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TREASURER'S OFFICE, 

Police Department of t^e City of New York, 

3Sro. 300 IS/iTVLnsexry Street. 



Our Police Protectors. 



HISTOf^Y OP THE 

NE W YORK POLICE 

FROM THE 

EARLJHST PUR I on TO llfJi I'RESENT TIME. 



PUBLISHED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE 

POLICE PENSION FUND. 



SECOND EDITION. 



BY 

A. K. COSTELLO. 
Illustrated with over Two Hundred Choice Engravings. 



I'Ulil.ISIlKI) 1?V TIIK AirriU)R. 

18S5. 



TREASURER'S OFOCB, 
iVb. 5<?0 Mulberry Sireei, 




Copyrighted 1884, 
By A. E. CosTELLa 



PREFACE. 



T N the fall of 1883 fears were entertained that the Police Pension Fund would 
soon have become depleted. Under the decision of the Court of Appeals 
in the case of John Ryan against the Board, money to the amount of $77,420.29 
was paid for judgments obtained against the Board for sick time deducted from 
the pay of Policemen for six years prior to 1883. Had not the Legislature oppor- 
tunely stepped in and provided the remedy, within ten months a dollar of the 
Pension Fund would not have remained. It was during this period of depres- 
sion — in October, 1883 — that the writer conceived the idea of doing something 
which, while helping the Police Pension Fund, would serve to perpetuate in 
durable form the historical achievements of the Police force. The writer was then 
a reporter in charge of the Herald Police Bureau, an office that is located opposite 
Police Headquarters, and, day and night, collects the news that comes over the 
Police wires, or through Police channels, for publication. He had been so em- 
ployed for a number of years, and such employment necessarily brought him a 
great deal in the .society of Police officials and Policemen. After thinking the 
matter over carefully, he made known his views to the late Sidney P. Nichols, 
who was then a Police Commissioner and Treasurer of the Police Pension Fund. 
Mr. Nichols entered heartily into the project, and encouraged the writer to go 
ahead. With his characteristic promptitude, he waited on Commissioner French,, 
in whose presence the writer again unfolded his plans. Mr. French also cor- 
dially approved of the scheme. It was then decided to put those ideas into 
practical shape, and it was also settled that the book should be published for the 
benefit of the Police Pension Fund. Permission to this effect was granted by 
the Board. 

The writer continued his connection with the Herald, and, when opportunity 
offered, he went about the collection of his material for the book. But the work 
was slow and tedious, and, at the end of some six months, the writer found 
that if the book was to be published within a reasonable period, he should devote 
all his time to it, and " take off his coat " to the task. Work on the book was. 
thenceforward shoved with all proper diligence. 



vi PREFACE. 

Mr Nichols' interest in the book never abated. He kept a constant and intel- 
ligent supervision on the progress made, and, by his kindliness, encouraged the 
writer lo press on, to be industrious, and to fear not. The com{>iler was naturally 
diffident of his ability to do justice to so important an undertaking; and, now 
that the book is printed, his diffidence has not in the least abated. He is well 
aware that in more able and exi)erienced hands the story of Our Polick 
Protectors"' would have been more pleasantly, accurately and intelligently told. 
But he has done his best to do justice to the subject, and for this, if for nothing 
else, he is, perhaps, entitled to a little praise. 

" Who does the best his circumstance permits, does well, acts nobly ; angels 
could no more." 

Mr. Nichols, early in the fall of 1884, was stricken down with a fatal illness, 
which, to some extent, retarded the progress of the work, as it was usual to 
consult him a good deal, particularly on business and financial affairs, in connec- 
tion therewith. Had he survived, we are satisfied that he would have continued 
his friendly and fostering interest in the book. 

It is usual for a writer to gratify the curiosity of his readers by making known 
to them, either in foot-notes or in some other form, the sources of his informa- 
tion. Well, this is proper, but in the present case it would be somewhat difficult 
to comply with this rule, as the authorities consulted are not exclusively such 
as are to be found in libraries. However, it may be stated that the early • 
historical facts were mostly obtained from the Dutch and English manu.script 
records in the City Hall library; also, the following authorities were, among a 
number of others, consulted : The Proceedings of the Common Council, City 
Ordinances, State Laws, various Histories, Hand-books, Guide-books, and 
Gazetteers of New York ; Valentine's Manuals, O'Callahan's Documentary His- 
tory of New York; and such other facts were gleaned as were to be obtained by 
diligent study in the Astor and Historical Libraries. 

'J'he writer is under many deep obligations to George P. Gott, Treasurer's 
Bookkeeper of tlie Police Department ; Ca])tain Kijjp, Chief Clerk ; Su])erin- ' 
tendent Walling, and Inspectors Murray, Dilks, Thorne and Byrnes. He also 
desires to extend his acknowledgments to Mrs. Frank Leslie, who kindly allowed 
the use of a number of valuable cuts; to the Messrs. D. Aj)pleton &: Co., 
for electrotypes of cuts from their "New York Illustrated "; and to The 
Century Publishing Company for similar favors. His thanks are likewise due 
to George B. Taylor, of the Times., who has aided the writer in the compilation 
of the chapters on Inspector Byrne's Staff of Detectives, and " The Duties of a 
Policeman," and who has also supplied a portion of the material used in the 
description of tlic various precincts. 



J, PREFACE. vii 

Mr. Tlioiiias Nast, l)y ijcrinission of tlic Messrs. Harper Brothers, has 
kindly furnished the clever drawing which forms the frontispiece of this book. 
Mr. C. de (Irimni, the Tclcgrcin artist, by kind permission of Mr. James 
Gordon Bennett, lias also siii)plie(l us with the clever sketches which are so 
readily distinguishable. 

Valuable tables of arrests and other police statistics had been prepared, but 
these have been crowded out, owing to the unexpected size to which this volume 
has grown and the desire to go to press. In a subsequent edition these statistics 
will be inserted. 



A. E. C;osti:li,o, 

Nkw York. 

Sept. I, 18.S5. 



4 



Press Notices. 



[The Si'NDAY St \K, June 7, 1885.] 

^I.OOM has a labor of love brcn so ably and ac- 
ceptably performed as that which now appears before 
the New York public in the shape of a handsome 
volume entitled " Otir Police Protectors." The 
author and publisher is Mr. A. IC, Costello, and as 
the proceeds of the sales are to be devoted to the 
augmentation of the Police Pension Knnd. it is cer- 
tain to be the means of putting a very handsome 
sum into the treasury of that worthy organization. 

But, ai)art from these considerations, Mr. Costello 
has produced a work which deserves to rank with the 
best historical anil biographical volumes ha\-ing rela- 
tion to the Empire City or Slate. Krom the first to 
the last page it is replete with interest, and its liter- 
ary features are enhanced by the addition of over 
two hundred choice engravings, embracing many 
incidents prominent in the history of the city, the 
noted riots of a century, the famous police olTicials 
of olden times, and the superintendents, inspectors, 
captains and best-known officers of a more recent 
period, down to date. 

Of the genesis of the book Mr. Costello speaks 
modestly. It was in 1883 that the idea of writing a 
history of the police first occurred to him, and after 
thinking the matter over, he consulted with the late 
Commissioner Sidney P. Nichols, who entered heart- 
ily into the project. 

" Mr. Nichols' interest in the book," he writes, 
" never abated. He kept a constant and intelli- 
gent supervision on the progress made, and. by his 
kindness, encouraged the writer to press on, to be 
industrious, and to fear not. Mr. N ichols, early in 
the fall of 1884, was stricken down with a fatal ill- 
ness, which, to some e.\tent, retarded the progress of 
the work, as it was usual to consult him a good deal, 
particularly on business and financial affairs in con- 
nection therewith. Had he survived, we are satisfied 
th.at hewould have continued his friendly and foster- 
ing interest in the book." 

Concerning; a volume embracing a multitude of 
events, and covering almost the entire period of 
the growth and development of our city, it is im- 
possible to give an ailcquate idea in the columns of 
a newspaper. The opening chapters deal with the 
primitive police regulations from 1609 to 1664; events 
during the period of British occupancy up to 1783; 
the old sj'stem of watching which prevailed in the early 
part of the present century up to 1830, and the re- 
peal in 1844 of the old system — which proved alto- 
gether insuiricicnt. 

Coming down to later times, the provisions of the 
consolidation act and the model sj'stem of the po- 
lice force of the present day are discussed, the oper- 
ations of the Central Office Bureau of Detectives and 
its able chief, Inspector Byines, are explained, and 
the general government and discipline of the entire 
department m.ade clear to the mind of the reader, 
Kach inspection district is the subject of a special 
chapter, embracing its personnel and the records of 
its present and past chiefs. A sketch of the organ- 
ization and objects of the Police Pension Fund is 
given, and the volume fitly closes with a chapter ex- 
planatory of the methods governing our criminal 
courts, showing the multifarious operations of justice, 
and how vice is besot on every side by the safeguards 
and precautions erected for the protection of virtue, 
the suppression of crime, and the apprehension and 
punishment of the criminal. 



[Sunday Democrat, June 7, 1885.] 

" Ot R Police Protectoks" is the title of a royal 
octavo volume just published. The author is Mr. 
Augustine E. Costello, a well-known journalist, Mr, 
Costello may be congratulated on writing a very 
readable and instructive book. It is not a dry histor- 
ical narrative of police proceedings so much as a 
historical review of city affairs in general, from the 
foundation of New Amsterdam to the preient lime. 

The book is elegantly illustrated throughout with 
many interesting views of old New York. Thomas 
Nast, C. de Cirimm, and other well-known artists, 
have contributed to make the artistic merits of the 
work eipial to the subject. There are in all about 
two hundred and fifty choice and appropriate engrav- 
ings in the volume. 

The book will undoubtedly secure a large sale, as 
it is, apart from its general interest, a valuable work 
of reference. A vast amount of information has 
been diligently collated by the author and pleasantly 
narrated. His style is clear, expressive and enter- 
taining. The volume reflects credit on the author 
and the subject of w hich it treats. The book is pub- 
lished by the author, and is sold by subscription only. 



the proceeds being devoted to the Police Pension 
Fund. The names of the subscribers, it is under- 
stood, and the amounts subscribed, will, in due lime, 
be published in the newspapers. A considerable 
part of the first edition has teen already disposed of, 
and it is expected that a large amount of money will 
— in this manner— be realized for this praiseworthy 
object. 



[The Morning Jour.nal, June 8, 1885.] 

A history of the New York police force from the 
earliest time has just been published under the title 
of " Our Police Protectors by the author, A. E. 
Costello, and the proceeds from its sale will be de- 
voted to the benefit of the Police Pension Fund. 

The narrative of the suppression of the draft riots 
in 1863 is a graphic description of the most terrible 
work ihe police of New York were ever called upon 
to undergo. The illustrations of the trying situa- 
tions in which they were then placed, as well as 
others of an older as well as a more recent date, lend 
an .additional attraction to the work. 

Among the two hundred fine engravings with 
which It IS embellished are many portraits of deceased 
and living ofiicers who have earned the respect and 
esteem of their fellow citizens. 

In a word, the work is a valuable addition to local 
history, and the object for which it has been compiled 
ought to secure for it a wide list of subscribers 
among the people whose persons and property the 
beneficiaries have protected. 

[Dailv News, June 16, 1885.] 

" Our Police Projectors" is the title of a history 
of the police of this city from the Dutch occupancy 
of Manhattan Island to the present time. The author 
is Mr. Augustine E. Costello, the well-known jour- 
nalist. The publication is a royal octavo volume of 
about six hundred pages. It is impossible in a brief 
notice to give an adequate idea of this highly merit- 
orious work. Mr. Costello sketches graphically in 
the opening chapter the primitive system of "watch- 
ing" that prevailed under the old Dutch burgomas- 
ters, another chapter being devoted to the period of 
British rule. 

The book contains over two hundred engravings, 
N;»st and de Grimm having furnished some remarkably 
bright sketches. The exploits of the leading officials, 
from the time of High Constable Hays, are mentioned 
in detail, namely, Matsell, Walling, Acton, Carpenter, 
Kennedy, -Murray. Byrnes, etc. The book, finally, 
is an encyclopedia of police aflairs. It is published 
under the ausp ces of tlie police commissioners for 
the benefit of the Police Pension Fund. 



[Si NDAY Disi'ATCH, June 7, 1885.] 

We commend " Our Police Protectors " as a book 
worth the attention of all New Yorkers, more espec- 
ially as the proceeds from it are to be devoted to the 
aid of the Police Pension Fund. The book contains 
over five hundred pages, is handsomely printed and 
bound, and very profusely illustrated. 



[The N.\tion, June 11, 1885.] 

The laborious and praiseworthy compilation entitled 
"Our Police Protectors: History of the New York 
Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time," 
is published by the author, Mr. A. E. Costello, for 
the benefit of the Police Pension Fund. It is a mine 
of information on a subject in which every city in 
the country has a vital interest — the development 
of a constabulary force equal to the demands of in- 
creasing population and increased f.acilities for crime, 
disorder and destructivencss. The chapters on the 
draft riots of 1863 connect this work with the politi- 
cal history of the republic. Great numbers of por- 
traits and other illustrations add much to the value 
of the record. 



[The Si n, June 7, 1885.] 

Mr, A. E. Costello is the author of a handsome 
oct.avo volume of nearly six hundred pages, entitled 
"Our Police Protectors," giving a history of the 
New York police from the earliest period to the pres- 
ent time. It is illustrated with many engravings, 
including a series of faithful and life-like portraits of 
the various police conimissioners and police cap- 
tains. It is published for the benefit of the Police 
Pension Fund. 



[Sunday News, June 7, 1885.] 

A. E. CosTEi.i.o has added to the already large 
number of works on New York City a highly inter- 
esting, and at the same time reliable, historical and 
biograph'cal encyclopedia, entitled " Our Police 
Protectors. History of the N6w York Police from 
the Earliest Period to the Present l ime. Published 
for the Benefit of the Police Pension Fund." The 
book is thorough. Everything in connection with it 
is well done. It commences with the primitive police 
regulations in 1609, and. in twenty-three chapters, 
brings the history of the city down to its present 
period. It contains two hundred and fifty-seven 
illustrations, of which nineteen are full-page en- 
gravings. The portraits of the police commission- 
ers, superintendents, inspectors, captains and ser- 
geants, from the day of Jacob Hays to the pres- 
ent time. Mayors Harper and Wood, Chief Matsell, 
important points of interest, incidents that have 
occurred at various times and particularly during 
the draft riots, a reproduction of localities as they 
e.xisted long ago, and a thousand other useful, in- 
structive and entertaining facts and pictures are set 
forth. The portraits, as a rule, are remarkably cor- 
rect. The proceeds of the sale of the book go to 
swell the Police Pension Pund, and there is no doubt 
that there will be an eager demand for it. Those 
wishing to obtain copies can do so by addressing Su- 
perintendent Walling. 



[Daily Tribi ne, June 29, 1885.] 

" Our Police Protectors" is the title of an attrac- 
tive volume reciting the history of police organization 
and work in this city, recently published in this 
city. The profits derived from the sale of the 
book are to be devoted to the Police Pension 
Fund. It is written by A. E. Costello, whose 
practical experience as a newspaper police reporter 
gave him many advantages in the accomplishment of 
the task. He has gone back to the first appearance 
of a police system in the earliest Dutch settlement 
on Manhattan Island, and has traced its gradual 
growth and development to the present time. The 
story of the progress and repeal of the old watch 
system and the organization of a municipal police, in 
the twenty-five years subsequent to 1830, is well 
told and in fuller detail than is perhaps to be found 
in any other single publication. The charter of 1853 
provided for the entire reorganization of the police 
force. Mr. Costello thinks that the greatest benefit 
to the community that resulted from this law was the 
separation of the department from political influences. 
The police commissioners at this time first put in 
force the rule that no oflicer would be permitted to 
connect himself directly or indirectly with any politi- 
cal society, club, or similar organization. I'he his- 
tory of the riots in New York is given at considerable 
length, as well as of all the changes and chief events 
affecting the police department since the rebellion. 
The whole work is interspersed with amusing or 
pathetic incidents illustrating the varied and exciting 
life of the average policeman. Considerable space 
is given to brief sketches of various officers who have 
distinguished themselves by particularly good work 
in the department. The illustrations by Nast and 
de Grimm are spirited and appropriate. 

[Graphic, July 5, 1885 ] 

Tins useful book, embellished with over two hun- 
dred engravings, is a history of the city's protectors 
from the earliest period to the present lime. It gives 
an account of the primitive police regulations, begin- 
ning with 1609, and those during the period of Brit- 
ish occupancy; the organization of a municipal 
police in i844-'53; two interesting chapters relate to 
the draft riots and their suppression; the era of organ- 
isation and development is dwelt upon; the detective 
department is discussed, the Police Pension Fund 
sketched, and the duties of the policeman defined. 
Full and accurate lists of the present force are em- 
bodied in this comprehensive work, and a vast deal of 
other information. 

[World, June 21, 1885.] 

" Oi R Police Protectors " is the titleof a book of 
ncirly six hundred pages just issued. Mr. A. E. 
Costello, the author, has been closely associated with 
the police for many years. The book contains much 
interesting matter, beginning with the establishment 
of a primitive police force on Manhattan Isl.md in 
i6ei up to the beginning of the present year. It is 
profusely illustrated with portraits and sketches by 
Thomas Nast and other well-known artists. The 



proceeds from th« sale of the work are to be given to 
the Police Pension Fund. 



[Brooklyn Sta.ndard, July 21, 1885 ] 

Under the title " Our Police Protec'ors," a very 
interesting and elaborate history of the New York 
police, by Mr. A. E. Costello, has been published 
for the benefit of the Police Pension Fund. As a 
journalist of ability and experience, especially as a 
police reporter, Mr. Costello was well equipped for 
the task, which he commenced in October, 1883. 
The history begins with the primitive police regula- 
tions of 1609, and deals with the various methods of 
police government in the metropolis from that remote 
period to the present time. The old watch system, 
its progress and ultimate abolishment , is the subject 
of a very interesting narrative. The organization of a 
m inicipal police, appointment of a board of com- 
missioners, and finally, the establishment of the 
Metropolitan police district, supply material for 
three readable chapters. The eighth chapter 
is devoted to a graphic sketch of the draft 
riots in July, 1863, and the next chapter presents 
in detail the methods adopted by the police in 
suppressing the rioters. The five hundred and odd 
pages abound with striking incidents — horrors and 
heroisms alike being presented throughout with the 
utmost fidelity to truth. In addition to the histori- 
cal portion of the work, which is profusely illustrated, 
there is an appendix containing a complete list of the 
members of the police force up to ^Iay i, 1885, and 
the date of their appointment. Elegantly printed, 
substantially bound, and containing much valuable 
information. Mr. Costello is to be congratulated 
upon the completion of his laborious work. 



[Sunday Mercury, June 14, 1885.] 

" Our Police Protectors."— This is the title of 
a work of five hundred and seventy royal octavo 
pages, illustrated with over two hundred engravings, 
compiled and published by Mr. A. E. Costello, 
the well-known journalist. The book gives a com- 
plete and most interesting history of the police protec- 
tive system of New York from the days of the Dutch 
Gov -.mors, Peter Minuet and Wouter Yon Twiller 
down to the first of May last. It is literally packed 
with facts and figures, and at the same time is as in- 
teresting in many portions as a romance. Mr. Costello 
has done his work well and produced a book of great 
historical value, fit to take its place beside Maiy J. 
Lamb's " History of New York." It is, in fact, it- 
self a history of New York, for the progress and 
growth of the police department marks, step by step, 
the progress and growth of the city. The book is 
published for the benefit of the Police Pension Fund, 
and may be had at Police Headquarters. 

[Telegram, July 8, 1885.] 

Mr. a. E. Costello has compiled an extremely 
interesting, informing and valuable work. It is en- 
titled " Our Police Protectors: History of the New 
York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present 
Time." It is published for the benefit of the Police 
Pension Fund. It is admirably complete, including 
two hundred illustrations and nearly six hundred 
pages. It also contains a full t.ible of contents to its 
twenty-three chapters, a list of the illustrations, and 
an adequate index— a feature too often lacking in works 
of this kind. A year and a half's hard and stead'^ 
labor has been concentrated upon this volume. The 
wood engravings are extremely happy in reproducing 
the spirit of the scenes wherewith they are concerned. 
The more ambitious illustrations fulfill their ambition 
— an arduous task seldom satisfactorily performed. 
The information is immense, dating from 1609 to the 
present d.iy. He tells us all .-Uiout primitive police 
regulations, the period of British occupancy, the 
city's condition wncn outgrowing the old system of 
watching, the progress and repe.d of that system, 
the organization of a municipal police, the appoint- 
ment of a board of police commissioners, the Metro- 
politan police districts and the draft riots of 186^ and 
their suppression. History of this kind is continued 
until he acquaints us with the Detective Department, 
Inspector Byrnes' command; the Police Central 
Office, the duties of a policeman, and the history of 
the Police Pension Fund. In all the necessary statis- 
tics of crime there is nothing to please the prurient. 
In the many faithful portraits of police officials there 
is everything to please all whoestccm what is estim- 
able in those servants of the public. The late Sidney 
P. Nichols was deeply interested in the success of 
this work, and Mr. Costello's personal experience 
peculiarly qualified him for his well performed task. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. — 1609-1664. — Primhivk Police Rkoui.ations. 

Charter Establisliing the Dutch West India Company (162 1.) — Director-Genera. 
Minuet's Council. — Duties of the Schout-Fiscal. — First Trace of a Penal or 
Police System (1632.) — i he Island Assuming an Aspec t of Permanent Settle- 
ment (1639.) — A Reason why Justice was Administered with Cireat Prom[)ti- 
tude. — Erection of a Stadt Huys (1642.) — -Regulations for the Better Observ- 
ance of the Sabbath. — Establishment of a Burgher Guard (1643.) — New 
Regulations (^ontemi)oraneous with the Arrival of Governor Stuyvesant. — A 
Career of Reform. — Ordinance Regulating the Sale of Liquor. — Appointment 
of a Rattle-Watcli (1651.) — The City Incorporated (1652.) — The Police of the 
City Chiefly (Centered in a Schout. — Regulations of the Burgher Watch. — Dirk 
Van Schillwyne, First High Constable (1655.) — Organization of a Paid 
Rattle-Watch (1658.) — Instructions for the Burgher Provost. — Records of 
Court Cases. — Capture of the Province by the British. 

CHAPTF^R II. — 1664-1783. — -Pkrioi) ok British Occupancy. 

Obe Hendrick, First Constable under the English. — Lighting the City by Night 
(1668.) — Watchmen ordered to provide themselves with " a Lanthern and a 
Stick of Firewood." — A Strict Police established throughout the City. — Orders 
to be observed by the Constables' Watch, etc. — Rules governing the Watch.— 
New Police Regulations (1684.) — Dongan's Charter (1686.) — First Uniformed 
Policeman. — Appointment of a Civil Watch. — New City Hall, Wall Street. — 
Modes of Punishment Inflicted on Criminals. — Montgomerie Charter (1730.) — 
First main Watch-house. — Citizens ordered to Watch or find Substitutes. — 
First Poor-house erected (1734.) — "Insurrection and the Plot of Slaves." — 
Quakers exempt from serving on the Watch. — Petitioning against a Military 
Watch. — The old Jail. — Bridewell. — Occupation of the city by the British. — 
Evacuation. 

CH.APTKR III. — 1783-1830. — Thk City outcrowinc. thk Systf.m ok 

Watching. 

The City divided into Seven Wards. — New York described as "A Strange Mo- 
saic of Different Nations." — The Force and the Pay of the Men Increased. — 
Progress of the Police System very marked. — Establishing a Police Ofiice in the 
City Hall. — Places of Confinement: State Prison, Penitentian,-, Bridewell and 
Jail. — The Watch doubled on account of the increase of Crime. — Example of 



X 



CONTENTS. 



"A Good Arrest." — An Act establishing Courts of Justices of the Peace and 
Assistant Justices. — A Law for the better regulating of the City Watch. — Peti- 
tion for an Increase of Pay. — A perfect Police of extreme importance. — Watch 
men declared not eligible to act as Firemen. — The Humane Society. — Result 
of the Watch Committee's Investigation. 

CHAPTER IV. — 1831-1844. — Progress and Rkpkal ok thk 01. d Watch 

System. 

Watchmen Dissatisfied with their Pay. — The Duty of Captains at the Breaking 
out of a Fire. — Inquiring into the Expediency of Re-organizing the Police 
Department. — Increasing the Number of Police Justices. — "The Year of 
Riots." — Erection of New Watch-houses. — The Five Points. — Necessity of an 
Increase in the Number of the Watch. — First Attempt at Forming a Detective 
Squad. — The Flour Riots. — Re-organization of the Watch. — Powers of the 
Mayor over the Watch Revoked and Transferred to the Common Council. — 
The Mayor Re-invested with Supreme Police Authority. — Mayor Morris' plan 
of Forming the Marshals into a Day Police. — Report of the Special Committee 
in Relation to the Re-organization of the Watch. — Battery Park in Former 
times. — High Constable Hays. — His Remarkable Career. — How he Suppressed 
Crime and Scourged Criminals. 

CHAPTER V. — 1844-1853.- — Organization of a Municipal Police. 

A Turning Point in the System of Policing the City. — The Old Watch Depart- 
ment Abolished. — Establishment of a Day and Night Police. — Chief Matsell. — 
A man who Played an Important part in Police Affairs. — Harper's Police. — 
First effort to Introduce a Uniform. — The new System not Satisfactory. — 
Changes in the Law. — Astor Place Riot. — Battery Park. — Growing Boldness 
of Criminals. — Citizens Alarmed. — The whole Force Directed to Patrol Day 
and Night. — Detailment of Policemen a Growing Evil. — Measures taken to 
Sui)press it. — Table of .Arrests. 

C'H.M' TKR \'L — i<^53-i'^57- — Appointmen t ok a Board ok Polic e 

Commissioners. 

Ex-Superintendent Walling. — His Long and Honorable Connection with the De- 
partment. — Charter of 1853. — Rc-organizing the Police Force. — Tenure of 
Office to Remain During Good Behavior. — The Recorder, City Judge, and 
Mayor Appointed as a Commission. — A Reserve Corps Established. — An Im- 
provement in the Efficiency of the Force. — Introduction of a Police Uniform. — 
Hostility thereto.— The "Star" Police. — Efforts made to Induce the Men to 
wear the Uniform. — Judgment Speedily Rendered in Trial Cases. — Beneficial 
effects. — Appointment of a Drill Sergeant. — Salaries Increased. — Tables of 
Arrests. — Sanitary Matters. 



CONl'EN'JS. 



xi 



CHAl' I'l-lR ¥11.-1857-1863. TllK M 1: I KOI'Ol.I 1 AN Toi K K DlSl klCT. 

The Law Designating the Mayor, Recorder, and City Judge, Police Commission- 
ers, Repealed. — Appointment of l-'ive Commissioners. — The Counties of New- 
York, Kings, Westchester and Richmond made to Comprise the New District. 
— Oppositioi^ to tlie Change. — A Year of Riots and Financial Failures. — The 
Metropolitan I'olice District Act Declared to be Constitutional. — Conflic t 
Between Mayor Wood and the Newly-Appointed Commissioners. — The Muni- 
cipal Police and the Metropolitan Police Arrayed in Open Battle. — Inter- 
vention of the Military. — The Act Amended by making the District to consist 
of the Counties of New York, Kings, Westchester and Richmond, and the 
Towns of Newtown, Flushing and Jamaica. — The Number of Commissioners 
Reduced to Three. 

CHAPTER Vm.— July, 1863. — Sketch of thk. Draft Riots. 

The City in the Hands of a Frenzied Mob. — An Emergency in which the Police 
covered themselves with Glory. — Popular Discontent growing out of a latent 
sympathy with the Southern Cause. — The Method adopted for the Enforce- 
ment of the Draft not the most judicious one. — Su])erintendent Kennedy's 
arrangements in anticipation of trouble. — Growing Desperation of the Mob. — 
Fairing of the Buildings in which the Provost Marshal had his Office. — Super- 
intendent Kennedy Attacked and Brutally Beaten. — His Miraculous F^scape 
from Death. — Commissioner Acton assumes Command of the Force. — His 
Energy and Promptitude more than a Match for the Mob, who Fight Furi- 
ously. — The Rioters beat back the Police, l)ut are in turn overcome and 
routed. — Clubs versus Stones, Bricks and Bullets. — " By the Right Flank, 
Company Front, Double Quick, Charge!" — Mob Desperation and Police 
Heroism. — " Up Guards, and at 'em." — Action of the Military.— End of the 
First Day's Fighting. 

CHAPTER IX. — Ji i.Y, 1863. — Suppression OF the Draft Riots. 

The City Saved from Pillage and Arson. — A Defiant and Unterrified Mob. — • 
Negroes Hanged from Lamp-posts and their Bodies Burned. — Station Houses 
and Private Dwellings Fired and Sacked. — Stones, Bricks, and other Missiles 
Showered on the Heads of Policemen from the Housetops. — Police Retaliation. 
— Arrival of the Military. — Col. O'Brien's Frightful Death. — The Battle on • 
Second Avenue and I'wenty-first Street. — The Mob Taught some Severe Les- 
sons. — Erecting Barricades. — Fired upon by the Troops. — The Police j)ly llieir 
Clubs on the Heads of Rioters with Unbounded Liberality. — Children 
from the Colored Orphan Asylum Protected bv the Police. — Hard Hand-to 
Hand Fighting. — Backbone of the Riot Broken. — A Reign of Mob Law 
Averted. — Valuable Services Performed by the Detective Force and Tele- 
graph Bureau. — Suppression of the Riot. — The Board of Police Issue a 



xii 



CONTENTS. 



Congratulatory Address to tiie Force. — -Governor Seymour bears Willing and 
Appreciative Testimony to the Gallant Services Performed by the Police, 
— Arraignment and Conviction of Rioters. 

CHAPTER X. — 1864-1866. — Thk Metropolitan Police District. 

Organizers of Police Victory. — Acton, Bergen, Hawley, Carpenter, Leonard, etc.. 
— The Law of 1864. — Establishment of the House of Detention. — Boundaries 
of the Metropolitan Police District. — Division Commands. — Uniform of the 
Metropolitan Police. — Appropriations for the Building and Repairing of Sta- 
tion Houses. — A Marked Tendency to Crimes of Violence towards the Person. 
— List of Policemen who were Killed or Wounded at the hands of Desperate 
Ruffians. — President Acton favors the Passage of a Law rendering it a Crime 
to carry Concealed Weapons. — Lost Time. — Tables of Arrests. — An Act to 
Regulate and Increase Police Salaries. — The Jurisdiction of the Board ex- 
tended over the Rural Districts of Yonkers, West Farms and Richmond 
County. — An Act to Regulate the Sale of Intoxicating Liquors. — Increased 
Duties of the Police Board. 

CHAPTER XI. — 1866-1870. — An era of Organization and 
Development. 

New Station Houses Erected and old ores Renovated. — Improvement in the 
Discipline and Efficiency of the Force. — Establishment of a Central Police 
Office in New York. — Death of John G. Bergen. — Appointment of a. Metro- 
politan Fire Marshal and Assistant. — House of Detention for Witnesses. — 
Table of Arrests for a Series of Years. — Time Lost by Sickness. — Re-organi- 
zation of the Board of Metropolitan Police. — Resignation of Commissioner 
Acton. — Average Length of Posts. — Amounts Paid for Sick Time. — Value of 
Lost or Stolen Property Recovered. — The Sanitary Company. — Lost Children. 
— Buildings found Open and Secured. — Tables of Arrests.- -Salaries. — Loca- 
tion of Station Houses. — An Era of Organization and Development. — " The. 
Tweed Charter." — Death of Superintendent Jourdan. 

CHAPTER XII. — 1871-1876. — Clubs more Trustworthy than Leaden 

Balls. 

Orange Riots. — Police and Military called out. — The Streets of New York again 
the Scene of Riot and Bloodshed. — The Militia, unauthorized, Fire upon the 
Mob. — Eleven Killed and Thirty Wounded. — Cleaning of the Streets charged 
to the Board of Police. — Completion of the Building of the House of Deten- 
tion. — Tables of Arrests. — Time Lost to the Department by Reason of Sick- 
ness. — Property Clerk's Returns. — Presentation of the Flag of Honor. — An 
Act to Re-organize the Local Government of New York. — The Board of 
Police to consist of Five Members. — A Revised Manual Issued to the Force. 
— Duties of the several Heads of the Department and of the Force Generally. 



CONTENTS. xiii 

— Regulation Uniforms. — Qualifications for Ajjpointment as a Patrolman. — 
Measures of Economy Introduced. — Board of Surgeons. — Police Salaries. — 
The Board made to Consist of Four Members. — Changes in the Board. 

CHAPTKR XUI.— 1875-1880. — " Nkw Vokk. Says, Stoi'! " 

New York Fast Becoming a Law-abiding City. — Proceedings and Report of the 
Select Legislative Committee on the Causes and Increase of Crime. — Govern- 
ment of the Police Force. — Demoralization and Inefficiency. — All the Blame 
for these Evils not Attributable to the Police. — Convictions Hard to Gain. — 
Legal Loop-holes of Retreat for Criminals. — Lottery and Policy. — -The De- 
tective Police not Properly Remunerated for their Services. — Salary and 
Duties of Patrolmen, etc. — The Board of Police Commissioners. — Evil Effects 
of Political Intermeddling with the Force. — Too few Policemen. — The Great 
Railroad Strikes. — Scenes of Riot and Bloodshed. — The Tompkins Square 
Meeting. — " New York Says, Stop." — New Rules for the Guidance of the 
Force. 

CHAP TER XIV. — 1880-1885. — Provisions ok i hk. Consolidation Act. 

Central Office Bureau of Detectives. — Government and Discipline of the Police 
Department. — Powers Invested in the Board of Police. — Bureau of Elections. 
— Board of Health. — Police Surgeons. — Special Patrolmen. — Police Life In- 
surance Fund. — Powers of the Police Force. — Pawnbrokers. — The Sanitary 
Company. — Duties of Captains and Sergeants ; of Physicians. — The Telegraph 
System. — An Act .Vmendatory of the Consolidation Act. — Roosevelt Com- 
mittee. — Lottery and Policy. 

CHAPTER XV. — First iNSPEtnioN Disi uicr. 

Superintendent William Murray. — A Brilliant Record. — What a Policeman may 
become by Honesty, Perseverance and Ability. — A Model Police Official. — 
Methodical, Keen, and Devoted to his Profession. — The First Precinct; Cap- 
tain Caffry. — "The Iron Man." — The most Important Police District in the 
World. — Fourth Precinct; Captain Webb. — Sixth Precinct; Captain 
McCuUagh. — Seventh Precinct ; Captain Hedden. — Tenth Precinct; Captain 
Allaire. — Eleventh Precinct; Captain Meakim. — Thirteenth Precinct; Cap- 
tain Petty. — Fourteenth Precinct ; Cajitain Murphy. — Seventeenth Precinct; 
Captain McCullagh. — Eighteenth Precinct ; Captain Clinchy. — Twenty-first 
Precinct; Captain Ryan. — Twenty-si.xth Precinct; Sergeant Stewart. 

CHAPTER XVI.— Second Inspection District. 

The Late Inspector Thorne. — A Veteran Officer, whose Experience was Coeval 
with the Existence of the Police Department. — Intelligence, Energy and 
Zeal. — A Notable Record. — Fifth Precinct; Captain Eakins. — Eighth Precinct; 



xiv 



CONTENTS. 



Captain McDonnell. — Ninth Precinct; Captain Copeland. — Fifteenth Pre- 
cinct; Captain Brogan. — Sixteenth Precinct; Captain McEhvain. — Twentieth 
Precinct; Captain Washburn. — Twenty-fifth Precinct; Captain Garland. — 
Twenty-seventh Precinct; Captain Berghold. — Twenty-ninth Precinct; Cap- 
tain Williams. 

