
every detail, having within itself all facilities needed for line of manufacture which it 
carries on. 

In 1900 the American Electrical Works consolidated with the Washburn Wire Com- 
pany, which enabled them to add the steel business to their already large variety of 
manufactured goods. The copper department to-day consumes more than thirty million 
pounds of copper per annum. The steel department, equipped with open hearth furnaces, 
makes their own steel, using pig-iron as a basis. The quality of the metal produced is 
better than any other of American manufacture and is equal to the best Swedish steel. 
In 1889 Mr. Phillips established a similar plant in Montreal, Canada, which also holds 
the distinction of being one of the largest of its kind in the Dominion. This plant is 
known as the Eugene F. Phillips Electrical Works, Limited. 

Eugene F. Phillips was a man of broad understanding, tolerance and sympathy, and 
thoroughly democratic in his tastes. He was greatly loved by his employees, and highly 
respected and honored by his associates in the business world. He was one of the most 
prominent citizens of Providence, though never active in the official life of the city. He 
attended the Congregational church of Providence, and gave liberally to the worthy 
charities of every denomination. He erected the Grace Memorial Church (Episcopal) in 
East Providence, in memory of his daughter, Grace, who died in childhood. 

Mr. Phillips married, October 30, 1867, Josephine Johanna Nichols, daughter of Samuel 
and Nancy (Baker) Nichols. Mrs. Phillips is also a member of one of the oldest families 
of the State of Rhode Island, and a lineal descendant of the founder of the family in 
America, Richard Nichols (see Nichols). The children of Mr. and Mrs. Phillips were: 

1. Eugene Rowland, mentioned below. 3. Frank N., mentioned below. 

2. Edith Josephine, born December 2, 1873; 4. Grace, born May 18, 1878, died in March, 
died unmarried, October 19, 1907. 1882. 

Mr. Phillips died in Providence, Rhode Island, February 22, 1905. He was affiliated 
with the Republican party, and was a member of the Agawam Hunt and Pbwham clubs, 
and a member of What Cheer Lodge of Masons. 

(IX) EUGENE ROWLAND PHILLIPS, president of the Washburn Wire Com- 
pany, son of Eugene Francis and Josephine Johanna (Nichols) Phillips, was born in 
Providence, Rhode Island, January 17, 1871. He received his early education in the 
public schools of the city. Upon finishing his studies, he went into the business of 
manufacturing with his father, there learning the details of business management. He 
began his connection with the American Electrical Works in a comparatively minor 
and unimportant position, gradually working himself, through force of ability, to the 
position of influence and responsibility which he now holds. His success and achieve- 
ment in the business world have been wholly his own, and been accomplished by the 
influence which his father's eminence in business affairs might naturally have brought 
to bear on his career. Mr. Phillips and his brother, Frank N. Phillips, are the leading 



242 PiriUipa^jftic&ols; 

active managers of the large manufacturing industry represented by the Washburn 
Wire Company and the American Electrical Works. 

Mr. Phillips is well known in the social and club life of the city, and is a member of 
the Rhode Island, Country, Agawan Hunt and Metacomet Golf clubs. He served as a 
councilman of East Providence, being elected to office on the Republican ticket. 

Eugene Rowland Phillips had two daughters : Ruth, who married Walter J. Stein, 
of Chicago, Illinois, a prominent banker; and Miriam, who married Edmund Parsons, 
and is a resident of Boston, Massachusetts. 

(IX) FRANK N. PHILLIPS, president of the American Electrical Works, is a son 
of Eugene Francis and Josephine Johanna (Nichols) Phillips, and was born in Provi- 
dence. Rhode Island, July 6, 1874. He attended the public schools of Providence where 
he prepared for college. He later attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
where he pursued a three year course in electrical engineering. Returning to Providence, 
he entered the office of the American Electrical Works, and gradually worked himself 
up through the various departments of the work to his present post. 

For several years Mr. Phillips has been active in the political life of Providence. 
He has served as councilman of the First Ward of Providence for six years, and now 
holds that office. He is also well known in social and club life, and is a member of the 
Rhode Island Country Club, the Wannsmoisette Country Club and the Pomham Club, 
and a member of Adelphia Lodge of Masons. 

Frank N. Phillips married, November 15, 1898, Edith R. Peck, daughter of Leander 
and Sarah (Cannon) Peck, of Providence, and a member of an old and distinguished 
New England family. They have two children : Charlotte and Donald Kay. 

NICHOLS. 

Arms — Gules, two bars ermine, in chief three suns or. 

Crest — Out of a ducal coronet or, a demi-lion rampant, argent. 

The name Nichols is baptismal and signifies "the son of Nicholas." It has always 
been popular in England and is found in various forms among the earliest records. The 
names of William Nicoll, County Salop ; John Nicole, County Oxford ; and Stephen 
Nichole, County Oxford, are found in the Hundred Rolls, of 1273. Record of the names 
Alicia Nicholmayden and Robertus Nichol-man, meaning "servants of Nichol," is found 
in 1379. "Thomas Nicolls, County Middlesex," is found in the register of Oxford Uni- 
versity in 1575. And among other public records are found the names of James Nickle- 
son, of Canterbury, in 1687, and Robert Nicholls, London, 1707. 

(I) RICHARD NICHOLS, the progenitor of the family in America, emigrated 
from England and settled in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, where he died prior to 1721. 
He was survived by his widow, Phebe Nichols, who died prior to March 25, 1721, the 
date on which her will was proved at Warwick, Rhode Island. 

(II) RICHARD (2) NICHOLS, son of Richard (1) and Phebe Nichols, was born 
in Rhode Island about 1705. He later removed to Warwick, where he married, August 
8, 1736, Elizabeth Pierce, of Rehoboth, Massachusetts. 

(III) ISRAEL NICHOLS, son of Richard (2) and Elizabeth (Pierce) Nichols, was 
born in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, October 8, 1741. He married, in Rehoboth, November 
22, 1765, Robe Millerd. He served throughout the Revolutionary War, as an officer in 
Captain Peleg Peck's company. His name appears on a list dated at Taunton, September 
30, 1776, of officers appointed by Brigadier-General George Godfrey, to serve in a regi- 



J!3icf)0l$ 243 

ment raised from his brigade for three months' service under General Spencer, agreeable 
to orders of the Council. In December, 1776, at the alarm of Bristol, he was second lieu- 
tenant of Captain Stephen Bullock's company, Colonel Thomas Carpenter's regiment. 
On June 26, 1778, he signed a petition with other officers of his regiment, asking for a 
new election of officers. Israel Nichols died in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, December 
9, 1800. 

(IV) ISRAEL (2) NICHOLS, son of Israel (1) and Robe (Millerd) Nichols, was 
born in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, September 16, 1768. He married, June 15, 1791, 
Johanna Horton, daughter of Comfort and Johanna Horton. She was born November 2, 
1772, and died March 28, 1854. Israel (2) Nichols died November 16, 1822. 

(V) SAMUEL NICHOLS, son of Israel (2) and Johanna (Horton) Nichols, was 
born at Rehoboth, Massachusetts, January 4, 1809, and died at Dighton, Massachusetts. 
He was a farmer on a large scale in Rehoboth, later removing to Providence, Rhode 
Island, where he retired for nineteen years before his death. He married, in Rehoboth, 
December 23, 1832, Nancy Baker, daughter of Samuel and Patience (Pierce) Baker, of 
Rehoboth, where she was born March 15, 1814. Their children were: 

1. Otis H., born in 1835, died at Rehoboth in ried Colin C. Baker, of Providence, Rhode 
the fall of 1854. Island, and died in California. 

2. Nancy Emily, born September 20, 1837; mar- 4. George Dexter, born August 26, 1841. 

ried Daniel Horton, of Dighton. 5. Josephine Johanna, born June 5, 1849; mar- 

3. Phebe Asenath, born August 18, 1839; mar- ried Eugene F. Phillips. 




Cosgriff 




Cosgriff Arms — A chevron between three garbs gules. 
Crest — A tiger's head erased, affrontee proper. 

"N reviewing the career, however brilliant, of a man whose success in life 
has been wholly or partially due to conditions over which his influence 
has not been a determining power, the mission of the biographer fails 
in its vital effect. The success is undeniable, and he records it, but it 
is uninspiring, and it fails to inspire because it lacks the element of the 
clean fight and competition against odds, which to the true American 
is the breath of life. But the deliniation of the arduous steps which 
make up the career of a self-made man accomplishes a dual purpose — inasmuch as it 
renders the recognition due to achievement, and at the same time provides incentive and 
material guidance to those ambitious to achieve the same success. The desire to achieve 
is supplied by the awakening, through contrast, of the consciousness of ability to suc- 
ceed as other men have done. "As other men have done" — therein lies the keynote of the 
purpose of biography. 

The success in business and in every phase of public life of the late Andrew Cosgriff, 
former president of the Haverstraw Electric Light, Heat and Power Company, and a 
prominent figure in the financial and industrial organizations of the west bank of the 
Hudson river in the State of New York for several decades, was essentially due to the 
creative power of his own ambition and initiative, and is an example of the substantial 
success which is possible to those who have the ability and courage to grasp opportunity. 
Captain Cosgriff began life under a serious handicap, an orphan at the age of six years, 
barred from the chance of an adequate education by the fact that he had to support him- 
self practically by giving his services in return for a home with relatives. The close of 
his life found him a business man of large interests, a prominent man in public life, and 
an industrial leader! 

CAPTAIN ANDREW COSGRIFF, son of Phillip and Annie (Martin) Cosgriff, 
was born in the city of New York, May 29, 183 1. 

Martin Arms — Azure, a Cross Calvary on three grieces argent, between in dexter chief, the sun in 
splendor or, and in the sinister chief a decrescent of the second. 
Crest — An estoile or. 
Motto — Auxilium meum a Domino. 

Up to the age of six years he received the elementary education of the public schools 
of the city. At that time he became an orphan, and having no relatives in New York, 
went to Cattaraugus county, New York. Until he reached the age of nineteen years he 
remained there with his adopted parents, Judge Benjamin Chamberlain and his wife. 
Judge Chamberlain, for a portion of that period, filled the office of judge in Cattaraugus 
county, and Andrew Cosgriff assisted him in his work, acquiring an excellent education 
in this manner. He also attended the public schools for a time, and studied under Dr. 
Saunders, the family physician. He later took charge of Judge Chamberlain's property. 
While living in Cattaraugus county, he took up the study of practical engineering, and 
upon reaching his twenty-first year went to New York, where he secured his first employ- 
ment in this line of work with the Hudson River Railroad, with whom he remained for 



Cosgriff 245 

twelve years. At the end of this time he became connected with the Harlem Railroad as 
superintendent of engineers, a position of considerable responsibility, which he held for 
four years. 

At the outbreak of hostilities in the Civil War, Captain Cosgriff enlisted in the 
engineering department of the United States Navy as a master machinist. For four and 
a half years following, he was in the thick of the terrific fighting in the brilliant cam- 
paigns of Admiral Farragut in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. For the greater 
portion of this time he was in charge of the Ship Island repair shop, and afterwards was 
made head of the Navy Yard at Pensacola, Florida. At the close of the war he was 
mustered out of the service of the United States government and immediately became 
interested in mining, with which he was subsequently connected for over thirty years. 
He found in mining a field which gave him ample opportunity for the exercise of his 
ability, and offered great possibility of advancement. He had a rare genius for the 
science of engineering, and, despite the fact that he lacked the college or technical train- 
ing now considered so essential to any appreciable advancement in that field, he soon 
became an expert, gaining his first experience in the oil regions of Pennsylvania. When 
the mining fever was at its height in the West, he was employed as a mechanical engineer, 
and went to California in that capacity, later returning to the East, where he engaged in 
the same work in Virginia. In 1868 he was offered the position of superintendent in the 
Tilly Foster Iron Mine in Putnam county, New York, which he accepted, and held for 
twenty-one years. In 1889 he sustained a slight injury in the mines, and in consequence 
gave up mining. 

Though at the time of his retirement from the Tilly Foster Mine, Mr. Cosgriff was 
sixty-seven years of age, an age at which most men retire permanently from business 
activity, he was unable to reconcile himself to the enforced leisure and inactivity of the 
life which was the sequel to his years in the business world. Shortly afterward he 
entered into partnership with Messrs. Conklin and Foss in the Rockland Lake Trap 
Rock Company, which at that time was conducting an extensive and profitable business. 
The geological formation of the land strata on the west bank of the Hudson river and 
for a considerable distance inland, offers a very fertile field for those engaged in the trap 
rock industry. Four years later the partnership was dissolved, and Captain Cosgriff 
organized and founded the Cosgriff Trap Rock Company, of which he became vice- 
president and general manager. At the death of Messrs. Hedges and Smith, the com- 
pany was sold to the Clinton Point Stone Company, in order to close the estates of the 
aforementioned gentlemen. In 1894, Captain Cosgriff, with General I. M. Hedges, 
became one of the owners of the Haverstraw Electric Light, Heat and Power Company. 
Captain Cosgriff remained the head of the company until it was sold to the Rockland 
Light and Power Company; General Hedges was its secretary and treasurer. For sev- 
eral years this enterprise was one of the most important of its kind in the region in which 
it was situated, and was a factor of prime importance in the civic growth of the city of 
Haverstraw. 

Despite the prominence of the part which he played in the industrial and business 
life of the community, Captain Cosgriff never held public office, nor was connected with 
politics, though a Republican in principles. He was, however, deeply interested in the 
welfare of the city, and gave freely of his time and resources to any movement that bid 
fair to materially benefit civic life. He was also active in bettering working conditions, 
and accomplished much in that line of endeavor. He was a man thoroughly honored and 
respected by the wide circle of his business associates, and loved by friends whose name 
was legion. He had the broad culture and tolerance of the widely travelled man, and 
possessed the faculty of winning the friendship of men in every class of life. He was a 



246 CosgriffǤ>loane 

born leader, of magnetic personality, and forceful nature, and throughout his life handled 
men successfully and well in the various ventures which were under his management. 

On August 22, 1858, Captain Cosgriff married Jane Lewis, daughter of Abram and 
Catherine Morris, and widow of Henry Lewis. Her parents were old and honored resi- 
dents of Hudson, Columbia county, New York, and were members of a very old family 
of that vicinity. 

Morris Arms — Gules, a lion rampant or, charged on the breast with a plate. 
Crest — A demi-lion rampant or, holding between the paws a plate. 

Mrs. Cosgriff was born May 4, 1824, and died in Haverstraw, January 24, 1902. The 
children of Captain and Mrs. Cosgriff were : 

1. Annie (Mrs. Sloane). Sloane, at the Cosgriff home on Hudson 

2. Lucy J., who resides with her sister, Mrs. avenue, Haverstraw, New York. 

Captain Cosgriff died at his home in Haverstraw, New York, on January 29, 191 6. 
His death was in the truest sense of the word a public bereavement, in that it removed 
a man whose entire life had been one of the utmost benefit to his fellow citizens, and 
whose resources and time in his latter years had been unselfishly devoted to the bettering 
of the community in which he lived, and which he loved. His achievements in the indus- 
trial world are monuments to his ability as a business man. A man of broad sympathies, 
deep understanding, and deep love for mankind, active, with a sincere hatred for the 
waster, and always offering a helping hand to the worker, he will long be remembered 
among those who knew him. 

SLOANE. 

Sloane Arms — Gules, a sword in pale, point downwards, argent, pommel and hilt or, between two 
boars' heads couped at the neck of the third, on a chief ermine a lion passant of the first between two 
mascles sable. 

Loyalty to the land of his birth, love and honor for its traditions, and patriotism play 
a large part in the life of every man of honor. In no nation do we find this love of country 
stronger than in the Irish. Perhaps oppression has knit them together in the strong 
and invincible bond of common suffering, and we find among them the intense loyalty 
which is their chief characteristic. Proud of their nationality, the land of their birth, 
learning loyalty, imbibing in their childhood a love of liberty, independence and democ- 
racy, they make a type of citizen whose loyalty to the land of their adoption has been 
tried and proved in America. The great body of Irish Americans form an arm of our 
population whose valor and progressive versatility has given to us some of the strongest 
men in our professional, business and public life to-day. 

The son of Irish parents and the descendant of a family which has been established 
in Ireland for several centuries, the scion of a line of fighting blood which has given 
many fighters of note to Ireland, was the late John MacLean Sloane. He was born in 
St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, April 8, 1849, tne son °f J onn an d Letitia Elizabeth 
(Hodge) Sloane. The accident of birth which made the place of his nativity the English 
province of New Brunswick, in the Dominion of Canada, later in life caused Mr. Sloane 
a small amount of chagrin not unmixed with amusement at his own protest against the 
fate which decreed that he should first see the light of day on soil other than Irish. 
Removing with his parents to New York City at the age of three months, he grew to 
young manhood there. His education was received under the well known Episcopal edu- 
cator, Dr. Muhlenberg. Although under the legal age for enlistment, on the outbreak 
of the Civil War he was decidedly above the average height, and had no difficulty in 



Sloane 247 

enlisting for service. He enlisted in the United States navy, his height of six feet and 
his strong build creating the impression that he was at least nineteen years of age. He 
served valiantly throughout the war, taking part in some of the famous sea engagements 
of the conflict. He was mustered out of the service on July 12, 1865, and returned to his 
home in New York City, shortly afterward visiting Ireland, where he pursued a course 
in pharmacy for about a year, when he returned to the United States. With the zest for 
military service in his blood he enlisted this time in the United States army, Companv 
D, Cavalry, and served for a period of five years during that most exciting era in the 
West, fighting the savage Indian tribes which menaced the lives of settlers. He was 
several times promoted and on quitting the service held the rank of second lieutenant. 

Mr. Sloane then returned to New York, and entered the New York College of Phar- 
macy, pursuing the course which he had started in Ireland. Graduating from the college, 
he entered seriously upon the business in which he engaged for the remainder of his life. 
He removed to Brewster, New York, in 1880, where he became associated with W. T. 
Ganung in the drug business. He soon became familiarized with the details of the busi- 
ness, and the practical management of the affairs of the concern, and was placed in charge 
of it. He continued actively engaged in the drug business in Brewster until his death. 

Mr. Sloane was prominent and active in public affairs in Brewster, and was a mem- 
ber of the Republican party there. He served for a considerable period in the office of 
justice of the peace in Brewster. He was a member of Manhattan Lodge, New York, 
Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, and of the Knights Templar. He belonged to the 
Grand Army of the Republic. His religious affiliation was with St. Andrew's Protestant 
Episcopal Church of Brewster, of which he was a vestryman. John MacLean Sloane died 
at his home in Brewster, New York, May 22, 1894. 

He married, January 9, 1889, at Tilly Foster, New York, Annie Cosgriff, daughter of 
Andrew and Jane (Morris-Lewis) Cosgriff. Their children are: 

1. Sara H., born January 21, 1890, died April 2. Margaret MacLean. 

22, 1914. 3. Esther Morris. 

Mrs. Sloane, with her two daughters, resides with her sister at the Cosgriff home in 
Haverstraw. (See Cosgriff). 




»eaber 




Arms — Barry of four, argent and sable; on a chief of the last a garb or. 
Crest — A ram's head erased argent, armed or. 

'HE Weaver family of Rhode Island, which ranks among the leading- 
families of Colonial origin in the State, was founded in Newport, Rhode 
Island, about the year 1655, when the name of Clement Weaver, founder 
and immigrant ancestor, first appears on the records of the early settle- 
ment. The Weavers of Rhode Island, who for several generations have 
been active and prominent in the life and affairs of the colony and 
commonwealth, are without exception the descendants of Clement 
Weaver, who in 1655 became a freeman in Newport. He purchased land there and settled 
about three miles from Newport, in what is now Middletown. On June 7, 1671, he served 
as juryman. In the period intervening between his arrival, about 1655, and 1678, it is 
evident that he rose to a position of prominence in the community, for in the latter year he 
was elected to the office of deputy to the Rhode Island General Assembly. On August 28, 
1680, he deeded to his son, Clement Weaver, of East Greenwich, ninety acres there, at 
his decease to go to William Weaver, son of Clement. On February 13, 1682, he sold 
to George Vaughan, of Newport, ten acres in East Greenwich. He died in 1683 ; an d 
under date of October 20, 1683, Samuel Hubbard, of Newport, wrote to William Gibson, 
of New London, "Old Weaver is dead, near an hundred years old." His will was dated 
November 4, 1680. Clement Weaver married Mary Freeborn, daughter of William and 
Mary Freeborn. Their sons, Clement and William, settled in East Greenwich, Rhode 
Island, and were the founders of the Weaver families of that vicinity. 

(I) JAMES WEAVER, descendant of Clement Weaver, and grandfather of Mrs. 
Ann Elizabeth (Weaver) Forsyth, widow of the late Robert Forsyth, of Quidneck, 
Rhode Island, was born April 28, 1750. He was a farmer and prominent citizen of War- 
wick, Rhode Island. He married Mehitable Greene, daughter of James Greene, the 
founder of the family in America, who was one of three brothers who emigrated from 
England in the eighteenth century. Mehitable (Greene) Weaver was born November 
2, 1754. James and Mehitable (Greene) Weaver were the parents of the following 
children: 

1. Anstrous, born May 8, 1777. 5. Isaac, born January 18, 1786. 

2. Mary. 6. Harris, born April 30, 1789. 

3. Deborah, born August 12, 1779. 7. Rufus, mentioned below. 

4. Warren, born May 3, 1782. 8. Sarah, born April 30, 1797. 

(II) RUFUS WEAVER, son of James and Mehitable (Greene) Weaver, was born 
in Coventry, Rhode Island, July 18, 1792. He resided all his life on the Weaver home- 
stead in Coventry, Rhode Island, where he engaged in farming on a large scale, until an 
accident caused him to retire from active affairs. He was prominent in the life and 
affairs of Coventry for many years, and was highly respected in the town. Rufus Weaver 
married Mehitable Greene, daughter of James and Eunice (Hopkins) Greene. They 
were the parents of the following children : 

1. Lewis, born May 29, 1823. 5. Albert, born August 29, 1832. 

2. Alvina, born December 3, 1824. 6. James, born June 4, 1835. 

3. Lucretia, born December 6, 1826. 7. Mary, born November 22, 1837. 

4. Eunice, born December 2, 1828. 8. Edwin, born February 15, 1839. 



2©eatjer«jFot0pt|) 249 

9. Sarah, born April 24, 1841. late Christopher Cushing (q. v), and now 

10. Ann Elizabeth, mentioned below. resides at Quidneck, Rhode Island. 

11. George, born January 12, 1847. 13. Charles, born September 18, 1851. 

12. Mary Amelia, who became the wife of the 

Rufus Weaver died at his home in Coventry, Rhode Island, September 19, 1868. 
All of the above children, with the exception of Mrs. Cushing and Mrs. Forsyth, are 
deceased. 

(Ill) ANN ELIZABETH WEAVER, daughter of Rufus and Mehitable (Greene) 
Weaver, was born in Coventry, Rhode Island. July 1, 1843. She was educated in the 
schools of her native town. She married (first) February 14, 1866, Rowland H. Gavitt, 
of North Kingstown, Rhode Island. 

Rowland H. Gavitt was born in Coventry, Rhode Island, and was educated in 
the public schools of the town, at an early age learning the machinist's trade. He 
became an expert and was employed in this capacity in the mills of Anthony, Rhode 
Island, until shortly before his death, when sickness made necessary his retirement. At 
the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Gavitt enlisted in the Rhode Island Cavalry, going 
immediately to the fighting line with his regiment. He participated in some of the most 
stirring actions of the early days of the conflict, and in 1863 was honorably discharged. 
Returning to the North he once again took up mechanical pursuits. For many years 
prior to his death he was a resident of Quidneck, and was well known in the village. He 
was a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 
and was prominent in social and fraternal circles. Mr. Gavitt died April 29, 1899. 

Mrs. Ann Elizabeth (Weaver) Gavitt married (second) Robert Forsyth, whom she 
survives. Mrs. Forsyth resides at Quidneck, Rhode Island, with her sister, Mrs. Cushing. 

(Ill) MARY AMELIA WEAVER, daughter of Rufus and Mehitable (Greene) 
Weaver, was born in Coventry, Rhode Island, May 6, 1849. She was educated in 
Coventry, Rhode Island, and on October 22, 1895, became the wife of the late Christo- 
pher Cushing. Mrs. Cushing, who survives her husband, resides at the Cushing home 
in Quidneck, which was built by her husband in 1895. She is a member of the Quid- 
neck Baptist Church, and is well known in social circles in the town. (See Cushing). 

FORSYTH. 

Arms — Argent a chevron engrailed between three griffins segreant vert, armed and ducally crowned or. 
Crest — A demi-griffin vert. 
Motto — Instaurator ruinee. 

ROBERT FORSYTH, for many years a well known and prosperous coal, wood 
and grain merchant of Centerville, Rhode Island, was a native of Ireland, born in 1833. 
At the age of seventeen years he came to America, settling in Rhode Island, where 
for several years he worked at mercantile occupations. He succeeded eventually in 
amassing a small capital, and established a coal, wood, hay, and grain business at 
Centerville, Rhode Island, on a small scale. This business he developed gradually 
into one of the largest of its kind in the county. Mr. Forsyth became active in 
public affairs in Centerville and, although he remained outside political life, was deeply 
interested in the welfare and advancement of the town, and a supporter of all move- 
ments toward this end. He was a member of the Centerville Protestant Episcopal 
Church, and a liberal donor to its charities and benevolences. 

Robert Forsyth married (first) . George R. Forsyth, the son of this marriage, 

died in 1903. He married (second) September 18, 1902, Ann Elizabeth (Weaver) 
Gavitt. Mrs. Forsyth is active in social life in Coventry, and for twenty-seven years 

Ter-2— 16 



250 JFor0ptf)«Cu$i)in0 

has been a member of the Coventry Woman's Club. She is a member of Gaspee Chap- 
ter, Daughters of the American Revolution. She has supported the cause of suffrage 
ardently for many years, and has been active in war work. 

CUSHING. 

The surname Cushing had its origin in the baptismal name Custance, one of the 
most popular of girl-names of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and was derived 
directly from the nickname Cuss, to which was added the diminutive "in"; the "g" in 
the name is excrescent. The first mention of the name in early English registers is 
found in the poll tax for the West Riding of Yorkshire, in 1379, under the entry 
Johannes Cussyng. The Cushing families in the vicinity of Providence, Rhode Island, 
are the progeny of Benjamin Cushing, who settled in Providence in the early part of 
the eighteenth century, and Matthew and Josiah Cushing, who were of Rehoboth, 
Massachusetts, at a somewhat earlier date. These men were descendants in the fourth 
generation of the founder of the family in America, Matthew Cushing, who was of 
Boston in 1638, and later became one of the founders of Hingham, Massachusetts. He 
was the progenitor of the New England Cushings, who have been rendered famous in 
American history as the "family of judges." 

The late Christopher Cushing, member of the Rhode Island branch of the early 
Massachusetts family, was born in Coventry, Rhode Island, January 9, 1845, the son 
of Chauncey and Clarissa (Congdon) Cushing, who were natives of Swansea, Massa- 
chusetts, and later residents of Anthony, Rhode Island. They were the parents of six 
children, of whom only one, Mrs. Philip Matteson, survives. Christopher Cushing was 
educated in the schools of Coventry, and on completing his education learned the trade 
of machinist in Anthony, Rhode Island. Within a short period he became an expert 
mechanic, and removed to Providence, where he followed his trade successfully until 
about 1900. In the latter year he removed to Quidneck, Rhode Island, where he became 
connected with his brother, the late J. Henry Cushing, in the grocery business. In 1902, 
on the retirement of the latter from business life, Mr. Cushing purchased the business 
which he conducted very successfully until his death in 1903, when the business was 
sold to his brother-in-law, Philip Matteson. Mr. Cushing was for many years a well 
known figure in the business and public affairs of the town of Quidneck. He was at 
one time a member of the Town Council. He was a Democrat in political affiliation. 
Mr. Cushing was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He attended 
the Central Baptist Church of Coventry, and was a generous donor to its charitable 
efforts. He was universally respected, and his death on October 26, 1903, was sincerely 
mourned. 

On October 22, 1895, Christopher Cushing married Mary Amelia Weaver, daughter 
of Rufus and Mehitable (Greene) Weaver (see Weaver). Mrs. Cushing resides in 
Quidneck. 




y r I I / 



Boafe 




Doak (Dokesby) Arms — Or, a lion rampant azure, debruised with a bendlet gules. 

ENJAMIN FRANKLIN DOAK, late of Lynn, Massachusetts, where 
for many years he was engaged in the manufacture of shoes on a very 
large scale, was one of the most prominent figures in the industrial 
life of the community, and where his death occurred on November 8, 
1876, was a member of an old and distinguished New England family, 
the members of which have been active in the affairs of the region 
from an early period. 
The name is of Scottish origin, and as is the case with most early surnames is found 
under a variety of spellings. It was closely identified with the cause of Presbyterian- 
ism in Scotland, and one Hugh Doke was a famous Presbyterian minister in Ulster, 
who incurred the animosity of Cromwell for his devotion to monarchial institutions 
and, with seven colleagues, was ordered to leave that province to Munster. The only 
two immigrants of whom we have record in the Colonial period of America of this name 
were undoubtedly from the North of Ireland, and one of them was a Presbyterian min- 
ister — the Rev. Samuel Doak, who enrolled in that capacity in the presbytery of Hanover, 
Virginia, in 1780. 

(I) JOHN DOAK, the other immigrant, who was probably born as early as 1695, 
came to Massachusetts as a young man. He settled at Marblehead and there made his 
home and followed the sea as did practically all the inhabitants of that community. He 
was a member of the Marblehead church as early as 1719, and on November 7, 171 7, 
married there Elizabeth Dennis. They were the parents of the following children : 

1. John, baptized March 1, 1718-19, died young. 5. Mary, baptized July 13, 1729, became the 

2. John, baptized June 15, 1721. wife of Richard Russell. 

3. Rebecca, baptized March I, 1723-24. 6. Michael, baptized March 12, 1731-32. 

4. Elizabeth, baptized November 6, 1726, mar- 7. Benjamin, mentioned below. 

ried, March 2, 1748, Thomas Trask (?). 8. Sarah, baptized February 19, 1737-38. 

(II) BENJAMIN DOAK, son of John and Elizabeth (Dennis) Doak, was born at 
Marblehead and baptized there March 16, 1734-35. The records that we have of him 
give an excellent example of the laxity with which proper names were spelled in those 
days, for we find it under such various forms as Doakes, Dokes, Doks, and Doke, as 
well as in the proper spelling. He served in the Revolutionary War, being a sergeant 
in the company of Captain John Selman of the Twenty-first Regiment under Colonel 
John Glover at Cambridge in 1775 and in several other units. He married, January 9, 
1759-60, at Marblehead, Mary Girdler, and they were the parents of the following 
children: 

1. Benjamin, Jr., who was cabin boy on the 4. Jane, baptized July 2, 1769. 
brigatine "Massachusetts" under Captain 5. Francis, mentioned below. 

Souther and also on the privateer "Free- 6. Margaret, born and baptized March 3, 1776. 

dom." 7. John (?), baptized September 21, 1778. 

2. Mary, baptized March 6, 1763. 8. Margaret, baptized June, 1781. 

3. Elizabeth, baptized October 19, 1766. 9. Debby, baptized September 11, 1785. 

(III) FRANCIS DOAK, son of Benjamin and Mary (Girdler) Doak, was baptized 
October n, 1772, at Marblehead. He afterwards removed to Lynn, Massachusetts, and 
there his death occurred. He married, September 14, 1797, Hannah Gale, and they were 
the parents of the following children: 



252 Doak 

1. Hannah, baptized September 2, 1798. ried, June 14, 1827, Scollay Whitney. 

2. Mary, baptized January 18, 1801, and mar- 3. Francis Girdler, mentioned below. 

(IV) FRANCIS GIRDLER DOAK, son of Francis and Hannah (Gale) Doak, was 
baptized at Marblehead, July 30, 1803. As a lad he attended the schools of Marblehead 
and Lynn, his parents having removed to the latter place in the meantime. He learned 
the trade of shoemaker, and as a young man began the manufacture of shoes at East 
Lynn, the little shop which he established there becoming the nucleus of the great busi- 
ness afterwards associated with his name and that of his son. He continued in the same 
business during the whole of his active life, and eventually became one of the most 
successful business men of the community. He was active in the public life of the 
region and participated in the affairs of the municipality, a leading member of the 
Republican party, and was also prominent in the Universalist church. He married, 
September 15, 1822, at Lynn, Elizabeth Parrott, and they were the parents of the follow- 
ing children : 

1. Benjamin Franklin, born January 6, 1824, 4. Charles, born January 29, 1844, died Sep- 
died May 8, 1825. tember 23 of the same year. 

2. Benjamin Franklin, mentioned below. 5. Mary Story, born December 9, 1845, died 

3. Thomas Everett, born July 19, 1835, at Lynn, August 9, 1848. 
and afterwards removed to Brooklyn, New 

York. 

(V) BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DOAK, eldest son of Francis Girdler and Eliza- 
beth (Parrott) Doak, was born March 11, 1826, at Woodend, Lynn. His education was 
obtained at the local public schools, both the grammar and high school grades. Upon 
completing his studies he entered the establishment of his father where he learned the 
shoemaker's trade from the beginning up. He remained associated with his father for a 
number of years, but eventually withdrew from the old business and embarked upon a 
similar enterprise of his own. His first factory was situated on Spring street, Lynn, but 
he later removed to the building that occupied the present site of the Essex Trust Com- 
pany. He continued to carry on his rapidly growing business until the time of his 
death, and was soon recognized as one of the most successful manufacturers of the city. 
He was possessed of qualities which fitted him particularly for a business life, and he 
combined with the most complete standard of honorable dealing a shrewdness and grasp 
of practical affairs second to none. The essential factors in a business situation seemed 
to be grasped by him intuitively and he could see through the tricks and wiles of unscrup- 
ulous rivals with a keenness that disarmed them. Yet withal he was of the most genial 
and tolerant nature and the possessor of a warm heart which gained him a host of 
friends. In religious belief he was a Universalist and attended for many years the First 
Church of that denomination at Lynn. He was a very liberal supporter of the philan- 
thropic work of the church and of charitable undertakings generally. At his death he 
left a bequest of ten thousand dollars for the deserving poor of the city. Mr. Doak was 
a man of strong domestic instincts, whose chief happiness was found by his own hearth- 
stone and in the midst of his family. He was quite without political ambition and rather 
retiring in his disposition than otherwise, and this fact undoubtedly prevented him from 
taking so prominent a part in public affairs as his great talents would have warranted. 
He did bend to the public wishes that he run for office upon two occasions, however, and 
was twice elected to the Common Council of Lynn, serving on that body in 1865 and 
1866. At the time of his death he was director of the First National Bank of Lynn, and 
a trustee of the Lynn Institution for Savings. 

Benjamin Franklin Doak was united in marriage, May 21, 1846, with Charlotte S. 
Hathaway, of Lynn, a daughter of James and Hannah Tewksbury (Garney) Hathaway, 



Doak 253 

old and highly respected residents of Marblehead. They were the parents of the follow- 
ing children: 

1. Charlotte Ella, who became the wife of 2. William S., born October 3, 1862, died June 

John Stephen Bartlett, of Lynn. 9, 1902, and married Cora Tyler, of Lynn. 

The death of Mr. Doak was the occasion of a remarkable number of expressions of 
regret, admiration and affection which poured from the tongues and pens of his friends 
and associates. It will be appropriate to quote from some of these in this place for in 
no way can so accurate a gauge of a man's character and personality be made as 
through a comparison of the estimates of his associates. The Lynn "Transcript," in its 
edition of November 8, 1876, published an obituary article upon Mr. Doak which read 
as follows : 

Mr. Benjamin F. Doak, a widely known and universally respected citizen, died at his residence on 
the corner of Atlantic and Ocean streets at age of about fifty years. Like most of Lynn's manufacturers 
he commenced at the lowest rung of the ladder and slowly but steadily advanced from the humble seat of 
the journeyman shoemaker to the proud position of one of the largest manufacturers in the land. In 
doing this he was only aided by his untiring industry, his unswerving honesty, uniform courtesy and sin- 
cerity of manner. No aid from friends bolstered him up; what he was he had made himself. He was 
invariably respected by those who knew him. His circle of friends was large, extending far beyond the 
limits of his native city. 

In the Lynn "Weekly Reporter" appeared the following: 

* * * He had for nearly a quarter of a century been engaged in business in Lynn. From a small 
beginning he had built up an extensive and profitable trade. He was generally regarded as one of the most 
enterprising as well as one of the most shrewd and careful business men. He enjoyed the confidence of a 
large circle of friends and acquaintances and was esteemed, not less for the integrity of his character, than 
for his kindness of heart and social disposition which endeared him most to those who knew him most inti- 
mately. During the last few years of his life he was compelled by illness to withdraw from active busi- 
ness, but he lost none of his interest in what was going on in the social, political and business world. 
* * * * He will be missed by the business circles, while by his death Lynn has lost a good citizen, the 
poor a kind friend and his family and friends one whose place can never be filled. 

One of the most impressive tributes to the memory of Mr. Doak was that offered 
at a large gathering of his fellow business men and manufacturers of Lynn. The meet- 
ing was held at the store of Amos F. Breed, and speeches were made and resolutions 
passed in his honor. The formal resolutions follow : 

Whereas, We have heard with deepest sorrow that God in His providence has taken from our 
midst our late friend and fellow citizen, Benjamin F. Doak; therefore be it 

Resolved, That we desire to express our sense of loss which we, the shoe manufacturers and business 
men of Lynn, in common with his numerous friends, have sustained at his death; that during a period of 
more than twenty years' business experience his course has been marked by the highest sense of honor, 
uprightness and integrity, that we shall miss his cordial greeting, his genial manners, his kind and sym- 
pathetic nature and agreeable companionship; and we trust that this event will impress upon all our 
hearts the solemn truth that "in the midst of life we are in death." 

Resolved, That we extend to the family of our deceased friend our heartfelt sympathy in this deep 
affliction and bereavement. 

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the family of the deceased and pub- 
lished in the newspapers of the city, and as a mark of respect and affection we will attend his funeral. 

After speeches by a number of his most intimate friends dealing with various aspects 
of his character, the meeting paid a final tribute by arranging that all places of business 
should be closed in Lynn on the day of his funeral. The directors of the First National 
Bank also met and passed the following resolutions : 



254 Doak 



Resolved, That we, the directors of the First National Bank of Lynn, in placing upon its records an 
official recognition of our esteemed associate, Benjamin F. Doak, desire to express our deep sense of 
personal loss and our great sorrow at the event which has deprived us of his cheerful presence and valued 
counsel. 

Resolved, That in the discharge of his duties as a director of this bank and in his business relations 
thereto he has uniformly exhibited that strict fidelity and integrity which characterized him in all depart- 
ments of life. 

Resolved, That in reviewing his active and successful connections with the general business interest 
of our city during the period of its greatest prosperity, we bear our united testimony to the good judg- 
ment, business ability and sterling qualities of mind and character which have contributed so largely to 
the general good. 

Resolved, That we sympathize most sincerely with his family and friends in the irreparable loss of 
a loving heart. 

Resolved, That we will attend the funeral in a body and that a copy of these resolutions be sent to 
the family of the deceased. 

Resolved, That the bank be closed at 11.30 on the day of the funeral. 





jlUel iVawoi 2/GvnMxxnv 




Hanscom 

Hanscom (Hcndscombe) Arms — Argent, a chevron sable between three birds' legs gules. 

*AITHFULNESS to duty and a strict adherence to a fixed purpose in 
life will do more to advance a man's interests than wealth or advan- 
tageous circumstances. Moses Warren Hanscom was one of those 
men whose lives and character form the underlying structure upon 
which are built the hopes of the prosperity of America. 

The careers of such men as he show the possibilities open in a 
commonwealth like that of Massachusetts to those who possess good 
business ability, and the high integrity that forms alike the good citizen and the good 
business man. Mr. Hanscom's ambition along the worthiest lines, his perseverance, his 
steadfastness of purpose, and tireless industry, all furnish splendid lessons to the young 
business man of the coming generations, and the well earned success and esteem that he 
gained proved the inevitable result of the practice of these virtues. His entire life was 
devoted to the highest and the best, and all his endeavors were for the furtherance of 
those noble ideals which he made the rule of his daily life. Kindly and tolerant to all, 
Mr. Hanscom was a delightful companion and a true friend, making friends easily, and 
possessing the rare faculty of retaining those friendships. He died in his seventy-sixth 
year, and during his long and useful career had won a degree of respect and affection 
from the community-at-large which would gratify any man, and was especially welcome 
as the reward of real merit. His death, which occurred at his home in the city of 
Haverhill, Massachusetts, May 22, 1909, was a loss not only to his immediate family and 
the large circle of devoted friends, but to his fellow-citizens in general. 

(I) THOMAS HANSCOM. immigrant ancestor, was born in Sutton Parish, Bed- 
fordshire, England, and settled in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1629. 

(II) THOMAS HANSCOM, JR., settled in Kittery, Maine, in 1660, received a 
grant of land and held the important office of townsman or selectman. 

(III) JOTHAM HANSCOM, the seventh lineal descendant of Thomas Hanscom, 
and father of Moses Warren Hanscom, was born in South Berwick, Maine, and was a 
splendid type of the citizens of the "Pine Tree State." He was identified through family 
ties with the affairs of that State. 

(IV) MOSES WARREN HANSCOM, in whose memory we are writing, was born 
in South Berwick, Maine, August 8, 1832, son of Jotham and Sally (Warren) Hanscom, 
both natives of South Berwick. He obtained his education in the schools of his native 
town, and while yet a young man removed to Haverhill, Massachusetts. In 1865 the 
business which remains a monument to his business ability, integrity and honest dealings, 
the Hanscom Hardware Company, had its inception at the place it now occupies on 
Main street, Moses Warren and William Hanscom entering into a partnership for the 
transaction of a hardware business. The venture was an unusually successful one, the 
firm continuing for twenty years when, upon the death of William Hanscom, J. Albert 
Hanscom succeeded to his interests and for eighteen years more the business increased 
until its needs were for more commodious quarters and it became the leading hardware 
firm in the city of Haverhill. Nearly forty years after the founding of the business the 
name was changed to that of the Hanscom Hardware Company, J. Albert Hanscom 



256 ©anscom 

retiring, and Homer Warren Hanscom, a son of the founder, taking up his duties as a 
partner, but upon his death in September, 1907, Moses Warren Hanscom decided that he 
had been actively engaged long enough to have merited retirement, and on April 1, 1908, 
he announced the succession of the business to the present corporation. 