CHAPTER XVII. — I'HiKi) AND FouRrH I.nsi'ection Districts. 

Inspectoy Dilks. — Enjoying a rare Privilege, namely, reading his own Obituary. 
— An Officer who has Distinguished Plimself by his Bravery and Vigilance. — 
A Veteran with a highly honorable Record. — Second Precinct; Captain Con- 
lin. — Twelfth Precinct; Captain Hooker. — Nineteenth Precinct; Captain 
Mount. — Nineteenth Sub-precinct; Captain Schultz. — Twenty-second Pre- 
cinct; Captain Killilea. — Twenty-third Precinct; Captain Sanders — Twenty- 
eii^hlh Precinct; Captain Gunner. — Thirtieth Precinct; Captain Siebert.^ — 
Thirty-first Precinct; Captain Leary. — Thirty-second Precinct; Captain Cort- 
right. — Thirty-third Precinct; Captain Bennett. — Thirty-fourth Precinct; 
Captain Robbins. — Thirty-fifth Precinct; Captain Yule. 

CHAPTER XVIU.— Detectivk Dkp.-vrtment. 

Its Origin, Progress and Development. — Detectives called " Shadows" in Chief 
Matsell's Time. — Inspector Thomas Byrnes. — A Record that Reads like a 
Romance. — His Re-organization of the Detective Force. — The Wall Street 
Bureau. — Detective Sergeants. — Inspector Byrnes' Methods. — How Detectives 
Detect Criminals. — Inspector Byrnes and "The Crook." — Their Chance Meet- 
ing in the Street. — How Inspector Byrnes Reasons out a Case. — Decrease of 
Crime Among Professional Criminals. — Criminals and Their Methods. — New 
York a Difficult City to Protect against Thieves. — Forgers, Pickpockets, Sneak 
Thieves, Bank Thieve.s, Bunco Steerers, Etc. 

CHAPTER XIX.— Inspector Bvrnes' Command. 

The Men who Protect the City from the Depredations of Knaves of High and 
Low Degree. — Forty Quick-witted, Wide-awake Detectives. — Their History 
and Record of Arrests. — How they Make the City a Safe Abiding-place for 
Honest People. — Interesting Tales of Some Celebrated Cases. — The Romance 
and Reality of Crime. — Truth Stranger than Fiction. — A Devoted Band of 
Police Officers. — Their Struggles and Triumphs. — The Men who Make it Pos- 
sible for Inspector Byrnes to Retain his Well-earned Laurels. 

CHAPl'ER XX.— Police Central Okfice. 

Th^ Centre of a System whish affords Police Protection to the City. — Head- 
(juarters of the Police Department. — Telegraph Office; Superintendent 



^ CONTENTS. XV 

Crowley. — Third Precinct; Captain Castlin. — The Harl)or Police. — Superinten- 
dent's Chief Clerk Hopcroft. --Bureau of hKpiiry for Missing People. — 
Commissioner French. — Commissioner Tit/. John Porter. — Commissioner 
Matthews. — Lost Children. — Chief Clerk Ki])p/ — Property Clerk's Office. — 
The Sanitary Company. — Tenement House Sijuad. 

CHAP'i'KR XXL— -DuTiKs ok a Police-Man. 

A Terror to the Wicked and Depraved, a Protector to the Uj)right and Virtuous. — 
His Responsibilities and Labors. — Necessary Qualifications: Youth, Strength, 
Intelligence, and a Stainless Reputation. — The School of Instruction. — Doing 
Patrol Duty. — The Laws he has to Study and Enforce. — Kx-Commissioner 
Erhardt's Exposition of a Policeman's Life. — A Keen, Wiry, Clean-cut Set. — 
Always on Post. — An P-ye that Knows no Sleep. — Dangers to which Police- 
men are Exposed. — Sprains, Contusions, Incised Wounds, Fractured Limbs, 
Rheumatism, Pneumonia, etc. — Sergeant John Delaney, a Type of a Brave 
Policeman. 

CHAPTER XXII. — Skktch ok thi, Policf. Pknsion Fund. 

Created by Act of 1857. — 'The Fund made up of the Sales of Unclaimed Prop- 
erty. — Police Life and Health Insurance Fund. — Beneficiaries of the Act. — 
Metropolitan Reward Fund. — Police Life Insurance Fund. — The Police Com- 
missioners a Board of Trustees. — The Treasurer of the Board of Commission- 
ers 'Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. — Receipts and Disbursements. — The 
late Commissioner Nichols. — Commissioner McClave. — Bookkeeper George 
P. Gott. — Paying Pensioners. — Financial Statement of the Police Pension 
Fund. 

CHAPTER XXHL— The Way of the 'Tra.ns(;kkssor. 

Our Police Courts. — Arraignment of Prisoners and how their Cases are Disposed 
of. — The Police Justices: Efficient and Discriminating. — Courts of Special 
Sessions, General Sessions, Oyer and Terminer, etc. — District Attorney Mar- 
tine and his Deputies. — Fines Received from Police Courts. — Number of 
Prisoners Arrested, Arraigned and Convicted. — The Ambulance System. — 
Evils of Intemperance. — A New Criminal Agency. — The Opium Habit. — 
" Hitting the Pipe." — Uses and Abuses of Opium. — An Opium Smoker's Out- 
fit. — Vice Fostered by the Herding 'Together in Crowded Tenements. — Some 
Gaudy Resorts. — Criminals and Their Haunts. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Stadt Iliiys 4 

Watchman's Rattle ^ S 

Gov. Stuyvesant's Mansion lo 

Mustering the Rattle Walch 13 

A Schepen Deciding a Law Suit 15 

Cornelius Steenwyck 17 

New Amster(h\m in 1664 iS 

The Pillory 20 

First Seal of New ^'ork City 27 

First Uniformed Policeman 28 

City Hall, Wall Street 30 

Fir>t Execution in New York 32 

Whipping Post 33 

Presentment by (Irand Jury 35 

First Watch House 36 

First Poor House 39 

Bellmen (K-ing their Rounds 41 

Jail, City Hall I'aik 42 

Old Briilewell 44 

City I Iosi)ital 45 

Lock and Key of Old Bridewell 47 

Early Seal of New York City 48 

F irst House of Correction 52 

Old State Prison 55 

City Hal) Park in 1S08 60 

City Hall 62 

Alms House, Belleview 66 

First House of Refuge 70 

House of Refuge (w ith extensions) 71 

Old Leatherliead 75 

Rotunda, City Hall Park 79 

Old Leatherliead and Sentry Box 82 

Watchman's Hat 83 

Old Sugar House and Middle Dutch 

Church 86 

Old Brewery 87 

The Tombs <)o 

Police Shield 91 

Jacob Hays' Conjmission as Captain . . , 93 

Jacob Hays' Commission(Ii ighConstable) 97 

Policeman's Hat 99 

Chief Matsell's Shield loi 

Mayor Hari)er 104 

Police Captain's Shield 106 

Eldndge Street Jail loS 

Belleview Hospital, 1850 110 

W'ashington's Rtsulence tl2 

Astor Place Riot 115 



City Arms 119 

Sujierintendeiit \\ alliiig's Shiekl 122 

i Captain Walling's Star Shield 125 

Police Captains, 1856 132, 134, 133 

City Arms 136 

Mayor Wood 141 

I Metropolitan Police Headquarters 145 



Patrolman's Shield 150 

Police Headquarters (300 Mulberry St.) 154 

Old Jefferson Market 157 

The Stocks 159 

Process of Drafting 162 

1 Provost Marshal's Office 165 

j Rioters Marching Down Second Avenue 169 

j Colored Orphan Asylum 172 

I Present Colored Orphan Asylum 173 

I Negro Hanged by Mob 175 

Military Encampment 177 

Military Firing on Rioters 178 

I Handcuffs 181 

I (leneral (Janby's Headquarters 183 

I Brutal Murder of Col. O'Brien 185 

I Cavalry Patroling Streets .... 1S7 

Destruction of Weehawken P'erry 189 

Escaping Rioters Surprised by Police. . . igi 

I Burning of Grain Elevator 194 

I Nursing Wounded Policemen ig6 

I -Seth C. Hawley 206 

Sixty-ninth Regiment ,\rmoiy 211 

First New York Colored Regiment l.eav. 

ing for the Seat of War 217 

Drilling a Squad of Policemen 220 

Arsenal, Elm Street 222 

Coat of Arms 224 

I Metropolitan Police Shield 227 

I Inspector Speight 230 

Dr. Kennedy 232 

Juvenile Asylum 238 

I Ludlow Street Jail 241 

' House of Refuge 242 

City Seal 243 

Ex-Superintendent Kelso 247 

Inspector Jameson 250 

Autographs 254 

Flag of Honor 255 

New Court House 260 

Matthew T. Brennaii 262 

1 Under Arrest 2(>4 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



::viii 



Inspector McDermott 270 

Essex Market 273 

Orphan As)'lum 278 

St. Luke's Hospital 285 

The Chain Gang 286 

Custom House, Wall Street 290 

Seventh Regiment Armory 295 

Post-Office 299 

Broadway, South from Post-Office 303 

New P'irst Precinct Station House 314 

Floor Plan 315 

Captain Caffrey 316 

Captain Webb 317 

Captain McCullagh (No. 2) 319 

Sixth Precinct Station House 320 

Captain Hedden 321 

Captain Allaire 323 

Eleventh Precinct Station House 325 

Captain Cherry (deceased) 326 

Captain Petty 328 

Thirteenth Precinct Station House. ... 329 

Fourteenth Precinct Station House 331 

Floor Plan Station J louse 331 

Captain Murphy 332 

Captain McCullagh (No. 1) 334 

Captain Clinchy 336 

Twenty-first Precinct Station House. . . . 337 

Captain Ryan 338 

Captain Steers 340 

Street Arab 341 

Captain Eakins 347 

Captain McDonnell 349 

Eighth Precinct Station House 350 

Captain Copeland 352 

Captain Brogan 354 

Fifteenth Precinct Station House 355 

Captain McElwain 35S 

Twentieth Precinct Station House 359 

Captain Washburn 360 

Captain Garland 362 

Captain Berghold 363 

Captain Williams 365 

Twenty-ninth Precinct Station House. . . 366 

Captain Conlin 373 

Twelfth Precinct Station House 374 

Captain Hooker 375 

Nineteenth Precinct Station House 376 

Captain Mount 377 

Captain Schultz 378 

Captain Killilea 379 

Captain Sanders 38 1 

Twenty-eighth Precinct Station House. . 382 
Captain Gunner 3S3 



Captain Siebert 385 

Captain Leary 386 

Captain Cortright 388 

Thirty-second Precinct Station House. . 389 

Floor Plan 390 

Captain Bennett 391 

Thirty-third Precinct Station House . . . 392 

Thirty-fourth Precinct Station Ifouse. . . 393 

Captain Robbins 394 

Captain Yule 395 

Captain Smith 396 

Captain Kealy 397 

Captain Tynan 398 

Policeman's Club 399 

Examining a " Crook " 406 

Rogues' Gallery and some Curiosities of 

Crime 40S 

A Bashful Burglar 410 

Inspector Byrnes in his Private Office. . . 412 

Inspector Byrnes Receiving Reports. ... 415 

Nippers 418 

Detective Sergeants Reporting 420 

A Burglar's Outfit 422 

Captain's Shield 424 

Sergeant's Shield 425 

Patrolman's Shield 426 

Model Cell 428 

Sergeant Bird 430 

Convict's Boat Going to the Island 433 

Rescuing a Woman from Drowning. . . . 437 

Police Central Office 438 

Police Telegraph Office 439 

Superintendent Crowley 440 

Captain Gastlin 441 

Arresting Mutineers 442 

Boarding a Mutinous Vessel 443 

Memorial to Henry Smith 445 

Superintendent Walling's Office 446 

Watching for River Thieves 447 

Steamboat " Patrol" 448 

George Hopcroft 449 

Sergeant Brooks 450 

Office of Bureau of Inquiry 451 

Architect Bush 452 

Commissioner Matthews 453 

Chief Clerk's Room 45<j 

Property Clerk's Room 457 

Commissioner Voorhis 458 

Commissioner Porter 459 

Captain Kipp 460 

Matron Webb's Room for Lost Children 461 

Sergeant MuUin 462 

Cloth Department Room 462 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



XIX 



School of Instruction 467 

Station House Lodging Room 46S 

Station House Dormitory 469 

Crossing Broadway 47' 

Familiar Incidents in Life of a New York 

Policeman 472 

Drilling a Squad of Tolicemen 474 

Mounted Policemen Stopping Runaway 

Team 47^ 

Part of a Policeman's Equipment 479 

Policeman's Certificate of Appointment. . 480 

Sergeant John Delaney 4S1 

Police Trial Room 4S2 

Police Monument (Cypress Hill) 490 

Bookkeeper Gott's Office 493 

Commissioner McClave 495 

George P. Gott 500 

Policeman's Belt 502 

District Attorney Martine 505 

l?ri(lge of Sighs (Tombs) 506 

Interior View of Male Prison 507 

Place of Execution 507 



PACK 

Tomhs Police Court 508 

Jefferson Market Police Court 509 

Yorkville Police Court 510 

Black Maria 511 

Conveying Prisoners from Court to Jail. . 511 

Woman's Prison (A Mutual Recognition) 512 

Blackwell's Island and East River 512 

Roosevelt Hospital 513 

Mount Sinai Hospital 514 

New York Hospital 515 

Glimpses of Chinatown 516 

A Chinese Opium Smoker 517 

Chinese Gamblers 518 

Scale for NVeighing Opium 520 

Opium Tray 520 

Sponge, Bowl, Opium Box, Clam Shell, 

Pipe and Needle 521 

A Chinese Teacher 522 

A Chinese Merchant 524 

Harbor Police 525 

Measuring a Candidate 526 



FULL PAGE ENtlRAVINGS. 



r.vG* 



Frontispiece i 

Five Points in 1829 76 

Jacob Hays 92 

Supt. Matsell 102 

Battery Park in ye olden time 1 10 

Geo. \V. Walling 120 

Jno. A. Kennedy 152 

Danl. Carpenter 160 

Their Brave Protector 182 

Thos. C. Acton 202 

Jno. Jourdan 240 

A Drunkard's Dream 266 

William Murray 30S 

Thos. \V. Thome 342 

Geo. W. Dilks 370 

Thos. Byrnes 402 

S. B. French 454 

On Post 466 

S. P. Nichols 499 




IN THE JAWS OF DEATH. 

(Drawn by Tno.x.as No;;, b/ pcimlsiion cf Mcssis. Haiper.) 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS: 



HISTORY OF THE NEW YORK POLICE FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD 

TO THE PRESENT DAY. 



Charter Establishing the Dutch West India Company (162 i.) — Director- 
general Minuet's Council. — Duties of the Schout-Fiscal. — First Trace 
OF a Penal or Police System (1632.) — The Island Assuming an Aspect of 
Permanent Settlement (1639.) — A Reason why Justice was Administered 
WITH Great Promptitude. — Erection of a Stadt Huys (1642.) — Regula- 
tions FOR THE Better Observance of the Sabbath. — Establishment of a 
Burgher Guard (1643.) — New Regulations Contemporaneous with the 
Arrival of Governor Stuyvesant. — A Career of Reform. — Ordinance 
Regulating the Sale OF Liquor. — Appointment of a Rattle-Watch (1651) 
— The Citv Incorpor.vied (1652.) — The Police of the City Chiefly 
Centered in a Schout. — Regulations of the Burgher Watch. — Dirk. Van 
ScHii.i.wvNE, First High Constable (1655.) — Organization of a Paid 
Rattle-Watch (1658.) — Instructions for the Burcjher Provost. — Records 
OF Court C.\ses. — Capture of the Province by the British. 



VERY historical narrative reLiting to the City of New York must of necessity 



be a history of progress. Whether the broad course of general events be fol- 
lowed, or some particular phase of the city's life be made the theme, the result is 
the same. Growth, development, progress, underlie every change, and gi\'e a 
splendid vitality to every event. 

It is proposed in this volume to give a history of the New York Police 
Force — a history of that system by which the great public protects itself against 
its natural enemies. This narrative will, indeed, be one of progress. Starting 
from beginnings as humble as those of the infant city itself, it will, by an unbroken 
series of steps, arrive at a breadth and perfection of system commensurate with 
the modern glories of the American metropolis. This will be the most remarka- 
ble feature of the story, that — sjjeaking broadly — there is neither defeat, failure, 
nor stagnation to be chronicled. When the force stands still as respects num- 
bers, it is becoming more perfect in organization; when develo])ment ceases for 
the moment in its organization, it is gaining in jjower and efficiency. 

All the world knows that in 1609, the year of Dutch independence — surel) 
a good augury — Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing under the colors of the 
Netherlands, started on a famous cruise in search of the Northwest passage to 



CHAPTER I. 



PRIMITIVE POLICE REGULATIONS 



1609—1664. 




2 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



the Pacific. He did not find it, but instead discovered the noble river which 
immortalizes his name. 

Hudson planted the flag under which he navigated on the wooded shores of 
the river and the bay, proclaiming tiie land a dependency of their Highnesses the 
States-General of Holland. 

Manhattan Island, we are told, was named by the Indians Alaii-a-hatta, to 
denote not only the landing-place of the discoverer, but the effects of the "mad 
waters " which he gave to the natives in his first interview; the literal interpreta- 
tion of the name being "the place where we all got drunk." 

The Dutch very speedily began to make use of their new dominion. The 
trade in furs was wonderfully good, and as early as 1613 trading posts were 
established on Staten and Manhattan Islands. 

In 16 14 the States-Cieneral granted a trading charter which recognized " New 
Netherland " as a Dutch territory. 

New Amsterdam was the title by which the Hollanders distinguished their 
little dorp, or village, the nucleus of which had been formed by a few huts 
erected as early as 16 13 for sheltering their fur trade and whale fishery, on the 
point where it is supposed Hudson had landed. By that name it was known for 
more than forty years as the capital, during the administrations — 1625 to 1664 — 
of Minuet, Van Twiller, Kieft and Stuyvesant, the successive Directors or 
Governors-General of Novum Belgium, or New Netherlands, a province which 
embraced portions of the present States of Delaware, New Jersey, New York and 
Connecticut. 

The charter establishing the Dutch West India Company was granted on 
June 3, 162 1, and the supervision and government of the company were 
lodged in a board or assembly of nineteen delegates. The company was 
empowered to raise forts, to administer justice and preserve order, and with the 
consent of the States-General, appoint a Governor or Director-General, and all 
other ofiicers, military, judicial and executive, all being bound to swear allegiance 
to their High Mightinesses and the Company. The Director-General and his 
council were then invested with all powers — judicial, legislative and executive, 
subject in certain cases to appeal to Holland. 

In 1624 Peter Minuet, the first Director-General, arrived at New Netherland. 
His council consisted of Pieter Bylvelt, Jacob Elbertsen Wissinck, Jan Janssen 
Brouwer, Symen Dereksen Pos, and Reynert Harmenssen. This council had 
supreme authority, and all its j)roceedings, whether criminal or civil, were insti- 
tuted and conducted by an officer called a " Schout Fiscal," whose duties were 
ecpii\alent to those performed by a sheriff and an attorney-general. He was 
charged principally with enforcing and maintaining the placards, laws, ordinances, 
resolutions and military regulations of their High Mightinesses, the States- 
General, and protecting the rights, domains and jurisdiction of the company, and 
executing their orders, as well in as out of court, without favor or respect to 
individuals. He superintended all prosecutions and suits, but could not under- 
take any actions on behalf of the company, except by order of the council ; nor 
arraign, nor arrest any person on a criminal charge, except on information 
previously received, or unless he caught him in flagrante dclictu. In taking 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 3 

information he was l)ovind to note as well those jjoints which made for the 
])risoner as those which supported the charge against him, and after trial he saw 
to the faithful execution of the sentence ])ronounced by the judges, who, in 
indictments carrying with them loss of life and property, were not to he less than 
five in number. He, moreover, attended to the commissaries arriving from the 
Company's out-posts and to vessels arriving from or leaving for Holland, inspected 
their papers, and superintended the loading and discharging of their cargoes, so 
that smuggling might be prevented. He transmitted to the directors in Holland 
copies of all information taken l)y him, as well as of all sentences pronounced by 
the court, and no person was kept long in prison at the expense of the Company 
without special cause, but all were prosecuted as expeditiously as possible. This 
office, perhaps the most responsible in the colony, was filled, during the adminis- 
tration of Director Minuet, by Jan Lampo, of Cantelberg. 

The nucleus of a permanent settlement was formed by the arrival of a number 
of emigrants in 1625. Director Minuet "took up his residence in the midst 
of a nation called Manhates, building a fort there, to be called Amsterdam, hav- 
ing four points, and faced outside with stone, as the walls of sand fall down, and 
are now more compact." The population consisted of two hundred and seventy, 
including men, women and children. Director Minuet rebuilt the fort and plan- 
ned out something in the guise of a town — a very small one indeed — about it, in 
1629. 

Wouter van Twiller succeeded Minuet in 1632, and in his day we find the 
first trace of a jienal or police system. It may readily be imagined that with the 
scant jwpulation and the simple mode of life that was, perforce, led by all, there 
was very little necessity indeed for any written law or display of constituted 
authority. Still we find that a " gibbet, or whipping post" was set up close to 
the water's edge. The method of punishment was curious. The transgressors, 
it appears, were fastened to a line by their waistband, and being hoisted from the 
ground, were left suspended in spread-eagle fashion, " such length of time as 
their offences warranted." No doubt the correction was as salutary as it must 
have lieen unpleasant, and tended to intimidate such elements of disorder as ex- 
isted at the time. 

Notwithstanding this landmark of penal legislation, however, the colony, 
taken as a whole, was "a good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see." 
We are informed that such was the peaceful and orderly disposition of the inhabi- 
tants at this very early day — and for some years after — that police regidations were 
almost entirely unknown, " not even a sentinel being kept on duty." The good folk 
of New Amsterdam were distinguished for their good nature, love of home, and 
cordial hospitality. So strict were the early notions of propriety, that to be out after 
nine o'clock in the evening was considered a certain sign of bad morals. 

Though there were few laws, these few were rigidly enforced. The man- 
ners of the colonists corresponded with the simplicity of a primitive settlement. 

There were also among the Dutch, individual characters whose former pur- 
suits and vagrant modes of life little fitted them to patiently endure personal 
injuries or insult. Some had been freebooters among the islands in the Ciulf, and 
been thrown by the waves of fortune upon this scene of adventure, and some, 



4 



OUR rOIJCK PROTECTORS. 



though brought hither by ordinary currents of trade and speculation, were adven- 
turous and sanguine spirits, diverted to new pursuits from the military service. 

Among other improvements brought about by Van Twiller was the erection of 
dwellings " for the corj)oral, the smith, the cooper, and the midwife," persons who 
must ha\ e held jwsitions of no small importance in these early days. 

William Kieft became Director or (Governor of the New Netherlands in 1638, 
and in the following year considerable bodies of settlers arrived from Holland 
under Captain de Vries, and Jochem Pietersen Kuyter and Cornelius Melyn. 
The i.iland, or at least its southern part, l)egan to lose its savage aspect fast. 
Some thirty farms were under cultivation, and the country about the walls of the 
fort resembled a blooming garden. Previous!)' the f)oj)ulation had been mainly 




Stadt Huys. 



comi)osed of traders in the employ of the West India Company, who, having no 
intention of making tlie i)lace a permanent home, were content to live in any sort 
of huts. Now, howe\er, many better houses were built, and an aspect of jjerma- 
nent settlement began to mark the jjlace. 

.-Xpropos of tlie ])rinHtive form in wliich justice was administered before 
Director Kieft's arrival, a good story is told, wliich, if it be not literally true, is at 
least characteristic. One of the reasons, it is said, why justice was administered 
with great jiroinptness and impartiality was that there were no lawyers, and every 
man either pleaded his own case, or let judgment go by default. There appeared 
at last in the colony, however, a certain pettifogger or 'T)oddipol Jolterhead," as 
the chronicle hath it, Bobus Van Clapperclip by name. In pleading a cause 
respecting the right of geese to swim in the pond at the head of New Street — 
])efore Alderman or Schejjen ^■an Schlei)evalkher — he made the only long speech 



Jl 



OCR roi.iL -/■: PRO / i-x • i ors. 



5 



on record ;'.t that period. His elo(iiiencc was so great that he caused his clients 
to l)e incontinently non-suited, for the Alderman, losing all y)atience with the 
pleader, gave himself u]) to the embraces of tiie " lialmy god," and slept out the 
remainder of the term. 

(iovernor Kieft was possessed of a l)usy, hustling temperament, and his ener- 
gies found plenty of room in New Amsterdam. His administration, in the main, 
was calculated to benefit the place in no small degree, doing much towards the 
establishment of a firm basis of law, and much in the way of material improve- 
ment. Most notable among the latter was tlie erecticjn of a Stadt Huys — State 
House, or City Hall — on the corner of Pearl Street and Counties Alley, fronting on 
Coenties Slip. 'I'his building was put uj) in 1642, and, besides containing rooms 
where the Governor and his Council could meet, had accommodations for the muni- 
cipal authorities, a .school-room, a watch-room, and dungeons in the cellar. The 
building saw many notable scenes in its day — the march of j)rogress has long since 
swept it from the face of the island — among them the transfer of sovereignty from 
the Dutch to the British Government in 1664 and 1674, and the holding of the 
first Court of .Admiralty in the province by Governor Nichols in 1665. 

The Stadt Huys was taken down in tiie \ ear i 700. It was built originaiis at tiu- 
costof the government as a city tavern, but was jiresented to the city in 1655. 
The chamber occupied for the sitting of the Magistrates was on the soutlf-east corner 
of the second story, the prison chamber being in tlie rear — on the other side of 
the house — facing a yard which extended to " Hough Straat." Upon the roof was 
a cupola in which was hung a bell in the year 1656, which was rung for the 
assemblage of the Magistrates, and also on occasions of tlie publication of 
proclamations, which was done in front of the hall. The Bell-ringer for a 
number of years was Jan Gillisen, (familiarly called " Koeck.") This ancient 
edifice, which was substantially built of stone, stood until the year 1699, — nearly 
sixty years — when it gave jilaci- to the City Hull, in Wall Street, at the head of 
Broad Street. 

The gallows, by a barbarous anomaly, has been regarded as an evidence of 
civilization. In that case. New York in colonial times must have reached a 
high state of refinement. It did not take much to send a poor wretch to the 
gallows, or to burn him at the stake, or to break him by torture. Among the 
earliest mstitutions of the budding province were jails, prisons, a bridewell, and 
houses of correction. Previous to the building of the Stadt Huys, there was a 
prison, or jjlace of confinement for prisoners, within the old fort ; but on the 
building of the City Hall it ceased to be used for that purpose. 

The Governor issued regulations for tiie l)etter observance of the Sabbath: in- 
terdicting the taj)])ing of beer during the iiours of divine service or after ten 
o'clock at night ; brawling and all kinds of offences were to be punished by the 
severest penalties. In carrying out his reform measures, (iovernor Keift seems to 
have found the town bell an efficient ally. It was rung every evening at nine 
o'clock to warn the inhabitants that it was time to be within doors, if not in bed ; 
and it was rung again at stated hours in the morning and afternoon, to mark the 
proper hours for going to labor. It was al.so rung as a preliminary to the read- 
ing of the Governor's proclamations. That these last were not mere empty threats 



6 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

may be sufficiently judged from the following sentence, imposed during one of the 
later years of Kieft's incumbenc\- : 

" For drawing his knife upon a person, Guysbert Reygerslard is sentenced to 
throw himself three times from the sailyard of the yacht Hope, and to receive 
from each sailor three lashes at the ringing of the bell." 

A Burgher Guard having been established (the first of which we find any 
record), an ordinance of the Director and Council of New Netherland in relation 
thereto was passed November 19, 1643, as follows : 

" I. If any one, on the Burgher Guard, take the name of God in vain, he 
shall forfeit for the first offence ten stivers ; for the second, twenty stivers; and 
for the third time, twenty stivers. 

"2. Whosoever on the Burgher Guard speaks ill of a comrade shall forfeit 
thirty stivers. 

" 3. Whosoever comes fuddled or intoxicated on guard, shall, for each of- 
fence, pay twenty stivers ; whosoever is absent from his watch without lawful rea- 
son, shall forfeit fifty stivers. 

" 4. After the watch is duly performed and daylight is come, and the 
reveille beaten, whosoever discharges his gun or musket without orders of his 
Corporal shall pay one guilder." 

Kieft's administration was marked by Indian wars, provoked in great jjart 
by the Dfrector-General's imprudence. These wars almost depopulated the 
colony of New Amsterdam, and in the end led to his recall. 

Peter Stuyvesant, Kieft's successor, Came out in May, 1647. New regula- 
tions were established, contemporaneous with his appointment, for the government 
of the province. The Director, Vice-Director and Schout constituted the Council, 
and had supreme authority in civil and militar)- affairs. The fort was repaired 
and a permanent garrison of fifty-three men maintained. The colonists were 
counseled to provide themselves -with weapons and to form a provincial militia. 
He began a career of reform immediately on his arrival, with all that impetuosity — 
not untempered by sound sense — which was displayed in his whole career. Here 
is one of the first of his manifestoes, translated, of course, from the original Dutch: 

" Whereas, we have observed and remarked the insolence of some of our 
inhabitants, who are in the habit of getting drunk, of (juarreling, fighting, and of 
smiting each other on the Lord's Day of Rest (of which, on the last Sunday, we 
ourselves witnessed the ])ainful scenes, and to the knowledge of which we came 
by rei)ort) in defiance of the magistrates, to the contempt and disregard of our' 
])erson and authority, to the great annovance of the neighborhood, and finally to 
the injury and dishonoring of God's holy laws and commandments, which enjoin 
upon us to honor and sanctify him on this, His Holy Day of Rest, and which 
proscribe all personal injury and murder, with the means and temptations that 
may lead thereunto. 

"Therefore, by the advice of His Excellency, the Director-General, and our 
ordained Council, here jjresent, to the end that we may, so far as it is possible 
and ])ractical)le, take all due care and prevent the curse of Ciod instead of His 
blessing from falling upon us and our good inhabitants, do, by these presents, 
charge, command, and enjoin upon all tapsters and innkeepers, that on the Sab- 
bath of the Lord, commonly called Sunday, before two of the clock in the after- 
noon, in case there is no preaching, or otherwise before four of the clock (in the 
afternoon) they shall not be ])ermitted to 'set, nor draw, nor bring out for any 
person or i)ersons, any wines, beers, nor any strong waters of any kind whatso- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



7 



ever, on whatever i)retext, excepting only persons traveling and the daily boarders 
that may from necessity be confined to their jjlaces of abode, in the penalty of 
l)eing deprived of their occupations, and, over that, in the penalty of six Carolus 
guilders for each person that during said time may or shall have run up a score 
for wine or beer in their house. 

"And to the end that we may take all due care to ])revent all rash drawing of 
knives, all fightings and ])ersonal injuries, and all catastro])hies resulting from the 
same, any j)erson or persons who shall rashly or in anger draw any knife or dagger 
against any other person, shall be fined the penalty of one hundred Carolus 
guilders, or in failure of payment of the same, they shall be put to the most 
menial labor, with bread and water for their subsistence; or in case any person 
shall have been wounded thereby, the j)enalty shall be three hundred Carolus 
guilders, or an additional half year's confinement to the most menial labor, with 
bread and water for their subsistence. 

" We do also charge and command our Fiscal, our Lieutenant, our Sergeants, our 
Corporals, and every one of our citizens and inhabitants, as well as the soldiers, 
on all occasions to take measures that all such persons be jnirsued and aj)i)re- 
hended, so that they may be proceeded against and dealt with as the law directs." 

Plainly the people of the colony had grown very bad in a little while. They 
had a very vigorous ruler over them now. The proclamation just quoted was 
shortly followed by a second, in which His Excellency set forth that he had 
learned that the former one was disregarded. Many persons, he says, are di- 
verted from their jiroper calling to that of tapping by the ease with which profits 
are realized, so much so that "almost one full fourth part of the City of New Am- 
sterdam have become bawdy houses for the sale of ardent spirits, tobacco, and 
beer." The Company's servants, the (Governor says, are thus led astray, and the 
youth are corrujjted. " Honest inns " too, established for travelers and stran- 
gers, and which pay their taxes and excises righteously, were seriously interfered 
with in their lawful business. His Excellency therefore orders that from that 
time forth, no new tavern, inn, or other place for the sale of liquor shall 
be opened without his c^onsent, and those in the business already are notified 
that within four years they must close and employ themselves in more "honest 
business." 

Other ordinances were framed causing the removal of hog-pens and out-houses 
from the highway ; j)rohibiting trespass upon enclosed orchards, fields, or gardens, 
under penalty of a hundred guilders ; and ordering that all the inhabitants put 
their plantations in good fence so that cattle may be kept out. A pound was es- 
tablished for trespassing cattle ; greater stability in building was enjoined ; and 
it was decreed that all grants of land should be revoked unless imjirovements 
were made within nine months. 

From such simj)le and jjrimitive regulations have germinated the vast 
system of police laws and ordinances of our dav. 

tn 1648, Governor Stuyvesant also appointed fire wardens for the first time. 
Their duty was to inspect all the chimneys at stated intervals. 

It will be interesting at this point to take a glance at the system of adminis- 
tration that prevailed in the colony and in the city. The Director-General was 
vested with almost autocratic powers. He appointed all public officers, save such 
as were sent out from Holland ; he made laws, imjjosed fines, levied taxes, in- 
flicted penalties, incorporated towns, decided all civil and criminal causes of mag- 



8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



nitude except capital cases, which were sent to Holland for trial — without the aid 
of a jury, and settled appeals from lower tribunals. The (iovernor was aided by 
a council of five of the best men of the colony. Next in importance to him were 
the Koopman and Schout-Fiscal, the former being the secretary of the West 
India Comi)any's warehouse. I'he latter, as has been said, discharged the collective 
functions of sheriff and attorney-general, and was, besides, the executive officer 
of the Director and Council, and custom-house officer. The Schout-Fiscal was 
allowed to sit in the Council during its deliberations, but had no voice in the 
proceedings. He had no stated salary for liis multifarious services, but was com- 
I)ensatcd by certain fees allowed him in jiarticular cases. 

The appointment of a Rattle-watch led, on October 12, 1651, to the adojjtion 
of the following rules: 

1. Watclimen to be on duty be- 
fore bell-ringing, under penalty of 
si.\ stivers. 

2. Whoever stays away without 
sending a substitute, to be lined 
two gudders for benefit of the reg- 
ular walcli. 

3. One guiltier tine for drunken 
ness. 

4. Ten stivers fine for sleeping 
on post. 

5. If any arms are stolen 
through negligence of the watch, 
the watchman to pay for the arms 
and be lined one guilder for the 
first, two guilders for the second, 
and the line for the third offense to 
be discretionary with the court. 

6. \ fine of two guilders for 
;^()ing aw.iy from the watch, and 
line guilder for missing turn. 

7. The Watch to call the hour 
ai all corners from 9 \. .M. until 
reveille, for which they received 
an additional compensation of 

Watchman's Rattle eighteen guilders per month. 

'I'he City was incor])oratcd by the name of New Amsterdam in 1652, but the 
inunii ipal inslitutiims did not go into ])ractical operation until February 2, 1653. 
The charter granted gave nothing but a court of municipal magistrates, with cer- 
tain judicial and other functions. These officials were a Schout, to be apjjointed ' 
l)y the Company, two lUirgomasters, and five Schej)ens — to be elected by the peo- 
ple. Tlie Burgomasters were intrusted witli the general regulation of city im- 
provements. Tlie Magistrates, together, had (jriginal jurisdictioii of civil and 
criminal cases arising within tlie city limits, subject to an ajjpeal to the Director- 
Ceneral. They heard and settled all disputes, tried cases for the recovery of 
debt, for defamation of character, for breach of jjromise, and for assault and 
tlieft; and even summoned parents and guardians into tlieir jjresence for with- 
holding their consent to the marriage of their children or wards without sufficient 
catise. They sentenced, and committed to jirison like a Court of Sessions. 
They met once every two weeks at the Stadt Huys. The citizens of to-day will 




OCR /'O /./( /■: /'A'()/7iC/()A'S. 