The long business career which had been one of precision, punctuality and fine 
detail, was not so easily relinquished, however, and Mr. Hanscom retained a desk at 
the store on Main street, settling up the accounts which he had directed for so many 
years. While Mr. Hanscom was so busily engaged in business, he nevertheless had other 
interests, those of his home and his church. Each day when business hours were over 
he preferred the comforts and enjoyments of his home to those of any other place, 
declining all overtures for club life. As a deacon of the North Congregational Church, 
he maintained an unceasing interest in its work, lending his valuable aid to many of 
its events and undertakings, thus assuring their success and always taking a keen and 
active interest in everything that transpired in church life. As in the commercial world, 
he was regarded as a man of sterling qualities, a genial man, a staunch friend, and an 
upright and respected citizen. He was one of the trustees of the French Protestant 
church and had its interests always at heart, as he did everything with which he was 
associated. He was a director of the Essex National Bank, and for many years was 
president of the Linwood Cemetery Association. He was a member of Saggahew Lodge 
of Masons. 

On January 31, 1876, he was united in marriage with Helen Augusta Amazeen, 
daughter of Joseph J. and Elizabeth Amazeen. Mr. and Mrs. Hanscom were the parents 
of two children, namely, Homer Warren and Edith Helen. Since the death of her hus- 
band, Moses Warren Hanscom, Mrs. Hanscom has continued to reside in the Hanscom 
homestead at No. 11 Arlington street, Haverhill, Massachusetts. 

(V) HOMER WARREN HANSCOM was born in the city of Haverhill, Massachu- 
setts, August 31, 1877. He received his early education in the public schools of Haverhill, 
graduating from the Haverhill High School as a member of the class of 1896. He entered 
Brown University at Providence, Rhode Island, and four years later was graduated 
from this institution with the class of 1900. Returning to Haverhill, he immediately 
entered upon a business career in the city of his birth. He gained a thorough knowledge 
of the hardware industry and business and was soon admitted as the junior member of 
the Hanscom Hardware Company, in which position he continued until the time of his 
death. He was prominently identified in Masonic circles, being a member of Merrimack 
Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons ; Pawtucket Chapter, Royal Arch Masons ; Haverhill 
Council, Royal and Select Masters; and Haverhill Commandery, Knights Templar. He 
was junior steward of the Blue Lodge and an assistant guard of the Commandery. He 
was a member of Aleppo Temple, Mystic Shriners, of Boston, and was also an Odd 
Fellow, being a member of the Mutual Relief Lodge of Haverhill. 

Mr. Hanscom married Aleta McWhinnie, of Providence, Rhode Island, and there 
was one child born of this union, namely, Homer Warren Hanscom. 

The following tribute to his memory has been recorded in the archives of Brown 
University by his fellow-graduates of the class of 1900: 

The life of our classmate, Homer Warren Hanscom, while brief, covering as it did barely three 
decades, was full of zest and energy and he leaves behind in the hearts of his friends an ineffacable mem- 
ory of kindness, devotion and courage. He was loyal, generous and unselfish to such a degree that he 
may be said to have had a genius for friendship. His ready sympathy and thoughtful devotion, his tender- 
ness to the weak and suffering, his charming natural courtesy, and his fearlessness were notable. His 
character had the fineness of gold. His aims and standards were high, unselfish and faithfully adhered 
to. To have been honorable and generous in one's dealings, true and tender as son and brother, husband 
and father, is to leave a memory which is a happy heritage. 




ty(o/)ify l!<t yj'CJi Jnxi 



yj'at tJt(fyjiAco?n 



^an0com 257 

(V) EDITH HELEN HANSCOM was born in the city of Haverhill, Massachusetts. 
She received her early education in the public schools of Haverhill, and entered Simmons 
College in Boston, from which she graduated and later became secretary to the prin- 
cipal of the State Normal School at New Haven, Connecticut. She married the Rev. 
Charles M. Calderwood. 

The entire life of Moses Warren Hanscom was an active one, and yet no matter 
how actively he pushed his business operations, it was never at the expense of the 
piecepts of the stern New England morality or dictates of conscience. The domestic 
affections of Mr. Hanscom constituted a strongly marked feature of his character, and 
his home life was an exceptionally happy one. Those qualities which drew men to him 
were not of that external kind, whose power flies almost as soon as it is felt, but rather 
such as only serve to confirm the initial affection into a deep and abiding friendship 
Thus it was that he possessed an unusually large group of faithful friends for whom 
he maintained an equal fidelity. He was a man of large heart and a wide familiarity 
with the problems of life and the world-at-large, and it was but natural that his death 
was sincerely deplored by all who had known him. 




Softer 




Arms — Quarterly, ist and 4th sable, a tower or, for TOWER, 2nd, gules, three arrows points down- 
wards or, for HALE; 3rd per pale or and gules, a chevron between three cinquefoils counterchanged ; on 
a chief per pale of the second and first two escallops counterchanged, for TASH. 

Crest — A griffin passant per pale or and azure, wings endorsed gold. 

Motto — Love and dread. 

UT few citizens have lived in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, who 
have left a brighter record for every trait of character that constitutes 
real worth than the late William Augustus Tower, and the record of 
his life is well worth preserving, furnishing instruction for the gen- 
erations to come. His name ever stood as a synonym for all that was 
enterprising in business, and progressive in citizenship, while his 
industry and energy, courage and fidelity to principle, were illustrated 
throughout his life. During his entire career Mr. Tower furnished an example of those 
strong and sturdy virtues which we have come to look upon as typical of New England 
and its people. 

It was only natural that his death, whidh occurred at his home in Lexington, Massa- 
chusetts, November 21, 1904, left a vacancy not alone in Lexington, but in the hearts of 
many who were fortunate enough to call him friend, and his memory will never be 
forgotten. His interests were always in touch with those broadening processes which 
bring a higher, wider knowledge of life, and his popularity was gained by upright living 
and square dealing, always bearing in mind the rights and opinions of others, and striv- 
ing to be just to all. The birth of William Augustus Tower occurred in Petersham, 
Worcester county, Massachusetts, February 26, 1824, the son of Oren and Harriet 
(Gleason) Tower. 

The Tower family in America trace their ancestry to Robert Tower, the English 
ancestor, who was born in the parish of Hingham, County of Norfolk, England. John 
Tower, son of Robert Tower, was the immigrant ancestor. He was baptized at Hing- 
ham, England, May 17, 1607, and settled in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1637. 

WILLIAM AUGUSTUS TOWER, in whose memory we are writing, was a 
descendant in the eighth generation of John Tower. He received his education in the 
common schools of his native town, Petersham, Massachusetts. Being the eldest of 
eleven children, he was thrown early upon his own resources, and at the age of fifteen 
years found employment in a country store in the adjoining town of Lancaster where 
in 1845, when twenty years of age, he was admitted to partnership, this connection con- 
tinuing until 1848, when he sold out to his partner and removed to Sterling, Massachu- 
setts. In 1850 he came to Boston and entered the flour and grain business in Hay- 
market Square, as a member of the firm of Rice, Tower & Company, the first house in 
Boston to establish direct communication with the West in the sale of cereal products. 

In 1852 the firm of Tower, Davis & Company succeeded the parent house. Unre- 
mitting attention to business impaired the health of Mr. Tower, so that in 1855, the 
same year in which he changed his residence to Lexington, Massachusetts, he found it 
necessary to retire from active business for a time and seek recuperation in rest and 
travel. During a trip South and West, while stopping in Chicago, Illinois, he formed 
the acquaintance of George Watson, a native of Scotland, with whom he organized in 
Chicago the banking house of Watson, Tower & Company which carried on an active 



Cotoer 259 

and prosperous business until i860. During this time Mr. Tower still held his position 
as head of the firm of Tower, Davis & Company, in Boston, and also retained his interest 
as a silent partner in the firm of Davis, Whitcher & Company, which succeeded Tower, 
Davis & Company, until 1865. In i860 he opened a private banking house on State 
street, Boston, in partnership with George E. Wilder, of Lancaster. Two years later 
Edward L. Giddings and Mr. Torrey were added to the firm and Mr. Wilder retired, 
the firm name becoming Tower, Giddings & Torrey. After a short time Mr. Torrey 
withdrew, and in 1867 the firm became Tower, Giddings & Company, which still exists 
as a leading representative house. Subsequently his son, Augustus Clifford, who had 
started in business with Edward Sweet & Company of New York City, was a partner 
for a few years, also another son, Richard Gleason, and William L. Underwood was also 
a member of the firm. Mr. Tower remained at the head of the firm to the time of his 
death. Railroad and banking affairs being so closely connected, naturally attracted Mr. 
Tower, and in many of them he was prominent. From 1870 to 1873 inclusive, he was 
president of the Concord Railroad in New Hampshire ; he was one of the founders, and 
was a director of the National Bank of the Commonwealth since its establishment in 
1871, serving as president from February, 1881, to April, 1882. He again became presi- 
dent. May 13, 1892, and held that important office for several years. During 1877 a-nd 
1878 he was president of the Nashua & Lowell Railroad ; was a director of the Equitable 
Life Insurance Company of New York, and was also a director of the Guaranty Com- 
pany of North America, and the Shawmut National Bank, and was identified with the 
Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company and the New England Trust Company. He 
was vice-president of the Security Safe Deposit Company, and a trustee of the Boston 
Five Cents Savings Bank. He was a large stockholder, and active in the management 
of railroad properties. 

Mr. Tower was originally an old-time Whig in politics, but after the organization of 
the Republican party he identified himself with it. In the memorable political campaigns 
that preceded the outbreak of the great Rebellion, he entered with zeal and purpose into 
all the measures of the National Government for the preservation of the Union. In 
1863 he represented Lexington in the Lower House of the Massachusetts General Assem- 
bly, to which he had been elected on the Citizens' ticket. He had been a delegate to the 
Republican State conventions on several occasions, and he was appointed by Governor 
Rice a member of his personal staff, with rank of colonel. He was often asked to go to 
Congress, but declined. He was nominated and elected a member of the Governor's 
Council from the Third Councillor District in November, 1882. At the Centennial cele- 
bration of the battle of Lexington in 1875, Mr. Tower not only acted as chief marshal of 
the parade, but was also prominent in all pertaining to that well remembered event in 
Lexington. He was a member and liberal supporter of the Follen Unitarian Church of 
Lexington. 

On April 29, 1847, William Augustus Tower was united in marriage with Julia 
Davis, daughter of Captain Austin and Sally (Wellington) Davis. Captain Davis was 
captain of a local militia ; his father, Thomas Davis, had a long and honorable record in 
the Continental army during the Revolution. Mr. and Mrs. Tower were the parents of 
four children : 

1. Ellen May, born in Lancaster, Massachu- of 1877; he engaged in the banking business 
setts, now living in the old Tower home- in Boston and New York City, and was a 
stead in Lexington. member of the New York Stock Exchange; 

2. Charlotte Grey, born in Cambridge, Massachu- he was a kind, devoted husband, son and 
setts, died July 6, 1885. brother, a true friend, and while he was an 

3. Augustus Clifford, born in Cambridge, died at active successful business man he was not 
Lawrence, Long Island, December 28, 1903; wholly absorbed in its interests but had 
he was educated at Boston Latin School and time for the home which was very dear to 
Harvard College, graduating with the class him; he enjoyed society and contributed 



260 



Cotoer 



to the help and pleasure of others; in the 
midst of a life of usefulness he was taken 
away; he married, June 7, 1883, Louise 
Greble Dreer, daughter of Henry Augustus 
and Mary (Leavenworth) Dreer, of Phila- 
delphia. 

Richard Gleason, born in Lexington, Mas- 
sachusetts; he was educated in the public 
schools of Lexington, and Nichols Academy; 
he, like his father and brother, engaged in 
the banking and brokerage business, and 
was elected a member of the Boston Stock 
Exchange; on account of poor health he 



has retired from business; his residence on 
the State Road in Lexington is one of the 
most imposing and beautiful in the State of 
Massachusetts; he married, September 30, 
1005, Henrietta Niles Lockwood, of Bos- 
ton, daughter of Rhodes and Henrietta 
(Niles) Lockwood; she died in Lexington, 
December 22, 1918; they were the parents 
of three childern: William Augustus, born 
in Thomasville, Georgia; Richard Lock- 
wood, born in Lexington; and Philip, born 
in Lexington. 



In closing this tribute to the memory of Colonel William Augustus Tower it should 
be recorded that from a small and modest beginning in business, he attained a prominent 
position in commercial and financial circles, his record was clean as it was successful, 
his judgment was sound and his ability grew as he faced larger conditions. Despite the 
multifarious cares of his busy life, he took much pleasure in his home and spent much 
time there. He was beloved by his family and neighbors, who knew him best. He was 
generous in giving to those in need, and took particular interest in young men seeking 
an education, or entering business. Mr. Tower entertained and cherished the traditions 
and associations of his birthplace and his ancestors, which fact is clearly demonstrated 
by his purchasing the old Tower homestead at Petersham, Massachusetts, and endowing 
it upon his nephew, the oldest son of his half-brother, Horatio N. Tower. 

Colonel Tower was a man who entered heartily into the interests of any community, 
and at Lexington his abilities as a leader were recognized. He was of genial temperment, 
a great admirer of the beauties of nature, and a lover of animals. He was a forceful, pro- 
gressive man, stern but kindly withal, a good citizen and neighbor who made the world 
better for his having lived in it. In his departure from this world the commonwealth of 
Massachusetts has lost an enduring friend, a good citizen, and an incorruptible and 
upright man. In grateful appreciation of the benefactions he bestowed upon his fellow- 
men, his memory will long be held in reverent regard and his character and good deeds 
venerated. 





a 1? ii in a s 10 i 1 iui n 2\ n q r r a 



Rogers 




Arms — Argent, a chevron between three stags trippant sable. 
Crest — A stag's head sable ducally gorged or. 

k HOMAS WILSON ROGERS, late of Lynn, Massachusetts, beyond 
doubt was one of the conspicuous figures in the general life of that 
busy community, having identified himself with many departments of 
its afTairs during the many years which he made it his home. He was 
a well known business man of that city, enjoying the respect and con- 
fidence of the business world and the friendship of those whom he met 
socially. He had made for himself an enviable reputation as a man of 
business, being straightforward and reliable under all circumstances, courteous and 
affable to his business associates whom he always endeavored to please. He was always 
honest and sincere in all his business transactions and conducted his affairs along the 
strictest lines of commercial integrity. It can be truly said of him that his own labors 
constituted the foundation upon which was built his success in life. But few citizens 
who have lived in Lynn, Massachusetts, have left as bright a record for every trait of 
character that constitutes real worth as did Mr. Rogers, and the record of his life is 
well worth preserving, furnishing valuable instruction for the generations to come. His 
name ever stood as a synonym for all that was enterprising in business and progressive 
in citizenship, while his .industry and energy, his courage and fidelity to principle were 
illustrated in his career. Throughout his entire life he furnished an example of those 
strong and worthy virtues which we have come to look upon as typical of New England 
and its people. The death of Mr. Rogers, which occurred at his home in Lynn, Massa- 
chusetts, June 18, 1913, left a vacancy in that city impossible to replace and difficult to 
forget. His nearest friends scarcely realized of how much value he was to them until 
his sad and sudden death forced the reality upon them. He was indeed a man of whom 
any community might justly be proud, and whose memory it should strive to cherish. 

THOMAS WILSON ROGERS was born in Chatham, Massachusetts, May 16, 1849, 
the son of Thomas Snow and Priscilla (Harding) Rogers, both of whom were old resi- 
dents and highly respected natives of Chatham. His father, Thomas Snow Rogers, was 
a sea captain, and his mother passed away in Chatham. Mr. Rogers was one of three 
children, the only surviving one being Robert Rogers, of New York. 

At the age of seven years, Mr. Rogers, whose mother was then dead, removed to 
South Boston with his father and brother. He obtained his education in the public 
schools of South Boston, and left school at the age of sixteen years to make a name for 
himself in the business world. His first employment was with Audway, Blodgett & 
Hidden, who were in the wholesale dry goods business in Boston. Great trust was 
placed in the youthful clerk, and it was he who opened the store in the morning. This 
establishment was run on the best of business lines, and Mr. Rogers gained there a 
wide understanding of methods and principles that were of the utmost value to him 
later in life. Later he was a travelling salesman for the same firm, and was on the road 
for nine weeks at a time, his destination being the West and Canada. It was through his 
tireless energy and aggressive nature that Mr. Rogers worked himself up to this posi- 
tion, and on his many travels made a countless number of friends, who were drawn to 
him by his genial manners and good nature. He remained with that firm for several 
years, and then bought the small "Fancy Goods" store in Lynn, Massachusetts, which 



Rogers 

was owned by Samuel S. Fernald, at No. 270 Union street. This was in 1884, and Mr. 
Rogers had as a partner F. C. Perkins, who said in later years that Mr. Rogers was the 
only man with whom he could have ever been successful, that his honesty was not to be 
questioned and that his word when once given was never broken. When the future 
leader of Lynn's mercantile interests took over this store it boasted of a staff of one 
man and one woman, and a short time afterward Mr. Rogers bought out his partner, 
assuming the entire charge of the business, and conducting it with a high degree of 
success. In January, 1885, he came to the city of Lynn to take personal charge of his 
new venture, and soon afterwards took a larger store at No. 282 Union street. In 1888 
Mr. Rogers was forced to double the floor space of the larger store to meet the ever 
growing demands of the business, and in 1892 he added the adjoining store in the Boy- 
den Block. Several new departments were launched in that same year and all were 
successful, and under the personal direction of Mr. Rogers the business flourished and 
grew to its present large proportions. He remained the sole proprietor of the business, 
which he had founded in 1883, until the year 1903, when the Thomas Wilson Rogers 
Company was incorporated, but he still remained the active head and chief owner of the 
company, of which he was president. 

Mr. Rogers held an influential position in local banking and trade circles, and had 
been on the board of directors of the Essex Trust Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, for 
a number of years, becoming a director in 1903. He was also a director of the Lynn 
Storage Warehouse Company, and a prominent member of the Lynn Board of Trade, 
the Merchants' Association and other bodies. Mr. Rogers' chief appearance in public 
life was his sinking fund commissionership, which he was chosen to hold from October 
7, 1908, when he was elected to succeed Walter W. Johnson, until January 2, 191 1, when 
he resigned after a very honorable career in that capacity. Several years prior to his 
death, Mr. Rogers admitted his son, Ernest L. Rogers, into partnership, who is now the 
head of the store. 

Mr. Rogers was well known in club, fraternal and social circles, as well as in the 
business world, and his popularity was as notable among his employees as among his 
friends and business associates. There were few men in Lynn so well known as Mr. 
Rogers in the social and club life of the community, and his association with various 
societies and orders of a social and fraternal nature were well nigh limitless. He was 
particularly prominent in the Masonic order, and was affiliated with practically all the 
local bodies of this fraternity, among which should be numbered the Mt. Carmel Lodge, 
the Sutton Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, Olivet Commandery, and other bodies. He 
was a Mason of the thirty-second degree, and a past commander of Olivet Commandery. 
He was an Odd Fellow of long standing, as a member of the Richard W. Drown Lodge. 
He was a member of the Oxford Club and the Tedesco Country Club, and of Boston 
organizations of a commercial and social nature. He had been one of the well known 
figures in the dry goods trade of Boston district for a number of years. 

On October 10, 1875, Thomas Wilson Rogers was united in marriage with Margaret 
E. Stoddard, who was born in Cohasset, Massachusetts, a daughter of Lincoln and 
Elizabeth (Towle) Stoddard, well known residents of Cohasset, who later in life moved 
to Boston. The Stoddard coat-of-arms is as follows: 

Sable, a garb argent a border engrailed of the last. 

Mr. and Mrs. Stoddard were the parents of three children, namely: 

1. Elizabeth Stoddard, who became the wife whose distinguished name heads this memo- 
of George H. Greeley. rial. 

2. Margaret E. Stoddard, who is now the 3. Anna Stoddard, now deceased, who was the 
widow of the late Thomas Wilson Rogers, wife of Frank P. Dow, who is also deceased. 




4TOJ&ERS 

^Au,t-1 ___ . 



Rogers 263 

Mr. and Mrs. Rogers were the parents of three children, as follows : 

1. Ernest L., who was admitted into partner- Haskell, who is connected with the firm of 
ship with his father three wears previous to T. W. Rogers Company; they are the par- 
his father's death, and is now the active ents of two children, Roger Sprague and 
head of the T. W. Rogers Company; he Ann. 

was united in marriage with Georgianna 3. Marion S., became the wife of Professor 
Earp, their union being blessed with two Charles M. Wareham, who is connected 
children, Doris E. and Thomas Wilson, the with the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
second, nology. 

2. Lillian R., became the wife of Ira J. 

They all reside in Lynn, Massachusetts, as also does Mrs. Rogers, who since the 
death of her husband has continued to live at their beautiful home at No. 34 Atlantic 
street. Mr. Rogers was devoted to the society of his many friends, but found his chief 
pleasure in the intimate intercourse of the household and home. He was the possessor 
of all the domestic virtues and was an unusually devoted husband and father. For 
many years Mr. Rogers maintained an ideal summer home in his native town, West 
Chatham, Massachusetts, and was the owner of another summer home in Chatham, 
which had always been in the possession of the Harding family, his mother's people. 
These summer homes consisted of forty acres, and Mr. Rogers derived much pleasure 
there. 