9 



r«!tid with regretful interest that the city fathers, whose title was " My Lords " in 
these old times, "had a conscientious regard for eciuity and justice, and set themselves 
like flint against Sabbath-hreaking, drunkenness, and all the popular vices." No 
grants of franchises or ])roperty, however, were made to the Magistrates, out of 
which a municipal fund could be constructed. The West India Company, as a 
commercial body, gave away nothing which it thought the stockholders might 
with iuhantage keej) for themseUes. 

Of all the officials mentioned, the most important by far was tiie Schout. 
The police of the city was chiefly centered in him. It was his duty to personally 
peraml)ulate the streets ; to observe if there were any infractions of the laws and 
ordinances. When, either from his own observation or the information of 
others, he l)ecame aware of such infractions, it was his duty to present a formal 
com])laint to the Burgomasters and Schepens. It was generally within the power 
of the magistrates to mitigate tlie jjenalties im])osed l)y law, and the records show 
that the\ were, as a rule, nier( i fully inclined, thougli cases are not wanting where 
inmishments were inllicted whic h to-day would seem excessive. 

One of the most noted officials under the city magistrates was the bell- 
ringer. He seems to have been a most versatile and industrious officer. He 
personally discharged the duties of bell-ringer, court-messenger, grave-digger, 
chorister, reader, schoolmaster, waiter, messenger, and general factotum to the 
magistrates. He kept the room wherein the magistrates met in order, dusted the 
furniture, swept the floor, and presumably made the fires and i)laced the chairs 
where they belonged in time for each meeting, before he summoned it by ringing 
the bell. 

Wall Street was then the boundary of the city. 

The i)roceedings of the Worshipful Court of " the Schout, Burgomasters and 
Schepens" were all recorded by their clerk or secretary. In criminal cases the 
Schout ])rosecuted as ])laintiff on behalf of the community. Bail was allowed 
excejit in cases of murder, rape, arson or treason. There were two modes of 
trying the prisoner ; either publicly upon general evidence, which was the ordinary 
mode, or by examining him secretly in the jjresence of two Schepens, in which 
written interrogatories were propounded to the jjrisoner, to which he was obliged 
to return categorical answers. The Dutch laws then adhered to the general 
policy of extorting confessions by torture. 

A war being considered imminent with the New Kngland colonists — 1653 — 
it was ordered that the whole body of citizens should keej) watch by night, that 
the fortress be repaired, and that money be raised. 

In regard to this watch, the Director-deneral made the following proclama- 
tion: "That the Burghers of this city shall, in a body, keep watch by night in 
such places as shall be determined on by the Director and Council and Magis- 
trates, yet in the first place at the City Tavern, now the Town Hall, to commence 
at this time." The Watch went into o])eration that night. 

Another warlike resolution of the hour was that the schipper Jan Jan- 
sen should be spoken to "i)rivatcl\ to fix his sails, to have iiis piece loaded, 
and to keep his \essel in readiness on all occasions, whether by day or by 
night." 



lO 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The Burgher-watch 'had become dissatisfied, as much with the nature of their 
duties as with the parsimony of their employers, and they went on a " strike " in 
November, 1653. This excited the wrath of the choleric Director-General, who 
berated them roundly. The controversy thereby precipitated shook the verj' 
foundations of Dutch society in New Amsterdam. And it was all on account of 
the Burgher-watch not being supplied with firewood. Old Peter Stuyvesant told 
them contemptuously to procure the firewood themselves at their own expense; 
but this they refused to do. Hence the row. The difficulty was finally satis- 
factorily settled and peace restored. 

Whether it was on account of the foregoing episode, or a desire to improve 
the system, it was now determined to effect a change. With that object in view, 
an ordinance was passed, on the 29th of April, 1654, looking towards the estab- 
lishment of a " rattle-wacht," of from four to six men, to guard the city In- 
night. " Wherefore all persons who desire to undertake the same, are warned to 
repair at the aforesaid time, to hear the conditions, and to act according to cir- 
cumstances." But it 
was calling spirits 
from the vasty deep. 
The ordinance was 
read with official 
impressiveness from 
the steps of the City 
Hall, but no one re- 
sponding, the forma- 
tion of the proposed 
watch was for the 
time abandoned, but 
was renewed and 
put into operation in 
October, 1658. 

The vear of 1654 
Gov. Stuyvesanfs Mansion. ^^.^^ ^ ^^^^1^1^ -^^ 

the city's history, for, in reply to a letter of the Director-General, urging the 
Magistrates to devise some means of raising money for public purposes, they 
replied that if the excise moneys — an institution of Governor Kieft's, by 
the way — -were made over to them, they would engage to pay the salaries of 
one minister, one precentor, and one " dog-whipper " — a name then applied to 
sextons. 

Grim old Peter Stuyvesant had little respect or sympathy for the popular 
j)astimes or social failings of his countrymen. On the 31st of December, 1655, 
an ordinance interdicted the firing of guns and planting of May-poles, from 
which, as alleged, there had resulted much drunkenness, together with lamentable 
accidents. Beating of the drum, firing, polc-jjlanting, and the sale of licjuor were 
interdicted under a jjenalty of twelve guilders for the first offence, twenty-four for 
the second, and arbitrary correction for the third offence. The fines so imposed 
were equally divided among the officer, the poor, and the prosecutor. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. ii 

^ ji 

In 1655, the Burgomasters and Schopens, finding that a better police system 
was necessary, appointed Dirk Van Schellywnc, the notary, the first High Consta- 
ble (concierge) of New Amsterdam. They furnished him with detailed instruc- 
tions respecting his duty, as follows: 

I 

He shall endeavor to levy all executions in civil matters on the order of the 
Burgomasters and Schepens of this City, touching the domain of this City, and 
that on such allowance as shall, according to circumstances, be found necessary. 

2 

Whenever any judgment rendered by the Burgomasters and Schepens of this 
City shall be placed in his hands, he shall be bound to govern himself according 
to the tenor thereof, and having received the same, to put it in execution accord- 
ing to the custom of the renowned City of Amsterdam in Holland, but with all 
discretion, according to the circumstances and constitution of the inhabitants 
here. 

3 

He shall not presume to receive, even through the third or fourth hand, any 
gifts or i)resents to the injury of the rights of those interested, or to delay execu- 
tion on pain of depri\ al of his office. 

4 

The High Constable shall receive as salary from all judgments of a hundred 
guilders and upwards, rendered by the Burgomasters and Schepens, twelve sti\ ers 
from the successful party on account of said judgment. 

5 

From all other judgments below a hundred guilders, the sum of six stivers. 

6 

From all interlocutory judgments rendered in writing during trial, six stivers. 

7 

From each institution, summons or renewal which the High Constable shall 
serve within the jurisdiction of this city, with particulars thereof, he shall receive 
four-and-twenty stivers, provided he keep proper register of the particulars, anno- 
tated with dav and date. 

8 

For the sale of distrained goods, six guilders per day, being reckoned from 
nine and eleven hours or as many hours more or less according to the circumstances. 

9 

For making and affixing notices on three ])laces, each notice eight stivers. 

ID 

For all insinuations, summons, and renewals extending bevond the jusisdic- 
tion of this city to the fresh water, on the Island Manhattan, six and thirty 
stivers. 

1 1 

P'or Insinuations, summons, and renewals sers-ed bevond the North or East 
Rivers, either at Pavonia or thereabout, and on Long Island, where there is as 
yet no bench of justice, he shall receive sixty stivers, good monev, it being under- 
stood that he shall bring in his account for boat hire and ordinary expenses, and 
demand the same from his employer. 

1 2 

After sale and receipt of the proceeds of the distrained goods, he shall first 
deduct his salary (fees) and pay over to the successful party, with all despatch, 
the moneys to him belonging. 



12 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



13 

No more of the seized property shall be sold than amounts to the sum en- 
tered in the judgment with costs thereon. 

14 

For the better execution of his oftice shall the Schout, Messenger, and ser- 
vants of justice assist the High Constable when necessary. 

IS 

l"he Director-General reserves only unto himself to change, enlarge, or di- 
minish these, according as circumstances hereafter may demand. 

The Burgomasters and Schepens who, in the preceding year, received annual 
salaries of ^140 and $100 respectively, in 1655 ordered the " Stadt Huvs " to be 
cleared of a ([uantity of salt with the storage of which it had been encumbered. 
Various lodgers in the building, too, were ordered to put it in repair and then 
move out. 

In 1656 a Watch, composed of a cori^oral's guards, was ordered to patrol the 
city on Sundays during divine ser\ ice. 

That ancient and clamorous functionan,-, to wit, the Town-crier, was invented, 
if not patented, about this time. He gave notice of all public events by sounding 
a bell or horn at the corners, and proclaiming them aloud. 

In October of this year — 1657 — the order regulating the tapster's business on 
Sunday was re-proclamated, the Schouts and Marshals being urged to increased 
vigilance. In December notice was given to surgeons that when called upon to 
dress wounds they should ask the patient who wounded him, and give his answer 
to the Schout for official action. The order prohibiting fighting was re-proc- 
lamated. A fine of twenty-five guilders was imposed for one blow, and in case 
i)lood was drawn, the fine was increased to one hundred guilders, and a f>ne 
double that amount was imposed if the injury was inflicted in the presence of the 
ofificer. Burgomaster or Schepen. Prisoners arrested for debt were taken to the 
City Hall pending judgment, if they did not wish to pay tavern expenses. The 
following year the first city Jailer was appointed, and the treasury being empty, 
the salary of the Town-drummer could not be paid. 

On October 4th (1658) a paid Rattle-watch of eight men, to do duty from nine 
o'clock at night until morning drum-])eat, was established, the duty being imposed 
upon each of the citizens by turns, and each householder was taxed fifteen stivers for 
its sup])ort. The following-named persons having offered themselves for this ser- 
vice, were accepted and engaged : Pieter Jansen, Hendrick Van Bommel, Jan 
Cornelisen Van Vleusburgh, Jan Pietersen, Cierrit Pietersen, Jan Jansen' 
Van Langstraat, Hendrick Ruyter, Jaccjues Pyrn, Thomas Verdon. The Burgo- 
masters fixed the rate of compensation to be paid each man at " twenty-four stivers 
everv night they watched, it being well understood four and four shall watch 
each night "; and they are promised " one or two beavers for candles, and two to 
three hundred pieces of firewood." Ludowyck Post was appointed Captain of 
this primitive police force. 

Another incident of note recorded in this year is that the Jailer was allowed 
to lay in beer, free from excise, for the use of prisoners. 

The Burgher Provost was also Captain of the Rattle-watch. He had to see 
that the regular rounds were made. 



OC/i JXILICE rKOTECTORS. 13 

The following orders v/cre isiiucd i.i tonncction willi this Watch : 

" All the Watchmen Vv-ere obliged to come on the Watch at the regular hour, to 
wit, before the ringing of the bell, on ])ain of forfeiting six stivers. Whenever 
any one came on the ^^'atch drunk, was insolent 'in the S([uare of the City Hall,' 
or in going the rounds, sliould forfeit each time one guilder. Due attention 




Mustering the Rattle-Watch. 



should be paid by each one to his Watch in going around, and ^\•llenever anv one 
was found asleep on the street he should forfeit each time ten stivers. If, by 
negligence on the part of the Watch, arms were stolen, he should be bound to pay 
the valuation thereof, and in addition for the first offence one guilder, for the 
second two guilders, and for the third at the discretion of the Burgomaster. 

" If any one should lie still when people cried out ' rw/ val' or be otherwise 
disobedient, he should forfeit twenty stivers. A fine of ten stivers was imposed 
on those of the Watch who swore or blasphemed. For fighting or quarreling on 
the Watch, two guilders ; whoever threatened another forfeited two guilders : for 



14 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



fighting in fact on the Watch, or even in the mornin;; coming from the Watch, the 
penalty was six guilders ; should any one be unwilling to go around, cr in any 
way lose a turn, he should forfeit one guilder ; for going away from his Watch on 
any pretence whatever, without the express consent of the others, two guilders." 

Whatever any of the Watch should get from any of the prisoners, whether 
lock-up money or other fee which those of the Watch should receive by consent 
of the Burgomaster, it should be brought into the house of the Captain for the 
benefit of the fellow Watchmen, and preserved until it was divided around. 

The aforesaid fees should be brought in by each of the Watchmen under the 
bond of the oath they had taken to the city. 

All the fines which accrued, and the profits which in anywise should be real- 
ized by insolence, fault, neglect, or otherwise, should be divided four times a year 
among the members of the Watch, when the\-, according to an old custom, should 
each quarter of the year receive their watch money from the city M-ithout their 
holding any drinking meetings thereupon, or keeping any club. 

They should be bound on going the rounds to call out hoM" late jt was at all 
the corners of the streets, from 9 P. M. until the reveille beat in the morning, for 
which they should receive each man eighteen guilders per month. The Captain 
was ordered to pay strict attention that these rules should be observ-ed and 
obeyed. 

Following is the oath taken by the Watch: 

"We promise and swear, in the presence of the Most High, that we will fully 
observe the article read to us, and demean ourselves as faithful Watchmen are 
bound to do. So truly help us, God Almighty." 

The following month the Burgomasters resolved, ''that the Provost shall from 
now, henceforth, according to and by virtue of the following commission, collect 
and recei\e from each housekeeper for the support of the rattle-watch fifteen 
sti\ ers, except those whose husbands are from home, widows, preachers, also such 
as are in somebody's ser\ ice, and according to the list thereof given him." 

The following is the commission referred to: 

" Ludowyck Post, Captain of the rattle-watch,is hereby authorized and quali- 
fied by the Burgomaster of the City of Amsterdam in New Netherland, to collect 
and receive every month fifteen stivers from every one according to the list there- 
of gi\ en him, for the support of the rattle-watch." 

Then follow " instructions for the Burgher Provost, door-keeper of the coun- 
cil of war, Captain of the rattle-watch and receiver of the watch money," as 
follows: 

''^Firstly, The Burgher Provost shall well observe when the comi)anies are 
under arms who is absent and who behaves badly in the ranks, also in marching 
according to the order granted them, and yet to be granted, and duly to mark 
down who commits a fault, to make the same known to the Captain of the com- 
pany who they are and in what the fault consists. 

'''' ScconJIx, To inform the court marshal according to order, therefore sum- 
mon those who are guilty of any fault. 

"77/m//r, To attend to the rattle-watch that regularly and at every hour pre- 
cisely the rounds be made and the hour called from 9 o'clock in the evening to 
the morning at reveille, according to the instructions given. 

''Fourthly, Truly to state who are in fault and to inform on them to the 
Burgomaster, whereof the Captain shall receive one quarter, and also of profits 



OUR rOI./CF. P ROT FX' TORS. 



'5 



from fines. He shall also go around every month to collect the monev from 
each house according to order thereof granted and still to be granted, and place 
the money received in the hands of the Secretary of JUirgomasters and Schepens, 
who shall distribute the same to spare no one, and if there are any not on the 
list to give in the same in writing to the Burgomasters.to speak ill to no burgher, 
and whosoever threatens him to com])lain of him to the Burgomasters, who shall 
order tlie case as circumstances of the matter direct. 

" Further to observe well that those of the watch impose not on any Burgher 
in going the rounds or on the watch, also that they steal not any firewood, nor 
any other timber, nor 
anything else." 

On the 8th of July. 
1660, the Heer Schout 
informed the Court of 
Burgomasters that when 
he goes around at night 
and unreasonable hours 
to make examination, 
the dogs make danger- 
ous attacks on him, he 
requested therefore 
their honors to take 
some order on it. 

The Burgomasters at 
the same session resolv- 
ed to draft a jjlacard 
prohibiting the hallow- 
ing after Indians in 
Pearl Street, and the 
cutting of " Koeckies," 
"which is done bv 
boys." 

New Amsterdam has 
now something like a 
police system. The 
Magistrates seem to 
have grown sterner too, 
for they increased the 
punishment for theft to 
whipping with a rod, 




as 



A Schepen Deciding a Law-Suit. 
[from an old print.] 

instead of hoisting by the waistband. Persons charged with theft were now 
had sometime been the case earlier — examined under torture. 

The records of the court proceedings during Governor Stuyvesant's adminis- 
tration are the most faithful chronicles of the state of society in those 'days — 
particularly that part of society which is most brought in contact with the admin- 
istration ot police and penal enactments, as witness the following: 
*'Resoi.vi;ert\V.\ldron, Plaintiff, J.an |urki.\.\nzen% DcffnJant. 

" Plaintiff says he went the rounds on Sunday evening, the 4th of August, with 



i6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



three soldiers, and on coming to the defendant's house found three sail<"'rs there 
tvith a backgammon table and candle before them; he also found at his house on 
a Sunday during the sermon three sailors, who afterwards came to him and 
inquired if he had people's. He answered yes. Thereupon entering, he found a 
party of women. As his wife was in labor in the house, he thereupon reproving 
him, was treated by him very ill. Demanding the penalty according to the 
placard. 

" Defendant does not deny it, but says the sailors had not any drink. 

"The W. Court condemns the defendant Jan Jurriaanzen, in a fine of thirtv 
guilders for that he entertained people after nine o'clock, and tapped during the 
sermon, to be paid to the officer to be applied according to law; and, for having 
l)ehaved offensively to the officer, in the fine of ten guilders for the poor. 

For calling the Magistrates fools and simpletons, Walewyn Vander Veen 
was condemned to repair the injury, "honorably and profitably: honorably, by 
praying with uncovered head forgiveness of God and Justice; profitably, by pay- 
ing as a fine the sum of twelve hundred guilders, with costs, and in case of 
refusal, to go into close confinement." 

"The Heer Schout, Pieter Tonneman, Plaintiff, vs. J.\n de Witt, Defendant. 

"The Heer, plaintiff, says that defendant insulted the Heer Schepen Tymo- 
theus Gabry, calling him a bastard. Demanding that he shall repair the injury 
profitably and honorably, and pay a fine at the descretion of the court. 

" Defendant acknowledges he said so, but in jest, not thinking that it should 
be so taken, and might well have been silent. 

" The Schepen Gabry, rising, declared that one evening the clock striking nine, 
it was not heard by him, the defendant said. If thou can'st not hear that thou 
must be a bastard. 

" And whereas, Jan de Witt answers, that such was spoken by him in jest and 
not from malice. Burgomasters and Schepens say to Jan de Witt, standing aside, 
that they forgive him for this turn, but he must take care not to repeat the offence, 
or that other provisions shall be made. 

" Neeltjie Pieters and Annetje Minnens,prisoners,appear in court.against whom 
the Heer officer prosecutes his charge, concluding that Neeltjie Pieters shall, for her 
committed theft (of a few pairs of stockings) be brought to the jjlace where jus- 
tice is usually executed, and there be bound fast to a stake, severely scourged,and 
banished for ten years from the jurisdiction of this city ; and that Annetje Min- 
nens shall, whilst justice is administered to Neeltjie Pieters, stand by and look at 
her, and after justice is executed, shall be whipped severely within doors, and 
banished for six years out of this city's jurisdiction, as she was with those from 
whom the goods were stolen by the above named Neeltjie, giving them up to them. 

" Mesaack Martenzen, brought forward at the recpiest of the Heer otificer, for 
further interrogation, examined by torture as to how many cabbages, fowls, tur-^ 
kies, and how much butter he had stolen, and who his abettors and co-operatives 
have been. Answering: he i)ersists by his reply, as per interrogatories, that he 
did not steal any butter, fowls or turkies, nor had any abljettors ; being again set 
loose, the Heer officer produces his demand against the delimjuent, concluding 
that for his committing theft, voluntarily confessed without torture or chains, he 
shall be brought to the usual place of criminal justice, well fastened to a stake 
and severely whijjped, and banished from the jurisdiction of this City of Amster- 
dam for the term of ten years ; all with costs. 

" Reyer Cornelissen, for the theft of a sack of corn, was sentenced to be ' pub- 
lically set to a stake, severely scourged, branded, and banished beyond this city's 
jurisdiction for the term of five-and-twenty years, and further, in the costs and 
viises of justice.' " 

Everything indicates that an era of great improveitient and prosperity had 



OUR POLICE PKOTF.CTORS. 



17 




set in, hut it was destined to be short-lived, at least under Dutch rule. England, 
on the strength of Cabot's early visit, had always claimed the sovereignty of the 
New Netherlands, and she now took advantage of a war with Holland to enforce 
her claim. She sent a 
fleet to seize the coun- 
try. With the hauling 
down of the Dutch flag 
from the fort the reign 
of the old Dutch Knick- 
erbockers was temi)or- 
arily brought to an end, 
and that of the Brit- 
isher began. 

Cornelis Steenwyck 
was a native of Holland, 
and arrived in New 
Amsterdam about the 
year 1652. At the time 
of the very serious 
troubles between the 
Dutch and English, in 
1653, when the city wall 
was built, the tax levied 
to raise the funds for 
that purpose rated 
Steenwyck among the 
wealthiest of the citi- 
zens. His public life 
commenced about the year 1658, and at various stages he held positions in 
the civil magistracy: as Schepen in the years 1658 and 1660, and as Burgho- 
master in the year 1662. In 1663, he was requested by unanimous resolution of the 
General Provincial Assembly to proceed to the Fatherland as delegate from the 
Province of New Netherland, to lay the deplorable condition of the province before 
the Heeren Majores,with petitions for redress; but the pressure of business would not 
permit him to undertake this mission. When the province passed over to the British, 
Steenwyck declared that " so long as the country remained in the hands of the 
English he should be found a willing and obedient subject." He became a mem- 
ber of the Colonial Council,and occupied the position of temporary Ciovernor of the 
Province during the absence of Governor Lovelace. 

After the reconquest of the city by the Dutch, Steenwyck, who was justlv 
recognized as the leading man among the citizens, was called by Benckes and 
Evertsen into their Councils. He, by recpiest, called the citizens together, with the 
view to appoint a delegation to confer with the military officers, and he headed the 
list of six citizens who composed the delegation. The citizens who were called on 
to nominate for Burghomasters and Schepens, sent in the name of Steenwyck at the 
head of their nominees. He was, however, " slated " for a more important position. 




i8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



and, while Captain Colve was designated by the officers as Governor, citizen 
Steenwyck was appointed his sole Councilor. His commission read as follows: 
"To all that who shall see or hear these read, greeting: 

"Whereas, we have deemed it necessary for the promotion of justice and police 
in this conquest of New Netherland, under the su])erintendence and direction of 
the Honorable Governor-General Anthoney Colve, to appoint and commission an 
expert person as member of Council in this Province: We, therefore, upon the 
good report which we have received of the al)ilities of Cornelis Steemvvck, former 
Burgomaster of the city of New Orange, in the time of the West India Company's 
Government of this country, have commissioned, ([ualified, and appointed, as we 
now commission, qualify, and appoint the aforesaid Cornelis Steenwyck, Councilor 
of the aforesaid Province of New Netherland, to assist in the direction of all cases 
relative to justice and police, and further, in all such military concerns, both by 
water and by land, in which the Governor shall deem proper to ask his advice and 
assistance, to maintain good order, and to promote the Avelfare and prosperity of 
this country, for the service of the Lords Majores; to take all possible care for the 
security and defence of the forts in these parts; to administer justice both in 
criminal and in civil cases, and further, to do and execute everything relative to his 
office that a good Councilor is in dutv bound to do, upon the oath which he shall 
have taken * * * * " 

"Dated at Fort William Henry, on the day above (12th August, 1673)." 
The following Spring (1674) the Governments of England and the Dutch States 
contracted a treaty of peace, by the terms of which the American provinces 
finallv passed over to the former. The Dutch citizens yielded without opposition 
to the new power, but a serious misunderstanding existed between them and 
Governor Andros respecting the rights of the citizens under the new treaty. Gover- 
nor Andros enforced obedience to his decree by imjirisonment of the principal 
Dutch citizens, among whom was Steenwyck. The prisoners were shortly after 
released on bail, and no further official notice was taken of their alleged mutinous 
conduct. Steenwyck lived ten years subsequent to the second surrender to the 
English. Among other civic jrasitions held by him during this period was that of 
Mayor of the City. 

The cut of Steenwyck given in connection with this sketch is copied from an 
engraving taken from a portrait in the New York Historical Society collection. 




New Amsterdam (New York), 1664. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS 



CHAPTER TI. 



PERIOD OF BRITISH OCCUPANCY. 



1664— 17S3. 



Obe Hendrick, first Constable under the English. — Lighting the Cn \- bv 
Night (1668.) — Watchmen ordered to provide themselves with "a Lan- 

THERN AND A StICK OF FlREWOOD." A STRICT PoLICE ESTAT.LISHED THROUGHOUT 

THE CiTV. — Orders to be obser\ ed hv the Constables' Watch, etc. — Rules 

GOVERNING THE WaTCH. NeW PoLICE REGULATIONS ( 1 684. ) DoNGAN's CHAR- 
TER (1686.) — -First Uniformed Policeman. — Appoint.ment of .\ Civil Watch. 
— New City Hall, Wall Street. — Modes of Punishment inflicted on 
Criminals. — Montgomerie Charter (1730.) — First main Watch-house. — 
Citizens ordered to Watch or find Substitutes. — First Poor-house 
erected (1734.) — "Insurrection and the Plots of Slaves." — Quaker's e.\- 

E.MPT from serving ON THE WaTCH. PETITIONING AGAINST A MILITARY WaTCH. 

— The old Jail.- Bridewell. — Occupation of the City by the British. — 
Evacuation. 



HE first of the great political changes that New York has undergone in the 



course of its history was its transfer from Dutch to British rulershi]). It was 
marked, as might be expected, by a general change of system in the administra- 
tion of public affairs; the ])olice arrangements and regulations, like all the rest, 
undergoing radical alteration. 

When, in 1664, the British first seized the Dutch possessions in America, the 
population of the New Netherlands had increased to " full ten thousand," and 
New Amsterdam contained fifteen hundred inhabitants, and " wore an appear- 
ance of great prosperity." Colonel Nicolls, who took possession of the colony in 
the name of the Duke of York, proceeded at the earliest possible moment to make 
its government conform to the English system. In 1665 he granted a charter of 
incorporation to the inhabitants, under the administration of a Mayor, Aldermen 
and Sheriff. These officials went to work promptly, for in the same year they 
ordered "that six burghers do ever)' night keep the watch within the city." 

At a meeting of the city fathers, November 18, 1665, we learn that the 
Deputy Mayor stated that the Heer-General had proposed to him to allow the 
burghers to watch anew, and, as the least expensive plan to the cit\-, it was 
proposed "that each bring on his watch two sticks of firewood, and the two one 
lantern." 

The Worshipful Court demurred, and thought it better still to continue the 
two night watch, " and therefore Resolve to agree civilly with them, together with 
two other Volunteers, who should then undertake the watch on the other nights." 




20 



OUR POLICE. PROTECTORS. 



During this year Ohe Hendrick was appointed the first Constable under the 
English. 

The law required that every town was to provide a pair of stocks and a 
pound ; and a pillory was to be erected in each jjlace where the courts of ses- 
sions were held. 

The city fathers, in one of their sessions, adopted a series of resolutions, from 
the minutes of which the following paragraphs are extracted : 

''''Further, Class van Elsland and Pieter Schaafbank were also contd (contin- 
ued) in their offices as Towne Sergeants, receivers for wages as much as they here- 
tofore have received out of this city's revenue. 

"'Thirdly, Resolved to send for the Court of Haarlem and the Constable Re- 
solverd Waldron by letter to come hither ])y Saturday next." 

Happily a copy of this letter is still extant. It is about 
as odd an official document, as can be found in the annals 
of any country. Here it is : 
" Honorable and Affectionate Friends: 

"These serve only that your Honors hold yourselves 
ready to appear here in this city on Saturday next, l)eing 
17th June, old style, with Resolverd Waldron, and to 
receive all such order as shall be communicated, whereunto 
confiding, we commend your Honors after cordial saluta- 
tion unto God's protection." 

The end of this little episode is no less farcical than the 
beginning. The public record of the matter reads thus: 

" Resolveert Waldron, entering, is notified that he is 
elected Constable of N. Haarlem, which undertaking he 
hath taken the proper oath, and the Magistrates who 
accomi)anied him are informed that they are discharged 
from their office; authorizing the aforesaid Constable to 
select three or four persons who shall have to decide any differences or dispute to 
the extent of five pounds sterling * * * * higher, and the 

])artv who .shall not be contend with the decision of those elected as aforesaid 
shall be bound to pay to him, the Constable, the sum of six stivers, and further, 
to bear the costs of proceeding before his bench of Justice." 

Truly this was a notable state of things, when the Constable appointed the 
Magistrates. However, many curious things happened in those days. The oath 
administered to the Constables is also worthy of attention. It is given in this form 
in the old records: 

" Whereas you are chosen Constable of this Cittye of New York under the juris- 
diction of Mayor and Aldermen; you do sweare by the Almighty God that you 
will endeavour the preserving of the peace, and the discovering, and preventing all 
attempts against the same, and that you will faithfully and truthfully execute such 
warrants as you shall from time to time receive from this Court, and in case 
you shall absent yourself you shall make choice of some able man for your deputy, 
and in all things demeane yourself as a Constable ought to. Soo helpe you Ciod." 

In 1668 the system of lighting the city by night was introduced. The method 
adopted was a very primitive one, as appears from the language of the ordinance: 
" Every seventh house in all the streets shall, in the dark time of the moon, cause a 
lantern and candle to be hung out on a pole, the charge to be defrayed ecjually by 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



21 



the inhabitants of the said seven houses." Upon very dark nights every inhabit- 
ant was re(iiiired to have a lighted candle in his window. At this time, too, a 
regular night-watch was employed, composed of men who were paid for their ser- 
vices by the city. The Watch was set at nine o'clock in the evening (when the city 
gates were shut and locked), and was kept up until daybreak. It was maintained, 
however, only during the winter months — that is, from the beginning of No\ em- 
l)er to the end of March, that being the period when the greatest danger from 
fire was apprehended. Every Watchman was ordered to bring with him, when 
he went on duty, "his lanthern and a stick of firewood." 

On a fresh outbreak of war in Europe, however. New York, as New 
Amsterdam was now called, received a summons to capitulate to a Dutch squad- 
ron which appeared in the ])ort in 1673. The town surrendered and remained a 
dependency of Holland until February of the succeeding year. In the interim its 
rulers were far more concerned with military than with civil affairs, and a curious 
mixture of the two elements will be found in all the proceedings of the time. A 
calm piet\', we are told, mingled with the delil)erations of the Magistrates. The 
Schout, Burgomasters and Schepens opened their sessions daily at the City Hall with 
prayer. The Governor, and his Council at the fort, instituted a rigid supervision over 
the morals of the soldiery. A strict police was established throughout the i:ity. 
The place was guarded day and night at every available i)oint, the sentinels at 
the fort mounting on the ramparts, and watching by the gate. Subaltern officers 
made rounds during the night, visiting the walls, passing the watchword, and 
changing the sentinels each half hour. The Mayor or Burgomaster jjroceeded 
every morning with a guard of armed soldiers to the fort, where he received 
the keys of the city gates from the Governor. Then, accompanied by his guard, 
he opened the gates. He closed them again in the evening, and having stationed 
the citizens' guard, or Burgher-wacht, he returned the keys to the Governor. 

The following orders regarding the jiolicing of the city were issued in Decem- 
ber of this year: 

" Whereas the fortifications of this city. New Orange, have at great and exces- 
sive expense, trouble and labor of the burgherv and inhabitants, been almost com- 
pleted, and it is therefore necessary for the preservation of the same and better 
security of this city that some orders be made; the Honbl H'r Governor Gener'U 
of New Netherland doth therefore consider it necessary to enact and by publi- 
cation make known the following orders to the burgher)': 

"Ei/sf/v, from now, henceforward, the burgher watch of this city shall be set 
and commenced at drumbeat, about half an hour before sundown, when the 
trainbands of this city, then on the watch, shall parade before the City Hall of 
this city, under the ])enalty ])reviously affixed thereunto. 

"Item, The city gate shall be closed at sundown b\' the Mayor and his 
attendant trainbands, and in like manner opened at sunrise. 

"//<•///, The burghery, and inhabitants of this city, and all others of what 
quality soever they may be, the Watch alone excepted, are strictly interdicted 
and forbid to attempt coming from sunset to sunrise on the bulwarks, bastion, or 
batteries of this city, on pain of bodily correction. 

"//(•;//, It is strictly forl)idden and prohibited that any person, be he who he 
may, presume to land within the city, or (piit the same in any other manner, way 
or means, than through the ordinary city gate, on pain of death. And, finally, as 
it is found that the hogs which are kept within this city in multitudes along the 



22 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



public streets have from time to time committed great damage on the earthen 
fortifications, * * . * therefore ordered and charged that -jjersons 

take care that their hogs shall not come to, in, or on the bulwarks, bastions, gar- 
dens, or batteries, under forfeiture of said hogs, and double the value thereof to 
be applied, the one-half for the informer, the other half for the officer who shall 
put this in execution." 

In December a proclamation was made, too, forbidding the exportation of 
I)rovisions from the city, and charging all good citizens to lay in a supply for 
eight months. Evidently preparations were in progress for a siege. 

The Dutch government plainly did not contemplate an easy surrender of 
the New Netherlands, ])ut made laws looking towards a long stay. One of these 
ordered that all matters i)ertaining to the " police, security and peace of the in- 
habitants " of New Orange, or, to justice between man and man, should be finally 
determined by the Schout, Burgomaster, and Schepens, unless the amount in- 
volved exceeded fifty beavers, when an appeal "to the Heer Governour-General 
and Council " was allowed. All criminal offences committed in the city were 
amenable to the jurisdiction of the city ofificials who had power to judge, and pass 
even sentences of death; but no sentence of corporal punishment could be car- 
ried out until approved by the Governor or Council. 

But when, on February 9, 1674, the treaty of peace between the States-General 
and England was signed, the New Netherlands passed definitively into the pos- 
session of the latter country. Then the old government by Burgomasters and 
Schepens disappeared for good, and the modern officials of Ma}'orand Aldermen 
took up a permanent position in the public .system. In March of this year ^1674), 
sixteen persons were employed to keep watch every night for one year. The com- 
pensation allowed them (£32 each) will serve as an indication of the value of 
money in the colony at that period. Eight men were also selected to watch every 
second night ; they were jjaid £16. The following year, a committee, appointed 
by the Board of Aldermen to draw up orders and regulations for the City Watch, 
made a report. The following orders to be obser\ed by the Constables' Watch, 
and the Citizens-Soldiers, were then issued, coj)ies being delivered to the Captains 
of the Watch for their guidance: 

"That the watch bee sett every night by eight of the clock, immediately after 
ringing of the bell. 

"That the citty gates be locked up by the Constable or Deputy before nine 
of the clock, and opened in the morning presently after daylight, and at the 
dismissinge of the watch, and if any person goes from, or absent himself without 
consent, he or they shall forfeit for every such Default Tenn Guilders. 

" 'I'hat the Sergeant or Corporall of the Wattch shall at all times succeed the 
Deputy Constable u])on the Wattch for the execution thereof. 

"That the Constable or his Deputy (the City (iates being shut) be upon the 
Wattch by nine of the clock, and by his Roole, call over all the names of those who 
arc to give their attendance there that night, and the faylers to be marked to pay 
their fines, which is to be as formerly, four guilders pr every default. And if 
anyone comes to the Wattch after the Roole is called over, he shall pay half the 
fine aforesaid. 