In his religious belief, Mr. Rogers was a member of the Universalist church, and 
was a trustee in that denomination for many years. A tribute to the general affection 
and respect in which Mr. Rogers was held was his impressive funeral services, the offi- 
ciating clergyman being the Rev. Frederick W. Perkins, the pastor of the First Univer- 
salist Church of Lynn, Massachusetts. His host of friends mourned his sudden and 
unexpected passing away, and many of the most prominent men of the city acted as his 
pall-bearers. The Masonic bodies, the Odd Fellows, the staff of the T. W. Rogers Com- 
panv store, the Essex Trust Company, and the First Universalist Church were repre- 
sented. Many delegations from other bodies paid their last respects to Mr. Rogers, for 
he was considered one of Lynn's solid and substantial citizens and business men. Those 
who served in the capacity of honorary pall-bearers at his funeral were Addison L. 
Osborne, representing Olivet Commandery; Charles J. Philbrook, representing Mt. 
Carmel Lodge ; Otis Dueshuttle, representing Richard W. Drown Lodge, Odd Fellows ; 
Lewis D. Dunn, representing the T. W. Rogers Company; John W. Tapley, representing 
the Essex Trust Company; and William H. Niles, Esquire, who represented the First 
Universalist Church. At the request of the Merchants' Association, all the leading 
stores in Lynn were closed on June 20, 1913, between the hours of two and four o'clock, 
during the funeral of Mr. Rogers. 

Mr. Rogers had a very interesting business career, and the creation of the T. W. 
Rogers Department Store may be said to have been his life's work. He was a leading 
merchant, bank director, club man, Mason, and a deeply respected citizen. He was 
very fond of all out-door life, especially of hunting and fishing, and was the possessor 
of some exceptionally fine heads, which were trophies of his skill with the gun. He was 
a true sportsman, always playing the game as it should be played. Mr. Rogers was 
charitably inclined, and his heart was ever in sympathy with the sorrows of the unfor- 
tunate and his hand ever ready to contribute to the alleviation of those in distress. He 
alwavs gave most liberally to all worthy causes, but in a quiet and unostentatious 
manner, and toward the community, wherein his lot was cast, as a whole he was ever 
moved to some generous and public-spirited deed. Mr. Rogers was a splendid specimen 
of the strong and simple character, so typical of New England, and the union of the 
practical man of affairs, so valuable in any community. This combination of character- 



264 



Rogers 



istics was admirably exemplified in his business life, and he strove to make the establish- 
ment which he himself had founded a type of a model American business. To the neces- 
sary and fundamental virtues of courage and honesty, Mr. Rogers added not only other 
virtues, but the graces of personality and manner, which made him at once the charm 
ing companion and the most faithful friend. 




&mes 




Arms — Argent or a bend cotised sable, three roses of the field. 
Crest — A white rose. 

[UCCESS in life is the fruit of so many diverse conditions and circum- 
stances, so opposed, it often seems to us, that one may well be tempted 
to despair of finding any rule and criterion of the qualities which go to 
it achievement. There is one thing of which we may rest assured, 
however, and that is, that despite appearances, real success, success 
honestly worth counting as such, is never the result of fortuitous 
elements in the environment, but must depend upon some intrinsic 
quality of the man himself. 

Admitting this, however, we still have a field wide enough in all conscience from 
which to select the possible factors of success, and he is wise indeed who can adequately 
do so. Sometimes it is the crafty ; sometimes, if we may believe the fairy tales, it is the 
fool; sometimes it is the strong; sometimes it is the weak, or the seemingly weak; 
there is scarcely a type, unless the dishonest may be so classed, to which some well- 
known successful man may not be referred as an example. But though such classifica- 
tion may be entertaining, it will hardly help us to any practical conclusion or to one that 
bears any direct relevancy to our subject. 

There is one thing which may be remarked of interest, one classification which may 
be made relevant to the matter in hand — it may be said in a general way that the quali- 
ties that make for success can be grouped as the result of native talent, on the one hand, 
and of high education and training on the other. Nor is this, as it seems at first sight, 
in controversion of the former proposition that true success must depend upon the indi- 
vidual himself, for high education and training itself is only attainable by those able to 
master it. It would be difficult to find a better example of the success which attends 
this fortunate combination than the case of Charles Henry Ames, for many years secre- 
tary and a director of the firm of D. C. Heath & Company and the Prang Educational 
Company. His death, which occurred at the Boston City Club, Saturday, September 9, 
191 1, removed from the academic and commercial worlds one of their chief est ornaments 
and an exponent of the highest and best traditions in both. 

CHARLES HENRY AMES was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, February 5, 
1847, tri e son of Nathan Plummer and Elvira (Coffin) Ames. He was a descendant of 
Robert Ames, who came to this country from England in 1650. The Ames family is of 
ancient English origin and the branch of this family from which the immigrant Robert 
originated lived at Bristol, Suffolk county, England. 

Mr. Ames prepared for college at Meriden Academy, New Hampshire, and entered 
Amherst College, from which he graduated in 1870 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 
Three years later Amherst honored him with the degree of Master of Arts. After leaving 
college he became the representative of the Prang Educational Company, and later sec- 
retary and director. This generation has little idea of what a task it was to introduce 
drawing fifty years ago. An English concern had invaded the field introducing geomet- 
rical figures causing the educational institutions that were converted to some kind of art 
to rebel against the Prang books. But in the face of all these seemingly insurmountable 
difficulties, Mr. Ames could always get a hearing. Even in the early days he was recog- 

Ter-2-17 



266 3mesi 

nized as an authority on "vertical writing." He stood for a principle that he believed 
in, and he was so eminently the gentleman and the man of culture that he was welcome 
as a companion when as a mere representative he would not have been received. He 
put the system into some of the largest cities and held it there, and not only by his own 
ideas, but by the criticism that came from the best teachers in the country, he aided in 
developing that system into something comparatively adequate. When after many years 
he withdrew from the Prang people to become a partner of Mr. D. C. Heath, the friend- 
ship between these two men that had begun in college and had been nurtured by their 
taking up similar occupations became cemented, so that Mr. Heath's death was to Mr. 
Ames indeed a shock. 

Under his splendid management the business grew to enormous proportions until 
D. C Heath & Company became the third largest text book firm in the country. To be 
the head of a concern of this character and magnitude was indeed an honor, but Mr. 
Ames retained his simple life, and still traveled all over the world, as occasion demanded, 
extravagant only in his care that his children should have every possible advantage. 

He was a member of the American Economical and Historical associations, the 
American Ornithological Union, the American Forestry Association, the Delta Kappa 
Epsilon fraternity, and the Boston Merchants' Association. He was also a member of 
the Sierra Mountain Club of San Francisco, the Mazama Mountain Club of Portland, 
Oregon, the Ends of the Earth Club of New York City, the Tuesday Club of West New- 
ton, Massachusetts, the Appalachian Mountain, the Twentieth Century, the City and 
Puddingstone clubs of Boston. 

On September 21, 1887, Mr Ames was united in marriage with Henrietta Burton 
Hunt, of Lakeview, Illinois, and they became the parents of four children : Katherine 
H., Charles B., Helen H., Lawrence. 

Thus passed from his earthly career Charles Henry Ames, one of nature's true noble- 
men who was loved, honored, and respected by his fellow men. The following tribute to 
his memory appeared in "The School Bulletin" in the September issue of 191 1, and was 
written by G. W. Bardeen, editor and proprietor, who was a friend from boyhood of 
Mr. Ames : 

There never was a man better prepared to meet death unexpectedly. Nobody ever questioned Mr. 
Ames' motives. He was the soul of honor, of generosity, of a never failing and delicate courtesy. In 
our early acquaintance we had been to each other two fun loving boys until one day when the National 
Educational Association met at Chautauqua and we had gone in swimming together, I observed as he was 
dressing, a gold watch charm that he wore out of sight. I inquired about it and he showed me reluctantly, 
and still more reluctantly told me how it came to be given him. 

He had been at the end of a wharf on the seashore when a father and two daughters got beyond 
their depth, he plunged in after them and saved two of the three and the survivors had given him this 
medal. He felt obliged to keep it about him for their sake, but he carried it hidden, because people would 
ask about it, and make so much of what was to his mind a duty well performed. That put our relation 
on a different footing. It was not so much that he had done a heroic act, as the way he looked at it and 
spoke of it. I saw there was another man inside the laughter-loving friend I had known and I got to 
know something of the inner man. In all these years, every new glimpse of that inner man has been 
delightful. It is little to say that I never discovered a mean or unworthy thought. The revelations were 
of delicacy of apprehension and instinctive readiness to do the little things for others and make the world's 
path smoother. After graduation from Amherst he had planned to study in Europe, but he had an 
invalid father, and sisters who must be educated, and he must earn money, so he said to his chum : "Go 
to Europe for both of us." 

I cannot go but I will provide the funds for you and you must become great for us both. Whenever 
he spoke of his family his face lit up. One day in talking of our families he said: "You can't think how 
it startled me to have my boy offer to carry my valise for me. All my life I have been carrying valises 
for other people, pretty heavy ones sometimes, but here was somebody offering to carry mine." His mar- 
riage was delayed while carrying other peoples valises, but the time came when he was free to make a 
home of his own. Just then the woman came, and that she was the right woman no one who ever heard 



3me0 267 

his most casual reference to her doubted. His every thought of home was a joy, and there was no point on 
which we agreed more heartily than that family affection is the one thing in life worth while. All through 
life his delight was philosophy, and he was the most intimate personal friend of Dr. William T. Harris, 
the late Commissioner of Education. He admired Dr. Harris' philosophy as well as the man, and years 
ago the two used to have long communions on their jaunts together among the wilds of Maine. If his 
personality and mental force appealed to a great man like Dr. Harris, think how helpful and hopeful his 
influence must have been all these years on those of his friends who knew him more or less intimately. 
Nobody ever went away from a conversation with him not lifted a little, or more determined to live a 
clean, upright and generous life. 

He always stood for the best in everything, and though never for a moment presuming, even by hint, 
to criticize or to hold up his own views as superior, yet he lifted those about him by constant example of 
the high minded man and gentleman. It was a privilege to meet him, it was a blessing to know him well 
and intimately. Many men high in educational authority will reflect as they hear of his death on the 
interviews they have had with him, and will say to themselves more or less consciously : "There was a 
man it was worth while to know." And as they recall the interviews they had had with him, they will 
remember, beneath the cheerfulness, the quick wit, and the keen judgment, that the deepest impression he 
left was how clean and high minded, and considerate, and courteous it is possible for a man to be even 
in this age of stress and struggle. 

Unfortunately Mr. Ames has left little in print to show how gifted his mind was. He belonged to 
some of the principal societies, like the Boston Browning Club, and was always a compact and interesting 
speaker. He wrote now and then a newspaper article when something needed to be said; his tribute to 
Dr. Harris was the most adequate of all that appeared. He had gathered the most complete collection 
extant of Dr. Harris' printed contributions, and was the one man in the world to have written Dr. Harris' 
biography. But the demands on him were so great that all his time was given to the immediate business 
of the day. 

Mr. Ames has left behind him chiefly the memories of those who knew him. which 
is beautifully exemplified in the memorial sent to his many friends. 

In Memory of 

CHARLES HENRY AMES 

Born February 5, 1847 

Died September 9, 191 1. 

He touched life on many sides and in broad relations ; was widely traveled. He was 
a lover of home, an enthusiastic student of nature, and he saw in it its deeper meaning; 
appreciative of art, he brought it within the horizon of youth ; an idealist in temperament, 
he was gifted with rare insight into the subtle problems of philosophy ; sensitive to moral 
issues, he was a champion of ethical standards ; a gracious spirit, he was a friend of all 
that is good, and the good and wise were friends of his. 




Welti 




W eld Arms — Azure a fesse nebulee between three crescents ermine. 

Crest — A wyvern, wings expanded, sable guttee d'or, plain gorged and chained gold. 

HEN the history of the glorious State of Massachusetts and her most 
successful men shall have been written, its pages will bear no greater 
name and record than that of William Gordon Weld, who was distin- 
guished for his many sterling qualities. It is impossible to estimate 
the true value of such a man to a community, for his influence is to 
be found throughout the commercial and industrial life, extending 
itself to the entire community, so that everyone receives the benefit of 
his efforts. Mr. Weld was the possessor, in no small degree, of that mysterious and 
magnetic charm which manifests itself with great force in all the human relations, and 
differentiates its possessors from the commonplace. He became a prominent business 
man, and achieved a reputation of which any man might well be proud. The death of 
Mr. Weld, which occurred at his home in Boston, April 16, 1896, left a vacant place in 
so many hearts. Death is sad in any case, but when a strictly honorable and perfectly 
conscientious man such as Mr. Weld departs from this life, it is indeed regretful news 
to learn, for there are too few such noble men to spare any. He was a rare and admir- 
able character in every way, and his life may be summed up in the following terse 
expressions of a sincere friend : 

The sterling character of the man, his courage under trial, his fidelity, his never-failing good fel- 
lowship, his loyalty to men and causes, and his tenacious adherence to principles and honor have endeared 
him to a host of good men and true, who have learned to know him and to trust him implicitly. 

WILLIAM GORDON WELD was born in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, 
November 10, 1827, the son of William Fletcher and Mary P. (Bryant) Weld, both of 
whom were highly respected natives of Boston. Mr. Weld was a direct descendant in 
the seventh generation of Captain Joseph Weld, who came from Sudbury, County of 
Suffolk, England, in 1635, an( * settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts. William Fletcher 
Weld was well known, especially to former generations of Bostonians, and removed in 
his latter years to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he passed away. 

At the age of thirteen years, William Gordon Weld entered the Boston Public 
Latin School, with the intention of fitting himself for Harvard College. His tastes and 
opportunities, however, combining to make a business career appear more profitable, 
caused him to leave the school before graduation, and he began a training in commer- 
cial affairs in the office of his father who was at the head of the firm of W. F. Weld & 
Company. The firm enjoyed at that time a great reputation for the number and excel- 
lence of its ships and for the magnitude of its commercial transactions. Showing an 
aptitude for affairs of this kind, Mr. Weld was entrusted with the duty of conducting 
negotiations requiring tact and ability, and when still quite young was given an interest 
in the business, a connection which continued until he retired from all active business 
pursuits in 1871. 

Mr. Weld was of an impulsive, energetic temperament, and enthusiastic and diligent 
in whatsoever he undertook. In 1855 he, with a few others of his own age, was active in 
establishing a free evening school for boys on Pitts street, Boston, of which for some 
time he acted as superintendent. Mr. Weld and his colleagues devoted two evenings 




^Mpbbwti 






mt\t} 269 

in each week to the work of teaching those who would otherwise have had no opportunity 
to obtain even an elementary education. For nearly five years, sometimes under 
discouraging conditions, Air. Weld prosecuted his work with unabated ardor, neither 
business nor pleasure being allowed to interfere with a faithful and punctual perform- 
ance of this labor of love. On many instances boys who attended this free evening 
school visited Mr. Weld and his co-workers in later years to bear testimony of the 
value of the services rendered them. This undertaking was one of the initial steps to 
the public evening school afterwards established by the city of Boston. 

After his retirement from business affairs, Mr. Weld did not lead a wholly inactive 
life. In the management of his father's large estate, as one of the executors and one of 
the trustees under the will, and as a director in the several institutions and corporations 
with which he was connected, he found ample and congenial employment for all the 
time he desired to devote to such purposes. For many years previous to his death, when 
in his sixty-ninth year, Mr. Weld resided in his beautiful home in Newport, Rhode 
Island, but he still retained and occupied during the winter months his home on Com- 
monwealth avenue, Boston. He was one of the trustees of the Old Ladies Home at 
Boston, and one of the directors of the Butler Hospital for the Insane at Providence, 
Rhode Island, remembering both of these worthy institutions in his will. Mr. Weld 
became a member of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society in 1874, and was a 
member of the Arlington Street Church, of which he was a most consistent attendant, 
and a generous contributor to its various charities and needs. 

On January 1, 1854, William Gordon Weld was united in marriage with Caroline 
Langdon Goddard, a daughter of Charles and Caroline Ann (Row) Goddard, of Win- 
chester, Massachusetts, but later of Brookline, Massachusetts. 

Goddard Arms — Gules a chevron vair between three crescents argent. 
Crest — A stag's head couped at the neck and affrontee gules attired or. 
Motto — Cervus Non Servus. 

This union was blessed with two sons, namely : William Fletcher and Charles God- 
dard Weld. William Fletcher Weld, the elder son, was born at Boston, February 21, 
1855, and died in Brookline, Massachusetts, January 9, 1893. He prepared for college at 
John Hopkinson's School, Boston, and entered Harvard University, from which he 
graduated with the class of 1876. In college he was a member of the Institute of 1770, 
the Hasty Pudding Club, the Cricket Club, and captain of the Rifle Club. He was 
captain and bow oarsman of the class Six, which won the Beacon Cup race in 1874, and 
he rowed in his class crew at Springfield, in 1873. Mr\ Weld's love of out-door sports 
and of the sea was strong. In 1882 he built the cruising schooner, "Gitana," on which 
for a long time he made his home, taking extended ocean cruises. In 1885 he was one 
of the syndicate which built the "Puritan," the successful "Cup Defender," of that year. 
He was commodore of the Hull and later of the Eastern Yacht Club, and was a prac- 
tical navigator, far-seeing and cool-headed. From 1882 until the time of his death, he 
was one of the trustees of the large estate left by his grandfather, William Fletcher 
Weld. He was a member of the Algonquin, Art. Athletic, Country, Puritan, Somerset, 
St. Botolph, Union, and New York Yacht clubs. In 1882 he founded a professorship of 
law at Harvard College, and also left Harvard a legacy of one hundred thousand dollars 
for general purposes. Mr. Weld was a man of the broadest generosity, and received his 
greatest pleasure from making those about him happy. No one who ever was a guest 
on board his yacht or at his home can forget his thoughtful hospitality. He was keenly 
interested in public affairs, in science, art and literature, and his active mind and shrewd 
common sense made him a man of influence wherever he went. He looked at his wealth 



270 Wtlt) 

as a trust fund to be used by him in helping - the community in which he lived. He was 
a loyal Harvard man, and the benefactions which he and his family heaped upon the 
college will keep the name of Weld dear to Harvard College. 

The second son of Mr. and Mrs. William Gordon Weld was Charles Goddard Weld, 
whose birth occurred in Brookline, Massachusetts, August 20, 1857, and he passed 
away in Brookline, June 18, 191 1. He attended the schools of Brookline, and entered 
Harvard with the class of 1879, but left during the middle of the course to attend the 
Harvard Medical School from which he received the degree of M. D. in 1881. After 
graduating he became connected with the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he 
achieved much success as a surgeon. Later, when he was connected with the Carney 
Hospital in the same capacity, he made such a name for himself that he was invited to 
take charge of the Chambers Street Hospital, New York City, of which institution he was 
the dean for a number of years. He traveled much after ceasing active surgical practice, 
and devoted his time and energies to aiding public institutions and young men who 
wished to secure an education. His benefactions, both to institutions of learning and to 
students, were of the unostentatious kind. Dr. Weld belonged to the Union, St. Botolph, 
Eastern, Union Boat, the Country and Algonquin clubs, and the Boston Athletic Asso- 
ciation. He had been a director of the Boston Dispensary and was a director of the 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and took especial interest in the department of 
naval architecture. He devoted much time to historical research, and was deeply 
interested in the Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts. A fine collection of Japan- 
ese art, which he owned, he had loaned to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Like his 
brother, William Fletcher Weld, he was fond of yachting and one of his first yachts was 
the "Adelaide," but the one with which his name was most commonly connected was 
the "Malay," a steam yacht in which he spent his summers at Fox Island Thoroughfare, 
Penobscot Bay. In the Harvard Class of 1879, which he entered, were men who became 
afterwards distinguished as physicians and surgeons, among them were Vincent Y. 
Bowditch, Herbert Leslie Burrell, Morton Prince, Myles Standish, and John Brooks 
Wheeler. Dr. Weld's life was one from which any young man may derive lessons, and 
was one of usefulness alike to the city, his fellow-men and his Maker. Renown may be 
a builder of tombs, wit may be but a life estate, but the good works of men like Dr. Weld 
constitute an imperishable gain. 

After a short illness of only three days, Mrs. William Gordon Weld passed away 
on April 14, 1918. She was a woman of such rare qualities of heart and mind that no 
words can express the sorrow that fell upon many hearts and homes when they heard 
of this dear friend's departure. Her life was one of great doing and giving, for her 
charities were endless, and the beauty of her giving was in its quiet simplicity, from 
the sending of large checks to hospitals and homes, to the sympathetic giving of smaller 
amounts to invalids, and to those not blessed with this world's goods. Especially was 
Mrs. Weld interested in assisting young students, always eager to help those who were 
willing to help themselves. None but God and the giver knew how many hearts were 
lightened and sad lives brightened by her thoughtfulness. Although her eighty-seventh 
birthday would have come at the end of May, 1918, she retained a remarkable degree of 
her mental faculties and physical vigor. Her keen sense of humor, her merry laught at 
anything comic or amusing, her love of books, flowers, music, gave her intense pleasure, 
and she passed on to others what life had so richly given to her. Her interest was keen 
in all the current topics of the day, and her memory of poetry, which she would recite in 
her own inimitable manner, making comments that were witty and amusing, was 
remarkable. She loved her friends as they loved her, deeply and truly, and was always 
touched by any gift or kindness shown her. Those who were privileged to be her guests 



©Held 271 

in her Boston and Newport homes will never forget her gracious, generous hospitality. 
One cannot think of the Newport home without her dear presence. Her flowers and 
fruit were her delight, because her greatest joy was in the daily giving of them to her 
friends. Many who were recipients of her generosity never even knew her name. They 
only knew that some wonderful "unknown friend" had blessed their lives and lifted 
heavy burdens from their hearts. Those in her employ gave her faithful and loving 
service and sincerely mourned her passing away. 

Great sorrow came to Mrs. Weld in the loss of her two sons, but this void in her 
heart was filled in her intense love for the dear granddaughter and loving devotion to 
her daughter-in-law and only sister, the immediate members of her family who were 
left to her. This is a small tribute to one so well beloved, but it comes as a perpetuation 
of her name. Mrs. Weld was a member of the Arlington Street Church, Boston, and is 
survived by her only sister, Mary Louisa Goddard, who made her home with her. 

Every phase of the life of Boston, Massachusetts, was brought face to face with a 
distinct loss in the death of William Gordon Weld, for he was a man respected and 
admired in the daily walks of life. He was always the same sterling, thoughtful, kindly 
friend of humanity, and being unassuming in his manner, painstaking in his habits, and 
genial in his nature, it was only natural that he gained and held the esteem of all. 




Ea Crofe 




Arms— Quarterly, i and 4 gules, a cross couped or; 2 and 3 argent, a mill-rind sable. 
Ovjf — The mill-rind. 

HERE are some men of so versatile a gift that they seem almost pre- 
destined to success. Go where they will, or do what they will, that 
which they put their hands to invariably prospers, and the too casual 
observer is prone to put it down to luck. That changeable goddess, 
however, is far too fickle to bestow, even upon her favorites, any sub- 
stantial and permanent success, and the lasting fortune is the product 
of but one thing, hard work, and if the truth were but known the most 
talented and versatile must do as much plodding as their duller fellow-men, though, 
mayhap, with a more sprightly carriage and a lighter step. Destiny, after all, deals out 
the same reward for the same effort with a pretty even hand, and genius has been 
described by one who should have known as an "infinite capacity for taking pains." Of 
such a kind was the late William La Croix, whose death at Lynn, Massachusetts, on 
February 8, 191 1, brought to a close a career of great usefulness. He was a man remark- 
able in the breadth of his wisdom, in his indominitable perseverence, his strong individ- 
uality, and yet one whose entire life was an open scroll, inviting the closest scrutiny. 

WILLIAM LA CROIX was born in what is now Millis, but then called East Med- 
way, Massachusetts, June 24, 1850, a son of Edward and Eliza (Felton) La Croix, both 
natives of Massachusetts. When William La Croix was but a small child his parents 
moved to the State of Alabama, where he received his early education in a private 
school. When he was about fourteen years of age, his parents again returned to the 
North, settling in Worcester, Massachusetts, at which place William continued his minor 
education, after which he entered Worcester Academy, from which institution he gradu- 
ated in 1873. As a young man he came to Lynn, Massachusetts, where he soon became 
the junior partner in the firm of Pevear & La Croix, boots and shoes, continuing as a 
member of this firm until 1877, when this partnership was dissolved and Mr. La Croix 
removed to Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, where he entered the newspaper field, publishing 
a newspaper and also becoming very influential in politics, but in 1879 he disposed of his 
interests in Wellsboro and returned to Lynn, Massachusetts, and entered the leather 
business with the firm of Beede & Tyler, the firm later being known as Beede, Tyler & 
La Croix. This business was very successful until it met disaster in the great fire of 
1889, when with many other firms it was wiped out of existence. Undaunted by this 
misfortune, Mr. La Croix soon reentered the leather business, this time having as his 
partner his brother, Edward La Croix, and from that time until his death, William 
La Croix was regarded as one of Lynn's most prominent and public-spirited citizens. He 
became a very active participant in local Republican politics, and also served for a period 
of nine years as chairman of the Lynn Board of Health, during which time he did invalu- 
able service to his adopted city. In fraternal circles he was very well known and was a 
prominent member of the Masons and of the Odd Fellows. He was also prominent in 
social circles and served as president of the Park Club, of Lynn, and was also a member 
of the Oxford Club. He was a great lover of all dumb animals, especially horses, and 
took a great interest in The Gentlemen's Driving Club, of Lynn, having served this club 
as its president. At one time William La Croix was the owner of fifteen beautiful thor- 
oughbred horses, many of whom were ribbon winners. 



Ha Croi* 273 

In 1874 William La Croix was united in marriage with Georgianna Hoyt, of Sand- 
wich, New Hampshire, a daughter of Captain Calvin and Eliza (French) Hoyt. Captain 
Calvin Hoyt, of Sandwich, New Hampshire, was very prominent during the days of the 
great Civil War, having been highly commended for his great and tireless work in organ- 
izing various military companies in New Hampshire. Mrs. La Croix's great-grandfather, 
Ezekial French, was a soldier in the Revolution. Mr. and Mrs. William La Croix became 
the parents of three daughters : 

1. Alice, who is the wife of Joseph McBrien, 3. Theresa, who is the wife of J. H. Buckley, 
of Lynnfield, Massachusetts, and the mother of the large housefurnishing house of Titus 
of three children : William Felton, Marion and Buckley Company, of Lynn, Massachu- 
and Ronold Crawford. setts: they have three children: Charles 

2. Grace, who is the wife of Joseph P. Ogden, William, Georgianna Hoyt and Elizabeth, 
of Lynn, Massachusetts. 

The Hoyt family is considered one of the most prominent among the families of 
New England, they all being descended from John and Simon Hoyt. Many of this family 
are in the learned professions, divinity, law and medicine, the latter engaging much the 
larger number. Military titles are common, there being many captains, majors and col- 
onels, and in New Hampshire there was, at one time, three generals by the name of 
Hoit. In the French and Indian and in the Revolutionary wars, the family took an active 
part, a large number having served as soldiers and many thereby lost their lives. John 
Hoyt, of whom Mrs. La Croix is a descendant, was born in England about 1610, and 
came to America as a young man. He was one of the original settlers of Salisbury, Mas- 
sachusetts, and also of Amesbury. John Hoyt was almost the only individual who 
received all his earlier grants at the "first division" of land in Salisbury. This would 
indicate that he was one of the first to move into the town, 1640. He early removed to 
the west side of the Powow river. His name appears on the original articles of agreement 
between Salisbury and Salsbury Newtown, in 1654, and he was one of the seventeen 
original "commoners" of the new town whose names were recorded on March 16, 1655. 
In the divisions of land he received several lots in the "Great Swamp," "on the river," 
at the "Lion's Mouth" and in other parts of the town. One of these lots contained two 
hundred acres, and was styled the great divisions. John Hoyt is also frequently men- 
tioned on the old Amesbury records as prudential man, selectman, constable, juryman, 
moderator, etc. He was a man of independent thought, and often had his "contrary 
desent" entered on the records of the town, in several instances alone, one of them being 
on the question of his serving as selectman in 1682. He was a sergeant of the Salisbury 
military company, and is frequently called "Sergeant Hoyt." He was also one of the 
commissioned and other officers of the militia in the county of Norfolk, 1671. The town 
records of Amesbury state that he died February 28, 1688. 

The success of Mr. La Croix in his chosen business was due to the possession by 
him of a combination of virtues and talents greatly in demand in this world. At the 
basis of his character, as they are the basis of all character that amounts to any- 
thing, were the fundamental virtues of sincerity and courage, a sincerity which ren- 
dered him incapable of taking advantage of another, and a courage that kept him 
cheerful and determined in the face of all obstacles. To these he added a practi- 
cal grasp of affairs, and an idealism which kept his outlook fresh and his aims 
pure and high minded. Both these qualities, it is hardly necessary to point out, are 
most valuable ones in business life. In all the relations of his life, in all his associations 
with his fellows, these same qualities stood out in a marked manner, and gained for him 
the admiration and affection of all who came in contact with him, even in the most 
casual way. In his family life his conduct was of the highest type, a devoted husband 
and father who found his chief happiness in the intimate intercourse of his own house- 
hold by his own hearthstone. 



&ross 




Arms — Sable on a fesse between three mullets pierced argent, as many crosses crosslet gules. 
Crest — On a ducal coronet or, a talbot passant proper, collared and lined gold. 

AAZANIAH GROSS was a man of large affairs, of great public spirit 
and an ideal citizen. A man of sterling character, retaining through 
life the strong respect for right and law inherent in many New Eng- 
land families, Mr. Gross was the soul of sincerity and honor, and his 
purposes were always high-minded. New England enterprise is pro- 
verbial and justly so, for perhaps no other section of our great country, 
or indeed of the world, has in proportion to its population produced so 
many pioneers in the various branches of human industry as has this small region. 
Peopled generally by men whose strong sense of religion and personal freedom drove 
them to forsake the securities and comforts of a long established home, together with 
every tie of family affection and patriotism, for the untried wilderness, its people to-day 
may be considered as worthy successors of their bold ancestors, and it is not surprising 
that from a beginning so well nigh desperate has arisen a type of hardy and venture- 
some men. Their spirit of adventure, for such it may be called, using that term in its 
broadest sense, has not since the opening of the nineteenth century had any problem 
so difficult to deal with as those which their forbears were confronted with in the 
conquest of a new continent, yet their achievements in their own particular sphere 
have not fallen below those around which our earliest traditions and history are centered. 
A splendid representative of these illustrious men is to be found in the life of Jaazaniah 
Gross, a former prominent resident of East Somerville, Massachusetts, which city 
suffered deeply by his death which occurred at the Somerville Hospital as the result of 
an accident on Washington street, November 29, 1903, in which his carriage was struck 
by an electric car, and he and his daughter were thrown to the street. After an honor- 
able life of seventy-nine years, Mr. Gross passed over the Great Divide into the beyond, 
a man honored in life and blessed in memory. Courteous, friendly and the very essence 
of uprightness, he had many warm friends whom he valued very highly. The birth of 
Jaazaniah Gross occurred in Truro, Massachusetts, March 28, 1824, the son of Isaac S. 
and Betsy (Davis) Gross, and in the ninth generation from Isaac Gross, the first of the 
family in this country. 

(I) ISAAC GROSS was born in England, and when he came to America he was 
accompanied by his brother, Edmund Gross, a seafaring man, who was proprietor of 
Boston in 1639, anc ^ was admitted to the Boston Church, March 22, 1645, with his wife 
Katharine. As all of the Colonial families of this surname are descended from these 
two brothers, the names of the children of Edmund Gross will be given : Isaac, Susanna, 
Hannah, Lydia, Mary, John and James. The other brother, Isaac Gross, settled in 
Boston. The early records have his name spelled Groce, Grosse and in various other 
ways. He was a miller by trade, but appears to have followed husbandry in this 
country. He was admitted to the Boston Church, April 17, 1636, but followed the 
wheelwright secession during the religious controversy in Boston, and was dismissed 
from the Boston Church to Exeter, in 1636. But he returned to Boston later. In 1636 
he had a grant of land in "a great allotment of land at Muddy River" (Brookline, Massa- 
chusetts). He probably brought property with him from England, for when he died he 
left one of the largest estates of his time. 



CtOS0 275 

ffl) CLEMENT GROSS, son of Isaac Gross, was born in England, abont 1625, 
and came to New England with his father. He was also a miller by trade. He was 
united in marriage with Ann Bradbury, and they lived in Boston. 

(III) SIMON GROSS, son of Clement Gross, settled in Hingham, Massachusetts, 
where he died in 1696. He was called a boatman, and left a large estate. 

(IV) MICAH GROSS, son of Simon Gross, was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, 
and died at Truro, Massachusetts, in 1753. He removed from Hingham to Truro about 
1712. 

(V) ISRAEL GROSS, son of Micah Gross, was born in Truro, Massachusetts, in 
1718. He lived there in the valley south of the old graveyard on a farm still known as 
the "Old Orchard." He built the house in which Captain John Collins afterward lived. 
He was a prominent citizen, and the father of a large family. 

(VI) JAAZANIAH GROSS, son of Israel Gross, was born at Truro, Massachu- 
setts. March 17, 1745. 

(VII) JAAZANIAH (2) GROSS, son of Jaazaniah (1) Gross, was born at Truro, 
Massachusetts, in 1770, and died in 1816. 

(VIII) ISAAC S. GROSS, son of Jaazaniah (2) Gross, was born at Truro, Massa- 
chusetts, in 1803. He was united in marriage with Betsy Davis, who was also a native 
of Truro, Massachusetts. Mr. Gross was a merchant in Boston, where he died in 1873. 
He was the father of Jaazaniah Gross, in whose memory we are writing. 

(IX) JAAZANIAH (3) GROSS, son of Isaac S. Gross, received his early education 
in the public schools of his native town of Truro, Massachusetts, and at Andover Acad- 
emy. When his father went to Boston he was sixteen years old, and at that time started 
to work as a clerk in the store of George Carlisle at No. 241 North street, Boston, where 
he remained a year. He afterwards was employed for a year by Mr. Humphrey, in 
Quincy Market. At the age of nineteen years, Mr. Gross began to manufacture boots 
and shoes, starting in business on his own account, with a capital of one hundred and 
fifty dollars, which he had borrowed of his father. Some idea of his persistency and 
perseverance can be formed by the statement that this youth did a business the first 
year amounting to fourteen thousand dollars, and in thirteen years, which time he was in 
business for himself, he had saved forty-five thousand dollars. Mr. Gross then took 
into partnership two brothers, Blanchard by name, but at the end of two years the 
concern was dissolved, and Mr. Gross became associated with his father, Isaac S. Gross, 
in the provision business, he having a stall in Quincy Market. When his father passed 
away, in 1873, Mr. Gross succeeded to the business, assuming complete charge and 
conducting it with profit and success until he retired from all active business affairs in 
1895, on account of his age. Mr. Gross made his home in Somerville. Massachusetts, 
where he erected a handsome residence at the corner of Perkins and Mount Vernon 
streets, in 1853. In Mr. Gross were happily blended the characteristics of a strong man. 
decision, toleration, firmness, and with all he was approachable, companionable and 
lovable. He has gone to his reward, but his splendid spirit and influence still remains, 
and will continue to remain as long as life lasts. In social and club circles, Mr. Gross 
became a conspicuous figure, being a member of several organizations and clubs, among 
which should be mentioned the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, the Royal Arcanum, 
the Knights of Honor, and the Boston Chamber of Commerce. He was charitably 
inclined, and his regard for the rights of others was scrupulous and unvarying, his 
honesty of purpose everywhere apparent. 



276 



Cross 



In 1850 Jaazaniah Gross was united in marriage with Harriett Augusta Clark, a 
daughter of Foster Clark, of Walpole, New Hampshire. Mrs. Gross died in 1874, leaving 
three children, as follows : 



Mary Ann, born in Somerville, Massachu- 
setts, became the wife of Charles B. Stock- 
well, of Port Huron, Michigan, a graduate 
of Harvard Medical College; Mrs. Stock- 
well died in 1905. 

Harriett Augusta, born in Somerville, and 
attended Henry Williams' private school, 
also Wellesley College, finishing her edu- 
cation abroad, where she studied in Dres- 
den, Braunchweig and Hanover; Miss Gross 
lives in the old Gross homestead in Somer- 
ville, Massachusetts. 

Laura Clark, born in Somerville, and grad- 
uated from Vassar, being class marshal; 



she became the wife of Charles M. Shove, 
of Fall River, Massachusetts, treasurer of 
the Granite Mills and president of the Mas- 
sasoit National Bank; they are the parents 
of one daughter, Eleanor Shove, who was 
educated in Miss Bennett's private school in 
New York City; on October 20, 1917, 
Eleanor Shove became the wife of Rich- 
ard Osborn, of Fall River, Massachusetts, 
a graduate of Yale University; he has en- 
listed in the ambulance corps of the United 
States army as first lieutenant of Heavy 
Artillery. 



Mr. Gross left to his family that choicest of all legacies, an honored name and a 
reputation for uprightness, integrity, gentleness and courtesy. His death was a loss, 
not only to his immediate family and the large circle of his devoted friends which his 
good qualities had won for him, but to his fellow-men in general, many of whom had 
benefited in some way by his life and example. The funeral services of Mr. Gross were 
held at his late residence in Somerville, Massachusetts, and were largely attended. The 
Rev. W. Sherman Thompson conducted the services, assisted by the Rev. R. W. Wal- 
lace. Many beautiful floral tributes proved the deep esteem and veneration in which 
Mr. Gross was held. The interment was in the family lot at Mt. Auburn. 

As a business man, Jaazaniah Gross enjoyed high standing in the community, and 
at the time of his death many bore witness to his high character, his great ability, his 
sense of fairness, his unflagging zeal, and his ideals in all that he undertook. Those who 
knew him in an intimate way were constantly impressed with the strength of his char- 
acter, and his kind and genial disposition, and one of the finest traits in his character 
was the relationship with his family. He was not merely a father, but a sympathizer 
and an interested companion. A true and loyal friend both in public and private life, 
Mr. Gross was one of that stamp of men who leave their impress upon the community 
which is thus enriched by their presence, and who will not soon be forgotten by their 
fellow-men. 




ilonnej) 




'HE characteristics which make for success in business life — honesty, 
uprightness, fidelity to duty, and ability of a high order — were exem- 
plified in the career of the late Perez F. Bonney, a resident of Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts, for more than half a century, who was a lineal 
descendant of Colonial settlers, who came to this country in the ship, 
"Hercules," in 1632. The Bonney family was among the old and 
honored families who were entitled to bear arms, the arms of that 
family being as follows: 

Anns — Argent, on a bend azure three fleurs-de-lis or. 
Crest— A martlet proper. 

PEREZ FISH BONNEY was born in Strong, Maine, March 14, 1828, son of 
Harvey and Hannah (Fish) Bonney, old and highly honored residents of the State of 
Maine. He attended the schools of his native city, acquiring a practical education. At 
the age of seventeen, he made his way to Boston, Massachusetts, and there entered the 
employ of George H. Warren, the predecessor of Jordan, Marsh & Company, and from 
time to time was promoted until he attained the responsible position of manager and 
buyer, and while serving in that capacity he started the negotiations which resulted in 
Eben Jordan, founder of Jordan, Marsh & Company, purchasing the business and laying 
the foundation for the great establishment of the present time (1917). For twenty-two 
years Mr. Bonney acted as manager and buyer for Jordan, Marsh & Company, and 
then entered the employ of the R. H. White Company, and for a period of eighteen years 
was the manager of the women's department of that establishment. Having gained 
valuable experience during his connection with these two large concerns, Mr. Bonney 
decided to establish a business on his own account, and, accordingly, in 1894, in asso- 
ciation with his four sons, opened a store on Washington street, Boston, carrying the 
same line of goods as the companies with whom he was previously employed. He was 
recognized as an expert buyer of women's garments, which line of work he made a 
specialty of, and during the course of his career made more than one hundred and sixty 
round trips across the Atlantic to European markets. Subsequently Mr. Bonney turned 
over the management of his business to his sons, who conducted it along the same 
straightforward lines as their father. He was a prominent member of the North Avenue 
Congregational Church, Cambridge. He was well known in Cambridge and adjoining 
cities, also in Phillips, Maine, where he maintained a summer home. 

Mr. Bonney married, in February, i860, Helena Clenthea Marston, of Phillips, 
Maine, a daughter of Captain Daniel and Rosanda (Dow) Marston, both natives of 
Phillips, Maine, and they were the parents of four children : Mary Abbey, Helena Clen- 
thea, Daniel Webster and George Burnham Marston, all natives of Phillips. Captain 
Daniel Marston followed agricultural pursuits during his early years, and later became 
a merchant, conducting his operations in Phillips. He was a man of patriotism and 
bravery, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted and was appointed captain of 
the Sixteenth Maine Volunteers. The Marston coat-of-arms is as follows : 

Arms — Sable, a fess indented ermine between three fleurs-de-lis argent. 
Crest — A demi-greyhound gorged with a collar dancettee ermine. 



278 



IBonmy 



Children of Mr. and Mrs. Bonney : 

i. Lena Emma, born in Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts; educated in the public schools of her 
native city; became the wife of J. J. Brown- 
low, and is now residing in Brookline, Mas- 
sachusetts. 

2. Charles Henry, born in Phillips, Maine; re- 
ceived his education in the schools of Cam- 
bridge; married Annabelle Perry. 

3. Arthur Perez, born in Phillips, Maine; edu- 
cated in the schools of Cambridge, and the 
Bryant Stratton Commercial College in 
Boston; married Laura Webb Shapleigh, of 
Brookline, Massachusetts; three children: 
Caroline S., Barbara and Arthur P., Jr. 



4. Frederick Perez, born in Andover, Massa- 
chusetts; educated in the schools of Cam- 
bridge; married Alice Quick; three chil- 
dren: Lena Louise, Perez and George. 