"That whosoever shall come upon ye Wattch, that is overcharged with drinke, 
hee or thev shall ])ayhalfe the aforementioned fine; but if abusive or Quite Drunke 
the whole fine to be paid as if absent and secured upon the Watch all Night. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



23 



"Th>it whosoever shall })resunie to make any qiiarrell upon the Wattch, upon 
the account of being different nations or any other jiretense whatsoever, hee or 
they shall i)av a whole fine and he liable to such further sensure as the nieritt of 
the cause shall re(|uire. 

"That no Centinall shall j)resume to come off his duty until hee bee relief ed 
under a severe sensure, which is to be at least twenty guilders for a fine, and three 
davs imprisonment. For the time the officer upon ye Wattch is to take care, that 
is to be eciuallv jiroportioned, and not to exceed one hour at a time. 

"That frecpient Rounds be made about the city; And especially towards the 
Bridge ; And not less than three times every night. 

"Upon complaint made unto the Court It is Ordered, that no cursings or 
swearings shall be suffered U])on the Wattch, nor any gaminge at Dice or Cards, 
nor any exercise of Drinkinge uj)on the Tenally of four guilders for every such 
offence. 

"If anv disorders are committed upon the Wattch contrary to the tenure of 
this Order, the Constable or his Deputy shall give an account thereof the follow- 
ing morning to the Mayor or Deputy Mayor. 

" That a list of the fines be brought by the Provost to the Mayor or Deputy 
Mavor every month, after which there shall be power granted to levye the fines 
bv distress ; if not otherwise satisfied. 

"The Sergeant belonging to every Wattch shall come with Halbcrt and see 
that every one of the Wattch bring his amies, that is to say his sword and good 
halfe I'ike on the Penalty of four guilders for every offense. 

" All Citizens are hereby ordered to have in readiness in their houses for every 
head one good muskett or Firelock with Powder and ball, with 6 charges of Pow- 
der iVc, 6 of ball at least upon the penalty of four guilders for the first offence, 
double for ye second, and treaple for the third offence. And the officers of 
each Company are recpiired to make, or cause to be made, a due search for the 
same as often as they shall see cause, and at least four times every yeare. 

" It is also Ordered that the Citizens Soulders upon all occasions shall 
appear with good amies before their Captaines CouUers at the first beating of their 
drums on the penalty of thirty guilders for every default. And for not ap 
pearing with good and sufficient amies, for every default tenn guilders." 

On December 6th, 1675, the inhabitants, to jjrotect themselves against the 
Indians, raised the following guard, which was divided into four Corporalships, 
each consisting of seven persons: 

''First: — Adolph Meyer (Corporal); Meyendert L. Journey; David Des 
Marets ; Danl. Tourneur ; Nicholas DeVaux ; Isaac Kip ; and John Hendrikse. 

"Second: — John Nagel (Coqjoral); Joost Van Obliuis; Jno. Hendrickse 
Kyckuyt ; Jan de la Maistre ; Johannis Vernielie ; Jean Le Roy ; and Isaac Le 
Maistre. 

""Third: — Simeon Courrier (Corporal); Cornelius Jansen; Daniel Demarest ; 
Lawrence Jansen ; William Palmer ; Isaac \\\ Voe; and Rademaker. 

"'Fourth. — Robert Halles (Corporal) ; Resolverd W'aldron ; Arent Harmanse; 
Conrad Hendrickse ; David Demarest ; Cornelius Lennise ; and Isaac C'il, Jr. 

The following rules, by which the Watch were to be governed, were issued in 
connection with the above : 

" I. F^ither the whole or half of the corporalships, according to turns, .shall at 
8 o'clock in the evening, at the beating of the drum, appear at the watch-house 
and jjlace their sentinels and take their necessary rounds, and not retire before 
the morning reveille shall be beaten, in the j)enalty of three guilders. 

" 2. Whoever shall neglect the watch without a lawful excuse, or the corporal's 
permission, shall be fined for every offense six guilders. 



24 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



"3. The watchmen shall come to the watch with suitable side and hand 
arms, with sufficient powder and lead, under the penalty of three guilders. 

" 4. The watch is to be kept quietly without much noise or clamor, in the 
penalty of three guilders. 

" 5. And the fines that occur in the premises shall be reported and collected." 

In 1676, a fresh set of regulations were promulgated, by which the Watch 
was ordered to be set at eight o'clock in the evening " immediately after the ringing 
of the bell." The gates, as before, were to be locked before nine o'clock, and 
opened in the morning " presently after daylight, at the dismission of the watch." 
Should any one come upon the watch overcharged with drink the penalty im- 
posed for such offense was two guilders. The rule about quarreling among per- 
sons of different nationalities is renewed, and a fine of twenty guilders is to be 
imposed upon any " centinel " who leaves his post. " No cursing or swearing," it 
is ordained, " shall be allowed upon the watch, nor any gaminges at dice or cards, 
nor any exercise of drinkinges upon the penalty of four guilders." A list of 
fines is to be submitted from time to time by the Provost to the Mayor. There 
are other rules similar in character, and almost in the same words as those already 
quoted. 

At a meeting of the Common Council held on the tenth day of July, 
the Recorder acquainted them that the occasion of their meeting was to consider 
a way most suitable for establishing a Watch in the city, " itt being thought con- 
venient that the military officer^ and troopers be excused therefrom, and proposes 
a rate for the same on each house." It was then ordered that the Constables in 
the fi\ e Wards on the South side of the Fresh ^\'ater should watch by turns suc- 
ce.ssively on each night and should provide for their assistance on the Watch eight 
I)ersons, " the hyre for whose service shall be paid to each twelve pence i)er night 
and out of the Citty Treasury." 

The succeeding year three Constables were appointed for the city. Re- 
solverd Waldron was sworn in as Constable for Harlem, October 14, 1678. 

That all these regulations were not inade for the mere sake of form, may be 
inferred from a document, still extant, bearing date of December 18, 1678. It 
is addressed by Peter Jacobs, " Marius" or Mayor, to the Provost. "Foras- 
much as I am informed," says His Honor, " that several persons do refuse or 
neglect to watch or to pay for ye same, and that several others do not conforme 
themselves according to the orders sett up in the watch-house in ye Citty Hall. 
'J'hese are therefore to charge and command you that you forthwith levy of all 
and every person and persons so neglecting and offending, all and every such 
time and times .summe and summes of Money as in and by the said Orders is 
mentioned and exjjressed (yet unpaid)." Arrearages are to be collected, and if 
necessary, the offenders' goods are to be sold. Finally a return of all the offences 
and the sums collected is to be made to the Mayor as soon as possible. 

On February 10, 1678, Mr. Jacobs signed, in company with Jacob D. Hay 
and (larret Van Tricht, another characteristic document, which reads thus : — 
" This is to certify all it may concerne that ye Elders and Deacons within this 
government have been excused from the Citty Watch." 

In 1681, A. 15rockhotts being Mayor, orders for the regulation of the 
military watch were drawn up. The most important features of the earlier regu- 



OCR POrJCE PROTECTORS. 25 

^ .* 

lations are repeated, and it is enacted that " the Captain or other Commission 
officer doe cause frecjuent rounds to be made about the City through all the streets 
and lanes, and the Cirand rounds by him or themselves" if there be need. Good 
order is to be kept in all " publick houses," and j)ersons are not to be allowed to 
tip[)le in those places after " tenn of the clock." The officer of the watch was 
empowered to oi)en and search any houses which he may suspect, and if he "finde 
any loose vagrant or disorderly persons that cannot give a good account of their 
lives and conversacons, and of their occasions abroad or up in the night," he may 
cause such persons to be secured in the watch-house, and brought before the 
Mayor in the morning. According to this ordinance, a list of forfeits for non- 
performance of duty is to be made up every third night, and turned over to the 
Marshal, who is to make an immediate effort to collect the fines. 

Detailed orders to be observed by the military watch were issued in 1682. 
Each company of the militia were ordered to take their guns for the watch and 
guard. The citv was divided into three divisions, each commissioned officer tak- 
ing command of his di\ ision on the watch successively. The watch was set every 
night by the Captain or other commissioned officer at eight o'clock. The city gates 
were locked by the Captain, and opened in the morning after daylight at the dis- 
missal of the watch, and other like rules and regulations were established. 

Governor Andros was superseded by Governor Dongan, who arrived in the 
city on August 25, 1683. He is described as having l)een a man of broad and 
intelligent views upon all subjects of general interest, and, moreover, as being an 
accomplished politician. He gave the Colony its first legislative assembly, which 
met in New York on October 17, and consisted of the Governor himself, ten 
councillors appointed by him, and seventeen re])resentatives elected by the people. 
He very early divided the city into six wards, and tlie inhabitants of each were 
empowered to elect an Alderman annually to represent them in the City Council. 
Shortly after his arrival, the municii)ality addressed a memorial to him on the 
subject of the administration of civic affairs. He and his council asked for some 
further information on obscure points. The result was the following document, 
which is valuable, not only for the light it throws on the prevailing system, but 
also for its quaintness as an old-time colonial official document : 

"An explanation of severall heads contained in ye petition lately presented to 
his Honour ye Governor by ye Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of ye Citty of 
New \'orke, jjursuant to ye desire of the Ciovernor and Cijuni:ill. 

" Humbly i)resented to his Honour's ffurther consideration. 

" The Towne of Harlem is a village within and belonging to this Citty, and 
Corporation, and ffor ye more easy administration and despatch of justice, offi- 
cers have been annually appointed by ye Mayor and Aldermen to hold courts and 
determine matters not exceeding 40jr., both att Harlem and the Jiower)-, and 
shall do ye like ffor ye future, and is entended to be one of ye six wards. 

" -V marshall is an under officer assistant to ye sheriff in serving writs, sum- 
moneing jurors, looking after jjrisners and attending ye courts, and that office and 
ye Cryer hath hitherto been one ]jerson. 

" Peculiar laws are laws and ordinances made by ye Mayor, Aldermen and 
Common Counciil ffor ye well and good g()\ ernment of this Citt\- and Corpora- 
tion, and to extend as far as the limits thereof. 

" Court of Judicature is a court to heare and determine all causes and mat- 
ters whatsoever brought before them, both civill and criminall, not extending to 



26 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



life or member, and had jurisdiction over all ye inhabitants within the C'tty and 
Corporation, and over ye Harbours and all Bayes, Coves, Creeks and Inlets be- 
longing to ye same. 

"The whole Island being one Corporation, ye inhabitants are all members of 
one body and conceive no need of distinction, the Mayor, Alderman and Com- 
mon Councill having ye care and charge to make all things as easy and convenient 
ffor ye inhabitants as possible, and will have ye same regard thereto as fformerly. 

"A Watter Bailiff is an officer belonging to a corporation, and ye Sheriff of 
this Citty hath usually exersed ye office by serving arrests and attachm'ts in ye 
harbours, bayes, coves, creeks and inletts belonging to this Citty and Corporation, 
by warrants ffrom ye Mayor, Sheriffe, or others his superiors to him directed as 
Sheriffe and Watter Bayliffe, as well in ci\il as criminall matters what lielongeth 
to ye Gouvernor or i)rerogative think not ffit to meddle with or any ways restraine." 

The City Council established by Governor Dongan issued new police regula- 
tions in 1684, including a new code for the government of the City Watch. Con- 
cerning this code, it is only important to note that it contained in one digest all 
scattered regulations previously adjusted. The only changes are changes of spell- 
ing, but as spelling in those days was very free from rule or regulation of any 
sort, the variations do not call for detailed record. 

On February 15, however, some important rules were adopted for the general 
guidance of the citizens. Both as illustrating the life of the period, and the sort 
of offences that the guardians of the peace of that day had to take account of, 
these ordinances will repay jjerusal. Summarized, they were as follows : — 

"Ordered, that no manner of servile work l)e done on the Lord's day; pen- 
altv \os., and double for each repetition. 

"That no "youths, maydes, or other persons" meet together in the streets or 
places "for sporte or play;" penalty ijr., and double for each rei)etition. 

"That no publick house sell any liquor on that day during di\ino ser\ ice, un- 
less to travelers. 

" That no Negro or Indian slaves, above the number of four, do assemble or 
meet together on the Lord's day, or at any other time, at any place from their 
master's service, within the liberties of the city. 

That " noe such slave doe goe armed att any time with guns, swords, clubs, 
sta\ es or any kind of weapons whatever, under the penalty of being whipped at 
the jjublitpie whipping-post, tenn lashes, unless the master or owner of such slave 
will pay bs: to excuse the same." 

It was further ordered — and here we have in real earnest a foreshadowing 
of the modern police system — that a Constable with his staff should walk about 
the city during time of Divine service to see that the laws were obeyed, and fur- 
ther, that the Constable of each ward should keep note, and make a return of all 
strangers who came to reside in the ward. Penalties were established for neglect 
of duty. Besides, the "masters of publick houses" were required under penalty 
of ten shillings to report the names of all who came to stop at their houses, and 
they were forbidden to harbor any person, male or female, who was " suspected 
of evil name." The Constables, too, were to see that no licpior was sold during the 
hours of Divine service. Twenty cartmen were appointed, " and no more," un- 
der certain regulations, and a public chimney-sweep was nominated, who was to 
go about the streets announcing his approach by crying out. He was to cleanse 
all chimneys at the rate of one shilling or eighteen pence according to the height 



Ol'h' rO /./(•/■ PA'O/T.CVOA'S. 27 

of the house. There were also twenty-four bakers ajjixjinteci, divided into six 
classes, one for each working day of the week. 

At a meeting of the Common Council held at the City Hall on October 
13, of the same year, it was ordered "that any persons chosen to serve in any 
of the offices following, and shall refuse to ser\'e, shall pay the fine hereinafter 
expressed, vi/ : 

" A Constable, ----- -^5 

" An Assessor, ------ 3 

" A Common Councilman. - - - - - 7 loy. 

" An Alderman, - - - - - - 10 

" The Mayor, - - - - - - 20 

" The fines to be paid to tlic Citty Treasurers for the j)ul)litiue use of the 
Citty." 

'I'he Common Council, on July 10, 1684, convened " to consider of a way more 
suitable for establishing a Watch in this Citty, it being thought convenient that the 
military officers and troopers be excused therefrom, and proposes a rate for the 
same on each house." The Constables in 
the five wards on the South side of the 
Fresli water were ordered to watch by turns 
successivelv one each night and to provide 
for their assistance on the Watch eight per- 
sons as they should think fit to hire, for 
whose service each was to receive twelve 
pence per night out of the City Treasurv-. 

In 1686, a new seal was granted to the 
city, of which the accompaning cut is a faith- 
ful reproduction. Here are depicted mill- 
sails in saltire; a bearer in chief and base, 
and a flour barrel, proper, on each side, sur- 
mounted by a coronet. Supporters, two In- 
dian chiefs proper; the one on the dexter 
side holds a war-club in his right hand; the 
one on the sinister holds in his left hand a ^'"^^ ^eal of New York City, 

bow. In the dexter corner over the Indian's head is a cross patriarchal, as emblem- 
atic of the Gospel to which he is subject. On the scroll, Sigil! Civitat: Ncv: 
Eborac. The whole is surrounded by a wreath of laurel. 

On April 22 the Charter commonly known as Dongan's Charter was 
granted to the City. By this instrument — which is regarded as one of the most 
liberal ever decreed to a colonial city — the ancient municipal privileges of the cor- 
poration were confirmed, and other important franchises were added. This docu- 
ment still forms the basis of the city's rights and privileges. It provided that 
" for the better government of the said city, liberties and precincts thereof, there 
shall be fore\er hereafter within the said city" a Mayor and Recorder, Town 
Clerk and six Aldermen, and six Assistants; also one Chamberlain or Treasurer, 
one Sheriff, one Coroner, one Clerk of the Market, one High Constable, seven Sub- 
Constables, and one Marshal or Sergeant-at-Mace. The Governor retained the 
appointment of the Mayor, Recorder, Sheriff, Coroner, High Constable, Town 




28 



O UR POLICE PRO TECTORS. 



Clerk, and Clerk of the Markets, in his own hands, leaving the Aldermen, assist- 
ants, and petty Constables to be chosen by the people in annual election. The 
Charter contained various regulations similar to those already given. 

It is interesting to note that at this time the annual cost of the City 
Watch Mas about j[^\^o, while the salaries of the Clerk, Sergeant-at-Mace, and 
Public Whipper aggregated about ^30. 

Leisler, who assumed control of the Government after the removal of Ciover- 
nor Dongan, issued a ^jroclamation on the fourteenth of October, 1689, in which, 
among other officials, he appointed tlie following: Nicholas Blanck, Constable for 
the West Ward; Edward Brinckmaster, Constable for the Dock Ward; John 
Thomas, Constable for the South ^^'ard; John Ewoirts, Constable for the North 
Ward; Daniel Brevoort, Constable for the East Ward; Frederick Ly mouse. Con- 
stable for the Out Ward; and John Brevoort, Constable for Harlem division. 

As illustrative of the penal institutions of the times, it may be mentioned 

that on February 4, 1691, it was ordered that 
there be a pillory, cage, and ducking-stool 
forthwith built. 

Perhaps the first uniformed policeman was 
the particular bellman mentioned in the 
proceedings of the Common Council of July 
8, 1693, who, it was ordered by the Mayor, 
should be provided with " a coat of ye citty 
livery, with a badge of ye citty arms, shoes 
and stockings, and charge itt to ye account 
of the citty." It was also ordered "that 
the Treasurer pay to Mr. Smith, Thirty-six 
shillings to buy wood for the watch." The 
Cajjtains of the Watch, too, were instructed 
to " disburse money for candles," and bring 
in their accounts ipiarterly to receive or- 
ders on the Treasurer. The Overseers made a report recommending that ^50 
be raised for furnishing the " Night Guard of the City " with fire and candles for 
a year. The suggestion was approved, and ordered to be carried out. But the 
next year the Captains had to find sujjplies again, for the Council ordered the 
Mayor to draw a warrant on the Treasurer for the payment to each Captain of ' 
the Watch seven pounds, fourteen shillings and nine jjence, current money of the 
Province, "for supplying ye Night Guard of this City with fire and candles until 
the first day of August last, and that they be i)aid out of the Tax raised to De- 
fray the same." Whatever fell short in the tax, the Treasurer was authorized to 
make good out of ordinary revenue. 

For the enforcement of the law and the punishment of offenders there had 
already been erected (1693) a i)illory, cage, whipping-post and ducking-stool, on 
the wharf in front of the City Hall. Hither were brought all vagrants, slanderers, 
pilferers, and truant children, to be exposed to the public gaze, and to receive 
such i)unishment as their offences might warrant. It may be fully understood 
that such i)unishments were meted out with no lenient hand. 




First Uniformed Policeman. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



29 



Subsequently it was ordered that payment be made to Captain Brandt Schuy- 
ler, Captain Ebenezer Willson, Captain John Marrott, Captain John l)c Bruyer, 
Captain John De Royster, Captain John Kip, and Captain John Tudor, "each 
ye sum of nine pounds, current money, of New York, itt being money by them 
disbursed for fire-wood and candles for ye Night Guards," from first August, 1696, 
to first August, 1697. 

There was a complete revolution in the system of public protection at 
this time. This was brought about by an order of his excellency the Governor, 
abolishing the city militia from duty as Night Guards, (a Military AVatch) 
provided the officers or Magistrates appointed a bellman and other Civil Watch, 
to go round the city in the night time to jjrevent irregularities, etc. Therefore 
it was ordered by the board that four sober, honest men be appointed to 
keep watch in the City every night until the twenty-fifth of March following, and 
that they hourly go through the several Wards of the City during the said time, in 
order to prevent irregularities, fire, etc. It was further resolved that the j)ersons 
so api)ointed Bellmen and Watchmen should give security in the sum of ^500 
that they would well and truly execute the said offices according to such directions 
and regulations as should be given them by the Mayor. 

On October 17, 1698, the Mayor was again admonished to appoint four "good 
and honest householders," to watch from 9 P. M. to sunrise, until March 25 
following. The Mayor announced his appointments on November 2 following. 
The four worthies were paid jQdo a year each. They were supposed to make a 
round every hour, and to " proclaim the season of the weather and the hour of the 
night." If they met any disturbers of the peace, or persons lurking about other 
people's houses, they were to secure such persons until next morning, " that they 
may be examined by the Mayor or some of the Magistrates, and dealt with as the 
law directs." The Constables were at the same time ordered to give all the aid 
they could to the Watchmen. The Mayor, on November 2, aj)pointed three 
bellmen at a salary of $60 a year each. 

This action was repeated up to October 26, 1700, when the Mayor was or- 
dered to appoint a Constables' Watch, to consist of a Constable and twelve able 
men, to be the Watch of the city, " to take care, and keep, and preserve the peace, 
etc., and that the Constables of each ward do take their guns, and that the High 
Constable take care that the said Watch be duly set and kept, and that the Mayor 
provide fire and wood for the same." 

Two years subsecpiently it was ordered that all persons summoned to do dutv 
on the Constables' Watch who should neglect or refuse to serve, for everv such of- 
fence should forfeit the sum of six shillings. 

The old " Stadt Huys " at Coenties Slip had become so dilapidated that 
the Mayor and Corporation — finding it impossible to meet there any longer — 
were compelled to remove to the house of George Reparreck, next door, it was 
therefore resolved to sell this rickety structure and to build a new Stadt Huys. 

The principal event, it is averred, which settled the character of Wall Street 
as the centre of interest in the city, and which brought about it the leading men 
of business and professional life, was the erection (1699) of the City Hall, oppo- 
site Broad Street, which building became aftenvard the Capitol of the United 



3° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



States, and the site of which is still in use for public purposes. The upper end of 
Broad Street was considerably elevated, and there was no continuation of the 
Street beyond the City wall (Wall Street), although a lane had been marked out 
on the present line of Nassau Street, which, being afterwards improved, was 
designated as " the street that runs by the pie-woman's." The design of 
the proposed building, by James Evetts, architect, was submitted in 1698, 
and the plan was approved. The foundation was laid in the fall of 1699, and 
the building was finished in the following year. The City Hall remained in use 
for the objects for which it was erected for about a century, and was demolished in 
181 2, when the present City Hall was built. It is thus described: "The first floor 
was entered by a flight of steps in front, which led into a corridor more than half 
the building in width, extending through to the rear. On the west side of this 
hall there was a room in the front appropriated to the fire engine of the City, and 
a dungeon. in the rear for criminals. On the opposite side was a branch of the 




City Hall, Wall Street. 



hall opening into the keeper's room in the rear, and in front into a stairway to the, 
second story. This story was occupied in the centre above the hall by the court 
room, having on the east side — above the engine-house — the jury-room. The oppo- 
site side was mostly taken up by the stairway, except the Common Council room, 
which was in the northeast corner. The garret was used as the debtor's prison." 
As one of the adjuncts of the seat of justice, a cage, pillory and stocks were set 
up in the public thoroughfare on the opposite side of the street. After the revo- 
lutionary war this building received additional historic interest as the Capitol of 
the nation and the first place of meeting of the Congress of 1789. 

In 1702 a proclamation was made, warning all persons to do duty on the 
Constables' Watch, under penalty of six shillings fine for every instance of negli- 
gence. On October 26, of this year. Aldermen Corbett and Smith and Messrs. 
Laroux and Cooper were appointed to agree with four or five " able cittizens 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



31 



to be the Watch and beUmen of this Citty to Ajjril i, following." This committee 
reported on December i, as follows: 

" Pursuant to an order of the Common Council, made the 26th day of this In- 
stant Montii of October, we have agreed with Robert Druinmond, Richard Years- 
ley, Edmund Thomas, and John Vanderbeeck, four able-botlied C'ittizens of this 
Citty to be the Watch and ]?ellmen of this Citty from the ist of November 
next ensuing until the ist day of April, then next following, which service they 
are duly and diligently to attend by going every hour in the night through the 
severall streets of this Citty and publishing the time of night, and also 
to apprehend all disturbers of the peace, felons, &c., also to take care that 
no damage be done in the Citty by fire or any other casualties as much 
as in them lies; for which service they are to have the sum of forty-four 
])ounds, current monev of New York, six ])ounds whereof to be paid them in six 
weeks, and the remainder at the expiration of the time; and that a Lanthorn, 
Bell, and hour-glass be provided them att the Citty's charge." 

The method of procedure in case of fire is worth recording. The Watch- 
man who discovered it gave the alarm with his rattle, and knocked at the 
doors of the houses as he sped past, shouting to the occupants to throw out their 
buckets. The ringing of the bell at the fort spread the alarm further. It may 
be inferred that these methods made it lively for the resident population when- 
ever a fire broke out after bedtime. When the buckets were thrown out they 
were picked up by whoever was the first to pass on the way to the fire. It was 
the custom for nearly every householder to render assistance to extinguish fires, 
whether by night or day. When they were extinguished, the buckets were taken 
in a wagon to the City Hall, where they were restored to their owners. 

A new duty was imposed on the Constables of the several wards. This was 
to visit every house, and see whether the inhabitants kejjt the number of fire buck- 
ets required by law. Those who had not the proi)er number were to l)e warned 
to obtain them under pain of prosecution. It was the duty of the Aldermen 
to instruct the Constables in their several wards to "search for all inmates of the 
houses " they visited, "and to return the names thereof to the Mayor or Alder- 
man." The Constables were required to " make a presentment of all such 
persons as shall neglect or refuse to clean their streets, and of all such as in any 
way break the Holy Sabbath, or commit other misdemeanors." The Aldermen 
were called upon to see that the Constables did this duty, and were to present 
the names of delinquents to the Mayor or Court of Quarter Sessions for pun- 
ishment. A resolution was also adopted, providing for the erection of a cage, 
whipping-post, pillory, and stocks before the City Hall, the expense to be 
defrayed "out of the surplusage of the three hundred pounds raised in this 
City, which is not yet appropriated." 

The annual expenditure in 1710 was £2-]-] ^s. Among the items of expen- 
ditures were: Bellmen's salaries, £,z^\ lanterns and hour glasses, ^3; and fire 
and candles for Constables, jQ^. 

The old records of this time abound in items characteristic of the manners 
and ideas of the time, and the condition of the city. Thus we find that in 1710 
the total income of the city was ^294 yj. 6</., and the annual expenditure ^277 4J. 
Among the items making up the latter total were: Bellmen's salaries, ^36; lan- 
terns and hour-glasses, £i\ and candles for the Constable's Watch," j/;3. The 



32 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



streets were still lit after the primitive fashion adopted in the end of the preced- 
ing century (1697), a lantern being set up on a pole in front of every seventh 
house, the inhabitants of the other six contributing to the cost of maintenance. 

In 1712 several fires of supposed incendiary origin took place in New York, 
and great alarm prevailed among the inhabitants. Many arrests were made, and 
nineteen negroes and one white man were executed. 

The ideas which prevailed at this period regarding the treatment of crimi- 
nals were neither enlightened nor humane. The modes of punishment inflicted 
arrest the eye with wonder. A few instances must suffice : 

"Clause, Robin, Quaco and Sam, negro slaves," say the old records, "were 
convicted in this year of the murder of Adiran Hoghlandt, in the eleventh year of 
the reign of our Sovereign Lady Anne," and sentenced in the following terms: 

" It is considered by the Court that the aforesaid Clause be broke Alive upon 
a Wheel, and so to continue languishing until he be dead ; and his head and Quar- 




First Execution in , New York. (The Commons: City Hall Park.) 



ters to be at the Queen's disposal. That the aforesaid Robin be hung up in , 
chains alive, and so to continue without any sustenance, until he be dead. That 
the aforesaid Quaco be burnt with fire until he be dead and consumed. And that 
the aforesaid Sam be hanged by the neck until he be dead." 

Mars, a negro slave was tried in 1708 "att a Court of General Sessions of 
the Peace at the City Hall on the first Tuesday in May, in the sixth year of the 
reign of our Sovereign Lady Anne." The record of the court proceedings says: 

"Itt is presented that a negro man, commonly called Mars, a slave of Jacob 
Rognicr of the City of New York, with force and arms, in and upon Ephraim 
Pierson, then Constable of the Watch of the said City of New York, did make 
an assault, and did beat, wound, with evil intent, so that his life he did despair, 
and other harms to him did, to the grevious damage of the said Ephraim 
Pierson. ***** 

Therefore it is considered by the Court that the said negro, Mars, on the 6th 
day of August aforesaid, in the year aforesaid, between the hours of ten and 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



33 



twelve in the forenoon of the same day, he strip])e(l from the middle upwards, 
and tyed to the tail of a cart, at the City Hall aforesaid, and he drawn from 
thence to the Broadway in the said city, and from thence to the Custom House, 
thence to Wall Street, and from thence to the City Hall again, and that he he 
whii)i)ed ujjon the naked hack ten lashes att the Corner of Every street he shall 
pass, and that he afterwards he discharged from his Im])risonment, ])av his fees, 
&c." 

The punishment of whipping was more generally inflicted at the whipjMng- 
post than in the manner here indicated, and that instrument of correction had 
been removed in 1710 from Coenties Slip to Broad Street near the City Hall. 

Another characteristic sentence was imposed in 1712 hy "a Court held for 
the tryal of Negro and Indian Slaves, at the Citty Hall of the City of New York, 
on Tuesday the 15th of Ai)ril." Tom, the slave of Nicholas Rosevelt, was 
the culprit in this case. He was sentenced to he "carryed from hence to 
the place whence he came, and from thence to the place of execution; and 
there to he hurned with a slow lire, that he 
may Continue in Torment for Eight or ten 
hours, and continue hurning in the said fire 
until he he dead, and Consumed to ashes." 

Mrs. Johanna Christiana Young, and 
another female, her associate from Philadel- 
phia, "being found guilty of grand larceny, 
at the Mayor's Court, are to he set on two 
chairs exalted on a cart, with their heads and 
faces uncovered, and to be carted from the 
City Hall to that part of Broadway near the 
old English church, from thence down Maiden 
Lane, then down the Fly to the White Hall, 
thence to the church aforesaid, and then to 
the whipping-post, where each of them is to 

receive thirtv-nine lashes, to remain in jail . . „ 

' Whipping-Post. 
for one week, and then to depart the city." 

Nor are these cases of an exceptional character; such sentences were com- 
mon enough in those days. 

Something by way of explanation of the instruments and methods by which 
criminals were punished, may be mentioned at this part of our narrative, suppli- 
mentary to what has already been said on the same subject. The early annals of 
New York, as we have seen, make frequent mention of these instruments of torture. 
They were, in fact, a part (and by no means an insignificant part) of the correc- 
tional institutions of the city. Mention has been made of the cage, stocks, pillorv, 
whipping-post and ducking-stool — all parts of the established plan " to hold the 
wicked and to punish guilt." They stood in front of the City Hall, and were kept 
in good repair. That they were not there for any idle show we have evidence in 
abundance. The first instruments of the kind mentioned, as has been pointed 
out, stood in front of the old City Hall, at Coenties Slip. When the new City 
Hall was built at the head of Broad Street, on Wall Street, these appliances were 
removed thither. They were, some ten years later (about 17 10), removed to the 




34 



'OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



upper end of Broad Street, a little below the City Hall. The law was no respecter 
of sex, and females were subjected to this form of punishment quite frequently, 
the following being by no means an exceptional case: " A woman was whipped 
at the whipping-post, and afforded much amusement to the spectators by her re- 
sistance." The extract is taken from a newspaper of the time. Also: "James 
Gain, pursuant to sentence, stood in the pillory, near the City Hall, and was most 
severely pelted by great numbers of the spectators; a lad was also branded in the 
hand." These modes of punishment (barbarous in the extreme) were derived 
from Holland and England, which is also true of the forms of law, the judiciary 
systems, and all that pertained to the administration of justice. The public whip- 
per, in early times, was a familiar functionary. In 1713 Richard Cooper was ap- 
pointed to this office, at a salary of ^^5. The practice of whipping and the ap- 
pliances of the whipping-post were introduced into all the American colonies. In 
all the New England towns the whipping-post was the recognized adjunct of 
the courts, and flagellation was constantly resorted to for all forms of offences, 
whether religious, social or political. In the State of Delaware the knout sur- 
vives, and the whipping-post still stands a silent but most suggestive satire upon 
nineteenth century civilization. 

In 1730 the celebrated Montgomerie Charter was granted to the city. This 
is the second in the series of documents on which the municipal rights still rest. 
It ordained that there should forever be "one Mayor, one Recorder, seven Alder- 
men, seven assistants, one Sheriff, one Coroner, one Common Clerk, one Cham- 
berlain, one High Constable, sixteen Assessors, seven Collectors, sixteen Con- 
stables, and one Marshal," to compose the City Government. The Charter ap- 
pointed Edmund Peers, High Constable; John Scott, Constable for the South 
Ward; Christopher Nicholson, Constable for the Dock Ward; Timothy Bontecon, 
Constable for the North Ward; John Abrahamson, Constable for the East Ward, 
and Arent Bussing, Constable for the Harlem Division of the Out Ward. 

The instrument also provided that within forty days after date of its publi- 
cation, the freemen of the city should assemble, and by a i)lurality of voices, choose 
from the inhabitants of the several wards one additional Constable for each ward, 
except the Out Ward, which was to have three more, two for the Bowery Division, 
and one more for Harlem. It was further ordered that on the festival of St. 
Michael, the Archangel, every year, the freeholders of the several wards should 
meet, as appointed by the Aldermen, and elect for each ward, except the Out 
Ward, one Alderman, one Assistant, two Assessors, two Collectors, and four Con- 
stables. The Mayor, on the same day, it was arranged, should appoint a High Con- 
stable. The appointment of the Mayor himself, and of the Sheriff and Coroner, 
still rested with the Governor and his Council. 

During the twenty years subsecjuent to the granting of Montgomerie's Char- 
ter, the city advanced considerably in its municipal affairs. A poor-house and 
watch-houses were built, fire engines were imported, and a Fire Department was 
])ermanently established. 

Those who find fault with the alleged unsanitary condition of our thorough- 
fares, should feel comforted upon perusal of this presentment by the Grand 
Jury, a reduced facsimile of the original. 



OUR POLICK PROTECTORS. 



35 




36 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



It was resolved (July 9, 1731), "to build a watch-house forthwith," on the 
south side of the cage in Broad Street, and a committee of Aldermen was ap- 
pointed to effect the necessary preliminary arrangements. On the twenty-sixth of 
the following month this committee submitted their report, which was adopted. 
Their report set forth that the said watch-house " ought to be twenty-eight foot 
long and eighteen foot broad, with two rooms, one of them eighteen foot long, 
and the other ten foot, with afire-place in each room, with two doors to the south- 
east corner thereof and to the south, and the other to the east side of the said 
corner, with three lights in the large room, and one small ditto in the small room." 




First Main Watch-house, Wall and Broad Streets. 



The entire expense of which, according to computation, was to amount to about 
^60. This watch-house stood until 1789, when it became so dilapidated that 
its removal became necessary, and a new one was erected. 

Robert Crannoll, Marshal of the city, was appointed Supervisor of the Watch 
on December 14,1731. He was required to perform all the duties of that office, 
to provide fire and candle for the Watch, to keep the key of the watch-house, to keep 
the watch-house clean, and take care that the chimney thereof be swept and 
cleaned as often as there should be occasion. For whjch services he was allowed 
a salary of j[^2o j)er annum. 

At a meeting of the Common Council, held on the same date, a law remodel- 
ing the system of night watching was three times read and approved. It was 
then ordered that " the same be forthwith jjrinted and i)ublished, and the 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



37 



same, after the ringing of three hells, was puhlished accordingly." This law 
opened with a long preamble, setting forth that all inhabitants of the city, "south 
of Fresh Water " whether " freemen of the city " or mere residents, provided they 
were i)hysically able, ought by reason of their habitation to keep watch for the 
" preservation of the King's peace, and for the arresting and apprehending of all 
night-walkers, malefactors, and suspected persons, which shall be found passing, 
wandering and misbehaving themselves." The preamble further set forth that 
the functions of a Constable extended not only to the ward in which he was ap- 
pointed, but also to the whole city. It was declared too, that " there is now, 
and of late years hath been, by reason of great numbers of people privately coming 
into the said city from all parts, some whereof are suspected to be convict felons, 
transported from Great Brittain." For this reason it was set forth that the need 
for a strong and efficient watch was very great. 