5. George Marston, born in Andover, Massa- 
chusetts; educated in the schools of Cam- 
bridge; married Viola Hodgkins, of Bos- 
ton; two children: George and Edward. 

6. Helen Evelyn, born in Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts; educated in its public schools; 
became the wife of Hugh Montgomery, of 
Rochester, New York; two children: Hugh, 
Jr., and Priscilla. 



Mr. Bonney was a devoted husband and father, and there was not a relation of life 
in which he did not play his part well. 




flarrts 




Arms — Barry of six argent and sable, three crescents of the first. 

Crest — A lion's head. 

Motto — In tua justitia libera me. 

MONG the passengers on the ship "William and Frances," coming to 
New England in 1632, was Walter Harris, born in 1600, and his 
wife, Mary (Fry) Harris. He settled in Weymouth, Massachusetts, 
and there continued about twenty years, finally moving to Pequot 
Harbor. He died November 6, 1654, leaving sons, Gabriel and Thomas. 
William Gray Harris, of Worcester, of the tenth American generation, 
traces paternal descent through Gabriel. 

(TI) GABRIEL HARRIS, son of Walter and Mary (Fry) Harris, was born in 
England, in 1632, the year of the immigration, and died in New London, Connecticut, 
in 1684. He married Elizabeth Abbott. 

(III) SAMUEL HARRIS, son of Gabriel and Elizabeth (Abbott) Harris, was born 
in New London, Connecticut, July 14, 1666, and there died in 1725. He married, August 
5, 1687, Elizabeth Gibson. 

(IV) LIEUTENANT GIBSON HARRIS, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Gibson) 
Harris, was born in New London, Connecticut, April 20, 1694, moved to Bozrah town- 
ship, New London county, Connecticut, where he died in 1761. He married, January 7, 
1720, Phoebe Denison, daughter of "Lawyer" George Denison, of New London. (See 
Denison). They were the parents of seven children. 

(V) GEORGE HARRIS, eldest child of Lieutenant Gibson and Phoebe (Denison) 
Harris, was born January 18, 1721. He married (first) Sally Walmouth, (second) Ann 
Lathrop. 

(VI) JOSHUA HARRIS, son of George and Sally (Walmouth) Harris, was born 
in Canaan, Connecticut, in 1751, and died in Canaan, New Hampshire, August 10, 1835. 
His health was not good in his early manhood, and in search of better things he and 
his uncle took a horseback trip up the Connecticut river as far as Hanover, New Hamp- 
shire. They liked the country so well that Joshua persuaded his parents to buy him a 
tract of land near there, which was also called Canaan, but was in New Hampshire. 
There they ran a tavern, bought and sold supplies to the Continental soldiers, and made 
a great deal of money, but it was of that paper variety which later was almost worthless. 
The paper money taken in was stacked in the attic, and in later years children made it 
a plaything. Joshua Harris married Miriam Johnson. 

(VII) JAMES SHEPHARD HARRIS, son of Joshua and Miriam (Johnson) 
Harris, was born in Canaan, New Hampshire, January 27, 1788, died in East Poultney, 
Vermont, March II, 1866. He was a graduate of Dartmouth College, and practiced law 
in East Poultney, his office in a dwelling he owned. He seemed more interested in the 
weaker side of a case than in the stronger and the week prior to his death tried a case 
in court. He married Elizabeth Patterson, daughter of Captain Isaac and Elizabeth 
(Wordsworth) Patterson, of Piedmont, New Hampshire. 



280 partis 

(VIII) JAMES PATTERSON HARRIS, son of James Shephard and Elizabeth 
(Patterson) Harris, was born in East Poultney, Vermont, November 18, 1815, and there 
died July 7, 1859, his death resulting from an abscess caused by injuries received in the 
woods, a tree falling upon him. He was a merchant of Cohoes, New York, and East 
Poultney, Vermont, also superintendent of a candlestick factory there. He was a man of 
great good nature, and did a man seek a quarrel with him he was simply laughed out of 
his bad humor. He married Mary Frisbie, born in East Poultney, Vermont, June io, 
1823, died there March 18, 1899. She was a student at Castleton Seminary, and while 
not fond of books was wonderfully expert with her needle. (See Frisbie). 

(IX) CHARLES FRISBIE HARRIS, son of James Patterson and Mary (Frisbie) 
Harris, was born in Poultney, Vermont, May 24, 1850. He learned the machinist's 
trade, and for fifty-four years has been employed by the Ruggles Machine Company of 
Poultney, Vermont, and there yet resides, leading a retired life. He has been treasurer 
and clerk of the board of trustees of the Methodist Episcopal church ; was formerly a 
member of the Republican town committee, but became an ardent Prohibitionist and 
has been very active in the anti-saloon movement. He married Mary Talitha Gray, 
born in Middletown, Vermont, May 4, 1849, educated in common schools and attending 
for a short time Castleton Seminary, Castleton, Vermont. She is a lady of literary taste, 
a lover of good literature, very philanthropic, and deeply interested in church work. (See 
Gray). 

(X) WILLIAM GRAY HARRIS, associate general agent of the Provident Life 
and Trust Company, was born in Poultney, Vermont, September 22, 1879, son °f Charles 
Frisbie and Mary Talitha (Gray) Harris. He is a graduate of the Poultney High School, 
class of 1894, Troy Conference Academy, Poultney, 1898, and of Wesleyan University, 
Middletown, Connecticut, A. B., 1902. He was president of his class at Wesleyan for 
one year, leader of the college musical clubs for two years, winner of the Freshman and 
Junior Oratorical contest, member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Mystical Seven, Zeta 
Phi, Sigma Tau, was organist of the college chapel and of Cromwell Congregational 
Church. For one year after graduation from Wesleyan he was an instructor in Latin 
and Greek in the Northport (Long Island) High School. In 1904 he entered the service 
of the Provident Life and Trust Company as cashier of the Worcester branch, and from 
that year he has been continuously in the employ of that company. In 1914 he was 
appointed associate general agent of the Provident Life and Trust Company for Central 
and Western Massachusetts. The Worcester offices of the company are in the Slater 
building, No. 422. 

During and since college days Mr. Harris has taken a deep interest in organ music, 
and in Northport was organist of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church. In Worcester 
he has served Lincoln Square Baptist Church and the Church of Christ in similar capac- 
ity, and for twelve years has been organist of Plymouth Congregational Church. In 
1906 he was appointed director of music in Clark College, and since then has been a 
director of the Worcester Oratoro Society and a member of Trinity Methodist Episcopal 
Church. Although a Republican in politics, Mr. Harris was prominent in the progressive 
movement of 1912, is a member of the Worcester Chamber of Commerce, for two years 
was instructor of salesmanship in the evening classes of the Young Men's Christian 
Association, and was for a number of years an auditor of Trinity Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

William Gray Harris married, July 7, 1903, Bessie Whatley Legg, born April 23, 
1 881, a graduate of Worcester High School, a student of Lasell and New England Con- 
servatory of Music, Boston, Massachusetts. Mrs. Harris is an accomplished musician 



^arri$«£egg 281 

and has appeared as soprano soloist in various church choirs in Worcester. She is a 
daughter of John Legg, president of the Worcester Woolen Company, and a grand- 
daughter of James Legg, a woolen manufacturer, both he and his son, John Legg, of 
English birth. Mr. and Mrs. William G. Harris are the parents of children : 

1. Sarah Fifield, born October 28, 1906. 3. Jean Patterson, born December 8, 1914. 

2. Mary Gray, born February 28, 1912. 

Such is the Pilgrim and Puritan ancestry of William Gray Harris leading in several 
lines to the "Mayflower" and to many ancient and honorable families of New England. 
In some of these lines he is of the eleventh American generation, and he is eligible to all 
societies based on patriotic and colonial residence. 

LEGG. 

(I) JAMES LEGG was born in Westbury, Wiltshire, England, December 18, 
1822. When very young he learned to operate a hand loom, and when a boy was a 
skilled weaver. He came to this country about 1848 on a visit, and in 1854 came to 
make a permanent home here. He found work as a weaver in Pascoag, Rhode Island, in 
the mill of John Marsh. Later he worked for the Chases at Graniteville ; in 1861 he was 
boss weaver for Smith & Lapham at Cherry Valley, and two years later became junior 
partner of the firm, Moriarity, Whitehead & Legg, Putnam, Connecticut. In 1865 he 
withdrew from that firm and started in business at Mapleville, Rhode Island, in the town 
of Burrillville, where he bought a mill and began to make woolens. In 1870 his mill was 
burned and he nearly lost his life in the fire, and later became owner of the Worcester 
Woolen Mills. The Mapleville business was incorporated as the Mapleville Woolen 
Company, of which he was president and treasurer until the time of his death, at his 
beautiful country estate, Cottage City, Massachusetts, August 2, 1890. 

He married, March 4, 1841, Betsey Whatley, born in England, November 25, 1828. 
died December 29, 1897, at Wilkinsonville. Children : 

1. James, born May 8, 1842. 7. Caroline, died in infancy. 

2. Caroline, died in infancy. 8. William, born July 16, 1854. 

3. Joseph, died young. 9. Elizabeth, born June 3, 1856. 

4. George, born January 24, 1847, died in 10. Caroline, born December 30, 1858. 
Providence, February 26, 1903. 11. Alma, born September 11, i860. 

5. Caroline, died in infancy. 12. Joseph, died in infancy. 

6. John, of further mention. 13. Mary Matilda, died in infancy. 

(II) JOHN LEGG, son of James and Betsey (Whatley) Legg, was born in the 
parish of Hilperton, near Trowbridge, England, May 28, 1851. He attended the public 
schools of Putnam, Connecticut, and Mapleville, Rhode Island, until eight years old, then 
entered the woolen mill, and after that age he spent most of his time in the mill when 
not in school. At the age of sixteen he decided to go to college and began to prepare 
at Lapham Institute, North Scituate, Rhode Island, financing the course from his own 
savings. But his health was not good, and after nearly two years of study he was pre- 
vailed upon by his mother to leave school. He mastered all the details of his father's 
business, and in 1874 became superintendent of the Mapleville Mills. He was admitted 
to partnership by James Legg, became general manager of the Mapleville Mills, and 
later was also general manager of the Worcester Woolen Mills. After the death of 
James Legg in 1890, the Worcester business was bought by a corporation consisting of 
John Legg and three others under the name of the Worcester Woolen Mill Company, of 
which Edward. D. Thayer, Jr., was president ; Charles J. Little, treasurer, and John Legg, 
manager; and W. B. Fay of the firm of Goddard, Fay & Stone, shoe manufacturers, a 
director. Mr. Legg continued manager until 1907, when he succeeded Mr. Thayer, and 

Ter-2— 18 



282 JLegg«<$rap 

since has been president of the company. Frank S. Fay, since deceased, was treasurer, 
and J. Francis Legg is general manager. The company manufactures a great variety 
of woolen overcoat and cloak cloth used in the uniforms of the United States army, 
navy, and marine service and by mail carriers, the mills having been driven to full 
capacity in recent years. 

Mr. Legg is a member of Trinity Methodist Church, and has been for manv years a 
trustee and treasurer ; was class leader for seventeen consecutive years, and teacher 
in the Sunday school from the time he came to this city until recently. He has been a 
member of the Massachusetts Sunday School Association ; also of the International 
Sunday School Committee; for several years he was chairman of the New England 
Northfield Summer School Methods ; for seven years superintendent of Trinity Sunday 
School ; and for several years president of the Worcester District of the Massachusetts 
Sunday School Association. He has taken an active part in missionary work. From 
1904 to 191 1, under the leadership of Mr. Legg, Trinity Sunday School showed great 
growth and progress, and became one of the very best schools in the State and the largest 
in the conference. In 1912 Mr. Legg, who had previously been a Republican, gave his 
support to the new Progressive party. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and 
of the Worcester Country Club. 

He married, June 27, 1877, Sarah Congdon Fifield, daughter of Dr. Moses and 
Hannah Arnold (Allen) Fifield. From 1895 to 191 1 Mrs. Legg was president of the 
Ladies' Social Circle of Trinity Church. Since 1912 she has been president of the New 
England branch of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal 
church. A large part of her time in recent years has been devoted to missionary and 
other benevolent work. Dr. Moses Fifield was a prominent physician of Warwick, 
Rhode Island, and also treasurer of the Warwick Institute for Savings. He descends in 
paternal line from Dr. Moses Fifield, son of Rev. Moses, son of Moses, son of Benjamin, 
son of Edward, son of Benjamin, son of William Fifield. Sarah Congdon (Fifield) Legg 
also is a descendant of Matthew Arnold, who came from England about 1700 and settled 
in North Kingston ; from Benjamin Congdon, who settled in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 
about 1650, and from Richard Knight, who came to England before 1648 and settled in 
Newport; also from many other of the pioneers of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. 
Children of Mr. and Mrs. John Legg: 

1. John Francis. 3. Bessie Whatley, born April 23, 1881, mar- 

2. Rev. Howard Fifield, a graduate of Wes- ried William Gray Harris (q. v.). 
leyan University, 1904; Drew Theological 4. Emma Allen, married Asbury Bushnell. 
Seminary, Madison, New Jersey, 1907; pas- 5. Helen Bennet, died young. 

tor of the Park Avenue Congregational 6. Joseph Willard, a graduate of Worcester 

Church in this city, 1910 and 191 1; also pas- High School, 1909, and of the Worcester 

tor, 1912-1918, of the Federated Church of Polytechnic Institute, 1915. 

Wilbraham, Massachusetts; now pastor at 
Sandwich, Massachusetts. 

GRAY. 

Arms — Gules, a lion rampant or, within a bordure engrailed argent. 
Crest — An anchor erect or. 
Motto — Anchor, fast anchor. 

MARY TALITHA GRAY, wife of Charles Frisbie Harris, and mother of William 
Gray Harris, traces descent from Edward Gray, who was a merchant of Plymouth, Mas- 
sachusetts, where he settled as early as 1643. He was a man of importance, freeman, 
grand juror, deputy, and committeeman. He married (first) Mary Winslow, daughter of 
John and Mary (Chilton) Winslow, she a daughter of James Chilton, who came in the 
"Mayflower." He married (second) December 12, 1665, Dorothy, daughter of Thomas 



®rap«jFrisbie«Deni$on 283 

and Ann Lettice. They were the parents of Edward (2) Gray, born January 31, 1667, 
who was the father of Edward (3) Gray, who married Mary Paddock, and they were the 
parents of a son, David Gray, a soldier of the Revolution, who married Hannah New- 
bury. Harry (Henry) Gray, son of David and Hannah (Newbury) Gray, was born in 
New Brunswick, New Jersey, July 17, 1784, died in Middletown, Vermont, June 3. 
1865. He was a millwright, distiller, brick manufacturer, woolen mill owner, lumber- 
man, and carpenter. He married Minerva Loomis, born April 25, 1792, died November 
8, 1870, daughter of Fitch and Eunice (Brewster) Loomis, and granddaughter of 
Reuben Loomis, of Middletown, Vermont, son of Jonah, son of Jonathan, son of Wrestl- 
ing, son of Love, son of Elder William Brewster, of the "Mayflower." Minerva (Loomis) 
Gray was a woman of fine character, benevolent and energetic, a member of the Con- 
gregational church. 

WILLIAM NEWBURY GRAY, of the sixth American generation, son of Henry 
and Minerva (Loomis) Gray, was born in Middletown, Vermont, September 14, 1819, 
died there March 18, 1903, "a sturdy six foot New England Pilgrim." He was prom- 
inent in town affairs, served two years in the Vermont Legislature, 1848-49, was an 
ardent temperance worker, and a man of strong character. He married Mary Wood- 
ruff Sawyer, born in Tinmouth, Vermont, May 22, 1828, died in Middletown, June 18, 
1899, daughter of Noah Woodruff Sawyer, and a descendant of William Sawyer and of 
Miles Standish of Plymouth and the "Mayflower." The line of descent from William 
Sawyer was through his son, Stephen Sawyer; his son, Stephen (2) Sawyer, and his 
wife Sarah ; their son, Jacob Sawyer, and his wife Prudence Standish, daughter of 
Israel, son of Josiah, son of Miles and Barbara Standish ; their son, Ephraim Sawyer, 
and his wife, formerly Miss Smith ; their son, David Sawyer, and his wife, Mary Wood- 
ruff ; their son, Noah Woodruff Sawyer, and his wife, Olive Barker, daughter of Pitman 
and Lydia (Rudd) Barker. 

William Newbury and Mary Woodruff Sawyer were the parents of Mary Talitha 
(Gray) Harris, wife of Charles Frisbie Harris, and they are the parents of William 
Gray Harris. 

FRISBIE. 

MARY FRISBIE, wife of James Patterson Harris, was a descendant of Edward 
Frisbie and his wife, Martha (Pardee) Frisbie, he one of the earliest planters of Bran- 
ford, Massachusetts, settling there before 1645. They were the parents of Benomi Fris- 
bie, born in 1654, died November, 1700, who married Hannah Rose. Ebenezer Frisbie, 
son of Benomi Frisbie, married Hannah Abbott, and they were the parents of Amos 
Frisbie, who married Eleanoring Allen, parents of Amos Frisbie, father of Mary (Fris- 
bie) Harris. Amos Frisbie married Hester Sackett, great-granddaughter of Captain 
Richard Sackett, granddaughter of Richard (2) Sackett. and daughter of Richard (3) 
Sackett, who married Martha Benedict, daughter of Jonathan, son of Joseph, son of John, 
son of Thomas and Mary (Bridgman) Benedict. 

DENISON. 

PHOEBE DENISON, wife of Lieutenant Gibson Harris, was a daughter of George 
Denison, a graduate of Harvard College, a lawyer and distinguished citizen of New 
London, Connecticut. He married Mary Wetherell, born October 7, 1668, died August 
22, 171 1, who was the widow of Thomas, son of Gabriel Harris. Mary Wetherell was a 
daughter of Daniel and Grace (Brewster) Wetherell, and granddaughter of Rev. Wil- 
liam Wetherell and his wife, Mary (Fisher) Wetherell, of English birth. Grace Brew- 



284 



2Denteon 



ster was a daughter of Jonathan and Lucretia (Oldham) Brewster, and a granddaughter 
of Elder William Brewster of the "Mayflower," and his wife, Mary. 

GEORGE DENISON was a son of Captain John and Phoebe (Lay) Denison, 
grandson of Captain George and Ann (Borodell) Denison, and great-grandson of Wil- 
liam and Margaret Denison. 




■1 




■ 



A > Xv^^'^^V-i, 



Chamberlain 




Arms — Gules, a fess between three escallops or. 

Crest — Out of a ducal coronet or, the head of an ass argent. 

'HERE is something intrinsically admirable in the profession of medi- 
cine that illumines by reflected light all those who practice it. Some- 
thing, that is, concerned with the prime object, the alleviation of human 
suffering, something about the self-sacrifice that it must necessarily 
involve, that makes the world regard, and rightly so, all those who 
choose to follow its difficult way and devote themselves to its great 
aims, with a certain amount of respect and reverence. Few, if any, of 
the many brilliant men who have added to the lustre of the medical profession of the 
State of Massachusetts have exercised a wider influence for the good of the institutions 
of medical learning than the late Dr. Myron Levi Chamberlain, of Boston. It is unnec- 
essary to say that as a physician he was held in the highest estimation by his fellow- 
men, as the record of his daily life was filled with evidences of this fact. A man of 
natural medical talents, great sagacity, quick perceptions, noble impulses, sound judg- 
ment, and remarkable force and determination of character, Dr. Chamberlain commanded 
the respect and confidence of not only his patients, but all who knew him, and with whom 
he had to deal. In all professions, but more especially the medical, there are exalted 
heights to Which genius itself dares scarcely soar and which can be gained only after 
long years of patient, arduous and unremitting toil, linked with inflexible and unfalter- 
ing courage. To this proud eminence we may safely state that Dr. Chamberlain rose. 
He devoted his life to his profession, and was deservedly crowned with its choicest 
rewards. To attain the success which he reached he never resorted to extraneous means 
or influence, or any of the arts by which popularity is sometimes purchased at the 
expense of the truth and science. The terms of friendship were to him no mere idle 
word, but was a recognition of the good in others and a genuine delight in their com- 
panionship, because of his unfeigned interest in them. The influence of a human life 
can never be properly estimated or fully valued. Such men as Dr. Chamberlain create 
and maintain the honor of our Nation and our Country. 

Hard work, loss of sleep, trips in inclement weather, and a constant demand upon 
one's time, as well as upon one's powers of sympathy, these are the doctor's offerings, 
and the price would indeed be weighty that could cancel these things which a true and 
worthy physician, such as the distinguished gentleman whose name heads this memoir, 
brings with him into the profession. The death of Dr. Chamberlain, at the age of seventy- 
four years, at his home on Commonwealth avenue, Boston, on February 13, 1919, left a 
vacant place in so many hearts that had learned to love and admire him for his many 
sterling characteristics and his kindliness and gentleness. 

DR. MYRON LEVI CHAMBERLAIN was born in Greenwich, Massachusetts. Sep- 
tember 22, 1844, son of Dr. Levi and Abigail (Felton) Chamberlain. He fitted for college 
at the New Salem Academy, but abandoned a prospective Harvard College education to 
enlist as a recruit in the Tenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers. Because of illness 
he was given his discharge from the service, in 1862. After the recovery of his health he 
began to study medicine and attended the Berkshire Medical College, the medical 
department of the University of Maryland, and the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
New York City, from which he graduated in 1867. On February 6, 1865, , after an 



286 Chamberlain 

examination at the State House by Surgeon General Dale, the honorable Charles A. 
Dana, assistant secretary of War, appointed Dr. Chamberlain a medical cadet in the 
regular army. He received an honorable discharge in the spring of 1866, having been 
retained in the service until all other cadets had been discharged, his station being at 
the Dale General Hospital in Worcester, and the Hicks General Hospital in Baltimore. 
Dr. Chamberlain came to Boston, in 1878, after seven years of practice in Southbridge, 
Massachusetts, and two years of study and travel abroad, and without prestige and 
almost without friends, quickly acquired one of the most desirable practices in the city 
of Boston. Dr. Chamberlain was a member of the Boston Medical Library, the Massa- 
chusetts Medical Society, and the American Medical Association, and had frequently 
been a contributor to medical journals. 

He was a descendant of an illustrious ancestry, being descended in the sixth gen- 
eration from Lieutenant Nathaniel Felton, "The Patriarch of Old Salem," who came 
from England in 1633, an d who was the direct ancestor of the late President Felton, ot 
Harvard College, and his wife, Mary Skelton, the daughter of the Rev. Samuel Skelton, 
the first minister of the church of Salem, who came from England on the second voyage 
of the "Mayflower" in 1629, having left his native land because of persecution for his 
non-conformity. Francis Higginson accompanied him, and became a teacher in the 
church. The Colonial authorities granted the Rev. Skelton for his sacrifices two hun- 
dred acres of land, on which now stands Danversport. Dr. Chamberlain's great-grand- 
mother, Widow Katherine Deland, was the first public school teacher in the north 
precinct of Salem, and Dr. Chamberlain recently erected a granite and bronze mem- 
orial to her, and to mark the site of the house which was used for school purposes. Dr. 
Chamberlain was also a descendant in the sixth generation from John Proctur, of 
Salem, the witchcraft martyr. The old house of Nathaniel Felton still stands in Pea- 
body, formerly a part of Salem, and was occupied continuously by a Nathaniel Felton 
in direct descent until 1914, when the last Nathaniel Felton died. Other descendants 
of Nathaniel Felton went as original settlers to New Salem, Massachusetts, and were 
instrumental with others in obtaining financial assistance from the State to build the 
New Salem Academy, which was the first academy to receive State aid, and which is 
still flourishing. It has been the alma mater of many members of the Chamberlain and 
Felton families, from its first session down to the present day. Dr. Chamberlain came 
of a medical family. His father, Dr. Levi Chamberlain, practiced medicine in Massa- 
chusetts forty years. A brother, Dr. George Felton Chamberlain, practiced medicine 
forty-seven years, and another brother, Dr. Cyrus Nathaniel Chamberlain, practiced 
forty-eight years, four of which he spent as surgeon in the Civil War, and was selected 
by the General Court of Massachusetts to build and take charge of the Dale General 
Hospital at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1865. 

This serves to show Dr. Chamberlain's sturdy New England ancestors, a study of 
genealogy proves the doctor a descendant of the De Tankerville family, whose descend- 
ants own large estates in the valley of the Loire, in France. History records that mem- 
bers of the De Tankerville family went to England as officers at the time of the Norman 
Conquest and were appointed as chamberlains to the King. They adopted Chamber- 
lain as a surname, and their descendants continued the use of the name Chamberlain 
thereafter. 

On September 23, 1874, Dr. Myron Levi Chamberlain was united in marriage with 
Charlotte Pyncheon Wales, daughter of Royal Porter and Eudocia Melina (Hitchcock) 
Wales. Mrs. Chamberlain is a descendant of Deacon Nathaniel Wales, the second, who 
settled in Connecticut in the early part of the sixteenth century. Her great-grandfather 
was Oliver Wales, and her grandfather was Royal Wales. Mrs. Chamberlain's ancestors 



Cimm&erlain 287 

came originally from Idyll, England. The town of Wales, Massachusetts, formerly 
South Brimfield, was named in honor of a member of her family. Mrs. Chamberlain 
has continued to live in their Boston home on Commonwealth avenue since the death 
of her husband. 

Aside from any professional relations, Dr. Chamberlain was by reason of his gen- 
uine worth, personally, held in the highest esteem by those with whom he had come 
into contact, having been possessed of the kindly spirit, geniality and deference for the 
opinions of others, that won him friendship and high regard in all classes. The more 
he had to do the more he wished he was able to do. Although his professional duties 
made great demands upon his time. Dr. Chamberlain was essentially a "home" man. 
When he found it possible to follow his own inclinations, they always drew him to the 
home circle, and there lay his chief recreation in the society of his wife. Among the 
interests which composed 'his life his home stood first, next came his chosen calling. 
When the final accounting of the life of the true physician is made, and on the one hand 
are placed the anxieties, the toil, the exactions, the bitterness of failure, the disappoint- 
ments, the real or fancied errors, and on the other hand are set the supreme satisfaction 
springing from suffering relieved, from life prolonged and death held at bay, who can 
doubt on which side of the ledger the balance will rest? None can know so well as the 
estimable wife of Dr. Chamberlain how overwhelmingly the spiritual rewards and inspir- 
ations of his profession outweighed attendant dissatisfactions and evils. Regarded 
highly as a citizen and in his social relations, he belonged to that useful and helpful 
type of men whose ambitions and desires are centered and directed in those channels 
through which flow the greatest and most permanent benefits to the greatest number. 
Quick and keen of apprehension and utmost kindness of heart, he was courteous alike 
to all, and in bearing and instincts, in the best sense, was at all times a gentleman. He 
always proved himself in every sense a man among men, and was accorded a high place 
in their regard. All those who knew Dr. Chamberlain were enabled to appreciate his 
many attractive qualities of heart and mind, and certainly no man could have per- 
formed the tasks that he assumed more admirably or with greater enthusiasm. He was 
always sunny and urbane, and surely this was the outward expression of an innate 
kindliness. 

His was the sunny temper where all was strife, 
The simple heart that mocks at worldly wiles, 
Light wit that plays along the calm of life, 
And stirs its limpid surface into smiles. 

His kindly nature, rare culture, his gentle and unselfish character, his ardor in 
support of clean and high ambitions, made him one whom it is a delight to know, a 
necessity to love, and a privilege to honor. The moral qualities, as he well knew, are 
the bedrock of character, and his fidelity to religion and to truth never wavered, nor 
did his faith in things to come grow shadowy or unsubstantial, as the fleeting years 
passed by. The public as well as the medical profession suffers a calamity when such 
a man in the maturity of his powers and in the fullness of years and achievement passes 
to the great beyond. But humanity, while mourning at his departure from earthly 
environs, can also rejoice that his work and ideals of life abide not merely in loving con- 
templation but for an inspiration and guidance in the days that are to come. In the 
silence of reverent commemoration, we can still detect the pulse of the great heart 
that has ceased to beat. 



Harttoell 




Hartwell Arms— Argent a hart's head cabossed, sable attired or, between the horns a cross of the last. 
Crest — On a mount vert, paled or, a hart courant proper, attired of the second. 

'REDERICK W. HARTWELL, secretary and manager of the General 
Fire Extinguisher Company of Providence, Rhode Island, from the 
time of the founding of the gigantic corporation until his death, was 
a figure of influence in business and finance in Rhode Island for a quar- 
ter of a century, ranking prominently among the master minds which 
controlled these fields in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. 
Frederick W. Hartwell was born at Langdon, New Hampshire, 
January 8, 1850, son of Samuel Estabrook and Lucy M. (King) Hartwell, and a descend- 
ant in the eighth generation of William Hartwell, the founder of the family in America. 
The Hartwell family dates from the year 1636, from which time to the present day it 
has figured prominently in New England life and affairs. Concord and Lincoln, Massa- 
chusetts, were the homes of the family for several generations. Samuel Estabrook Hart- 
well, grandfather of the late Frederick W. Hartwell, was the first of the direct line to 
remove to New Hampshire, where he became the owner of a large estate, and where he 
settled permanently. His son, Samuel Estabrook Hartwell, Jr., inherited a large portion 
of his estate in New Hampshire, and remained there, a farmer on a large scale until 
his death. 

In 1861, following the death of his parents, Frederick W. Hartwell came to Provi- 
dence to make his home with his uncle, the late John Bryant Hartwell, who at that time 
was a power in mercantile life in the city of Providence, where he died December 9, 
1872. He was given excellent educational advantages and studied in the elementary 
and high schools of the city, later attending the Kimball Union Academy at Meriden, 
New Hampshire, for a year. In 1868 he began his business career, entering the offices 
of Day & Chapin as bookkeeper. Within a short time he was transferred to the Elm 
street woolen mill, operated by the latter firm, in the capacity of bookkeeper and pay- 
master. Here he remained during the five years following, but finding the field some- 
what narrow and not altogether to his liking, he resigned shortly before his marriage, 
in 1873, to become bookkeeper in the offices of the Providence Steam and Gas Pipe 
Company, of which his father-in-law was at that time treasurer. From this position of 
comparative unimportance he rose rapidly in the firm, displaying an ability for the 
handling of large affairs which in 1884 brought the office of secretary and manager of the 
Providence plant of the newly founded million dollar corporation, the General Fire 
Extinguisher Company. In 1893 tne Providence Steam and Gas Pipe Company, which 
had been manufacturing for some time a water sprinkler for installation in buildings and 
stores as a safeguard against destructive fires, the inventions and patents for which 
were then in their control, incorporated with a western firm, the Neracker & Hill 
Sprinkler Company, which was engaged in the manufacture of a similar device, under 
the firm name of the General Fire Extinguisher Company, with a capitalization of 
$1,000,000, and Mr. Hartwell was elected secretary and manager of the Providence plant. 
In the years which followed he was a factor of greatest importance in the upbuilding 
and development of the corporation. In 1906 he became a member of the board of 
directors. He was also active on the executive boards of several other Providence con- 
cerns, and was a director of the Atlantic National Bank. 







^T 77^<^^CurUl 



©arttoeU 



289 



His interests, however, were not wholly confined to the field of business. He was at 
least as well known in the philanthropic circles of his city. For several years Mr. Hart- 
well served as a commissioner of the Dexter Donation. From 1899 to 1900 he acted as 
president of the Providence Young Men's Christian Association, of which he had long 
been a member, remaining until his death a member of its board of managers. He 
never forgot the struggles and discouragements of his youth, and was always a source 
of encouragement to the many young men who came to him for advice and assistance 
in his later days. His service as a member of the Central Baptist Church of Providence, 
and as superintendent of its Sunday school from 1902, was marked by such devotion and 
such material support as to command the utmost admiration, especially since it came 
from a man whose business and public duties were of great magnitude. He applied to 
business affairs the code of ethics by which he governed his private life. The principles 
of equity, mercy and justice which governed his every act made him honored, trusted 
and loved by men. "Faith in man and God, and an optimistic mien in the process of 
their service — these sum up his loved and useful character." 

On October 15, 1873, Mr. Hartwell married Mary Loring Hartshorn, who was born 
in Providence, Rhode Island, August 14, 185 1, daughter of the late Rev. Joseph Charles 
and Rachel (Thurber) Hartshorn. 

Thurber (Thurbum) Arms — Argent, on a fessc between a crescent in chief gules and a unicorn's 
head erased in base sable, three mullets or. 

Crest — A dexter arm in armour embowed, the hand throwing a dart proper. 
Motto — Certo dirigo ictu. (I aim with a sure blow.) 

They were the parents of the following children : 



1. Joseph C, born at Warwick, Rhode Island, 
August 20, 1874; educated in the public 
schools of Providence, prepared for college 
at the Worcester Academy, and was gradu- 
ated from Brown University in the class of 
1899, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts; 
he is now employed in the engineering de- 
partment of the General Fire Extinguisher 
Company of Providence; he is a member of 
the University Club among others, and 
makes his home with his sister in Provi- 
dence. 

2. John S., born December 22, 1875, died in 
1882. 

3. Lucy King, born February 16, 1878; attended 
the public and high schools of Providence, 
and was graduated from the Abbott Acad- 
emy at Andover, Massachusetts; she married 
William B. Peck, of Providence, and they 
are the parents of three children: Mar- 



garet Hartwell, born July 19, 1904; Ruth 
Hartshorn, born December 1.3, 1906; Vir- 
ginia Hunter, born June 12, 1913. 

4. Mary Hartshorn, born November 21, 1882, 
died July 1, 1915; she attended the public 
schools of Providence, and continued her 
studies at Dana Hall, Wellesley, and Brown 
University; she married Leonard Woolsey 
Cronkhite, of Boston, and has one daughter, 
Elizabeth. 

5. Helen Thurber, born October 28, 1885; 
attend the public and high schools of Provi- 
dence, and was graduated from Wellesley 
College in the class of 1908; she married 
Rev. W. Douglas Swaffield, now of East 
Boston, Massachusetts; they are the par- 
ents of three children : Esther Harding, 
born November 17, 1913; Frederick Hart- 
well, born April 13, 1915; Marian Nichols, 
born August 6, 1916. 



Frederick W. Hartwell died at his home, No. JJ Parade street, Providence, October 
9, 191 1, and is buried in Swan Point Cemetery. Mrs. Hartwell, who survives her hus- 
band, resides at No. 16 Freeman Parkway, Providence, Rhode Island. 



&rnofo 




Arms — Gules, a chevron ermine between three pheons or (for Arnold). A canton per pale azure 
and sable, three fleurs-de-lis or (for Ynyr). 

Crest — A demi-lion rampant gules, holding in its paws a lozenge or. 
Motto — Mihi gloria cessum. 

EWTON DARLING ARNOLD, deceased, for many years treasurer, 
secretary and general manager of the great Rumford Chemical Works 
of the city of Providence, Rhode Island, was a lineal descendant of the 
Arnold family of Rhode Island. The family has been prominent in 
Smithfield, which was originally a part of Providence, since the second 
American generation, and the name of Arnold has been intimately and 
honorably connected with the growth and development of the com- 
munity, and has played an active and distinctive part in the industrial, business and 
commercial interests of New England during the past century. 

Mr. Arnold was born in Millville, Massachusetts, December 8, 1843, died at his 
summer home at Weekapaug, Rhode Island, August 13, 1916, the son of William Buffum 
and Matilda Webb (Darling) Arnold. He received his early educational training in the 
public schools of the town, and completed his studies in the high school. Because the 
opportunity which a town of the size of Millville offered was naturally limited, young 
Arnold decided to go to Providence, even then on the rise toward manufacturing suprem- 
acy in the State of Rhode Island. For a short period after his coming to Providence, he 
was employed as a clerk in a coal office and later entered into the dry goods business. 
In 1866 he became bookkeeper and clerk in the corporation in which he later became 
treasurer, secretary and general manager. Mr. Arnold owed his rise in the Rumford 
Chemical Works solely to his own efforts. His success was essentially self-made, and 
he worked his way up to the position of honor and responsibility which he held from an 
unimportant post among the clerks of the establishment. His rise was gradual and 
through thorough acquaintance with the details of the management of a business of the 
nature of the Rumford Chemical Works. He became invaluable to the corporation which 
to-day owes much of its development and growth to principles of business and manu- 
facture which he advocated during his term of office. He became treasurer, secretary 
and director, July 20, 1877, and continued in control of the business until his resignation 
in July, 1913, a period of thirty-six years. He remained a director until the time of his 
death, having been actively connected with the corporation for fifty years. 

Mr. Arnold became a well-known figure in the financial and business circles of the 
city of Providence, and New England. He was prominent in several financial institu- 
tions of the city. He was a director at one time of the Manufacturers' National Bank, 
Manufacturers' Trust Company and Union Trust Company. During a part of the time 
he was connected with the Manufacturers' National Bank he was its president. He was 
also a director of the Industrial Trust Company for a period, and at the time of his 
death was a director of the National Exchange Bank, while for many years previous he 
devoted a large portion of his time to the affairs of the Providence Gas Company, in 
which concern he was greatly interested. 

Newton Darling Arnold was perhaps one of the most important figures in the ranks 
of Free Masonry in the State of Rhode Island, and was actively identified with almost 
every movement of prominence in that body. He became a member of the Masonic 



3rnolD 291 

fraternity early in life, and immediately connected himself with work in behalf of the 
order. He was made a Master Mason, February 13, 1865, in St. John's Lodge, No. I. 
Providence, Rhode Island. He held various offices in that body, among others that of 
secretary, the duties of which he performed with great acceptance. He was elected wor- 
shipful master of the lodge, December 23, 1874. and served one year. At the annual ses- 
sion of the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island, held May 21, 1883, he was appointed deputy 
grand master. One year later he was elected grand master; he served one year, and 
declined reelection. He received the Royal Arch Degree, October 26, 1865, in Provi- 
dence Chapter in which he has since held membership. He received the degrees of the 
Cryptic Rite, January 12. 1866, in Providence Chapter. He received the order of Knights 
Templar, April 23, 1866, in St. John's Commandery, No. 1, of Providence. After filling 
lesser offices, he was elected eminent commander in December, 1877, and served one year. 
He received the thirty-second degree of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, January 20, 
1869, in Providence Consistory. He served as most wise master of his chapter of Rose 
Croix and as commander-in-chief of his consistory. He was honored by being advanced 
to the thirty-third and last degree in Scottish Rite Masonry, June 17, 1870. On Septem- 
ber 20, 1882, he was crowned an active member of the Supreme Council, and two years 
later was elected deputy for F.hode Island, which office he held until 1910. He was grand 
treasurer general of the Supreme Council from 1891 to 1912. He was a member of the 
Hope Club of Providence and the Squantum Club of Providence. 

Newton Darling Arnold married, on March 21, 1866, Caroline Louisa Gee, daughter 
of John and Barness (Randall) Gee, of Providence, Rhode Island. The Gee family is a 
very old though not numerous one in New England. Mrs. Arnold died in 1909. The 
children of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold are : 

1. Alice Gertrude, married James M. R. Tay- Stimson avenue; they have one daughter, 

lor, of Providence, and resides at No. 24 Katharine. 

2. Clarence N., of Providence. 




HounsebtUe 




Arms — Per pale gules and azure a lion rampant tail double-queued argent. 
Crest — A lion's head couped argent. 

HE Rounsville or Rounseville family is said to have been of French 
Huguenot stock, driven by religious persecution to England, but the 
family was well established in England at the time the first immigrant 
came to America. 

(I) PHILIP ROUNSEVILLE, the first of the family in this 
country, son of William, was born in Honiton, Devonshire, England, 
about 1680. He was a cloth dresser or fuller by trade, and came to 
New England when a young man, settling in Freetown, near Assonet village, following 
his trade there in the employ of Captain Josiah Winslow. From a letter that has been 
preserved, dated December 25, 1704, from his father to him, we have the approximate 
date of his arrival in this country. He afterward moved to the site of the Malachi How- 
land house, built a dam, and engaged in business in a mill of his own. About 1721, he 
moved to another location near Hunting House Brook, in Middleborough, and after- 
ward to that part of Tiverton which was later East Freetown. He there purchased a 
large tract of land and built the mill dam at Freetown village, where his sons afterward 
erected a blast furnace, a saw mill, grist mill, and finally, a sash, door and blind factory. 
He married, about 1705, Mary Howland, daughter of Samuel and Mary Howland, and 
granddaughter of Henry Howland, who came to Plymouth as early as 1624, a brother of 
Arthur Howland and of John Howland, who came in the "Mayflower." Henry Howland 
and wife, Mary (Newland), came from England and settled in Plymouth, about 1624. 
He later went to Duxbury, where he died July 17, 1671, his wife, Mary, dying June 17, 
1674. He joined the Society of Friends about 1657, and was not a little persecuted on 
this account. Perhaps none of the colonists have a better record for intelligence, thrift, 
uprightness and faith in the Divine One than he. In 1652, with others, he purchased a 
large tract of land in Dartmouth, and in 1659 he was one of the twenty-seven purchasers 
of what is now Freetown, and in the division of 1660 received for his share the sixth 
lot, which was afterward inherited by his son, Samuel Howland, father of the wife of 
Philip Rounseville. Mr. Rounseville died November 6, 1763 ; his wife, Mary, died May 8, 
1744. Their children were: 

1. William, born October 10, 1705, married Eliz- 3. Philip, mentioned below. 

abeth Macomber, of Taunton. 4. Mary, born March 3, 171 1, married Henry 

2. John, born in 1706, married (first) Sarah Hoskins, Jr., of Taunton. 
Holloway, and (second) Sarah Spooner. 

(II) PHILIP (2) ROUNSEVILLE, son of Philip (1) and Mary (Howland) 
Rounseville, was born about 1708. He married Hannah Jenney, and they resided in 
Freetown, where the following children were born to them : 

1. Hannah, born May 2, 1749. 2. Philip, mentioned below. 

(III) PHILIP (3) ROUNSEVILLE, son of Philip (2) and Hannah (Jenney) 
Rounseville, was born July 2, 1750, in Freetown. He was a soldier in the Revolution 
from Freetown, in 1780, being a member of Captain Joseph Norton's company, Colonel 
John Hathaway's regiment, in the Rhode Island campaign. (See "Massachusetts Sol- 
diers and Sailors in the Revolution," page 611, vol. XIII). He married, in 1775, Mercy 



BounsetoiUe 293 

Cole, daughter of Abial and Anna (Pierce) Cole; granddaughter of Ebenezer Pierce and 
wife, Mary (Hoskins) Pierce; great-granddaughter of Isaac Pierce, Jr., and wife, Judith 
(Booth) Pierce ; great-great-granddaughter of Isaac Pierce, who was a soldier in the 
Narragansett War, and received a grant of land for his services, and died in Lakeville, 
Massachusetts, in 1732; and great-great-great-granddaughter of Abraham Pierce, who 
is of record at Plymouth in 1623, and who served as a soldier under Captain Miles 
Standish. To Philip and Mercy (Cole) Rounseville were born the following children : 

1. Gamaliel, born October 12, 1776. 8. Benjamin, born November 28, 1789, who 

2. Philip, born February 7, 1779, who never married Ann Gifford. 

married. 9. Joseph, born March 25, 1792, who married 

3. Abial, mentioned below. Delia Lawrence. 

4. Hannah, born April 12, 1783, who married 10. Phylena, born August 12, 1794, who married 
Bradford Rounseville. Jonathan Washburn, of Dartmouth. 