After this formidable opening, the " Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen assem- 
bled," went on to ordain that each one of the Constables of the six wards on the 
south side of Fresh Water, in turn, together with eight able-bodied Watchmen (or 
as many more as the Mayor and three Aldermen might from time to time direct), 
should keep watch every night at the public watch-house, or such other point as 
might be selected, from April i until Michaelmas Day, from nine o'clock in the 
evening until four o'clock in the morning ; and from Michaelmas Day to April i, 
from eight o'clock in the evening until six o'clock in the morning. It appears that 
the Aldermen and assistants had lately taken "an exact survey " of the six wards, 
and made a list of all the inhabitants and housekeejiers in them, who were able to 
watch or find Watchmen. I'rom this it appeared that some of the wards were 
much larger than others, and ought therefore to furnish a greater number of men 
to the Watch. In order to equalize the burden, therefore, it was ordained that ail 
the citizens dwelling south of Fresh Water should watch according to the follow- 
ing arrangement: 

Inhabitants of the East Ward for seventeen nights, beginning December 2. 

The inhabitants of the Dock Ward next in order for twelve nights, from 
December 19; and when it came to their turn again, for thirteen nights. 

The inhabitants of the North Ward for twelve nights, from and including 
December 31. 

The inhabitants of the South Ward for ten nights, beginning January 12. 

The inhabitants of the West Ward for eight nights, from January 22 inclusive 
to the end of the month. 

The inhabitants of the Montgomerie Ward for eight nights, from January 30 
to February 7. 

When all had performed duty in this manner, the East Ward was to begin 
again, and so on. The Alderman and Assistant of each ward were to detail the 
Constables in their turn to " have the rule, care, and oversight of the Watch," 
and were also to choose from among the inhabitants the necessary number to 
watch with the Constable. They were instructed to "begin at one certain place* 
in detailing the citizens, and " proceed and go forwards in an orderly manner," 
until the whole ward had watched, whereupon they were to begin again. Citizens 
who did not choose to take their regular turns were obliged to find substitutes. 



38 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The Constable whose turn it was had to give the citizens a day's notice of their 
tour of duty, waiting on the Alderman or Assistant in advance to obtain the list of 
names. The notice of watch duty was either to be personal, or else in writing, 
left at the house of the person to be notified. A list of these persons was then 
to be delivered to the Constable whose turn it was to command the Watch. 
"And if any person," the ordinance proceeds, " appointed and warned to watch or 
to find an able and fit person to watch in his, her, (woman's rights seem to have 
been practically recognized, as she was eligible to do service on the ^^'atch or find 
a substitute,) or their stead and room, as aforesaid, make default in not watching 
and performing the duty of a Watchman as aforesaid, or being drunk on the said 
Watch, leaving the Watch before the time of watching be expired, or otherwise 
misbehaving, (it is ordered) that then every such person so refusing, leaving 
the Watch, misbehaving himself, or making default as aforesaid, and not hav- 
ing just and reasonable cause for such his default as shall be allowed of by 
the Mayor of the said city or the Alderman of that ward for the time being, shall 
forfeit and pay for every such default the sum of eight shillings, current money, 
aforesaid." 

The city fathers further provided for the appointment of a Supervisor of 
the Watch "to take care and oversee that the Watch and watches within the said 
city henceforth be duly kept," or else that the forfeits be paid. Boys, appren- 
tices, or servants, were not to be permitted to serve on the Watch, but only " able 
and sober men of good reputation." A long paragraph is devoted to defining the 
duties of the Supervisor. It is a mere amplification of the phrase that he is to 
see the Watch "duly kept." 

At the same meeting at which this enactment was made Mr. Robert Cran- 
nell was appointed Marshal of the City, and the Mayor issued his warrant to 
Edward Brewen, the Public Whipper, for the sum of for a cjuarter year's 
salary. 

The system thus elaborated does not appear to have survived long, for, in 
1734, an ordinance went into operation providing that* twelve persons, including 
two Constables, should be hired to be the City Watch during the winter. One 
of the Constables was to be on duty with five men ever)' alternate night, and the 
Watch was to be called the Constable's Watch, and was to be at the orders of the 
Mayor or other officials. The corporation supplied fire and light, and paid eacR 
man _;^5,ioj. for service from December 4 to May i following, each of the Con- 
stables " for their encouragement," receiving 20^. additional. 

In 1735 six Watchmen were appointed to serve for two months. At a 
meeting of the Common Council, held on October 31, 1735, ^'^'^ Richard being 
Mayor, it was agreed to appeal to the General Assembly to levy j[,T)Oo on the real 
and personal estate of the city to defray the expense. 

In October, 1738, twelve Watchmen were appointed to ser\-e till the first of 
May, "who, together with the Constables in their turns, are to be the Constable and 
Night-watch." The number was reduced in the next year to three. In October, 
1 74 1, the deputy clerk of the Board of Aldermen brought in a draft of a bill for 
a Night-watch, which was ordered to be carried to the General Assembly. 

In 1740 occurred that celebrated scare known in history as the Negro Plot. 



OLK J'OLJCK PROrECrORS. 



39 



Whether any conspiracy existed against the lives and property of the colonists is 
a question that can never be set at rest now. There can he no doubt, however, 
that several unfortunates suffered death, just as if they had been actual conspira- 
tors, and that the entire community was stricken with terror at the i)rospect 
of ])illage and assassination. One result of the affair was the appointment in i 741 
of thirty-six night watchmen, including three overseers. They were divided into 
three reliefs of eleven men each, and these took regular turns in guarding the city. 
The hours of duty were from an liour after sunset to the beating of the reveille 
next morning. The expense of this Watch was defrayed from a tax of ^^5741 
2J., which the Municipality was authorized to raise by a special Act of the 
General Assembly. 

.Vbout the year 17 14 the paupers were beginning to lie both numerous and 
troulilesome, and it was proposed, instead of maintaining tiiem 1)\' weekly pittances, 
as had liitherto been done, to provide a house wliere they could be cared for at 
the public expense, and be made to contribute somewhat towards their li\ eiihood. 
This s( heme, however, was 
not carried into effect until 
1734, when a commodious 
house was erected on the 
commons, in the rear of the 
l)resent City Hall, and on 
the site of the future " old 
Alms House." The build- 
ing was forty-six feet long, 
twenty-four feet wide, and 
two stories high, with a 
cellar ; and was furnished 
with implements of labor 
for the use of the inmates. 
The Churchwardens were 
appointed as Overseers of 
the Poor, and all paupers 
were recpiired to work under penalty of receiving " moderate " correction. As 
the building was also a house of correction it was used as a sort of calaboose for 
unrulv slaves, their masters having permission to send them thither for punishment. 

A number of police regulations were adopted in August, 1742. One of these 
ordered that tweU e men, with a Constable, constantly watch every Sunday " from 
sunrise to sunset, and that such Watch be continued in turn as the Night-watch 
are." Another provided that on every Sunday morning from daylight to the time 
of the setting of the military guard, and from five o'clock P. M. — when the guard 
was dismissed — until the evening Watch came on, means be adopted "to prevent 
the irregularities lately so much practiced by negroes, children, and others on the 
Sabbath day." The metliod was for one Alderman, one petty Constable, and 
four firemen to walk around the city during the hours indicated, while on alternate 
Sundays the Assistant Alderman, the High Constable or Marshal, one petty Con- 
stable, and three firemen should serve. 




First Poor House (City Hall Park). 



4° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The rules of 1741 regarding the Night-watch were in effect renewed, the 
ground being stated that of recent years great numbers of convicts had come 
into the city, and it was necessary to provide against " insurrections and the 
plots of slaves." Constables who failed in their duty were to be fined ten 
shillings ; no boys or apprentices were to lie allowed on the Watch ; and the 
Constable in charge was to send out the first rounds precisely an hour after sun- 
set, and immediately on the return of the first rounds should send out another. 
The rounds consisted of four Watchmen, and their duty was to walk the streets, 
lanes, wharves, and alleys, and they were not to return to the watch-house in less 
than an hour, except upon extraordinary occasions. Upon the return of the 
second rounds, the Constable in charge was obliged to go out himself with the 
remaining three Watchmen, and do just as his predecessors. The process was 
then repeated, and in the morning the Constable called the roll to see that all his 
men had done full duty. The actual expense of the Watch department was 
thereby increased from al)out ^^50 to ^{^448. 

In this year, Robert Bowne, a Quaker, being elected Constable for Mont- 
gomerie Ward, refused to serve, on the groimd that Quakers were, by law, 
exempt from such duty. The case being carried to the Chief Justice it 
was decided in favor of the Quaker, and a new election was therefore ordered. 

In 1746 the Recorder proposed to the Common Council, on the part of a 
joint committee of the Assembly and Council that the latter body should have a 
small Watch-house built near the Powdpr House. The committee proposed to 
supply AVatchmen until a proper magazine could be erected within the stockades. 
This proposal was approved by the Common Council, and the committee charged 
with enlarging the Poor House was intrusted to build the Watch-house. The 
military watch that the troublous times rendered needful was a sore burden to 
the New Yorkers. 

On June 3, 1747, a committee of five Aldermen were appointed to prepare 
a draft of an address and petition to his Excellency, the Governor, to ease the 
city of the burden of keeping a military watch. This committee, under instruc- 
tions, reported the following day. 

The petition represented that many of the inhabitants " have three or four 
sons and as many servants or apprentices, who are obliged to watch in their turns, 
the consequence of which is a loss of about forty shillings to every such inhabi- 
tant." The petition concludes by asking his Excellency to order down " one of 
the Independent Companies now at Albany, or one of the companies of the new 
levies now also there, or such i)art of either of them." 

The Common Council, it is cpiite i)lain from the records, had an inordinate 
love of detail. Instances of this have been seen already; another is to be 
found in the minutes of December 20, 1750. The manner in which the six 
Watchmen were ordered to perform their rounds is as follows : Two of them 
were to go out first, one of them to carry a bell, and the other his staff. The 
bell was to be rung "in the most public places," and the time of night was to be 
proclaimed. The other four Watchmen were to set out soon after the first two, 
and take a different route, all meeting together at places appointed by the person 
having charge of the Watch. 



I 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 41 

These Watchmen, or Bellmen as they were sometimes called, or among the 
Dutch, " Kloppermannen," carried with them a kind of a bell, a lantern, and an 
hour-glass. At every house, with loud clattering of their " Klopper," they cried 
out " the time of the night, and the season of the weather." They were em- 
ployed only during the winter time, or from first of November to the twenty-fifth 
of March, and received ^^15 each. They furnished their own fire and light. 
The expense of the Watch varied from ^60 to ^36, or ^9 per man, during the 
winter season. The average expense from the year 1 700 to 1 740 was ^{^^44 per 
annum. 

It is with a sigh of profound relief that one turns to consider the nocturnal 
habits of " The Finest " after reading the following account of the jjroceedings 
of the Watch in bygone days : "At the ringing of the bell of the Fort" — it 
seems as if our forefathers could do nothing without ringing a bell — " at nine 
o'clock, a Sergeant-Major, with his halberd, j)roceedcd, followed by the A\'atch, to 
each of the city gates, which he locked for the night. He then stationed each 
man at his particular post, and to 
secure the vigilant discharge of his 
duty, each Watchman was re([uirfd 
to go, once every hour, through that 
j)art of the city which was allotted to 
him, and with a bell to proclaim the 
time of the night and the state of the 
weather — a regulation which, no 
doubt, secured a vigilant discharge 
of the Watchman's duty. But it 
must have been disturbing to all but 
sound sleepers to have had their 
slumbers broken at regular intervals 
by the loud ringing of a bell, and a 
hoarse voice announcing such infor- 
mation as, " Past two o'clock, and a 
dark and cloudy morning." 

The English Watchman, in no essential particular, differed from his Dutch 
predecessor. Both went about performing their duties in the most lugubrious 
fashion — carrying their bells, hour-glasses, lanterns and staffs — like some protean 
character of the stage who is equipped to represent Diogenes, the Man with the 
Scythe, a grave digger and a dustman. 

The practice of the Watch calling out the time of night at regular intervals 
was borrowed from Germany, where, in the burghs or towns, it was at first the 
custom to station guardians of the night in the steeples of churches or other 
elevated places; and, as a security against their going to sleep, to require tiiem 
every hour to proclaim the hour of the night. When this was changed to a regu- 
lar patroling of the streets, the custom of calling the hour was continued probably 
for the same reason. The German Watchman, who, like the generality of his 
countrymen, was of a musical turn of mind, accompanied the calling of the time 
of the night by singing a verse of a religious song, inculcating some precept of 




42 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Christian doctrine, the words being so arranged or varied as to be applicable to a 
particular time of the night. Following is a translation of a verse of one of 
these Watchman's songs : 

" Hark ye, neighbors, and hear me tell 
Ten now strikes on the belfry bell, 
Ten were the holy commandments given 
To man below, by God in heaven. 
Human watch from harm can't ward us; 
Yet God will watch and guide and guard us. 
May He, through his heavenly might. 
Give us all a blessed night." 




Old Jail (City Hall Park). 



The old Jail was built in 1758 on what was then known as "the fields," the 
City Hall Park, of the present day. It was a small stone building, nearly square^ 
three stories in height, having its main entrance on the south side. The old Jail 
continued to be the prison of the city until 1775, when the new Bridewell was 
erected, and on the occupation of the city by the British they were both turned 
into military prisons. The Jail was then known as the " Prevost," or " Prevo," 
and became famous under the control of Ca])tain William Cimningham, Provost 
Marshal, who, by the appointment of (General Gage, was at the head of the i)olice 
of the city. 

In 1 758 there was another change of system, back to the Citizens' Watch. 
Under the new rules, the inhabitants of the West Ward were to do duty tor nine 
nights successively; those of the South Ward for five nights; of thcj Dock Ward 
for five nights; of the East Ward for ten nights; of the North Ward for eight 
nights; and of the Montgomerie Ward for eleven nights. When all had watched, 



OUR POLICE rROTECTORS. 



43 



they were to begin over again, and so on. In 1761, however, we find once more a 
return to jviid watchers, for on December 28, Mr. Stoutenburgh, presumably a 
member of the Common Council, was authorized by that body to advertise for 
men to " light the lamps speedily to be erected," and to watch the city. Again, in 
1762, a committee was ai)pointed to arrange terms with persons who offered their 
services as Watchmen, and, later in the same year, a committee was appointed to 
prei)are estimates of the expense of watching and lighting lamjjs during the 
ensuing year. 

Bv act of assembly, authority was given to the corporation, in 1761, to y)lace 
public lamps in the streets, which became a source of considerable expense to the 
city. The cost after the system became established, say for the second year, 1763, 
was found to be about ;^20o per annum. Four years subsequently the expense 
of lighting and watching the city had increased to ^1,400 per annum. 

Thevear 1764 was marked in the ])olice annals by the erection of a new pil- 
lorv with a large wooden cage behind it, between the new Jail (the present Hall of 
Records) and the Work-house, which occupied the site of the present City Hall. 
The cage was for the punishment of disorderly boys who " publically" broke the 
Sabbath. 

The system showed signs of considerable progress and development about 
this time. In 1767 the Mayor was requested by the Common Council to apply to 
the General Assembly for power to raise _;^i,4oo for defraying the expenses of 
maintaining Watchmen, and of lighting and supplying the lamps. 

A similar application was made in 1 772 for leave to bring in a bill for raising 
the sum of _;^i,8oo to defray the expense attending the public lamps and watching 
the city. In July, 1 773, a resolution was passed, allowing the Marshals and Con- 
stables two shillings for every vagrant they arrested. In 1774, sixteen men were 
employed to watch and to light the street lamps every night. Their annual salary 
was fixed at ^^32. There were also employed eight Watchmen, to do duty on 
alternate nights, receiving a salary of 16 per annum each. This Watch was set 
from March 10 to September 10 at nine o'clock P. M., and remained on duty to 
four o'clock next morning. During the other six months the hours were from ten 
in the evening to six the next morning. 

In June, 1775, the committee appointed to draw up some necessary orders 
and regulations respecting the City Watch, presented the same,which were approved, 
and it was ordered that copies be delivered to the Captains of the Watch for their 
guidance. These orders and regulations are not inserted in the record. The 
Watchmen, on May i, 1776, were reduced in number to a Captain and three 
men. 

The old ]>ridewell formerly stood in City Hall Park, between the City 
Hall and Broadway. It was erected in 1775, ^"^^ ^^'^^ demolished in 1838. The 
corner stone was laid with due ceremony by Mayor Hicks. The building was 
built of dark grey stone, two stories high, besides the basement, with a pedi- 
ment in the front and in the rear, which were carried uj) a story higher. The 
centre apartments were allotted to the keeper and his deputies. On the first 
floor on the right, there was an aj)artment called the Long Room, and on the 
left a similar apartment ; on the second floor there were two wards, the one 



44 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



called the Upper Hall, and the other the Chain Room. The upper hall was 
appropriated to the higher class of convicts. 

The old Bridewell derives its principal interest from its being used by the 
British, during the Revolution, as a place of confinement of American soldiers 
who were so unfortunate as to be taken prisoners. Here, as in all other places 
used for that purpose in this city, oruelty, misery, and starvation agonized its help- 
less victims. 

The first Bridewell in New York was built as early as 1734, and it continued 
to be occupied for many years as a house of correction. 




The Old Bridewell (City Hall Park.) 

The City Hospital, between Duane and Anthony Streets, upon the west side 
of Broadway, was commenced in the year 1771, and completed before the war of 
Independence, when it was converted into a barrack for the reception of troops. 
It was not until January 3, r79i, that it was opened for the admission of patients. 
This hospital was the scene of " the Doctor's riot." The public mind had been 
excited over rumors that the cemeteries had been rifled of dead bodies by the stu- 
dents for anatomical subjects. On Sunday morning, April 13, i788,a mischievous 
boy had climbed on a ladder to one of the hospital windows, and his curiosity to 
know what was going on inside was gratified by having an arm flourished in his face. 
The arm aforesaid was wielded by a student, but the member was not his own — it 
was part of a subject on the dissecting table. The boy, aghast with horror, ran 



OUR rOIJCK PKOTF.Cl'ORS. 



45 



Home and spread the news that llie students were cutting up dead bodies. The 
hospital was soon surrounded hy an infuriated mob, who burst in the doors. The 
doctors took refuge in the jail, where they Avere with difificulty protected. The 
mob, bent on wreaking vengeance on all the doctors in the city, started for the 
house of Dr. Cochrane, which they ransacked from cellar to garret in search of 
the doctor and anatomical subjects. The house of Sir John Temple narrowly es- 
caped destruction. Noticing the name, tlie mob mistook " Sir John " for surgeon, 
and that titled personage came near being reduced to the mutilated condition of 
one of the surgeons' 
dissecting subjects. 
^V"hile endeavoring to 
disperse the mob, 
Secretary Jay and 
Baron Steuben were 
severely wounded. 
Mayor Duane and 
(iovernor Clinton 
then gave the order 
to the military to fire, 
and five persons were 
killed and seven or 
eight badly wounded. 
The crowd then fled. 

We have now ar- 
rived at the trouljlous 
period of the Revolu- 
tion, when the mili- 
tary officers usurped 
all the functions of 
government, and the 
citizens lay at the 
mercy of an unscrup- 
ulous soldiery. 
Everything was then 
done in compliance 
with orders from the 
commanders of the British troops, and the interests of the King were the fore- 
most consideration. 

The defeat of the Patriot army in the Battle of Long Island on August 27, 
1776, led to the occupation of the city by the British a fortnight later. Very shortly 
after, the whole western side of the city from Bowling Green to the present line of 
Vesey Street was swept by fire, Trinity Church being among the edifices destroyed. 
Immediately after this disaster, Major-General James Robertson, one of the Brit- 
ish commanders, issued the proclamation of which the following is a literal copy: 

"Whereas, there is ground to believe that the Rebels, not satisfied with the De- 
struction of Part of the City, entertain Designs of burning the Rest ; And it as 




46 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



thought that a Watcl^ to inspect all Parts of the C'ity, to apprehend Incendiaries, 
and to stifle Fires before they rise to a dangerous Height, might be a necessary and 
proper means to prevent such a calamity ; Many of the principal Inhabitants have 
applied to me to form such a Watch, and have all offered to watch in person. 

I do therefore require and direct That all Persons may take a Part in this 
Matter, and turn out to Watch when called for. A sense of duty and Interest 
will lead all good Subjects and Citizens cheerfully to give their Attendance ; And 
any who refuse to take Part in preserving the City will be judged unworthy to in- 
habit it. I have appointed Persons to summon and Superintend the Watch of each 
Ward, and the number of Men to l)e given by each is subjoined. 

Signed : 

JAMES ROBERTSON, 

Major-General, Commander in New York. 

The Out Ward to furnish fourteen men each night. Montgomerie Ward to 
furnish fifteen men each night. North Ward to furnish fifteen men each night. 
These to meet at the Guard Room near Cuyler's Sugar House. 

West Ward to furnish six men each night. South Ward to furnish four men 
each night. Dock Ward to furnish ten men each night. East Ward to furnish 
sixteen men each night. These to meet at the Guard House in Hanover Scjuare. 

It will be noticed that the foreign troops were more exigent than the regular 
City government had ever been. It is doubtful, however, if they were as well or 
as cheerfully served. The following year (1777), Major-General Robert Pigot 
commanding in the city, issued a supplementary proclamation, as follows : 

Whereas, by a Proclamation issued by Major-General James Robertson, who 
lately commanded in New York, a City Watch was established, and all Persons, 
Inhabitants of said City, were thereby ordered to take their turn in Watching, 
when called on for that purpose: 

And Whereas, the Necessity of Keeping up the said Watch, and a punctual 
attendance thereto, must appear evident to every good Citizen ; and it having 
been represented unto me, that several Persons, Inhabitants of this City, altho' 
duly warned to take their Turn in Watching, have, notwithstanding, either neg- 
lected or refused to give their Attendance : 

I have, therefore, thought fit to issue this Proclamation, hereby requiring all 
Persons, residing in the City of New York, to take a part in a Matter, so neces- 
sary for the Preservation of this City, hereby informing all such Persons as refuse 
or neglect to give their attendance, that they will be judged unworthy Inhabitants, 
and will be ordered to remove accordingly. And I do hereby require the Per- 
sons heretofore appointed to Superintend the said Watch that they make return 
to me of all persons who shall hereafter refuse or neglect to watch when called 
upon for that purpose in order that they may be dealt with accordingly: 

Given under my hand at New York on the twenty-fourth day of February, in 
the seventeenth year of His Maje.sty's reign, 1777. 

R. T. PIGO r." 

It was not easy work to keep the citizens up to watching in the interest of the 
King, and every year brought a fresh proclamation. Major-General Daniel 
Jones, " Commanding His Majesty's Forces on the Island of New York, Long 
Island, Staten Island, and the Posts depending," issued one on May 4, 1778, the 
body of which ran as follows : 

" Whereas, it is thought expedient, in order to give the necessary Assistance 
to the Commandant of the City, that a Superintendent-General of the Police 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 47 

should be appointed; I do hereby appoint Andrew ElHot, Esq., Superintendent- 
General of the Police of the city of New York, and its Dependencies, with 
Powers and Authorities to issue such orders and Regulations from Time to Time 
as may most effectually tend to the Suppression of Vice and I^icenliousness; the 
Support of the Poor; the Direction of the nightly Watch; the Regulation of 
Markets and Ferries; and all other Matters, in which the P^conomy, Peace, and 
good Order of the City of New York and its Environs are concerned. The 
Sui)erintendent-General will be assisted in the Administration of the Police by 
David Mattiiews, Escp, Mayor of this City; and I so hereby enjoin and re(iuire 
all Persons whatever, to pay due obedience to the Superintendent-General, the 
Mayor, and all others acting in authority imdcr them, in the Execution of their 
Duty; and all Military Officers commanding Guards, to assist them when it shall 
be found necessary." 

Mr. Elliot used his powers for very little purpose except the annoyance of 
patriotically inclined persons. The next document in order bears date of June 
18, 1778. It is an order issued by Charles Rooke, an Aide-de-Camp, who opens 
by speaking of the great service which the City Watch "established soon after His 
Majesty's Troops took possession of 
New York," had done in preserving 
the " Safety and good Order of the 
City." "The Cheerfulness and 
Alacrity with which this duty has 
been performed," he says, "does 
Honour to the Inhabitants. The 
General," he says, " recommends a 
steady Perseverance in this essential 
public Service. That it may be the 
less burdensome to the good Citi- 
zens, he shall grant as few exemp- "-"^^ ^"^ '^^y °^ "-^^ Bndeweli. 
tions as possible." He orders that the inferior officers, artificers, and laborers 
employed in the King's service are to take a share in the City Watch when their 
duties will permit of it. 

The following document is worth quoting, as developing the military use of 
the Police: 

TO THE POLICE. 

The Commandant hereby appoints Jeronymus Alstyne and John Armory, 
Directors of the City Watch, under the order of the Police. 

The Police are to order such nightly watch and make such disposition of 
them as the security of the City may retpiire. 

The former regulations of the Commandant are to continue in force and the 
neglects of duty are to be punished according to those regulations, which the 
Police are to see duly executed. 

The fines arising from such neglects are to be paid to Mr. Smith, Treasurer 
of the City Funds, and applied to pay such expenses as this establishment may 
incur. 

By order of Commandant, 

ANDREW ELLIOTT, Superintendent-General. 

DAVID MATTHEWS, Mayor. 

PETER DU BOIS, Magistrate of Police. 

New York, May 21, 1779. 




48 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

But the knell of England's power in America had already rung. Disaster had 
met her forces in the field. The result of the war was easily foreseen. The ener- 
gies of the New York garrison were now directed mainly to persecuting the patriot 
residents, so many thousands of whom died in the extemporized prisons in city 
and harbor. 

The Watchmen were allowed from 1780, one shilling a night additional to 
their pay for services during the months of January, February and March. 

But slight progress was made in the system of policing the city under British 
rule. The chapter of English rule in New York closes here. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



49 



CHAPTER III. 



THE CITY OUTGROWING THE SYSTEM OF WATCHING. 



1783-1830. 



The City divided into Seven Wards. — New York described as "A Strange 
Mosaic of Different Nations." — The Force and the Pay of the Men in- 
creased. — Progress of the Police System very marked. — Establishing a 
Police Office in the City Hall. — Places of Confinement : State Prison, 
Penitentiary, Bridewell and Jail. — The Watch doubled on account of 
the increase of Crime. — Example of "A Good Arrest." — An Act estab- 
lishing Courts of Justices ok the Peace and Assistant Justices. — A Law 
for the better regulating of the City Watch. — Petition for an In- 
crease of Pay. — A perfect Police of extreme importance. — Watchmen 
declared not eligible to act as Firemen. — The Humane Society. — Result 
OF THE Watch Committee's Investigation. — High Constable Hays. — His 

remarkable career. — How HE SUPPRESSED CrIME AND SCOURGED CRIMINALS. 

" I ^ HE third period in the history of New York now opens. The City is a free 



member in a free State. She manages her institutions herself for thf 
benefit of her people, without foreign aid or interference, and, under the changed 
regime, her population, wealth, and ])rosj)erity increase, and her system of gov- 
ernment develops to keep pace with the development of her life in every other 
phase. In that system of government no branch of the public service has had a 
broader or more successful growth than the public policing of the city. It will be 
the province of this and following chapters to describe that growth in detail. 

After the evacuation of the city by the British on November 25, 1783, no 
immediate change was made in the municipal system. The authority of the 
Dongan and Montgomerie Charters was suffered to subsist, the State of New York 
assuming the functions previously reserved to the English Crown or its represen- 
tatives. The city remained divided into seven wards, an Alderman and an 
assistant being chosen from each annually by the people. The Mayor and other 
high officials were appointed by the state government. Half the city was still in 
ruins from the fire of 1776; the other half was dilapidated and impoverished by 
the period of war and hostile occupation. The work of rebuilding was soon 
begun however, and both literally and figuratively, the city speedily rose from its 
ashes. The early mixture of races among the population has already been alluded 
to. This had become so much more marked about the period of independence 
that the people of New York were described as " a strange mosaic of different 
nations." How much more true would the phrase be at this day; l)ut is it not 




5" 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



out of this mingling of blood that much of the energy, thrift, and keenness of the 
people has been derived. 

It is plain, from figures which come down to us in the public records, that no 
time was lost in putting things in order in the city. Arrangements appear to have 
been made with great promptitude for a system of watching, and for lighting the 
streets, for the accounts of the City Treasurer show that drafts were made for this 
purpose from January i, 1784, forward. These expenditures were marked by 
great liberality as compared with those of the Colonial days; but it must be taken 
into account that extensive repairs in lamps, watch-houses, and other appurten- 
ances were necessary, before any effectual service could be obtained. Neverthe- 
less the appropriations were extremely liberal for the period. For the first years 
of independence, the sums expended for watching and lighting were: 



This Watch expenditure, apart from the outlay involved in lighting the streets 
for the year beginning May i, 1786, and ending May i, 1787, placed the cost of 
the Watch, which consisted of a Captain and twenty-eight men, at ^1724 8^., of 
which jP^^o was for wood and candles, and the rest, _5^i674 8j., was for salaries. 
These were computed at the rate of J^-x,2 a week for the entire Watch, and the 
Captain had eight shillings a night or ^2 i6j. a week, while the twenty-eight 
Watchmen had three shillings a night, or \s. per week each. 

Constables' fees were fixed by law in 1789 as follows: For serving a warrant, 
\s. (yd. mileage, for every mile going only, six pence. 

For levying a fine or penalty to the amount of twenty shillings or under, one 
shilling ; and on all sums above twenty shillings, at the rate of one shilling in the 
pound. Taking a defendant in custody or a witness, one shilling; conveying a 
prisoner to jail, one shilling, if within one mile, and for every mile more going 
only, sixpence. 

The committee appointed to regulate the city Watch were ordered to inquire 
into the state of the Watchmen's caps, and report the same to the Board, and 
also whether an additional number of Watchmen (and how many) was necessary 
to fully patrol a part of the outward ward. The Common Council concluded not 
to enforce regulations made by the above committee, looking to the increase of 
the Watch, until the Legislature should have authorized the raising of a sufficient 
sum to defray the extra expense attendant on the augmentation of the City 
Watch. An allowance was made to Constables and Marshals for conveying 
prisoners to Bridewell, and the pay of the former was placed at four shillings per 
night during January, February and March, and three shillings per night for the 
remainder of the year. 

In 1787-8 the misfortunes and sufferings of prisoners confined in the jail 
for debt, attracted the attention of the public. A benevolent society, which had 
interested itself in behalf of the unfortunate prisoners, sent a memorial 



Dec. 31, 1783, to Aug. I, 1785 
Aug. I, 1785, to Oct. I, 1786. 
Oct, I, 1786, to Sept. I, 1787. 



£ s d 
4509 18 10 
.3302 4 10 
3284 19 II 



Total 



-^"097 3 7 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 51 

to both branches of the State Legislature, " in humble confidence that the wis- 
dom of the Legislature will provide a remedy for an evil productive of con- 
secjuences dangerous, and destructive to an alarming degree." According to 
this memorial the poor prisoners suffered great iiardships, besides their loss of 
liberty. It appears as if the atrocities practiced by British jailors had to some 
extent produced a similar disregard of human suffering in the breasts of the 
officials that succeeded them. The prisoners confined in the jail, we learn, 
were " subjected to the danger arising from putrid and contagious disorders, 
occasioned by crowded rooms and corrupted air, and liable to become useless, 
if not pernicious members of society, from the great danger they are in of ac- 
quiring habits of intemperance and debauchery, while attempting to drown 
the recollection of their present misfortunes and distresses by the excessive use 
of spirituous liquors." From the second of January, 1787, to the third of Decem- 
ber, 1788, there had been one thousand one hundred and sixty-two commitments 
to the jail for debt; seven hundred and sixteen of these had been confined 
for sums recoverable before a justice of the peace, and many of these under 
twenty shillings. In December, 1788, there were eighty debtors in jail, forty of 
whom were locked up for sums under twenty pounds. 

The Watch in 1788 consisted of one Captain and thirty men. The former 
was paid eight shillings, and the latter three shillings a night, which amounted to 
^34, 6j. per week, and jQ'i-I^Z, 12s. per year. For supplying the same with wood 
and candles, ^{^50. It was proposed to add fifteen more men, which would raise 
the Watch to forty-five men per night, making an extra expense of ^15, 1$^- per 
week, or ^^819 per year. There was also an additional expense for the winter 
(three months) of ^^202, 10s. making a grand total of ^2855, 2s. Their pay was 
increased in December one shilling per man per night. 

On December 31 of the same year, however, twenty men were added to the 
force, in consequence of the frequent robberies which were taking place in the 
city. This extra protection was not of long continuance; for, on April 7, 1789, 
the Common Council adopted a resolution to discharge all extra men. But a slow 
increase was soon inaugurated. On October 23, two men were added, and the 
number was gradually increased in this way. A new watch-house was built 
in the City Hall at Broad and Wall Streets, where the sub-treasury now stands, 
and there the Watchmen were obliged to parade at seven o'clock on winter 
evenings and eight in summer. Toward the close of 1789, it was ordered that the 
Watchmen be allowed four shillings per night from the first of December to 
first of March ensuing, and the "Assistant Foreman" of the Watch was 
allowed an addition of a shilling a night to his pay above what the rank and file 
received. 

The High Constable, in 1793, was enjoined to direct that two or more of the 
Constables, those of the Harlem Division of the Seventh Ward excepted, on every 
Sunday during the time of Divine service, by turns, should walk through the 
several streets with their staffs and cause this law (a law for the due observance 
of the Lord's Day) to be duly kept and observed; and to that end the said High 
Constable and other Constables were authorized to enter into all or anv public 
inns, victualers or ordinary-keepers; and if any person should be found tippling 



52 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



therein, or that strong liquor was sold therein contrary to law, they should make 
complaint thereof, that the same might be punished. 

Along towards 1796, the progress of the police system became very marked. 
Four more men had been added ; the pay of all was now increased. On 
January 11, 1796, it was determined that until May i of each year, the Cap- 
tains of the Watch should receive eleven shillings a night; the assistants, seven 
shillings; and the privates five shillings and sixpence. By the close of the year, too, 
the new watch-house at the head of Chatham Street was reported complete and 
ready for occupancy. A committee was then appointed to make recommendations 
as to the number of men to be assigned to the new house. This committee made a 
thorough report, recommending that the Captain and one assistant be stationed 
at the main watch-house. Broad and Wall Street; and one assistant at the new 




First Alms House, Chambers Street. Erected 1 795. 

house. The additional number of men to be employed was sixteen. The committee 
counseled that the rounds should be performed by three bands of three men„ 
each relieving each other; and that seven sentries should be posted as follows: 
one at the watch-house door; one at the intersection of Pearl and Chatham 
Streets; two at the ship-yard; one at the "upper box" in the Bower}';*one in 
Division Street; and one " in Mr. Ivers' ropewalk." 

A man could be both a policeman and a politician in those days. We 
learn that in 1796 Alexander Lamb, one of the Captains of the City Watch, 
being about to depart for Albany to attend his duty as a Member of Assembly, it 
was ordered that Nicholas Lawrence, his assistant, take charge of the Watch 
until his chief's return. 

The Watch Department was under the immediate direction of the Corpor- 
ation. It was the duty of the Captains, under the direction of the Watch Com- 



OUR POLICE PROTF.CTORS. 53 

mittee, to fix the rounds of the Walcliiiicn, prescribe their duties, and visit their 
stations. When a Watchman was guilty of misconduct, the Captain of the dis- 
trict might suspend him till the pleasure of the Common Council was known. 
He was obliged to make a return, early in the morning, to the Justices of the 
Police, of the number and names of Watchmen attending the preceding night, 
and the defaulters, if any. 

The estimate for the support of the city in 1800 was as follows : 



Alms House $30,000.00 

Bridewell 5,000.00 

Roads 7,550.00 

Streets 5,000.00 

Support of prisoners 3,000.00 

Contingencies , . . . . 29,450.00 

Watch 25,000.00 

Lamps 15,000.00 

Wells and jiumps 2,500.00 

City contingencies 7,500.00 

Total $130,000.00 

An estimate of the expenses of the city for the year 1801 contained the 
following : 

Watch, consisting of two Captains, two Deputies, and seventy-two men, 

52 weeks, at $368.50 per week $19,162.00 

Extra Watch : . 2,000 . 00 

Total $21,162 .00 



There were four places of confinement in New York City : three for felons 
and one for debtors. These were: i, the State Prison; 2, Penitentiary; 
3, Bridewell; 4, Jail. The State Prison, a south-east view of which is 
given in the accompanying cut, was "situated at Greenwich, about a mile 
and a half from the City Hall, and occupying one of the most healthy and 
pleasant spots on the banks of the Hudson." It was a strongly built struc- 
ture, of the Doric order, and was constructed of free stone, the windows being 
grated with iron for security. It was two stories high, of fifteen feet each, be- 
sides the basement, and had a slated roof. Rising from the centre there was a 
neat cupola, in which a bell was hung. The centre of the principal front, towards 
Washington Street, was projected and surmounted by a pediment, as was also 
the west front. The whole front measured two hundred and four feet in 
length, and there were four wings, which extended backwards towards the river. 
The building and yards covered four acres, and the whole was inclosed by a 
stone wall twenty-three feet high on the river side, and fourteen feet in the 
front. 

No convict whose sentence was below three years imprisonment was admitted 
into this prison. 

In the beginning of the year 1796, a bill, " P'or making alterations in the 
criminal laws of the State and the erecting of a State Prison," was introduced 



54 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



into the Senate by General Philip Schuyler, of Revolutionary memor^', and be- 
came a law on the twenty-sixth of March of the same year. By this law two 
State Prisons were directed to be built — one at New York and the other at 
Albany. The plan of the prison at Albany was afterward relinquished, and 
the whole of the money appropriated for both prisons was directed to be ap- 
plied to the one in this city. It was begun in the summer of 1796, and so far 
finished that the first prisoners were received into it in the summer of 1797. 
The original cost of the grounds, buildings, and wharf, was two hundred and 
eight thousand, eight hundred and forty-six dollars. It was in later years used 
as a brewery — thus retaining its traditions. 

On March 2, 1798, an act was passed establishing a police office in this city, 
the location to be selected by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty. The 
object was to facilitate the apprehension of criminals. The Chancellor, Mayor, 
Judges of the Supreme Court, Recorder and Aldermen were to act in the office 
as conservators of the peace. Two Justices of the Peace, at a salary of $750, were 
appointed, one at least to be in attendance daily at the police office. This office 
was located in the City Hall. A tax levy of $3,000 was also authorized for 
employing night watchmen and lamplighters for one year, the Mayor and Com- 
monalty to determine the number of men required. On March 20th of the suc- 
ceeding year, the Mayor, etc., were authorized to raise by tax a sum not to exceed 
$32,000, for purchasing oil, paying Watchmen, cleaning wells, etc. A similar law 
was passed for several successive years. 

There was no material change, then, until September of this year, when the 
Common Council resolved to double the Watch on account of the increase in 
crime. In May, 1799, Mr. Culbertson, who had been the Captain from the time 
of the evacuation, died, and Mr. Van Wart was appointed in his place. In 1801, 
a second Captain was appointed, the number of men being then seventy-two. 

The duties of the police were discharged by three Justices, appointed 
for the purpose by the Council of Appointment, and removable at pleasure. 
The Chancellor, Justices of the Supreme Court, and Members of the Common 
Council, as conservators of the peace, might attend and assist the Police Jus- 
tices. A court was held every day, except Sunday; at which one, at least, of 
the Justices, and the Police Clerk, were in constant attendance at sunrise every 
morning to take cognizance of offences committed against the good order and 
peace of the city. 

An act regulating the fees of the several Officers and Ministers of Justice 
within this State, passed April 8, 1801, regulated Constables' fees as follows: 

For serving a warrant nineteen cents; serving a summons, twelve and a half 
cents; mileage, for every mile going only, six cents; levying a fine or penalty to the 
amount of two dollars and fifty cents or under, twelve and a half cents; and all 
sums above two dollars and fifty cents at the rate of twelve and a half cents on 
every two dollars and fifty cents. Taking a defendant in custody or a mittimus, 
twelve and a half cents; conveying a person to gaol, twelve and a half cents, if 
within one mile; and for every mile more going only, six cents. 

In 1802 six new "Captains or Commanders of the City Watch " were ap- 
pointed. Their duties were to direct the Watchmen, and visit the different 



OUR POLICE PROTF.CTORS. 55 

stations, each in his district, once a night. The number of Watchmen was now 
one hundred and twenty, and the system just at this time cost an average of about 
$25,000 a year. No person could l)e employed upon the Watch who was not a 
citi/en of the United States. The Captains had to report daily to the Police 
Justice the names of all the men who had been on duty the night before, and they 
had, besides, to keep registers containing similar information. It was defined as 
the duty of every Watchman to continue sober, orderly, and vigilant, and in every 
respect to obey the commands of the Captain of his district — rules of conduct 
not unworthy the respect of the Watchmen of the present time. The old law 
goes on thus: 

"If any watchman shall sleep while on his station, or committ any Act of 
violence except such as may be strictly necessary in the execution of his duty, or 
disobey such orders as shall from time to time be given him, it shall be the duty 




Old State Prison. 



of the several Captains or Commandants without delay to report the name of 
such offenders together with his offense to the Mayor, or, in his absence, to the 
Recorder, who are hereby authorized and directed immediately to supersede such 
offender, and to appoint some proper person in his stead." The sti])end of the 
guardians of the peace was again increased at this time, each W'atchman being 
allowed five shillings and six pence for every night's serv ice, the Captains receiv- 
ing eleven shillings. 

In August of this year the city was divided into three ])olice districts, as 
follows: 

First District. — To begin at the ferry stairs at the lower end of Cortland 
Street, thence to Broadway, thence to Chatham, to the Brick meeting, down 
Beekman to Pearl, to the head of Peck Slip, to East River. 

Second District. — To begin at the east side of Peck Slii), to run up East River 
to Bullock Street, to Bowery Lane, thence through William Street to Broadway, 
down to the Arch Bridge to the place of intended canal; up the line of the 



56 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



canal to head of same; to Cross Street, to Tryon Row, to Chatham Street, to the 
Brick meeting, thence down the line of the First District to the place of beginning. 

Third District. — To begin at the place of beginning of the First, to continue 
by the line of the same to the Brick meeting, to the line of the Second District, to 
William Street, thence in a direct line to the outlet of the meadow of Anthony 
Lispenard, into the North River; thence down said river to the first place of 
beginning. 

The Committee reported that the most proper place for the erection of a 
watch-house for the Third District " appears to be on a certain gore of ground 
owned by this Board at the intersection of Hudson, Barley and Duane Streets, 
sufficient for the same and probably of small value for any other particular 
purpose." 

In view of the fact that the Second and Third Districts covered so large a 
space of ground, the Watch was ordered to patrol in lieu of having regular stands, 
except the Jail and Bridewell, and such other places as the Mayor for the time 
being should especially point out. 

In 1803, an ordinance was passed formally designating the Commandants 
" Captains of the Night Watch." The number of privates was again increased to 
one hundred and forty. This was the year when the foundation of the present 
City Hall was laid. It was a year of activity, and brought forth, among other 
things, a new set of regulations for the Watch. The city was divided into three 
districts, fifty men being assigned to the first; fifty-four to the second; and 
thirty-six to the third. Two Captains were appointed to each district, and they 
were ordered to fix the stations or rounds for the men, whom they had power to 
suspend for misconduct, pending the final action of the Common Council, which 
alone, it would appear, had power to discharge a Watchman. The Captains 
were required to give personal attendance to their districts every second night ; 
and were liable to immediate removal from office in case of any neglect 
of dut\-. Every Captain had to keep a roll of men who performed duty 
each night, and of absentees, and to furnish a transcript of the entries every 
morning to the Magistrates. Watchmen, even though assigned to particular 
stations, were required to give assistance at any point where disorder might 
break out. Intoxication or other faults on their part was to be forthwith 
reported by the Captains to the Mayor, or Recorder ; and vacancies in their ranks 
by death or otherwise were to be similarly announced. Every Captain, as well as 
every Watchman, was placed under the orders of the Mayor, Recorder, or any of the 
Aldermen ; and all officers were expressly cautioned to detain prisoners until dis- 
charged by proper magistrates. The pay of these guardians of the peace will 
strike the M orld of to-day as ridiculously small ; but it must be rememl)ered that 
at this early period, the purchasing power of money was much greater than now, 
one dollar then being at least as good as two at the present time. The Captains 
pay was set by the ordinance, which we have just been quoting, at $1.50 for every 
night's actual service, and each of the other AV'atchmen at 70 cents. 

The following persons were appointed Captains of the Night- Watch : Nicho- 
las Lawrence and William Van Zandt, First District ; Magnus Beekman, Nathan 
H. Rockwell, Second District ; Jacob Hays, Charles Van Orden, Third District. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



57 



No better illustration could be afforded of the pinching official economy 
practised in those days than the recorded fact that " the comptroller was directed 
in 1803 to let out the upi)er part of the Watch-House in the First District." 

The High Constable, under the Dongan charter (1686), and under the 
Montgomerie charter (1730), was appointed by the Mayor yearly on the feast of 
St. Michael, September 29. The time of appointment was changed by an act 
l)assed April 5, 1804, to the third Tuesday of November. According to the 
former charter seven Constables were to be elected and chosen annually, viz. : 
one for each of the first wards respectively, and two for the out ward. The num- 
ber was increased to sixteen under the latter charter, two of whom were to be 
elected annually, for each of the first si.\ wards respectively, and four for the out 
ward. Should an elected Constable refuse to serve, he was liable to be fined 5, 
and another was elected in his place. It was his dut\- to attend upon the Mavor, 
Recorder, and on any of the Aldermen, to execute their commands ; to aid and 
obey the Inspectors at the election for charter offices. The number of Marshals 
was again increased to eighteen by the act of 1801. These were elected by ballot 
(two from each ward) on the third Tuesday and Wednesdav in No\emI)er, and 
were sworn into office on the first Monday in December. It was a part of their 
duty to attend fires, with their badges of authority. The })ower of appointment 
and displacing Watchmen, Bellmen, etc., was conferred on the Common Council 
by the Montgomerie charter. This charter also assigned the Mayor, Deputy 
Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, by virtue of their offices, to be Justices. The 
act of 1 80 1 provided for the appointment of two Special Justices, as often as 
should be deemed necessary for the preservation of the peace. One of these 
Special Justices and his clerk, throughout the day attended at the police office for 
the execution of business. Each Special Justice was allowed a salary of $750 
per annum, " together with such fees as are by law allowed to Justices of the 
Peace." The Justices examined persons detained by the Night-Watch and made 
such order on each case as justice might require. They superintended and 
directed the discharge of the Night-Watch every morning upon the conclusion of 
the services of the night. These Special Justices were invested with the powers 
of Aldermen in certain cases. 

The Montgomerie charter made the number of Aldermen six. The Dongan 
charter increased the number to seven, and in 1803, by act, the number was 
increased to nine. They were, under the charters named, chosen annually, one for 
each ward by the electors of each ward, on the feast of St. Michael. By the Act 
of 1804 they were elected by ballot, on the third Tuesday and Wednesday of 
November. The Aldermen were invested with magisterial powers ; any one of 
them might commit to the common jail persons guilty or suspected of crimes 
and misdemeanors ; to the bridewell or workhouse, rogues, vagabonds and sus- 
picious persons. According to the Dongan charter, the Mayor and Recorder, 
"with three or more Aldermen," were assigned Justices of the Peace, to hear and 
determine all causes within the city. Like powers were conferred upon them by 
the Montgomerie charter. 

Marshals and Constables were ordered in 1805 to go about the city during 
the warm season, and ajjprehend and bring before the Magistrates all vagrants, 
that they might "be dealt with according to law. 



58 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



By resolution of the Board, it became the duty of the Aldermen and assist- 
ants of each ward, at least once in every week, at such hour as they should deem 
proper, to visit the watch-houses, and, if possible, the several watch-posts, and 
inspect into the conduct of the Captains, Assistants, and Watchmen, and report 
weekly to the Common Council. The Watch Committee were also required to 
notify the Aldermen and Assistants in rotation, who were detailed for such duty, 
beginning at the First Ward. 

The year 1805 gives us an early example of a " good arrest." It was rewarded 
by the Common Council, though not with surprising liberality. On July 8 the 
Watch Committee recommended the appropriation of $23 to reward the Mar- 
shals and Watchmen, who apprehended Francisco, a Portuguese, charged with mur- 
der. The allowance was made, being divided as follows : $5 to Richard Nixon, 
and $2 each to N. Hill, J. Lockwood, J. Williams, Stephen Hall, Robert Furlong, 

Banta, P. Paulding, Thomas Darling, and Thomas Freeburn. Francisco was 

afterwards committed and executed. 

In .1806 the Legislaure fixed the Constable's bond at $500, and the bond of 
the Justices' Clerks at $2,500. The Board of Health was authorized to raise 
$25,000 by lottery, the money to be applied to the erection of buildings for the 
accommodation of persons suffering from malignant diseases, and twelve men 
were added to the Watch. The men returned to the charge respecting their pay. 
Their petition was referred to the Watch Committee. The Common Council 
resolved that no person should thereafter be appointed Watchman until he 
had been inspected and approved by the Watch Committee. This Com- 
mittee was authorized to station a guard before any church during the hours 
of worship on the request of the congregation. The removal of the Watch- 
men's boxes was ordered, as being obnoxious during summer, and a preamble 
was adopted setting forth that several Watchmen in the Third District were 
reported by Captain Goodheart to be also firemen, and when fire broke out left 
their regular posts to aid in extinguishing it. This was followed by a resolution 
that no fireman should be a Watchman of the city. The City Superintendent of 
Repairs was instructed to furnish painted and numbered staves to Constables and 
Marshals. 

An act for establishing Courts of Justices of the Peace and Assistant Justices, 
in and for the City and County of New York (April 6, 1807), empowered the Gov- 
ernor of the State, by and with the advice and consent of the council of ap- 
pointment, to appoint and commission "one proper person" in and for each of 
the respective wards of the city, to be known and distinguished by the name of 
Assistant Justices of the City of New York. 

In like manner a Justices' Court was appointed, consisting of three Justices, 
who held court in the City Hall. 

Constables and Marshals attending the former courts were entitled to the fol- 
lo^ving fees : 

Cents. 

For serving every Summons . . • • 19 

For serving every Warrant 25 

For returning a Summons or Warrant 6 

For .taking the defendant into custody on a mittimus, commitment or execution, 12 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



For serving an execution for $2.50 or under 25 

And for every $2.50 and more, at the additional rate of 6 

For traveling, if above one mile, for every mile, going only 12^ 

For summoning a Jury 37 i 

For going with the plaintiff or defendent to procure security 25 

For notifying jjlaintiff for trial 12 

'J'he following fees were allowed to the Constables and Marshals assigned to 
the latter court : 

Cents. 

For serving every Summons 19 

For serving every Warrant 37 i 

For taking a Bail Bond 25 

For returning a Summons or Warrant 6 

For summoning a Jury 50 

For taking the defendant into custody i2i 

For conveying a person to jail i2i 

For serving an execution 25 

For traveling, if above one mile, going only i2i 

For procuring security, with plaintiff or defendant 25 

For notifying defendant to give security i2i 

For notifying plaintiff for trial i2i 

For serving a subpoena on each witness i2i 



On January 4, 1808, the Common Council passed a law for the better regu- 
lation of the City Watch. Six persons were appointed (citizens and householders) 
who were denominated Captains of the Night-Watch, and placed in command of 
the other Watchmen. In like manner, six Assistant Captains were appointed, to 
take charge of the Watch and do other duties during the night when the Captain 
was absent from the watch-house upon his necessary duties. Such assistant, in 
addition to his pay as Watchman was entitled to receive the sum of eighteen cents 
for every night he was so employed. Other Watchmen were likewise appointed, 
and placed under the command and directions of the Captains of the Night-Watch ; 
and twelve other persons were added to each of the companies of the Watch, 
and were denominated substitutes. They possessed the same power and were 
subject to the same regulations, and, when employed, were entitled to the same 
pay as the regulars. 

It was the duty of the Captains to fix the stations or rounds of the Watch- 
men within their respective districts ; to prescribe the duties of the Watchmen, 
and to see that such duties were faithfully executed ; to visit each of the fixed 
stations of the Watchmen under his command at least once every night. 

Each Captain was entitled to receive $1.50 for ever)' night's actual service, 
and each of the other Watchmen, 75 cents. 

Each Captain and every other Watchman should obey all orders given by the 
Mayor, Recorder or either of the Aldermen, and also of the Justices of the Police, 
on pain of removal from office. 

The above ordinance was followed by the appointment of forty-eight Watch- 
men. 

The City Hall Park at this period was a piece of enclosed ground consisting of 
about four acres, planted with elms, palms, willows, and catalpas, the surrounding 
foot-walks being encompassed with rows of poplars. '* This beautiful grove," in the 



6o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



language of a writer, of the period, " in the middle of the city, corabines in a 
high degree ornament with health and pleasure; and to enhance the enjoyment 
of the place, the English and French Reading-room, the Shakespeare Gallery, and 
the theatre, offer ready amusement to the mind ; while the Mechanic's Hall, the 
London Hotel, and the New York Gardens present instant refreshment to the 
body. Though the trees are but young, and of few years' growth, the Park may 
be pronounced an elegant and improving place." The City Hall Park apparently 
has not improved with age. It would hardly be in accordance with the facts to 
describe it now as "an elegant and improving place." 

By act of the legislature, passed April 8, 1808, any person convicted of petit 
larceny before any court of general sessions of the peace, should be punished by 
fine, not exceeding $200, or imprisoned in the county jail or prison any term of 
time not exceeding three years, or by whipping not exceeding thirty-nine lashes 




School House. Engine House. Bridewell. City Hall. 

The Park in 1808. 



for one offence. This law made it the dutv of any of the courts of general ses- 
sions of the peace, where any corporal punishment should be directed to be 
inflicted, as aforesaid, to direct any Constable or Constables attending such court 
to inflict said punishment, which direction such Constable or Constables were 
recpiired to obey. 

In 1810 it was ordered that Watchmen should be stationed nightly at the 
Potter's Field. This is a significant order. It may easily be inferred that the 
young doctors of those days found the same difficulty as those of to-day in obtain- 
ing a sufficient supply of dissecting material. But now the salary question comes 
up again, and now at last something practical is done. On February 26, 
several petitions were received from citizens, asking an increase of pay for the 
Watchmen. The city fathers took almost a year to think it over ; but on March 
25, 181 1, the Police Committee reported the draft of a memorial to the legisla- 
ture, and a bill to be enacted, which were approved, and ordered to be engrossed 
and presented by the Mayor to the legislature. The following is a copy of the 
memorial : 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 6i 
To THF, HoNORAiii.i:, THK Lkc.isi.ati-rk of New York, int Senate and Assembly 

ASSKMHI.Kl) : 

The Memorial of the Mayor, Aldcrnu-ii, .iiul C 'ominoiialtv of the Citv of 
New York respectfully shewith : 

That a perfect Police, is in the opinion of your memorialists, of extreme 
importance in every city, and particularly in one daily and rapidly increasing like 
the City of New York. In perfecting such a police, the activity of the inferior 
officers and agents of the police magistrates is every way important and compe- 
tent. Rewards are conse(iuently necessary to stimulate such activity. At present 
there are constables and marshals in the service of the city police, whose com- 
pensation arises from very trivial fees which are allowed them by law, and which 
are the same in all cases, whether such cases are important or unimportant. It 
is very apparent to your memorialists that in cases of difficulty and importance, 
the established fees of office can hold out very little inducement for increased 
exertion, and that, therefore, capital criminals may, through the want of competent 
remuneration to these inferior officers of justice, baffle pursuit and escape the 
penalties of the law. 

Your memorialists are therefore anxious that some remedy be applied to this 
gross defect, and they beg leave to suggest the following : 

Since the first establishment of a police office in the City of New York, large 
(juantities of property of various kinds, and considerable value, seized under sus- 
picion of being stolen, have devolved to the office by remaining unclaimed liy any 
owner, and from the proceeds of the sale of such ])roperty, the expenses of the 
office have been annually paid, and a large surplus left in the hands of the magis- 
trates, unappropriated. The proceeds of this unclaimed property, with occasional 
assistance from the public revenue of the State, will form a sufficient fund more 
effectually to encourage the vigilance and activity of the several branches of a 
police, confessedly of great benefit to the whole State of New York. 

Your Memorialists therefore pray that provision be made by law for the 
disposal of the property so remaining in the said office unclaimed, at the expira- 
tion of every six months, and that the proceeds thereof may be paid into the 
Treasury, and an established salary, in addition to the existing fees, mav be allowed 
out of the public Treasury to such Constables and Marshals as the Police Magis- 
trates may select, on account of their vigilance and fidelity, to attend at the said 
office, and execute their commands." 

This was a step in advance ; yet, it will be seen, it leaves the poor Watch- 
man unprovided for. It is not likely that the police of to-day would be content 
to rely on the leavings of the Property Clerk's office for their pay ; neither are the 
owners of stolen goods, as a rule, so accommodating as to leave their property 
to benefit the public finances. 

The legislature (April 9, 181 1,) passed an act embodying the main features 
contained in the memorial of the corporation, as aforesaid. This act provided for 
the appointment of one Special Justice, and directed that all Special Justices 
should be, ex-officio, Judges of the Court of General Sessions. It empowered the 
Mayor, from time to time, to select as many Marshals and Constables as he should 
deem necessary to perform police duty, who were to report daily at the police of- 
fice and execute the orders of the Justices. For these services Constables were 
allowed extra compensation in the discretion of the Justices and approval of the 
Mayor. The Special Justices were also given control of the Watchmen, insofar 
as their orders related to the detection of criminals. The appointment of Mar- 
shals was limited to sixty. The act also provided that two Aldermen should at- 
tend the court of General Sessions and act as Justices, and that another Special 



62 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Justice should be appointed. The Mayor was empowered to select the Constables 
and Marshals, who were to attend the court as policemen. Unclaimed ])roperty 
was directed to be sold, the proceeds to be paid to policemen for extraordinary 
services. 

The Special Justices received from the Common Council the use of the 
watch-room and adjoining room of the New City Hall for the performance of 
their duties. 

It was again re-enacted in this year that Watchmen were not eligil)le to ac- 
cept the office of firemen, and new staves were ordered for the use of the Consta- 
bles. 




City Hall. 



Constables, before taking office, were obliged to give a bond with two sureties, 
by whii.li such Constables agreed to pay to any person the amount he might become 
liable for on account of any execution he might collect. The amount of the 
bond is not stated, but tlie bond should be approved by the Supervisors, and 
jjlaced in the custody of the Town Clerk. Police Justices were required to ac- 
count semi-annually (January and July) to the Mayor, as to what stolen goods 
remained unclaimed in the police office, and to advertise the same in one daily 
newspaper. Constables and Bailiffs were ordered to arrest all persons who dis- 
turbed religious worship on the Sabbath, or who, on the same day, exhibited any 
show, promoted or aided in horse-racing, or who sold any liquor within one mile 
of the place of meeting, under a penalty of twenty-five dollars. Suits against a 
Constable were to be brought within two years after his term of office, for failure 
to properly perform his duty. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 63 

ji 

The foundation stone of the City Hall was laid on September 26th, 1803, 
during the mayoralty of Edward Livingstone. It was finished in 181 2, at an ex- 
pense of half a million dollars. 

The building is of a scjuare form, two stories in height, besides a basement 
story. It has a wing at each end, projecting from the front, and in the centre 
the roof is elevated to form an attic story. The whole length of the building is 
two hundred and si.xteen feet, the breadth one hundred and five feet, and the height 
fifty-one feet. Including the attic story, it is si.\ty-five feet in height. The front 
and both ends, above the basement story, are built of native white marble, from 
Stockbridge, Massachusetts; and the rest of the building is constructed of brown 
freestone. The roof is covered with copper, and there is a balustrade of marble 
entirely around the top. Rising from the middle of the roof is a cupola, on 
which is placed a colossal figure of Justice, holding in her right hand, which rests 
on her forehead, a balance; and in her left, a sword pointing to the ground. The 
first story, including the portico, is of the Ionic, the second of the Corinthian, 
the attic of the Fancy, and the cupola of the Composite order. The first design 
was that the whole should be built of marble, but marble was high, the city 
fathers were economical, and it was desirable to make a saving. On that ac- 
count, and it being maintained that the population would never, to any extent, 
settle above Chambers Street, and therefore, as the rear of the hall would not 
come into public view, it was concluded to build this portion of the edifice with 
red freestone. This accounts for the difference between the front and rear. 
What a commentary on the phenomenal growth of the cit}-. 

The committee to whom was referred the compensation to be allowed to the 
officers attending the police offices, on February 3, 181 2, reported that they had 
examined the accounts of the officers, and were satisfied that these were accurate 
both as to the time given the i)ublic service, and the expenses incurred. The re- 
port goes on thus : 

"With respect to the amount of compensation to be given to them, consider- 
ing the difficulty and personal danger frecjuently attending a discharge of their 
duty, as well as the importance of it to the public, your committee respectfully 
recommend that the several Constables and Marshals assigned to attend the 
Police Office (in the watch-room in the new City Hall), be allowed the sum of $2 
for every twelve hours they shall be employed in that dut\- on special occasions, 
and by direction of any one of the Special Justices in the day time, and the ad- 
ditional sum of Si for every twelve hours they shall be employed in the night 
time, and in that i)roportion for any longer or shorter time ; and that the accounts 
be jjresented hereafter in the name of the High Constable, and certified to by the 
Special Justices." 

On April 6, 181 2, an ordinance of the Common Council increased the 
number of Captains and Assistant Captains, respectively, to eight. The latter 
were to receive, in addition to their pay as Watchmen, fifty cents for ever}' night 
they were so employed. Twelve substitutes were appointed and added to each 
of the companies of the Watch, who were entitled to a like pay as the regular 
Watchmen, whenever so employed. 

The city was divided into four police districts. 

Each Captain was entitled to receive one dollar and eighty-seven and a 
half cents for every night's actual service, and each of the other Watchmen 
received eighty-seven and a half cents. 



64 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



An ordinance was adopted on August 3, providing for the appointment of 
a Standing Committee of Police, to consist of three members of the Common 
Council, and vested with all the usual powers for the promotion of police 
efficiency, the committee being authorized to act in concert with the magistrates 
of the city to that end. 

Next comes a clause ordering " that a company not exceeding one hundred 
active citizens should be organized in each ward, under the direction of the Com- 
mittee of Police and Magistrates, as an extraordinary City Watch, to be armed 
with watch clubs, and to have an object placed in their hats when on duty, written 
' City Watch.' " This body was to have a Captain and assistant, and, on an 
alarm being given, it was to assemble at the City Hall to execute the behests of 
the Mayor and Magistrates. A third section of the same ordinance placed $500 
at the disposal of the Magistrates, to be used as might appear best toward the 
suppression of crime. 

The Grand Jury took a hand in police affairs, making a presentment to the 
effect that a Watchman should be stationed at each church, and should have 
ready access to the bell, so that he might be able to give an immediate alarm in 
case of fire. The Grand Jurors also thought the Watchmen, in crying fire, should 
be directed to name the place where the flames were raging. This presentment 
was referred by the Common Council to the Watch Committee. 

The Captains of the Watch were charged with superintending the trimming 
and care of the lamps in their districts, " the people employed by the corpora- 
tion having been guilty of neglect and impositions." A month later, however, 
the Lamp Committee expressed disapproval of the Watchmen lighting the lamps, 
but were in favor of their extinguishing them at a certain hour. Incidents like 
these are eminently indicative of the state of the city during the period treated of. 
The reader may find unfailing food for reflection by comparing the electric fire 
alarm system and the electric lighting of to-day with the church bell ringing and 
oil lamp trimming that prevailed in the life of his grandfather. 

By the act of ninth of April, 181 3, the city was divided into ten wards: the 
electors of each ward to choose one Alderman, one Assistant Alderman,two Assess- 
ors, one Collector, and two Constables. The Mayor, Recorder, and not less than 
five Aldermen, and five Assistant Aldermen to be a quorum of the Common Council. 
The Mayor, Recorder,and Aldermen had the power of Police Judges,empowered to 
act as conservators of the peace. Under this law, a police office was established 
and the Police Judges (otherwise called Special Justices), were authorized to exer- 
cise certain j)owers, which belonged to Aldermen when out of sessions. 

Furthermore, it should be lawful for the Chancellor, ever}' of the Judges of 
the Supreme Court, the Mayor, Recorder, and every of the Aldermen, whenever 
they should deem the occasion to require it, to be in the said office, " and then 
and there to do every act which they shall deem requisite to be done by them as 
conservators of the peace." This act provided also for the appointment of three 
Special Justices, " as often as it sliall be deemed necessary," for preserving the 
peace in the city of New York, and likewise a clerk of the police office. The 
salary of each Special Justice was fixed by law at the rate of $750 per annum, 
together with certain fees named in the statute. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



65 



The Mayor of the city, from time to time, was authorized to select as many 
Constables and Marshals as he might deem requisite for police officers, whose 
duty it should be to attend daily at the police office and execute the orders and 
commands of the Justices. The proceeds of sales of unclaimed property were 
applied to compensate the said police officers for extraordinary services, and to 
promote the detection and apprehension of offenders. It was the duty of the 
Watchmen to obey such orders and directions as they should from time to time 
receive from the Special Justices relative to the detection and apprehension of 
offenders. It was the duty of the Justices, or one of them, to examine all persons 
apprehended and detained in custody liy the Night-Watches, and to make such 
order thereon as the circumstances of each case and justice should require, and 
likewise to superintend and direct the discharge of the Watch every morning 
upon the conclusion of the ser\'ice of the night. The act limited the number of 
Marshals to sixty. 

One of the earliest statutes of the General Assembly in 1683 was for the re- 
lief of the poor. In 1699 a law was passed for the relief of the jjoor at their 
homes; and about 17 14 the first alms house was built, on the present site of the 
City Hall. In 1795 a lottery of ^10,000 was granted for a new alms house, and 
the large brick Iniilding on the Park near Chambers Street was erected. This 
building was destroyed by fire in 1854. In 181 1, a tract on the East River, at 
the foot of Twenty-sixth Street, was bought; and the first stone was laid August 
I, 181 1. The main building at Bellevue Hospital was opened April 22, 1816, as a 
hospital, penitentiary, and alms house, at a cost of $421,109. 

The buildings occupied by the alms house stood at Bellevue, on the banks 
of the East River. The principal building fronted the river. It was a plain 
stone structure, three stories high, with slated roof. The first stone of the alms 
house was laid August i, i8n, and it was opened in the beginning of the year 
1816. The inappropriateness of the location of the alms house at Chambers 
Street soon became manifest, and in 18 10 the site at Bellevue, containing 
between six and seven acres, was purchased and buildings commenced, which 
were finished and occupied in 18 12. The city authorities then agreed to de- 
vote the old building toward encouraging several enterprises of a public character 
then recently started, and accordingly appropriated its rooms for their occupancy, 
and adopted for it the name of the New York Institution. 

A committee of the Common Council which was appointed to consider the 
subject, reported on February 12, 1816, that "an entire new modification" of the 
Justices' Courts was desirable. This committee recommended that the city be 
divided into five districts, of which the Ninth Ward was specified as one. Four 
Justices were to be appointed by the Council of Appointment — a body many of 
the functions of which are now vested in the Governor of the State — for the first 
four districts ; the Corporation was to appoint two for the Fifth District or 
Ninth Ward. All these Justices were to hold court at such times and ])laces as 
the Corporation might direct, and they were to make a return of all their fees, 
paying the amount of them monthly to the Chamberlain. Fuel, candles and sta- 
tionery were to be supplied by the city. It was further proposed to extend the 
jurisdiction of the Justices to cases in which $50 or under was involved, the 



66 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



jurisdiction being concurrent with that of the Mayor's Court over $25, and the 
defendant having the option of removing the case to the latter tribunal on giving 
security. Another suggestion, which shows growth in liberality, forbids that any 
man who actually supported a family should be imprisoned for a debt less than 
$25 ; and finally it was proposed that the Justices should have power to grant 
new trials, and, except in the Ninth Ward, should be salaried officers, paid by the 
city. All tliese suggestions were approved by the Common Council, which 
instructed the Corporation Counsel to prepare a corresponding memorial and 
bill for presentation to the legislature. This was done, and an act founded on 
the outline here given was adopted. In 181 7 the salary of Police Justices 
was set at $750 per annum. The Clerks of the police courts about the same 
time made a successful effort to have themselves, in common with Constables 
and Marshals, exempted from militia duty. 




Alms House, Bellevue. 



The Humane Society (1817), it is to be presumed, from their j)rinted 
" directions to prevent the fatal effects of drinking cold water," had 'but 
slight sympathy with the principles of St. John. The remedy for 
which, as i)rescril)ed by this excellently humane society, was " spirits 
and water," or, in other words, " grog." " With the view of carrying 
into effect the foregoing directions," it is stated " the Society have appointed 
six i)hysicians, * * * whose province it is to take charge of such j)er- 
sons as are contemplated in this provision, and on whom our citizens are re- 
([uestcd to call when accidents of this nature may occur." Verily, that was a 
humane, not to say a philanthropic society. 

The Police Committee was ordered in 181 7 to report upon the propriety of 
allowing further compensation to peace officers for the arrest of felons. The re- 
port was made on November 17, and four propositions which it contained were 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



67 



agreed to. These were : First, that the Police Committee be authorized to pay 
officers for extraordinary services in arresting criminals, such sums, not exceeding 
$100 in any one case, as they might deem just ; Second, that sixty-two cents be 
allowed to every officer who should arrest on process, a prisoner who should be com- 
mitted and afterwards released or convicted; Third, that every Watchman who at- 
tended court on subpoena as required by the District Attorney, in consequence of 
his being a Watchman, should be allowed $2 for each case of felony in which he so 
attended ; and Fourth, that Marshals, when not attached to a court, and Consta- 
bles should be allowed %\ for every attendance on subpoena. 

Constables and Marshals when summoned, were obliged (Act March 5, 1819) 
to attend the sittings of the courts of Common Pleas, Oyer and Terminer, Cien- 
eral Sessions and the jail delivery, for which services they were each paid $1.50 per 
day. Constables were forbidden (Act April 7, 1820) to buy or become interested in 
any bill or promissory note, debt, etc., nor lend any money on any debt for the 
purpose of getting it in his hands for collection, under penalty of fine, imprison- 
ment and forfeiture of office. Upon warrant for the non-payment of rent. Con- 
stables and Marshals were empowered to remove defaulting tenants (Act April 
13, 1820). A subsequent act provided that Constables should receive reason- 
ble compensation for services performed, and for which no sijecified compensa- 
tion had been allowed by law. 

By an act of ninth February, 1 788, justices of the peace were authorized to com- 
mit, for sixty days, any vagrant, disorderly person, etc., on their own views, with- 
out a trial by jury. By an act of March 3, 1820, the term of commitment was 
extended to six months. Thus the jjolice justices had the power of taking up and 
imprisoning any individual at their discretion, without the form of trial by jury, 
although this provision was in direct collision with the Constitution of the United 
States, which declares that " the trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, shall be by jury." The police at thi^- time, it is alleged, with regard to 
crimes, were rather remarkable for success in detecting, than for vigilance in pre- 
venting them. The police of the city were not, it would appear, over-efficient or 
zealous. 