5. Ebenezer, born September 21, 1785, who 11. Alden, born October 26, 1797, who married 
married Sally Rounseville. Cornelia Ashley, of Freetown. 

6. Lydia, born December 3, 1787, who never 12. Robert G, who married, in 1827, Mrs. Delia, 
married. widow of Joseph Rounseville. 

7. Phebe. 

(IV) ABIAL ROUNSEVILLE, son of Philip (3) and Mercy (Cole) Rounseville, 
was born September 6, 1780, at Freetown. He was a farmer by occupation in his native 
town. He married, July 20, 1803, Betsey Ashley, of Freetown, where the following 
children were born to them : 

1. Amos. 6. Sophronia, who married Hosea Presho, of 

2. Clarinda, who married Pardon Gifford, and Raynham. 

died in Mattapoisett. 7. Betsey, who married Elbridge Werden, and 

3. Macomber, died in 1854. died in Providence. 

4. Mercy, who married Stephen Nye, of Fall 8. Cyrus Cole, mentioned below. 

River. 9. Ebenezer, a sea faring man, engaged in the 

5. Abial, who went West when a young man, whaling industry, who died in the Sandwich 
and all trace of him has been lost. Islands. 

(V) CYRUS COLE ROUNSEVILLE, son of Abial and Betsey (Ashley) Rounse- 
ville, was born in Freetown, March 6, 1820. Early in life he went to sea from New 
Bedford on a whaling vessel, and continued in the whaling industry until his death. In 
the course of time he rose to the rank of first officer of his vessel, and on his last voyage 
was taken ill and placed in a hospital on the Island of Mauritius, in the Indian ocean, 
and died there October 18, 1853, in the thirty-fourth year of his age, where his remains 
are buried. He married, September 1, 1844, Irene P. Ashley, who was born at Lake- 
ville, Massachusetts, March 18, 1828, daughter of James Emerson and Orinda (Haffards) 
Ashley. Her father was a farmer in Freetown, born January 31, 1806, and died August 
4, 1883 ; her mother was born July 14, 1802, and died October 22, 1868. After the death 
of her husband, Mrs. Rounseville continued to reside for a few years in Acushnet, then 
removed to East Freetown, where her parents were living. Subsequently she married 
(second) Aaron S. Drake, of Stoughton, Massachusetts, by whom she had one daughter, 
Carrie W., who became the wife of Josiah Brown, of Fall River. Mrs. Drake spent 
her last years in the family of her son, the only child by her first marriage, Cyrus Cole 
Rounseville, Jr., mentioned below, at whose home in Fall River she passed away April 
24, 1909, at the age of eighty-one years. 

(VI) CYRUS COLE (2) ROUNSEVILLE, only child of Cyrus Cole (1) and 
Irene P. (Ashley) Rounseville, was born at Acushnet, Massachusetts, December 8, 
1852, and upon the death of his father, when he was but a mere child, he was taken by 
his widowed mother to live at East Freetown. His early educational training was 
obtained in the district schools, and when older he attended Bryant & Stratton's Com- 
mercial School at Boston, from which he was graduated. He started his business 
career when seventeen years of age, in Fall River, as clerk in the freight office of the 



294 BounsetoiUe 

Narragansett Steamship Company, then owned by James Fisk, of New York, and during 
the two years he was with this company acquired valuable training and experience. In 
January, 1872, he accepted a position as clerk in the office of the Granite Mills, and 
during the twelve years in this office he earned the respect and confidence of his 
employers, and was from time to time promoted and given additional responsibilities, 
finally being recommended by them to the important and responsible position of treas- 
urer of the Shove Mills, to succeed George Albert Chace, assuming that office August 
10, 1884, having been treasurer and business manager since that time, as well as being 
a director of the corporation. In the administration of the financial affairs of this 
corporation, which he has served for more than thirty years, Mr. Rounseville has dis- 
played the highest order of ability, and to his energy, industry and thoroughness must 
be ascribed in large measure the growth, prosperity and importance of the Shove Mills. 
Now one of the oldest treasurers in the textile industry of the city and State, in point 
of service, Mr. Rounseville has good reason to take pride and satisfaction in his long 
and successful career. He is widely known, not only among his business associates in 
Fall River and elsewhere in textile circles, but among all classes of people in the city, 
and. wherever he is known, he is honored and respected for his high personal character. 

Mr. Rounseville has not only been an important factor in the development and 
management of the Shove Mills, but has been interested in other Fall River enterprises, 
being vice-president of the Union Savings Bank, and has taken an important part in 
the management of that highly successful financial institution ; he is also vice-president 
since 1887 of the Troy Cooperative Bank, which was organized in 1880, and of which he 
was one of the incorporators and the first secretary, serving in that capacity from 1880 
until his promotion to the vice-presidency in 1887. F° r a period of fifteen years he 
served as secretary of the Cotton Manufacturers' Association, from 1885 to 1900, and 
was also a member of the executive committee of that organization. He was also an 
active member of the selling committee of that association, which was formed in 1898 
for the purpose of selling the product manufactured by the various mills of Fall River, 
and was one of its first trustees. 

In political faith, Mr. Rounseville has always been a stalwart adherent of the 
principles of the Republican party, and at times has been active in public affairs, always 
keenly interested in the city, State and National governments. For three years, from 
1883 to 1885, he represented his ward in the Common Council of the city of Fall River, 
early taking a position of leadership in that body, and during his last year served as 
president. He has also been active in religious circles, being a leading and zealous 
member of the Unitarian church, having served as chairman of the standing committee 
of the church, and as superintendent of the Sunday school. 

Mr. Rounseville married, November 8, 1893, in Fall River, Mary O. Pitman, who was 
born in that city, daughter of John H. Pitman, and granddaughter of Charles Pitman, 
who was the first postmaster of Fall River. Mr. and Mrs. Rounseville have two children : 

1. Marion Pitman, whose sketch follows. paratory School, of Providence, in the class 

2. Cyrus Cole, Jr., who was born January 28, of 1916, and now a student of Dartmouth 
1898; a graduate of the Moses Brown Pre- College, class of 1920. 

(VII) MARION PITMAN ROUNSEVILLE, only daughter of Cyrus Cole and 
Marv O. (Pitman) Rounseville, was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, August 31, 1894. 
She was educated in the public schools of her native city, and graduated from the B. M. C. 
Durfee High School in the class of 1912. After her graduation she took up the study 
of both vocal and instrumental music to which she gave much of her time thereafter, 
becoming a sweet and pleasing singer and a good musician. She was especially active 
in out-door sports, excelling in tennis, of which she was an ardent devotee. She was 



RounsetoiUe 295 

a member of the Unitarian Society, Fall River Musical Club, Fall River Country Club, 
the Fetherdic Tennis Club, and several other social clubs. Her home life was made ideal 
by her purity of character, loyalty and unbounded love for her family and friends. 
Of a democratic disposition, all conditions of folk were greeted by her in the same 
kindly manner and with her genial smile made these foreverafter her friends. 

Miss Rounseville died at her home, January 14, 1918, after an illness of only two 
days from septic poisoning. At her funeral, January 17, the following tribute was paid 
her memory by her pastor, Rev. Thomas S. Robjent. 

Years ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson, bending over the casket which contained the body of his loved 
boy, said, as he looked upon the still face, which could no longer reflect his smile, "I cannot make him 
dead." Later Emerson put this feeling into philosophical utterance, when in one of his essays he says, 
"That which is excellent is, as God lives, eternal." 

It is with some such feeling in our hearts that we gather here this afternoon beside the silent form 
of the dear girl whose presence once was as sunshine to this home. Thinking of her sweet life cut down 
like a flower in full blossom, we can only say, "We cannot make her dead." Let all the unbelieving of 
earth gather around that casket and tell me such a one is dead, and I would not believe it. There was 
nothing in this life to indicate finality, but everything to indicate graduation to a larger and sweeter and 
holier sphere. Her loyalty to the home she called her own, and to those to whom she was dearer than 
life ; her purity of thought and life, which was as a blue sky without a cloud ; her love for everything 
good and fair in "God's good out-of-doors" she loved so well. These are symbols not of death but of life. 
Where she has gone we know not but it must be to a place which is fit to be thought of when God is 
thought of. A dear old friend of mine said, some years ago when with eyes weary with age, he gazed 
whither his beloved had gone, "God must have some beautiful place for her, since she would not fit any 
other." This is our thought concerning our daughter, sister, friend. The sunshine of her presence has 
gone and her voice no longer is singing in our ears but we believe she has passed through the wicket gate 
into a life that fits the beauty of hers. Ere the door quite closes we seem to see a light streaming through 
and a voice that sounds like hers bids us "sorrow not as those without hope" but to follow along the 
path that she has trod, trying to make the world a little brighter and happier because we are alive. Thus 
we shall climb upon the rough and rugged stones of this sharp sorrow to higher things. 

What the dying Bunsen said as he looked up in the eyes of his wife bending over him, "In thy face 
have I seen the Eternal," is the thought of many a heart to-day. 

The words of Whittier in his poem, "Gone," come to my mind in this hour. I read the poem to you 
for in it we have a picture of one who seems to resemble the Marion we have lost. 

Another hand is beckoning us, 

Another call is given ; 
And glows once more with angel steps 

The path which reaches heaven. 

The light of her young life went down, 

As sinks behind the hill 
The glory of a setting star, — 

Clear, suddenly and still. 

As pure and sweet, her fair brow seemed 

Eternal as the sky ; 
And like the brook's low song, her voice, — 

A sound which could not die. 

The blessing of her quiet life 

Fell on us like the dew ; 
And good thoughts where her footsteps pressed 

Like fairy blossoms grew. 

There seems a shadow on the day, 

Her smile no longer cheers; 
A dimness on the stars of night, 

Like eyes that look through tears. 



296 



Eounsetoille 



Alone unto our Father's will 

One thought hath reconciled ; 

That He whose love exceedeth ours 
Hath taken home his child. 

Fold her, O Father, in thine arms, 
And let her henceforth be 

A messenger of love between 
Our human hearts and thee. 




^@& 



CONTENTS-INDEX 



CONTENTS 



Page. 
The Beginnings of New England — Early Religious Endeavors — The English 

Puritans I 

Coming of the Mayflower — Landing of the Pilgrims 31 

The Plymouth Colony — William Bradford — Edward Winslow — Myles Standish — 
John Alden — Isaac Allerton — John Howland — Samuel Fuller — Edward Fuller 
— Stephen Hopkins — Richard Warren — William White — Degory Priest — Fran- 
cis Eaton — Edward Doty — George Soule — Thomas Rogers — Peter Brown — 
Francis Cooke — John Billington 37 

Three Generations of Mathers — Richard Mather — Increase Mather — Cotton Mather. 52 

The Colonial Characters of New England — Francis Higginson — John Cotton — 
Thomas Hooker — John Davenport — John Eliot — Roger Williams — John Endi- 
cott — The Winthrops — Sir William Phips — The Dudleys — Theophilus Eaton — 
William Leete — William Pynchon 58 

The New England Triumvirate — Samuel Adams — James Otis — John Hancock 70 

Revolutionary Characters of New England, Military — Nathanael Greene — Israel 
Putnam — Benedict Arnold — Joseph Warren — Nathan Hale — Ethan Allen — 
John Stark — John Sullivan — Benjamin Lincoln — Henry Knox 76 

Revolutionary Characters of New England, Civil — Benjamin Franklin — John Adams 

— Jonathan Trumbull — Roger Sherman — Oliver Wolcott — Oliver Ellsworth... 90 



INDEX 



Ames, Charles H., 265 

Henrietta B., 266 

Nathan P., 265 

Robert, 265 
Arnold, Caroline L., 291 

Clarence N., 291 

Newton D., 290 

William B., 290 
Ayer, John, 155 

John, Capt., 155, 156 

Samuel, 156 

Bartlett, Charlotte E., 253 

John S., 253 
Batcheller, Francis, 233 

Tryphosa, 233 
Bates, Elijah, 227 

Emma F., 230 

Theodore C, 227 



Bonney, Arthur P., 278 

Charles H., 278 

Frederick P., 278 

George M., 278 

Harvey, 2.yj 

Helena C, 277 

Perez F., 277 
Brayton, Arthur P., 11 1 

Caroline E., no 

Francis, 107 

Hezekiah A., 108 

Israel, 108 

John, 108 

Preserved, 107 

Stephen, 107 

William L., no 
Briggs, Ellen P., 142 

Harriet L., 142 



3°o 



UttOcr 



Sylvester, 140 

Sylvester R., 140, 141 
Brooks, Henry G., 196 

John E., 196 

John H., 194, 195 

John W., 194 

Laurence, 196 

Lucretia, 195 

Richard, 194 

Winthrop S., 196 
Brown, Abbie, 176 

Almeria D., 179 

Charles E., 178 

John, 175 

John A., 175 

Lucretia P., 176 

Walter G., 179 

Calderwood, Charles M., Rev., 257 

Edith H., 257 
Carr, Caleb, 215 

Edward, 216 

Hannah, 216 
Chamberlain, Charlotte P., 286 

Levi, Dr., 285 

Myron L., Dr., 285 
Chandler, H. N., 142 

Nellie M., 142 
Cosgriff, Andrew, 244 

Jane, 246 

Lucy J., 246 

Phillip, 244 
Cote, Emma S., 161 

Thomas G. A., Rev., 159 
Cushing, Chauncey, 250 

Christopher, 250 

Ethan A., 163 

Ethan A., Jr., 162, 163. 

Mary A., 250 

Matthew, 163 

Sarah R., 163 
Cutler, Ella F., 132 

Samuel, 131 

Samuel N., 131, 132 

Danielson, Hezekiah L., 204 
James, 203, 204 
John W., 204 
Samuel, 204 
Sarah D., 205 
William, 204 



Deming, Charles, 222, 223 

John, 221 

Jonathan, 222, 223 

Mehitable, 223 
Denison, George, 283, 284 

George, Capt, 284 

John, Capt., 284 

William, 284 
Doak, Benjamin, 251 

Benjamin F., 251, 252 

Charlotte S., 252 

Francis, 251 

Francis G., 252 

John, 251 
Douglas, Sarah, 207 

William, 205, 206 
Duncan, Charles, 230 

Tryphosa, 230 

Edes, Esther, 224 

Henry, 223 

John, 224 

Peter, 224 
Elliott, David, 154 

Edmund, 154 

Mary R., 157 

Samuel, 154 

Sophia E., 155 

Forsyth, Ann E., 249 

Robert, 249 
French, Austin B., 197, 198 

Charles A., 199 

Henry, Capt., 198 

Sarah J., 198 
Frisbie, Amos, 283 

Benoni, 283 

Ebenezer, 283 

Edward, 283 
Fuller, Elizabeth, 225 

John, 225 

Moses, 225 

Robert, 225 

Thomas, 225 

Gilman, Adeline R., 188 
Edward, 184 
John, 184 
Nicholas, 185 
Nicholas, Rev., 185 
Robert, 184 



Jnorr 



301 



Tristram, Rev., 186 
William A., 187, 188 
William E., 187, 188 

Goddard, Charles, 269 

Mary L., 271 
Goodridge, Bailey, 137 

Frederick S., 138 

Georgianna, 138 

Harriet L., 138 

Micajah N., 137 
Gray, David, 283 

Edward, 282 

Henry, 283 

William N., 283 
Greene, James, 219 

John, Dr., 218 

Peter, 220 

Phebe, 220 

Rhodes, 220 

Stephen, 220 

Thomas, 219 
Gross, Clement, 275 

Harriett A., 276 

Isaac, 274 

Isaac S., 275 

Israel, 275 

Jaazaniah, 274, 275 

Micah, 275 

Simon, 275 

Hanscom, Helen A., 256 

Homer W., 256 

Jotham, 255 

Moses W., 255 

Thomas, 255 
Harris, Bessie W., 280 

Charles F., 280 

Gabriel, 279 

George, 279 

Gibson, 279 

Joshua, 279 

Samuel, 279 

William G., 280 
Hartwell, Frederick W., 288 

Joseph C, 289 

Mary L., 289 

Samuel E., 288 

William, 288 
Hersey, Ada, 145 

Charles H., 143, 144 



Charles S., 143, 144 
Clara, 145 
Jonathan, 144 
Sarah A., 145 
William, 143 

Kelly, David M., 173 
George W., Rev., 173 
Mary, 173 
Sarah M., 173 

LaCroix, Edward, 272 

Georgianna, 273 

William, 272 
Legg, James, 281 

John, 281 

Sarah C, 282 
Lockwood, Abraham, 208 

Amos, 208 

Amos D. F., 208 

Benoni, 208 

Gershom, 207 

Robert, 207 

Sarah F., 210 
Lott, Harry L., 122 

Rose A., 123 

William, 122 
Lyman, Arthur, 192 

Arthur T., 190, 191 

Ella, 192 

George W., 191 

Herbert, 192 

Isaac, Rev., 191 

Julia, 192 

Ronald T., 192 

Theodore, 191 

Manson, Alfred S., 165 

Mary E., 166 

Richard, 165 

Waldo S., 166 

William, 165 
Marsh, David, 174 

George, 174 

John, 174 

Moses, 174 

Onesiphorus, 174 
Marshall, Emily, 148 

Florence, 148 

Horatio, 146 

James G., 146, 147 



302 



3n0er 



Mitchell, James, 118 

Maria, 120 

Richard, 118 

William, 120 
Morton, Ephraim, Lieut., .135 

George, 134 

George C., 136 

Isaac, Capt, 135 

Jeremiah, 134 

John D., 134, 135 

Maria E., 136 

Nichols, Israel, 242, 243 
Nancy, 243 
Richard, 242 
Samuel, 243 

Peck, Abijah, 125 

Asa, 126 

Cyrus, 125 

Franklin L., 126 
Phillips, David, 240 

David G., 240 

Edith R., 242 

Eugene F., 240 

Eugene R., 241 

Frank N., 242 

Jeremiah, 240 

Jeremy, 240 

Joseph, 239 

Josephine J., 241 

Michael, 239 
Phipps, Anne M., 170 

Benjamin, 168 

Benjamin, Jr., 169 

Samuel, 168 

Sarah R., 168 

Robinson, Edward, 124 

Maria, 124 
Rogers, Ernest L., 263 

Margaret E., 262 

Thomas S., 261 

Thomas W., 261 
Rounseville, Abial, 293 

Cyrus C, 293 

Marion P., 294 

Philip, 292 
Russell, Emily, 172 

Francis H., 171 

Nathaniel, 171 



Sands, Charlotte, 201 

John L., 200 

Marion M. T., 201 

Orin E., 200, 201 
Sherman, Abraham P., 128 

Asa, 117 

Elizabeth, 117 

Ellen S., 130 

Ephraim, 128 

Henry, 115, 116 

Job, 117 

John, 115 

Philip, 116 

Samson, 117 

Samuel, 116 

Thomas, 115 

William H., 128 
Slade, Edward, 112 

Jonathan, 113 

Mary, 114 

Phebe, 113 

Samuel, 113 

William, 112, 113 

William L., 113 
Sloane, Annie, 247 

John, 246 

John M. L., 246 
Stone, Abigail, 213 

Hugh, 213 

Taylor, Alice G., 291 

James M. R., 291 
Torrey, Alice W., 181 

Elbridge, 180 

James, Lieut., 180 

Joseph, 180 
Tower, Ellen M., 259 

John, 258 

Julia, 259 

Richard G., 260 

Robert, 258 

William A., 258 

Utter, Anne, 212 
Nicholas, 212 
William, 212 

Vaughan, Christopher, 221 
George, 220 
John, 220 
Wait, 221 



BnDcr 



303 



Waterman, John, 214 

Resolved, 214 

Richard, 213 

Sarah, 214 
Weaver, Clement, 248 

James, 248 

Rufus, 248 
Weld, Caroline L., 269 

Charles G., Dr., 270 

Joseph, Capt, 268 

W r illiam F., 268, 269 

William G., 268 
Westcott, Amos, 211 

Deborah, 211 

Stukeley, 211 



Whiting, Albert D., Dr., 152 

Charles W., 152 

Howard E., 152 

John, 149 

Kate B., 152 

Samuel, 150 

Stephen B., 151 

Stephen E., 152 

William, 150 

William, Maj., 149 

William S., 151 
Wyman, Abby A., 168 

Abraham, 168 

Abraham G., 167, 168 





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