By act of the legislature of this year, the Mayor, Recorder, five .Mdermen 
and five Assistants, were deemed necessary to form a ipiorum for the transact- 
ing of any business. In the same act it w,is provided that the salary of the 
Mayor might be seven thousand dollars jier annum, l)ut could not be less than 
five thousand dollars, and after being fixed, it could not be lessened during the 
holding of the then incumbent. Formerly the salary arose chiefly from per- 
quisites of office. 

The Mayor's Court was held in the City Hall. The Mayor, Recorder, 
and .\ldermen constituted this court, though the Mayor and Recorder might 
meet without the Aldermen. The court held its sittings on the third Monday 
of every month. The charter of this court is dated April 22, 1686. As a Court 
of Justice the Mayor's Court stood very high in public estimation. 

Then there were the District Court of the United States; the Circuit Court 
of the United States; the Surrogate's Office; the Marine or Justices' Court — 
this court consisted of three Judges or Justices, who were appointed by the 



68 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Council of State, two of which should always preside. They met every law- 
ful day at ten o'clock, and were empowered to try actions for debt to the 
amount of one hundred dollars; to determine as to seamen's wages to any 
amount, and in actions of assault, battery and false imprisonment among sea- 
men and passengers. It was distinct from all other courts of justices; had no 
power to hold sessions of the peace but as to keeping the peace it had the same 
power as other magistrates. 

Besides the Marine Court, there was a Justices' Court held in every ward, 
in which one person presided, who was called an Assistant Justice. He tried 
questions of debt and trespass to the amount of twenty-five dollars, and gen- 
erally all actions competent to all other justices in the State where the amount 
did not exceed twenty-five dollars. The Justices of these courts were remuner- 
ated out of fees prescribed by law, on the proceedings in their respective courts. 

A change was effected in the law concerning Assistant Justices, on January 4, 
1820, by reducing their number, as follows : One was appointed for the first, 
second, and third wards, one for the fourth and sixth wards, one for the fifth and 
eighth wards, and one for the seventh and tenth wards ; each Justice to hold a 
court for the trial of causes to the amount of fifty dollars and under. The salary 
of each was one thousand seven hnndred and fifty dollars per year, and certain 
fees were allowed when more than twenty-five dollars was recovered. It was 
not lawful for more than thirty of the Marshals to serve processes issuing out 
of the court of any Assistant Justice, such Marshals to be commissioned by the 
Mayor. 

The first faint movement towards uniforming the peace officers was to oblige 
them to wear a certain style of hat to distinguish them from the general crowd. 
On July 23, 182 1, the order to wear these hats was abolished; a painted plate to 
be worn by each ofificer when on duty in front of his own cap, was made optional. 
Another and more pleasing enactment was adopted, as a sort of Christmas present, 
on December 24 of this year. This allowed Captains and privates of the Watch one 
dollar a day each for attendance at the Court of General Sessions on duty, growing 
out of their duties as Watchmen. The next year, this rule was made to include the 
Court of Oyer and Termimer. The same committee which reported this ordi- 
nance, was also ordered to consider the petition of the Watchmen for an increase 
of salary. The committee found that there were a great number of applications 
for berths as Walchmen, and that neither mechanical labor nor the cost of li\ing 
was higher than it was when the pay was set at the figure that then prevailed. 
An increase was therefore opposed. In 1825, however, a resolution was carried 
allowing the Captains, assistants, and Watchmen of the different districts of the 
City Watch, a compensation of twelve and a half cents a night additional to their 
regular pay. 

The Watch Committee was instructed to investigate the method of con- 
ducting the Watch which prevailed, and report thereon to the Common Council. 
The report was rendered April 24, 1826, and it opened with an assurance that the 
committee had exerted themselves to obtain that practical information necessary 
to form correct opinions. The result of their labors, laid before the Board, is as 
follows : 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



69 



" Your Committee have on various occasions, and at such unexpected seasons 
as to render it certain that their visits were not anticipated, visited the watch- 
houses, have found them clean and orderly, as far as regards the Watchmen, and 
that in general, proper respect is paid to the commanding officers, and a whole- 
some subordination used in all their regulations. The Watchmen as a body are 
men to whom your Committee feel confident our citizens may properly confide 
the safety of their lives and ])roperty ; tliey are, however, men, and it would hence 
be unreasonable to ex])ect that they should be faultless, or that there should not 
be among them those who dishonor their station, and have been found and ])njmptly 
dismissed, and your Committee believe that a rigid adherence to the i)resent test 
for qualifications will rid the Watch of its im])roi)er members, and insure to the 
city a corps whose active exertions and integrity may be relied on." 

Notwithstanding this high praise, the committee found the system in need of 
improvement. The whole number of Watchmen in the city at this time was two 
hundred for each night's serv ice, including officers. The force was apportioned as 
follows : 

Districts. Postmen. Roundsmen. Totals. 

First, 64 12 76 

Second, 52 8 60 

Third, 50 8 58 

Three Captains and three Assistants, - - - - 6 



Grand Total, - 200 
The Postmen were to include those stationed at public buildings and the 
cupola, and doormen at the watch-houses. This left the Captains and assist- 
ants, and ninety-seven men, to protect the streets during the night. 'I'he commit- 
tee believed the number wholly insufficient to guard the city. After making 
every effort by rearrangement of the posts to make the existing force as efficient 
as possible, the investigators were forced to the conclusion that twenty-four men 
ought to be added. They reported, however, against the addition of a new dis- 
trict, on the double ground of expense and the difficulty of locating the new 
house. They recommended, however, the addition of six Assistant Captains to 
the Watch, two for each district, to be on duty alternate nights. Besides, the estab- 
lishment of relief watch-houses was advocated, the distance of the outposts 
from the main houses re(iuiring too much time in relieving. To meet this de- 
mand it was proposed to erect a watch-room in the rear of a new engine-house, 
then in course of erection at Delancey and Attorney Streets; for the use of the 
Second District, and to use the room over the engine-house at Hudson and 
Christopher Streets for the Third District. Each of these relief houses was to 
be placed under command of an Assistant Captain, and the assignment of men 
to them was to be left to the Captains and the Police Committee. " If the fore- 
going recommendations of your Committee are carried into effect," the report 
says, " the numlier of Watchmen employed for eacli night will be two hundred 
and twenty-seven, and there will be constantly on ihity three Captains, six Assist- 
ants, and one hundred and nine Watchmen, ninety-four of the latter being 
Postmen and fifteen Roundsmen, whose duty it is to visit the posts by divisions 
every two hours during the night." The estimated cost of these improvements 
was ten thousand dollars From a resolution appended to the committee's report 
it is gathered that the boundaries of the three Watch districts were as follows : 



70 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



First, commencing at the foot of North Moore Street to Chapel Street, 
thence through Chapel to White Street, to Orange Street, through Orange to 
Bayard, through Bayard to Mulberry, through Mulberry to Chatham, down James 
to East River, and including all that part of the City north and west of said line. 

Second, commencing at the foot of James Street, to Chatham Street, through 
Chatham to Mulberry, through Mulberry to Bayard, through Bayard to Orange, 
through Orange to Grand, through Grand to Mulberry, through Mulberry to 
Broome, through Broome to the Bowery as far as the Lamp and Watch Districts 
extend, including all north and east of the said line. 

Third, all the city in the Lamp and Watch Districts not included in the 
above. 

All the recommendations of the committee just quoted were adopted by the 
Common Council, and were speedily put in operation. 




First House of Refuge, 1806. 



The Society for the Reformation of Ju\enile Delinquents made an applica- 
tion to the City Council for a grant of land for the proposed institution. The 
committee to whom the request was referred recommended " that the piece of 
ground lying at the junction of the Bloomingdale and Old Post roads, on which 
the U. S. Arsenal was situated, which was granted on the 17th November, 1807, 
by the corporation to the General (Government, upon the express condition and 
understanding that the same should be used for the i)urjiose of an arsenal and de- 
posit of military stores, and whenever it should cease to be used for such pur- 
poses it was to revert to the corporation, should be conveyed to the board of 
managers of the Society, whenever they obtained from the General Government 
a conveyance of the interest they had in the grounds." 

In addition to this they proposed to convey to the Society the triangular plot 
in front, formed by the junction of the roads. The memorial to the government 
was granted, and the government stores were removed to Castle AN'illiam, the bar- 
racks being turned over to the Society. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



71 



The site now forms part of Madison S(iuarc, lying between Twenty-third 
and Twenty-sixth Streets, and Madison and Fifth Avenues. Here on the first 
of January, 1825, in the old barracks occupied during the Avar of 1812-15, purified, 
refitted, and prepared for a limited number of inmates, the New York House of 
Refuge was opened. At first there was but one long building; subsequently addi- 
tions were made as the number of inmates increased, as represented below, 'i'he 
building was burned down in the year 1835. 

Hy act of April 15, 1826, the fees of Constables and Marshals employed in 
the Police office were fixed as follows; For serving a warrant or summons within 
one mile, thirty-seven and a half cents, and six and a cpiarter cents for returning 
if the party was arrested or served. l'"or every mile, going only, twelve and a 
hall cents mileage; tor taking the defendant in custody on commitment, twelve 




House of Refuge. 

[As it looked after extensions were added.] 



and a half cents; for conveying the party to prison, if within a mile, twelve and 
a half cents; for going with a defendant to procure a security, when ordered 
by the Justice, fifty cents; for serving a subpoena, when within a mile, twelve 
and a half cents, and twelve and a half cents additional for every additional 
mile, going only ; for serving every search warrant when goods were not found, 
one dollar, but if found and they should exceed fifty dollars, then any sum not 
over two dollars and fifty cents, which the Justice might direct. 

A resolution was passed August 4 of this year, that an inquiry be made into 
the expediency of associating with the several Watch departments a judicial officer 
to admit prisoners to bail, was referred to the Watch Committee. On the eleventh 
of the following month a resolution was adoj)ted providing for the sitting of 
Magistrates on Sundays,and during the night — the committee on applications being 
instructed to ask the legislature to change the law to that effect. The succeed- 
ing month a resolution was offered providing for the establishing of two branches 



72 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



of the Police Department, to be located at the watch-houses of the Second and 
Third Districts, each having Justices' clerks and Marshals to attend during the 
day-time, and a Justice to attend at night to dispose of the cases brought up, 
thereby relieving the Captains of the responsibility. In the month of December, 
six new posts were created: two in the First District, one in the Second, and three 
in the Third. 

The Watch Committee were directed to employ a physician to atteud cer- 
tain Watchmen who were injured in the riot at Anthony Street, near Elm 
Street, on January i, 1827. On the fifteenth of the same month, the Watch 
Committee were directed to render any financial assistance necessar)- to the fami- 
lies of the wounded Watchmen. The following month provision was made to fine 
Constables twenty-five dollars for failing to attend before a Justice when sum- 
moned to do so. 

Watchmen were required by ordinance (July 13, 1829) to call out fires. The 
Captains of each Watch District were ordered to instruct the Watchmen under 
their direction to cause every alarm of fire to be made as general as possible, by 
crying aloud the name of the street or post where the fire might be. 

Watchmen were allowed fifty cents for attendance as witnesses at Special 
Sessions, l^y ordinance, December 27, 1830. 

When on duty, Watchmen wore a fireman's old-fashioned leathern hat, bereft 
of its upright front plate. This hat was varnished twice a year, and soon became 
as hard as iron. From this they came to l;e called " Leatherheads." They were 
also dul)bed "Old Charlies." They had no other badge of office than this hat, 
and a thirty-three inch club. For many years, like their Dutch predecessors, 
they called out the hours of the night, but this practice ceased long before the 
old Charlies had run their course. For over half a century the city was jjoliced 
by these Watchmen. The system worked well enough while the city remained 
in its "teens;" but an ever increasing population, and a constantly expanding 
area, in time called for a change in the management and organization of our 
public guardians. The jaded stevedore, teamster, or mechanic, could hardly be 
expected to display much enterprise or energ)-, when, on each alternate night, he 
sallied forth to patrol the streets. It is safe to assume that he performed hi^ 
duty in a perfunctory manner, and that the "knights of the jimmy," and othei 
midnight marauders, did not hold him in especial reverence or dread. 

The only day police during the regime of the aforesaid Leatherheads, were 
the Constables, generally two from each ward, and the Marshals, who were 
assigned to the Courts. It was, then, the province of the Watchman, or 
" Leatherhead," to jjrotect life and property, to preserve public order, and 
generally to keep the criminal classes within proper subjection. He did not 
always succeed in doing this, it is true; but perhaps that was not entirely his 
fault. The young bloods of those days took liberties with this official personage 
which no young man of our time, who valued his health and reputation, would 
dare take with one of "The Finest." The old " Leatherheads " had often to 
suffer the pranks of wild young men about town, who, like their cockney 
prototype, thought that a night's spree would not be appropriately ended except 
they had played some practical joke on the City Watch, which took the form 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



73 



generally of upsetting a watch-box with a snoring I.eatherhead in it, or to lasso 
the sentry-box with a stout rope, and drag it along with its imprisoned occupant. 
But these experiences did not seriously ruffle the temper of the Watchmen, and 
so nobody was much the worse off for those irregular pleasantries. 

Jacob Hays was then the main safeguard of the city during business hours. 
He was accustomed to go the rounds with a few Constables, suppressing tumults 
and enforcing ordinances. 

The Watchmen found it no easy task to cope with crime and criminals. 
Tlic city at this time was not remarkable for the peaceable and orderly disposi- 
tion of the naturally vicious and turbulent portion of the inhabitants. Street 
brawls and election riots began to become numerous. Gangs of rowdies not 
infrequently indulged in a series of serious faction fights, and, growing tired of 
this, they began to maltreat peaceable citizens. Robberies, liurglaries and general 
thievery were alarmingly on the increase, and this criminal activity was not in 
any manner counterbalanced by a corresponding energy on the part of tlie city's 
legally constituted guardians. The Watchmen of the period stood in wholesome 
terror of "the lawbreakers they were supposed to keep within proper subjection. 
The Constables were but a mere corporal's guard, but, under tlie skillful and 
fearless leadership of High Constable Hays, they did much towards intimidating 
the higher order of culprits, who organize crime and employ others to execute 
tlieir plans. The High Constable's duties were more in the line of detecting than 
preventing crime, and his services in this respect can not be over-estimated. 

But those old Watchmen were, as a class, very respectable men, and many of 
them belonged to very good families. 

The roughs and toughs of those days were in no way inferior or superior tc 
their congeners, with whom our citizens are but too familiar. Nevertheless, the 
statement may be hazarded that the Watchman's lot was even a less happy one 
than that of the Policeman of the present day. The former was not uniformed 
or armed, save as to a club; he was not so well protected by the law in his war- 
fare on criminals; the system lacked effective organization, and there was an 
entire absence of that esprit du corps which so distinguishes our own Police force. 

" New York City," says Mrs. Lamb, in the history of the City of New York, 
" by this time appeared like a youth much overgrown for his years. It has shot up 
with a rapidity that defies calculation." Wealth was increasing faster than sobriety 
was inclined to measure. Swarming multitudes from every quarter of the globe 
were rendering the community — in a certain sense — unformed. Educational and 
charitable institutions were multiplying. 

The rapid growth of the city, to keep pace witli its constantly increasing 
population, may best be inferred from the following table: The population in 
1790 was 33,131; in 1800, 60,489; in 1810, 96,373; in 1820, 123,706; in 1830, 
202,589. 

On the seventh of April, 1830, an amended charter was granted to the city, 
which provided for separate meetings of the two boards, and excluded the Mayor 
and Recorder from the Common Council, giving the Mayor, however, the power of 
approving or disapproving the acts of this body. In the course of the following 
year the Fifteenth Ward was added to the city. 



74 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS 



CHAPTER IV. 



PROGRESS AND REPEAL OF THE OLD WATCH SYSTEM. 



1S31— 1S44. 



AVatchme'n Dissatisfied with their Pay. — The Duty of Captains at the 
Breaking Out of a Fire. — Inquiring Into the Expediency of Reor- 
ganizing THE Police Department. — Increasing the Number of Police 
Justices. — "The Year of Riots." — Erection of New Watch-houses. — 
The Five Points. — Necessity of an Increase in the Number of 
the Watch. — First Attempt at Forming a Detective Squ.\d. — 
The Flour Riots. — Reorganization of the Watch. — Powers of the 
Mayor over the Watch Revoked and tr.ansferred to the Common Coun- 
cil. — The Mayor Reinvested with Supre.me Police Authority. — Mayor 
Morris' Plan of Forming the Marshals iNto .\ Day Police. — Report of 
THE Special Committee in Relation to the Reorganization of the 
W.vrcH. — Battery Park in former times. — High Constable Hays. — His 
Remarkable Career. — How He Suppressed Cri.me and Scourged Crim- 
inals. 



HE Night City Watchmen, in 183 1, became dissatisfied with their pay, and 



two hundred and fifty of their number, organizing as a body, petitioned 
the Boards of Aldermen for an increase of wages. The question was re- 
ferred to the Committee on Finance, PoUce, Watch and Prisons, who, 
after examining several of the officers and a large number of the men, ad- 
vised adversely to granting the petition. Their report states that the members 
of the Watch were paid eighty-seven and a half cents per night, the men alter- 
nating in performing the duties, and that the majority of them were engaged 
in other pursuits with which their official responsibilities seldom interfered. In the 
summer season, the Watch was stationed at nine o'clock, and was discharged at 
daylight, the men having half the time to rest, the force being divided into 
two squads, each serving every alternate two hours. In regard to the com- 
plaint that they were obliged to attend the Police Courts in the mornings with 
their prisoners, the committee held that this was not very arduous, as two men 
in succession were assigned to that duty, and that the turn of each did not corae 
more than once in every three months. 

The same grievance was complained of in 1825, and this led to an advance 
from seventy-five cents to eighty-seven and a half cents per night, that continu- 
ing up to the date of the present petition for more pay. 

Reporting on the complaint of the Watchmen that they were obliged to at- 




* OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 75 

tend court as witnesses, without receiving sufficient remuneration for the time 
lost, the committee held that the two dollars allowed them for every case in 
wiiich they were summoned was a reasonable average compensation, and should 
not l)e increased. " It may also be added," they report, " as evidence of the 
ecjuity of the present wages, that there are many more applications of good, 




Old Leatherhead taking his " Refreshment " on post. 

suitable men for the office than are wanted." In conclusion they state: " Duly 
estimating the value of the services of the nightly guardians of the city, on 
whose vigilance and fidelity the safety and comfort of our citizens so much 
depend, and without taking into consideration the fact that the expenses of the 
city would be increased upwards of fourteen thousand dollars by assenting 
to the present petition, the committee are constrained to come to the con- 
clusion that they cannot justly recommend an advance in wages to the 
"Watchmen." 

Captains were notified that it was their duty to see that the church bells 



76 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



should be rung at the breaking out of a fire, and that the Watchmen call out be- 
tween what streets the fire was located, under penalty of dismissal, even though 
it should have been the first offence. 

Vagrant children, of whom there appeared to have been a great number, 
incited the Aldermen to an effort to remedy the evil. They directed the Police 
Justices, through their special officers, to use all lawful means to arrest such 
children, particularly those loitering around junk shops in the lower part of the 
city. Those that were taken into custody were sent to the alms house. 

It appears that the magistrates were authorized, by an ordinance of the Com- 
mon Council, to employ the officers upon important business by the hour. The 
price, as stated by Justice Weyman, was two shillings per hour by night, and 
one and four pence per hour during the day. Their employment necessarily 
depended upon their fitness for the peculiar business to which their atten- 
tion might be called, by the discretion of the magistrate. As the officers all 
conceived themselves equally qualified to perform any duty connected with the 
office, and, as the fact was otherwise, a proper exercise of this discretion in the 
magistrate led to complaints on the part of the men who considered themselves 
slighted. 

A t;ommittee having been appointed to inquire into the expediency of reorgan- 
izing the Police Department, delivered their report on January i6, 1832. The 
report began with the general statement that in the increase of population in a 
city like New York, there was generally a corresponding increase of crime, and 
that recent experience had demonstrated that the higher and bolder grades 
of criminals were seeking this land to terrify the peaceful inhabitants, to set 
at naught the ordinary means of security, and to render dangerous the lives 
of prosperous citizens. Mention was made of the fact that when the popula- 
tion did not exceed one hundred thousand, a Police Department with three 
magistrates was conceived to be all that was necessary. The report pointed 
out that with a population of upwards of two hundred thousand, spread over an 
extent of land which rendered it not only hazardous, but difficult, for an*officer 
to perform his duty at night, an extension of the Police Department was highly 
necessary. The committee also recommended an increase in the number of 
magistrates, to hold their offices in the upper part of the city. This was fol- 
lowed by the appointment of an additional Police Justice, and in the 
following year yet another, thereby increasing the number of Police Justices to 
five. 

The pay of Captains of the Watch, in April, 1832, was fixed at one dollar' 
and eighty-seven cents per night each, and the Assistant Captains received one 
dollar and fifty cents. The Watchmen in the Fifteenth Ward were increased to 
such a number that ten men might be on duty in that Ward at one time, and 
that their line of patrol should extend to Fourteenth Street. The rate of wages 
of Watchmen, for each and every night's service, was established at one dollar. 
The Captain of the Sub-watch House, at the corner of Delancey and Attorney 
Streets, was directed to have two more men, and to place one of them in the 
cupola of the said Watch-howse every night to look for fires, and give the 
alarm by ringing the bell, and to hang out of the window a pole with a lantern 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



11 



orr'the end, in the direction of the fire, that the firemen and citizens might know- 
in which direction the fire was. Also, to strike the bell the different hours 
through the night. 

Another ordinance authorized the Special Justices, from time to time, to select 
such of the Constables or Marshals as they might deem recjuisite, to act as Police 
officers, whose duty it should be to attend daily at the Police offices and exe- 
cute the commands and orders of the said Justices. 

The Five Points, of New York, has acquired a most notorious distinction. 
Originally, it was a low, swampy pond, which was gradually filled up, and as it be- 
came susceptible of occupation, it in time became the abiding place of an impover- 
ished and desolate population, such as always exist in large cities. The locality, 
however, by degrees, grew to be so notoriously disorderly that it was common for 
persons from the country to request the protection of the Police that they might visit 
the scenes of crime and dissipation rampant there at all times. There were, it 
was popularly believed, underground passages connecting blocks of houses on dif- 
ferent streets, and the well-known names of Cow Bay and Murderer's Alley were 
suggestively characteristic of the place. Neither education nor religion shed its 
softening and refining influence upon the abandoned creatures who formed this 
colony. This is the startling picture drawn of the Five Points, at a time that 
religious influences were beginning to eradicate this moral plague spot: 

" Certainly, as no spot of ground on this continent had the reputation of 
having been the witness of more crime, so no spot had such repulsive features, 
or where want and woe were more apparent. Every house was a brothel, 
the resort of persons of every age, sex, and color ; every store a dram-shop, 
where from morning till morning the thieves and abandoned characters of the 
town whetted their depraved tastes, and concocted future crimes and villainies." 

The Police, it may readily be believed, were not over anxious to intermeddle 
with the little social pleasantries that the inhabitants were so prone to indulge 
in. Indeed, Police interference of any kind would be entirely superfluous and 
out of place, as the Five Points was a very active social volcano, and to attempt 
to stop the innumerable small eruptions would be only to intensify the death- 
dealing discharges from the main crater. A knowledge of these facts will serve 
to prepare the mind of the reader for the historical realism of the accompanying 
picture of the Five Points in its palmiest days. 

In these years, the vicinity of the Five Points seemed to be looked upon as 
needing the especial care of the Police. The lawlessness of the neighborhood 
began to become notorious, and for the purpose of restraining the criminal 
disposition of its inhabitants, three additional Watchmen, besides the usual 
number, were assigned for that duty. Even that did not seem to satisfy the 
Aldermen, for they ordered that when the Watchmen went off duty at daylight, 
two additional Policemen should patrol the neighborhood until the Watch was 
again set at night. But it was "love's labor lost." A regiment of soldiers, much 
less a handful of Police, could not have overcome the turbulence and depravity of 
the unregenerate denizens. In this year also, the first allowance for sweeping the 
watch-houses was made, the average amount being four dollars per fortnight. 
The question of detaining prisoners arrested on Saturday until Monday morning. 



78 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



before arraigning them in court, seems to have attracted the attention of the 
Aldermen, for in August they passed a resolution directing the Police Magistrates 
to attend at the respective Police offices on the Sabbath day. 

The Mayor in his message, June i8, 1832, expressed his gratification at the im- 
proved condition of the City Watch, " upon which the repose of our citizens, 
and the safety of our property so essentially depend." "The persons so en- 
gaged," said the Mayor, "had always constituted a highly respectable class, with 
some few exceptions, and under the judicious arrangements of their Captains, 
the Watch were becoming constantly more useful, and were entitled to confidence 
and encouragement." 

The Finance Committee — to whom was referred the communication from 
the Comptroller on the subject of extra Police services — on July 23 re- 
ported that the thirty-fourth section of the Act to reduce the several laws re- 
lating particularly to the State of New York, into one act, together with the re- 
port of the Police Committee adopted by the Common Council, February 3, 
1 81 2, authorized the Comptroller to make such payments only under the 
certificate of the Special Justices. In the present case, it was claimed the Ward 
Magistrates, not having been aware of such regulation, employed officers with- 
out the knowledge of the Special Justices, but, as this was evidently done in 
good faith, the committee recommended that the Comptroller pay the sum of 
one hundred and thirty-two dollars and sixty-six cents to such officers. The 
Common Council, while adopting the report, declared it to be their opinion that 
the law required that the services of the Police officers in the several Wards 
should be obtained solely on application to the Special Police Magistrates, in 
order that such services might be certified to by them according to law, and that 
no bills should thereafter be paid that did not comply with these conditions. 

Mayor Lee, in his annual message, in the succeeding year, expressed the 
opinion that the Watch Department required the immediate attention of the 
Common Council, as the number of Watchmen, however faithful and vigilant, 
was utterly insufficient to guard the property and persons of the citi- 
zens. There were some watch-posts, the Mayor said, which could not be 
carefully patroled in a less time than from one to two hours. From the best 
obtainable information. Mayor I-ee said the Watchmen had been increased not 
exceeding from fifteen to twenty-five per cent., during a period of time in 
which the population and the property of the city had been augmented one 
hundred per cent. 

During the year 1833 the Watch force was increased from time to time by 
the appointment of additional men for the different Wards. Watchmen in- 
jured in the performance of their duty were generally allowed a sum of money, 
varying according to the extent of their wounds. 

In this year also the vices of drunkenness and pauperism led the Aldermen 
to incite the Police to renewed efforts to suppress the same. They passed an 
ordinance for the severe punishment of such as were arrested, when the testi- 
mony of the officer or the views of the Magistrate warranted a commitment. 
The Constables or other Police officers were directed to watch for and arrest 
habitual drunkards, persons refusing to support their families, lewd women, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 79 

alile-bodied beggars, lodgers in the watch-houses, persons sleeping in out-houses, 
sheds, carts, or in the open air, and to bring them before the Mayor, Recorder, 
or one of the Aldermen or Special Justices for examination. If convicted, in 
the generality of cases, they were sent to the alms house, where they were 
kept at hard labor for a period not exceeding six months. If old offenders, 
they were sent to the jjenitentiary. For a simple case of intoxication a fine of 
five dollars was imposed. The Police were also directed to enforce the ordinance 
prohibiting driving through the streets at a greater speed than five miles an hour, 
the carrying of a gun or a pistol for the purpose of fowling on Sunday, or hawking 
and peddling through the streets, where licenses had not been obtained. Able- 
bodied beggars were obliged to pay for their board at the alms house or in 
lieu thereof serve a certain number of days at any hard labor designated by the 
Mayor. When an officer made an arrest on a charge of assault and battery he 




Rotunda, City Hall Park. 



was protected if his prisoner was discharged, by the complainant being obliged 
to pay the costs of the proceeding or suffer imprisonment for not more than two 
days. Watchmen were also specially directed to arrest and bring before the Re- 
corder all children found begging, so that they could be sent to the alms house 
to be educated, taken care of, and taught some useful trade in order to make 
them reputable citizens. 

The Rotunda was erected in i8r8 by Vandelyn, the artist, for a studio and 
the exhibition of panoramic pictures. The post-office was installed in the Rotunda, 
immediately after the destruction of the old post-office in the great fire of 1835. 
When it was understood the government proposed to accept the Rotunda, the 
merchants got up very demonstrative indignation meetings and protests against 
locating a post-office so far up town. The pressure to get the post-office " down 
town " still continued, and advantage was taken of the fact that the Middle Dutch 
Church was for sale to procure it for the post-office. This was in 1845. 



8o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



In the latter part of the year 1833, the building occupied by the Upper 
Police became inadequate for the public use and the Committee on Repairs were 
directed by the Aldermen to ascertain what alterations were necessary to prevent 
those detained for examination from suffering from the cold during the winter 
season. The force was still further increased by the appointment of new men 
and the establishment of new posts in the different Watch districts. 

The year 1834 may, with propriety, be called the year of riots, the civil 
authorities being obliged for the first ti«Tie to call for military aid to assist 
in maintaining the peace of the city. In this year the Mayor was elected by the 
city for the first time. Hitherto that office had been filled by appointment 
by the Governor and Council. The elections were then held for three 
successive days, and in the inefficient condition of the city Police, thev were 
oftentimes the cause of great excitement and turbulence. The Sixth Ward 
remained true to its title of " the bloody ould Sixth," party strife running 
even more than usually high, and giving rise to a series of brawls and riots. 
Three months after the National Guard had quelled the election riots they were 
again called upon to put down a disturbance of a much more formidable charac- 
ter. The abolitionists were this time the objects of the fury of the mob ; their 
meetings were attacked and broken up ; and the mob sacked the dwellings and 
assaulted the persons of several well-known leading abolitionists. The Twenty- 
seventh Regiment, N. G., S. N. Y., Colonel Stevens commanding, were called out 
to disperse the mob. The latter had assembled in large numbers, and erected a 
barricade of carts, barrels, and ladders, chained together, in the vicinity of the Rev. 
Mr. Ludlow's church, Spring Street, between Macdougal and Varick Streets. The 
regiment first met the rioters in large force in Thompson Street, above Prince. The 
Aldermen who had been deputed by Mayor Lawrence to accompany the mili- 
tary, and to direct, as magistrates, the action of the regiment, became greatly 
alarmed, and endeavored to prevail on Colonel Stevens to retreat to the City Hall. 
Colonel Stevens was not that kind of man. For answer, he moved two com- 
panies up to the barricades under a shower of stones, broke it up, and drove the 
mob before him at the point of the bayonet. Meeting Justice Olin M. Lowndes 
with a force of Police, Col. Stevens turned round and marched back against the 
mob, sending them flying before him, demoralized and beaten. The riot had 
been effectually put down and peace again restored without the firing of a shot. 

The other riots that took place about this period were the Stone-cutter's 
riots. Five Points riots, O'Connell Guard riots, and Chatham Street riots. 

On the night of December 16, 1835, ^'^^ ^^^X ^^'^^ visited by a terrible confla- 
gration, the burnt district embracing thirteen acres, in which nearly seven hun- 
dred houses were leveled to the ground, with the loss of over seventeen million 
dollars. 

During these years additional Watchmen, who merely performed Sunday duty, 
were appointed whenever the Board of Aldermen deemed such appointment 
necessary. Their pay in the beginning was but seventy-five cents a day, but it was 
gradually increased until, in the year 1835, '^^'^s fixed at one dollar and fifty cents 
for each day's service. The date of payment for such service, however, was un- 
certain, as the Watchmen so employed, after making out their bills and having 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 8i 

j> 

them certified to by their superior officers, had to petition the Boards to pass 
a resolution directing the Comptroller to draw his warrant in their favor. The 
Boards of Aldermen then were not different to the present Boards in the matter 
of expediting business. The bills were generally for a small amount. It was 
customary in those days to allow the High Constable from twenty to fifty 
dollars for the employment of Special Police officers to do duty on public holi- 
days. Applications for these ])ositions were numerous, as the records of both 
Boards show. 

During the years 1835-36, the growtii of the city demanded an in( rcase of 
Watchmen. A number was appointed, two new watch-houses were erected, and 
some of the old ones were altered and repaired. Several new posts were created 
many of the Watch districts being extended further up town. 

The doings of the Magistrates seem to have been watched with unusual in- 
terest by the Aldermen, for they decreed that the Police Courts should be kept 
open from the discharge of the Watch in tlie morning until the Watch was set in 
the evening, so that prisoners might be speedily granted justice. Occasionally, 
during these years, tiie \\'atc]imcn, for extra services i)erformed, were allowed 
extra pay, and, on the death of a Watchman, tlic Board often passed a resolution 
directing the Comptroller to draw his warrant for a sum sufficient to defray the 
funeral expenses. 

Mayor Lawrence, in his message, July 6, 1836, adverted to the necessity and 
importance of an efficient and well-regulated Police. The elements of the 
present system of Police, he said, he believed to be good, and that the character 
of the Magistrates connected with the department was a warrant for the faithful 
discharge of their duties. The principal ])oint, therefore, he said, to which he 
desired to direct the attention of the Common Council, was the necessity of a 
very considerable increase in the number of the Watch. No right, he main- 
tained, could be dearer to the citizen than to be protected in his person and 
property, and secured against dangerous disruptions of the public peace. 

The first attempt at forming a detective squad under the name of Rounds- 
men was made in April of this year ; at which time a law was passed directing the 
appointment of one hundred and ninety-two additional men to the Watch Depart- 
ment to be designated as Roundsmen, forty-eight to be stationed in the First 
District and twenty-four in each of the other districts. They were not required 
to wear the Watchmen's caps, nor any dress to distinguish them from other 
citizens. The Captains of the Watch had the arrangement of their posts, which 
they were obliged to patrol continuously while on duty in search of criminals, 
and also to discover and report any neglect of duty of any Policemen on their 
beat. Their pay was the same as that given to members of the Watch, and 
the pay of Watchmen doing duty as Sergeants was fixed at twelve shillings. 

On February 12, 1837, an excited mob of four or five thousand persons 
assembled in the City Hall Park to be harangued by speakers, who were to inquire 
into the cause of the prevailing distress, the high price of flour, " and to devise 
a suitable remedy" for these evils. One of the speakers said : " Mr. Ely Hart 
has fifty-three thousand barrels of flour in his store ; let us go and offer him eight 
dollars a barrel for it, and if he will not take it " — here the speaker stopped abruptly 



82 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



and significantly. The mob took the hint, and very soon Mr. Hart'^ store, in 
Washington Street near Dey Street, was broken into, and his flour and grain 
thrown into the street. Other flour stores were only saved from like treatment 
by the interference of the Police. Forty of the mob were arrested ; but onlv 
a few were convicted. 

The following places were designated as watch-houses on May 30 of the 
following year : " The upper part of Franklin Market in the First Ward, for the 
First District. The building occupied as a watch-house in Eldridge Street 
for the Second District. The building occupied as a watch-house at the 
corner of Wooster and Prince Streets for the Third District. The upper part 
of Jefferson Market for the Fourth District. The upper part of Union Market 
for the Fifth District. The northeast- 
erly corner of the basement story of 
the Halls of Justice, or such part 
thereof as might be assigned by the 
special joint committee on buildings, 
for the Sixth District." 

A Committee on Police, etc., of 
both Boards of Aldermen, to whom 
was referred a resolution relative to 
the reorganization of the Police De- 
partment, presented their report, and 
the draft of a law thereon, on February 
12, 1838, both being laid on the table. 
The committee directed their princi- 
pal attention to the organization of 
the Watch. " The welfare of the city 
is deeply interested in its efficiency, 
while the taxpayer is aware that the 
expenditures in this department 
amounted last year to about ^262,- 
000." The committee expressed their 
belief that this branch of the Police 
required that a thorough system of 
subordination, and close and active inspection, should be introduced into its admin- 
istration, if the protection of proi)erty and the preservation of the public peace were 
to be promptly and effectually secured. The adoption of the new draft of the law, 
accompanying the report, was recommended, which, when carried out, it was 
claimed, would introduce regulation and order, " where before very little of those 
characteristics existed;" dismissed Watchmen would no longer l)e able, after 
having neglected their duty, to find employment in another district; and the rules 
by which Captains of the Watch discharged their duties, would not be as diverse 
as the respective watch-houses they occupied. The report continues : " The Rounds- 
men now go out to visit the ])0Sts two at a time; this service can as well be per- 
formed by a single Watchman, and the inducement to gossip and idleness is 
removed." 




Old Leatherhead and Sentry Box. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



83 



■* The change proposed by the committee had, it was alleged, the additional 
merit of economy, by effecting a saving of twenty thousand dollars annually to the 
city, while the committee were confident that the Watch department would be bet- 
ter organized, and more effective than the system it was designed to supplant. 

The charter had given full power to the Mayor to appoint any number of 
Marshals. By act of the legislature, April 8, 1813, this power was limited to the 
number of sixty, and subsequently to one hundred. The committee claimed 
that the necessity constantly arising from the increase of population and business 
demonstrated the propriety of the Common Council possessing the power to fi.x on 
the number of those officers, so as to be appointed by the Mayor from time to time. 
It seemed equally just, the committee were of opinion, that the Mayor should 
have power to appoint Special Constables, competent to arrest offenders and pre- 
serve the public peace. It was also deemed necessary to add to the number of 
Special Justices for preserving the peace. The Common Council, it was asserted, 
should have been vested with this power. The Board, in view of these facts, 

was advised to take the necessary steps 
to procure the passage of an act by the 
legislature securing the adoption of the 
above suggestions. 

The draft of the bill accompanying 
this report, Avas, on May 7, 1838, ap- 
])roved by the Common Council and 
Mayor. 

The leading provisions of this ordi- 
nance are as follows: 
There were appointed a Superintendent of the Watch, twelve Captains, 
twenty-four Assistant Captains, one hundred and thirty-two Sergeants, and seven 
hundred and eighty-four Watchmen. This force was distributed among the four 
Watch districts. 

It was the duty of the Superintendent to constantly inspect the Watch. He 
had entire command of the whole force, under the direction and order of the 
Mayor. Next to him in point of rank in the order named were the Captains, 
Assistant Captains, and Sergeants. Captains, in their respective districts, attend- 
ed on alternate nights, and took command of the Watch ; Sergeants, under the orders 
of their respective Captains, had charge of the inspection of the Watchmen within 
the beat assigned to them; they went out with the Watchmen and placed them 
on their posts. Sergeants visited Watchmen, and reported any neglect of duty. 
Their salaries were as follows: Superintendent, $i,ooo; Captains, $2.50 per night; 
Assistant Captains, $2.00; Sergeants, Si. 50; and Watchmen, $1.25 per night. 

An ordinance of May 14, 1839, made it the duty of tne Mayor to cause to 
be employed as many persons as he might deem sufficient, from time to time, as 
City Watchmen, for the purpose of preserving the peace, and protecting the city 
from the acts of incendiaries; and all expenses incurred thereby, were charged to 
the general appropriation for the Watch department. 

In 1840 the Common Council made provision looking to the appointment of 
twelve Captains, twenty-four Assistant Captains, one hundred and twenty-eight 




84 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

Roundsmen, and seven hundred and eighty-four Watchmen. These Watchmen 
were attached to the several districts as follows: 

First District, 140 men, of whom 20 were Roundsmen. 

Second " 148 " " 16 " 

Third " 164 " " 24 " 

Fourth " 140- " " 20 " 

Fifth " 136 " " 20 " 

Sixth " 188 " " 28 " 



The Watch District then included all that portion of the city lying south of 
the line described as follows, commencing at the East River : One hundred feet 
north of Twenty-eighth Street, running thence westerly and parallel to Twenty- 
eighth Street, to a point one hundred feet west of the Fourth Avenue, thence 
southerly, and parallel to the Fourth Avenue to a point one hundred feet north 
of Twenty-sixth Street, and thence westerly and parallel to Twenty-sixth Street, 
to the Hudson River. 

An act to incorporate the Watchmen's Mutual Benefit Association of the 
City of New York was passed April 13, 1840. The objects of this association 
were charitable, "and to afford relief to its members in cases of sickness and 
infirmity," — a society, it appears, similar in its organization and objects to the 
present Police Mutual Aid Association. 

In all these years physicians called in by the Police were paid only for 
services rendered, none being officially appointed. 

The House of Detention in Harlem was, on May 6, 1841, designated as an 
additional Police office, to be kept open from nine o'clock in the morning until 
sunset. 

The Justices of the Police Courts were stationed as follows: 

Lower Police office (Halls of Justice), George W. Matsell, Henry W. 

Merritt, Ephraim Stevens, and Miln Parker. 

Upper Police office (Bowery and Third Street), James Palmer, Robert 

Taylor. 

Twenty-three officers (including High Constable Hays) were attached to the 
former Police office, and seven Police officers to the latter. 
The Justices of the Assistant Justice's Court were: 

Ambrose Kirtland, First District — First, Second and Third Wards; Nicholas 
C. Everett, Second District — Fourth and Sixth Wards; William Wiley, Third, 
District — Fifth, Eighth and Fourteenth Wards; Thomas S. Brady, Fourth Dis- 
trict — Seventh and Tenth Wards ; William H. Bell, Fifth District— Ninth, 
Eleventh and Fifteenth Wards; James B. Theys and Isaac Daughty, Twelfth 
Ward. 

The Watch Department was divided into six districts, as follows: First 
District, Franklin Market, Old Slip; Second District, Essex Market, Essex and 
Grand Streets; Third District, Prince and Wooster Streets; Fourth District, Jeffer- 
son Market, Greenwich Lane; Fifth District, Union Market; Sixth District, Halls 
of Justice, Centre and Franklin Streets. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



8S 



On the tenth of May 1843, ^^e pay of the City Watch was increased to ten 
shilfings i)er night, during the whole year. Mayor Morris, on Noveml)er 21, 
vetoed this resohition, giving the following as his reasons for so doing: 

"On the twenty-first of March, 1842, the legislature authorized that the sum of 
two hundred and thirty-four thousand dollars be raised by tax, for defraying the 
expenses of the Watch Department. This amount was arrived at by estimating the 
compensation of Watchmen at ten shillings i)er night. In Sei)tember of the same 
year, the Common Council reduced the i)ay of Watchmen to one dollar per night. 
In December following, the Common Council established the pay of the Watch at 
one dollar and twenty-five cents per night, from the first of November to first of May 
in each year; and at one dollar per night from first of May until first of Novcml)cr; 
and, in addition, ordered that they should be paid twenty-five cents per night from 
first of November, so as to bring them within the rate established by the ordinance, 
viz: one dollar and twenty-five cents from November i to May i, and one 
dollar from May i to November i. On the seventeenth of April, 1843, the 
legislature authorized the raising by tax in the Watch District of the sum of two 
hundred and twelve thousand dollars, for the support of the Watch Department. 
This sum was arrived at by estimating the compensation to the Wat( li at one 
dollar per head per night, from May i to November i ; and one dollar and 
twenty-five cents per night, from November i to May i. This sum was less 
by twenty-two thousand dollars than the amount raised for the support of the 
Watch Dejxartment for the preceding year, and was scarcely sufficient to ])ay the 
expenses of the Watch Department for the year, at the rate authorized by the 
existing ordinance." 

In May following it was thought necessary to station Watchmen in the cupolas 
of the Halls of Justice, City Hall, Reservoir, Centre, Essex and Jefferson Markets, 
for the purpose of raising an alarm in case of fire, and it was ordered that the 
necessary number of men should be appointed, the pay being at the rate of one 
dollar and seventy-five cents per day. Both Boards of Aldermen in the same 
year became jealous of the authority possessed by the Mayor over the Police, and an 
ordinance revoking his powers and placing them under the control of the stand- 
ing committees of each Board of Police, Watch and Prisons, was passed. The 
Mayor objected to the change, refusing to sign the bill. It was passed, however, 
over his veto. The Comptroller was also directed to pay all bills presented for 
the extra services of Watchmen when they were stamped as approved by the 
Committees of both Boards of Police, Watch and Prisons. The Aldermen be- 
came generous by voting money to supply the station houses with clocks. 

There had been so much noise, confusion and quarreling among hackmen 
in the year 1843 at the steamboat landings that another duty was imposed upon 
the Police. By an ordinance passed March 27, the "Day Police Officers " of 
the First, Second and Third Wards, carrying their staves of office, were directed 
to repair to the principal steamboat landings in their respective Wards on the arri- 
val of steamboats, to preserve the peace and assist the hack inspector in jjrotecting 
travelers from the extortionate demands of the hackmen. In May of the same 
year both Boards, by resolution, reinvested in the Mayor the authority he had had 
over the Police, and which they had taken away from him the previous year. 



86 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



When the British took possession of the city, on September 15, 1776, it is 
safe to conclude that Sir William Howe had at least five thousand prisoners to 
provide for, to contain whom, the ordinary places of confinement were insufficient. 
Accordingly the Brick Church, the Middle Dutch, the North Dutch, and the 
French Church, were appropriated to their use. Beside these, Columbia College, 
the Sugar House, the New Jail, the New Bridewell, and the Old City Hall, were 
filled to their utmost capacity. The Old Sugar House was, par excellence, known 
as " the prison house of the Revolution." 

The Middle Dutch Church was dedicated in 1732 as a house of Christian 
worship. Until the close of the century its services were carried on in the " Hol- 
land language;" after that it was altered to the English language. 

The Old Sugar House (founded in 1689, and occupied as a sugar refining 
factory until the time of the Revolution) pnd the Middle Dutch Church, as seen 




Old Sugar House and Middle Dutch Church. 



in the accompanying illustration, stood in Liberty Street, the latter building being 
subsequently turned into the old General Post-office. The view was taken in 1830. 

The Old Brewery, at the Five Points, has long since been removed to 
make room for a missionary station. Its purlieus were those of wretchedness and 
crime ; they have fitly been described as " an exhibition of poverty withcsut 
a parallel — a scene of degradation too appalling to be believed, and too shock- 
ing to be disclosed; where you find crime without punishment, disgrace without 
shame, sin without compunction, and death without hope." 

On May 15, 1843, Aldermen Tillou, WoodhuU and Emmans were appointed 
a special committee in relation to the reorganization of the Police Depart- 
ment. This committee was instructed to ascertain and report the condition of 
the Police of the city: wherein the system was sufficient, effective or deficient; 
also, whether the laws of the State relative to crime, and to punishment, and to 
the Police of the city, were, or were not, sufficient in their scope and provisions for 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



87 



the ilue protection and good order of society, and if not, wherein they were defi- 
cient; also, whether the administration of the duties of the Magistrates or 
officers of Police, or of the criniinal Jutiiciarv in the city was, or was not 
efficient, and if not, the causes thereof. 'J"hat tiiey also ascertain and report 
what measures, if any, were proper or necessary to be adopted on the subjects 
above mentioned, and to inc iude in their report such statements antl information, 
and such suggestions and recommendations, as they should deem judicious. 

At a meeting of the Board of Aldermen held July 3, 1843, it was resolved 
that so much of the message as related to the organization of Police be 
referred to the special committee of the Board of which Alderman 'I'illou was 
the chairman. This committee, in their report, observed that the subject of Munic- 




Original View of the Old Brewery. 

[Site of the Five Points' Mission.] 

ipal Police, treated of in the message, involved the two principal departments 
of Criminal Police and Health Police ; the object of the former being to prevent, 
detect, arrest and punish crime ; that of the latter to preserve the public health. 
The outline of Criminal Police, as proposed, the report said, had for its object the 
diminution of a very large number of officers and persons employed in the var- 
ious duties which the department — as proposed to be organized — should perform. 
By uniting the Fire, Watch and Constabulary force, it would, the report said, 
render available for other public duties, a large body of citizens employed in the 
services of these several departments. The report, taking its facts from the 
message, placed the value of the taxable property in the city limits at 
$227,997,090.58, and claimed that the aggregate expense of the proposed system 
would not equal one-quarter per cent. 

" And when it is considered," the report mentions, " that the Police has for 
its purpose not only the protection of property, but of person, from aggression ; 



88 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



that besides the permanent population of the city now estimated to be about 
350,000 persons tlius protected, there are always, as is supposed, a floating popu- 
lation of about 50,000 strangers ; and that at all times must be included in its 
limits * * * a large number of persons * * * 
at no time possess home or house, and the usual proportion thereof of whom are 
the wicked and debased ; the force, strength and expense of the proposed system 
will not be regarded as too great." 

The evils and misfortunes, the report continues, under which the city suffered, 
were mainly to be attributed to the inefficiency of the police system ; of the want of 
independence and competency of many of the most important officers, owing to 
political influence — and not real merit — being the great recommendation to the 
appointments, to the consequent paralysis of the department. 

The Mayor, by the charter and laws, was the head of the Police Department. 
His powers included the appointment of Marshals and Watchmen. Two Con- 
stables from each Ward, making altogether thirty-four Constables, were elected 
annually. They were peace officers ; bound to serve criminal process, assist in 
keeping the peace, attend the courts and assist in carrying out the sentence of 
law when recjuired by the Sheriff, or the Police, or other Magistrates. Their com- 
pensation was similar to that of the Marshals. 

There were one hundred Marshals (including those attached to the Police 
offices). Besides discharging the duties imposed upon the Constables, the Mar- 
shals were required to co-operate with the Constables at all times in keeping the 
peace, and attend on the various courts subject to the Sheriff. 

Attached to the lower Police office for duty, were twenty-eight Marshals, and 
to the upper Police office twelve Marshals, who were called upon by regular turns, 
and in succession, to attend to the services of the office. 

The city was divided into six districts, in each of which there was a watch- 
house, two Captains and four Assistant Captains being assigned to each watch- 
house. 

The whole force employed in the Watch Department was twelve Captains 
at two dollars and twenty-five cents per night ; twenty-four Assistant Captains 
at one dollar and seventy-five cents per night ; nine hundred and seventy-six 
Watchmen at one dollar per night in summer, and one dollar and twenty-five 
cents in winter. 

Of this force one-half only was on duty every night, each half alternately. 

The Watch in summer was set at nine o'clock and in winter at eight o'clock, 
and varied between those two hours according to the duration of daylight, and 
was discharged at the break of day. They were classified as Postmen, Rounds- 
men and Doormen ; the Roundsmen being those designated to go round each 
district assigned to each to see that each Postman was on his post ; the Post- 
men being the men assigned to do post duty ; the Doormen being those posted at 
the doors of the watch-houses. The posts varied in size, the smallest including 
six and the largest twenty-seven blocks. Subsequently the Watch was set at seven 
o'clock in the evening, the men remaining on duty until thirty minutes before 
sunrise in the morning. 

Sixteen Day Police officers nominated by the Aldermen and Assistant Al- 
dermen of each Ward were appointed by the Mayor, " to keep order at all times 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



89 



in thtir respective Wards." Two were assigned respectively to the Fourth, Fifth, 
Seventh, Eleventh, and Seventeenth Wards, and one each to the others. 

Sunday officers were also ajjpointed by the Mayor on the recommendation of 
the Aldermen and Assistants of each Ward. 'I'here were one hundred and eight 
Sunday officers, each receiving one dollar and fifty cents for the day's services. 

There were thirteen Dock Masters, whose duty it was to direct the removal 
and disposition of vessels in their respective Wards, each being paid a salary of 
four hundred dollars per annum. In all the Wards, with few exceptions, the 
Dock Masters and Health Wardens were united in one person. 

The number of Marshals attached to the Police office at the Halls of Justice 
was thirty. They received no salary for their services, their fees being regulated 
by an act of the legislature passed in 1833 ; and for extra services, by an ordi- 
nance of the Common Council, they were paid one shilling per hour for everv hour 
they were employed under the direction of a Magistrate in the day time, and 
eighteen pence per hour for the same services at night. They were compelled 
to render an account of such services under oath. There was no i)articular sys- 
tem of doing duty at the office, with the exception that a roll of the officers was 
kept, and warrants and other business given to the officers in their turn. The usu- 
al hours for business in the Police offices were from nine in the morning until the 
Watch was set at night ; but the office was opened before daylight every morn- 
ing, at which time the Magistrate, Clerk and two officers were in attendance to re- 
ceive and dispose of tne prisoners arrested during the night at the three lower 
watch-houses. The Magistrates, Clerks and officers, were not regularly on duty 
at night, but could be summoned whenever their services were required. 

The message, in pointing out the evils, defects and deficiencies of the Police 
system, drew attention to the following facts : The system of the criminal de- 
partment was designed exclusively and only for the arrest, trial and punishment 
of offenders, and was not calculated sufficiently to prevent crime or to suppress 
the licentiousness and vices which lead to it. The incumbents were selected for 
political reasons and not for personal merit or competency to fulfill their duties. 
Their term of office was uncertain, and often very brief, depending on the change 
of political parties in most cases, the incumbent being liable to removal without 
other cause than the change in the ascendency of the party. Consequently, they 
were not as well organized as if their office depended upon good behavior and 
efficiency. 

The message recommended the passage of certain laws for the better gov- 
ernment and discipline of the Police. Most of these recommendations were in- 
corporated in an act passed by the legislature the following year, which is treated 
of in the succeeding chapter. 

Mayor Morris conceived the idea of organizing the hundred Police 
Marshals, who received their appointments from the Mayor, and of dividing 
them into Watches. The first Watch he proposed to set at sunrise. This 
Watch was to be relieved through the day, and the last of this Day Police 
was to continue on duty until sundown, when the night Watch was set. The 
Marshals were to be allotted among the Wards in numl)ers according to the 
requirements of the several Wards. By such an arrangement, Mayor Morris 



90 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

hoped the services of the day and Sunday officers could be dispensed with, and 
the salaries paid to them; and the time allowed the Marshals would, he said, 
almost, if not entirely, pay the Day Police. In his message of July 24, 1843, he 
said he had determined to exercise the power invested in him, by putting the 
foregoing scheme into operation forthwith, which he hoped would meet with the 
approval of the Board. 

The Tombs building was completed in 1838. Five years previously, it was 
determined by the city authorities to build a prison on a plot of land that was 
generations ago a lake. After drainage, its site formed part of the Collect 
Grounds. The style of the new building was decided by the publication of a 
book much read in those days, "Stevens' Travels," and which contained an illus- 




The Tombs (City Prison). 

tration of an Egyptian tomb. This grim jncture was thought available in plan 
for the projected structure, the name of which was selected with reference to the 
preferred form of the building. The building as originally completed had a 
cupola. This was burned down in November, 1842, with the apt accompaninfent 
of the suicide of a murderer— a bridegroom of four hours— who was at the time 
being led out to execution. 

The Watch District, on September 12, 1843, was declared to include all that 
portion of the city lying south of the line described as follows: 

Commencing at the East River, ninety-eight feet and nine inches north of 
Twenty-eighth Street; running thence westerly and parallel to Twenty-eighth Street, 
to a point one hundred feet east of the Fourth Avenue; thence northerly, and 
parallel to the Fourth Avenue, to a point ninety-eight feet nine inches north ol 
Thirtieth Street, to a point one hundred feet east of the Seventh Avenue; thence 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 9' 

northerly, and parallel to the Seventh Avenue, to a point ninety-eight feet nine 
inches north of Fortieth Street; thence westerly, and parallel to Fortieth Street 
to the Hudson River. 

By resolution of the Common Council, January 6, 1844, the Mayor was 
directed to create thirty new additional Watch posts, and for that purpose to ap- 
point one hundred and twenty additional Watchmen. This necessitated an alter- 
ation in the Watch jjosts of the city. All the Watchmen were required to stay 
upon their posts till within thirty minutes of sunrise. Captains of the Night- 
watch, in the following month, were empowered to remove and place new men on 
the rounds attached to their Watches, as they might think best. 
The pay of Watchmen in this year was as follows : 

Captains, numbering twelve $2.25 each. 

Assistant Captains, numbering twenty-four $i-7S each. 

Men, numliering one thousand and ninety-six $1-25 each. 

Besides those, there was a number of Sunday officers and extra Watchmen. 
Even these were found to be insufficient (or inefficient), for new appointments 
were continually being made, and the Watch posts increased. If the Watchmen 
were not sufficiently numerous, there could be no such complaint made as regards 
criminals, as they seemed to keep on steadily increasing. At this time the crea- 
tion of a new station house at the Jefferson Market was ordered, the old one not 
affording proper accommodation for the officers or their prisoners. 



92 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



HIGH CONSTABLE HAYS. 
The most noted official connected with the police system in his day and 
generation was Jacob Hays. The story of his life would read like a thrilling 
romance. For about forty years subsequent to the beginning of the century he 
was the head and front, and guiding spirit of the police of this city; in fact, 
Jacol) Hays was a police force all by himself. He, personally, and often unaided, 
ran down criminals, suppressed riots, and in addition to his functions as High 
Constable, he originated and organized a detective department, of which he 
himself was the central figure and the one-man power. Nor was this all: Jacob 
Hays for a number of years was also Sergeant-at-Arms to the Board of Aldermen, 
and superintended the squad of officers detailed to preserve order in the courts. 
The term " eternal and universal," so often applied to our own Colonel Bliss, 
would be inadequate to characterize the unceasing and unflagging energy of the 
High Constable. But his energ)' was never wasted by misdirected efforts, nor 
did it degenerate into fussiness. He had a high appreciation of his duties, and 
no man worked harder or more faithfully to discharge his obligations to the 
public. 

Jacob Hays was born on May 13, 1772, at Bedford, N. Y. His father was a 
prominent Whig, and was one of the soldiers serving under Washington in the expe- 
dition known as Braddock's defeat. Jacob himself was frequently of service to the 
Whig cause. His father's name was David Hays. He kept a country store at Bed- 
ford, Westchester County. His house was made a place of meeting by General Wash- 
ington and his officers at the time thnt the patriot army was stationed thereabouts. 
Young Jacob, thus early in life, became familiar with General Washington and 
his officers. He was a stout, sturdy lad of eleven years, when peace was de- 
clared in 1783. 

Jacob Hays was first appointed Marshal by Mayor Varick in 1798. In 1802 he 
was appointed High Constable by Mayor Livingston, and on March 21, 1803, he 
and Charles Van Orden were appointed Captains of the Third Watch District. 
It is recorded in the proceedings of an old-fashioned caucus that he was removed 
from the latter position in the year 1804. From the time he received his first 
appointment to the position of High Constable up to his death, a period of 
nearly fifty years, he was reappointed to that office by each successive Mayor, the 
office of High Constable becoming extinct at his death. He was also Sergeant- 
at-Arms to the Board of Aldermen for a number of years, and acted as Crier of 
the Court of Sessions. He was, perhaps, the best-known man of his day in' the 
city. The terror of criminals, it was his boast that there was not a rogue in the 
city whom he did not know. And this fact was borne out by his extraordinary 
success in arresting and bringing rogues of all degrees to justice. The usual 
popular cry being, when some bold and mysterious burglary or robbery had 
been perpetrated, the criminals escaping without leaving a clue as to their iden- 
tity behind : "Set old Hays on them." 

He was the first real detective of this city. He was an honest man, of high 
moral and religious character, and an attendant of the Scotch Presbyterian 
Church, in Grand Street In his line he was a regular autocrat, and held the 
monopoly of catching thieves. So successful was he as a detective that his fame 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



93 



spread over the whole civilized world. He was as well known in London as in 
New York. It is said of him that he could track a rogue by instinct. Kifteen 
years after his death, letters came from the Chief of Police of London, |)crtain- 
ing to criminals and crime, adressed to " Jacob Hays, High Constable of New 
York." Following is a facsimile of his commission as Captain of the Watch : 




For years after he had received his appointment of High Constable he had 
but a bare handful of men under his command, the number not exceeding half a 
dozen at the beginning. This fact rendered his achievements in keeping the 
criminal classes in subjection all the more wonderful. It is said, such was his 
zeal and activity, that, during the ])rolonged period of his public service, he did 
not, on an average, sleep more than six hours out of twenty-four. Another remark- 
able fact remains to be recorded : he never carried a concealed weapon ; never 
went armed in any form ; his only [)rotection being his Constable's staff and his 
own indomitable fearlessness of danger. He was, besides, possessed of great 
physical strength, and few of the desperadoes of those days cared to cross 
the private or official path of the determined and sturdy High Constable. He 
was pre-eminently successful in quelling street brawls and dispersing rioters. 
Such was his success in this direction that he himself, single-handed, often put 
down a street fight, in which some of the worst factions were engaged, and that 
too, without having recourse to any violence whatever. His son, a hale and 
hearty gentleman, William H. Hays, who is President of the Eighth Avenue Rail- 
road Company and a leading down-town broker, well remembers his father's 
exploits in this and other respects. Whenever the High Constable was made 
aware that a street brawl was assuming threatening proportions he at once 
repaired to the scene of disturbance, and, without a moment's hesitation, mingled 
in the throng of excited wranglers. His great strength was then exerted towards 
separating the combatants and in driving back the crowd. He did not crack the 
heads of the brawlers ; he usually knocked off their hats with his staff, and while 
they were in the act of stooping to pick them up, he would shove them fonvard 
and throw them down, their prostrate bodies generally serving as a barrier to 
keep the others back. He would then deal with the principals, and by the time 
he was re-inforced by his men, the greater part of the trouble was generally over. 
The secret of his success was that he never (except in very rare and exceptional 



94 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



cases) used violence while dealing with a mob. He left no brokeji heads or 
bruised bodies to rankle and call for vengeance. Fearlessnes.s, firmness, and for- 
bearance were his predominant traits, and, as he never wantonly maltreated or 
injured any one, even in the face of great provocation, so, in like manner, brawl- 
ers and criminals generally — while they feared and respected the man — rarely 
offered him personal violence. His great presence of mind and ready tact also 
stood him in good stead in moments of peril and emergency. It was his habit to 
make little of these public outbreaks and to declare that such misdeeds were not 
primarily occasioned by men, but were the work of unruly boys, grown up persons 
being imwittingly drawn into the trouble. Then his usual method of formulat- 
ing his mandates to the mob was couched in respectful language, to wit : " Now, 
all good citizens go home !" an advice which seldom passed unheeded. This 
rare mixture of forbearance and firmness triumphed over the angry passions of 
the mob, and rarely failed to produce the desired results. In moments of the 
greatest public peril he would never consent to invoking the aid of the State 
militia, for the reason as he grimly and quaintly put it : " If you send for the , 
military, they may kill some one, and that will bring trouble ; then there will be 
the trouble of burying them ; and that will be the greatest trouble of all." 

Only a few of the noted cases in which the High Constable distinguished 
himself can be referred to here. A citizen informed the High Constable 
that two strange men occupied a room in a certain hotel in the city; that they 
were much alone together in their room; that this fact excited the curiosity of 
the servant girl, who peered through the key-hole, and saw the men counting 
money. 

Some time previously (1830) the City Bank of this city had been robbed of 
two hundred thousand dollars. The High Constable, from the nature of the rob- 
bery, suspected who the men were. Upon receiving a description of these men, 
he concluded that they were the men who had robbed the City Bank. Accom- 
panied by his son, he surprised one of the robbers in the room of the hotel, 
and arrested him. His name was Smith, an expert bank robber. A large 
amount of money was found in his trunk. The money was a part of the pur- 
loined property of the City Bank. 

In the meantime the High Constable was busy looking out for Smith's compan- 
ion, named Murray,who had evaded arrest, and kept away from his former quarters 
at the hotel. A man named Parkinson, a well-known locksmith, was suspected 
by the High Constable as also being Smith's companion in crime. Going to 
Parkinson's store, the High Constable made a careful search of the place, with- 
out, however, finding anything of a criminatory character. He was about giv- 
ing up the search in despair when he happened to pick up a jack-plane, one 
end of which, it could be seen, had been cut off and readjusted. In taking the 
jack-plane apart, the Higji Constable found in a hollow groove notes of the 
plundered bank amounting to twenty thousand dollars. Some forty thousand 
dollars was still short of the amount stolen, and the High Constable concluded 
that Murray must have it. 

He was released, and went to Philadelphia, where the High Constable had 
him placed under police surveillance, and besides, had him shadowed by a for- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 95 

J) 

mer " pal," in the hopes thereby of obtaining the remainder of the money stolen 
from the bank. 

At the High Constable's request, John McLean, High Constable of Phila- 
delphia, arrested Murray on the second of May, 1831. Murray, when taken into 
cu;>tody, threw away a number of bills. These were picked up, and they 
proved to be bills on the Orange County Bank. He was brought to trial and 
convicted. While in jail, under a promise of pardon he revealed the hiding 
place of the stolen treasure, which was under a big tree in Independence Stjuare, 
in Philadelphia. The High Constable's son, accompanied by his friend, Jus- 
tice Hol)son, of this city, went to Philadelphia, and after digging for the treas- 
ure, at first without success, at length found it. The money so recovered com- 
pleted the whole amount stolen from the City Bank. 

Many years ago successful forgeries had been committed on a number of 
banks in this city. Three men, Reed, Stephens, and HoUgate, notorious cracks- 
men, were suspected of the forgeries, the more so as they kept in hiding from 
the j)olice. High Constable Hays arrested Reed ("Jack" Reed as he was called) 
' in front of the old City Hotel, the site of the present Boreal Building. Reed 
made a desperate resistance, in which he was assisted by his confederate, Ste- 
phens. Reed drew a dirk on the High Constable, but the latter, using his great 
strength, pinned Reed to the wall, and held a firm grasp of the hand that held 
the dagger. A crowd gathered, and some of Reed's friends assisted in assaulting 
the High Constable, hoping thereby to rescue Reed. Fortunately, Major Noah, 
a well-known citizen, who happened to be passing, went to the High Constable's 
assistance, and Reed was disarmed. On the way to the watch-house the High 
Constable and his prisoner were followed by Stephens and others of the gang, 
who made several attempts to rescue the prisoner. 

Stephens' turn came next. The High Constable, having obtained information 
that Stephens was one of the gang of forgers, accompanied by his son, at an early 
hour of the morning, went to the house where Stephens was known to live. 
Upon the latter refusing to open his door in response to the summons of the 
High Constable, the latter broke it in. Stephens was ready, pistol in hand, to 
repulse the officers of the law. As he was about firing at the head of the High 
Constable, young Hays knocked the pistol out of the hand of the forger, and he 
was secured and restrained from inflicting bodily injury on his captors. 

The third man (Hollgate) remained at large. He was subsequently arrested 
(not b.y the High Constable), or at least a man who was taken for Hollgate was 
arrested, and in good time was arraigned for trial. This man's name was Red- 
mond, and he kept a hotel in Pearl Street. His description tallied exactly with 
the description given of the third forger. Redmond pleaded his innocence. He 
was, however, fully identified as one of the forgers by a man named Ware and a 
Mr. Ebbitt, who was cashier and teller of the Union Bank of this city. The case 
had been just given to the jury, all the evidence pointing to Redmond's guilt, when 
High Constable Hays, who had all along strenuously maintained that Redmond 
was not the right man, brought into court the real culprit, Hollgate. Hollgate 
manufactured children's toys, and kept a store in Chatham Street. It was then 
proven that Redmond was falsely accused, and his innocence being established, 



96 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



he was released. He never recovered from the blow, however; his Ijosiness was 
ruined, and he died soon after, it is said of a broken heart. The cashier who 
swore to Redmond's identity with the forger Hollgate, also took his trouble to 
heart and his health broke down, and it was long before he recovered it. Holl- 
gate, Reed and Stephens were convicted and sent to State Prison. Hollgate was 
the exact counterpart of the unfortunate prisoner, Redmond. 

A brutal murder, accompanied by the robbery of the victim, shocked the 
community about the year 1 820. The man was captain of a sailing vessel. One day 
he was found dead in Coenties Alley, corner Water Street, with a hole in his temple. 
The identity of the murderer was at first wrapped in mystery. A man named 
Johnson, who kept a low sailor's boarding-house, and with whom the dead man 
boarded, was suspected as the guilty party. He was arrested by the High Con- 
stable as he (Johnson) was coming out of Trinity Church. The body of the 
victim was awaiting burial at the Rotunda in the City Hall Park. Thither the 
High Constable conveyed Johnson. The body was covered with a sheet. John- 
son was brought to the side of the murdered man. Suddenly the cloth was 
removed, and the High Constable exclaimed in the ear of the trembling prisoner: 
" Look upon the body; have you ever seen that man before?" "Yes, Mr. Hays, 
I murdered him," was the startling reply. Johnson, who made this statement in 
the presence of several witnesses, subsequently denied it upon his trial, but on 
the scaffold he confessed his guilt. The day of his execution was a great holiday 
for the populace. The gallows was erected in Twenty-sixth Street, near Cedar 
Creek. 

Mr. R. M. Blatchford, a well-known lawyer of this city, rented a cottage 
in Bleecker Street. At that time Bleecker Street was beyond the city limits. 
One morning, when Mr. Blatchford returned home after a brief absence in the 
country, he found the house in disorder. Thieves had broken in in the night 
and carried away articles of value. Mr. Blatchford's new suit of clothes had 
been appropriated, and an old suit (evidently the suit that had been discarded 
by the thief when he donned Mr. Blatchford's clothes) was left on a chair. 
The robbery was at once reported to High Constable Hays. Upon examining 
the old suit of clothes that had been left behind, the High Constable said: "I 
know the man these clothes belong to. He came from Baltimore to this city 
two weeks ago." P'oUowing up the declaration, Mr. Hays said, still addressing 
himself to Mr. Blatchford: "I have reason to know this man; his hair is as r^d 
as blood. If you wait here (in the High Constable's office) for half an hour 
I'll get him for you." To the astonishment of Mr. Blatchford, the High Con- 
stable, who had hastily departed, returned within the time mentioned, bringing 
with him a man whose hair was "as red as blood.'" The man in question was 
dressed in Mr. Blatchford's stolen clothes. 

The interesting document on the opposite page is a facsimile of Jacob Hays* 
commission as High Constable, which shows that there was not so much printer's 
ink or elaboration of detail used in the make-up of official documents in those days. 

As another evidence of the intimate knowledge the High Constable pos- 
sessed of criminals and their ways, and his marvelous memory of faces, the fol- 
lowing story will not be found inappropriate: 



98 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



One Fourth of July, upon the occasion of the usual patriotic assemblage in 
front of the City Hall, while the City Fathers and the Mayor were reviewing the 
procession, the High Constable surprised Alderman Stillwell (afterwards Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of the State), by a request to hold his (the High Constable's) 
staff. In answer to the puzzled Alderman's inquiring look, the High Constable 
hastily said: " Please hurry; there's a man out there in the crowd who answers 
a description I have in my pocket of a man for whose arrest there is offered a 
reward of five hundred dollars." The High Coustable then disappeared in the 
crowd, and in the next moment returned, holding a tight grip of the suspect, 
whom he marched to the Bridewell. The prisoner proved to be the man for 
whom the reward of five hundred dollars had been offered. 

The late Commodore Vanderbilt used to tell a story of his relations at one 
time with the sturdy High Constable. Commodore Vanderbilt, in his early 
career, was captain of a steamboat, the boat being owned by a Mr. Gibbons. 
This boat was run on the North River in opposition to the regular line, 
which was operated by the Livingston family, who had a "patent" to run 
the steamboats on the North River. The Livingston's had procured an 
order of the Court (corresponding to an injunction), to restrain the Gibbons' 
boat, as operated by Commodore Vanderbilt. High Constable Hays was 
intrusted with the service of the order of the court, and, in his usual unruffled 
manner, told the Commodore that discretion in the present instance, at least, 
was the better part of valor. " I was mad enough," the Commodore was wont 
to say in later years, " to defy the whole Livingston tribe, old Hays included, 
but when I caught a glimpse of his calm and smiling face, and a twinkle in his 
eye, which, singularly enough, said as plainly as words could express it: 'If you 
don't obey the order of the court, and that damn soon, I'll make you do it, 
by G — ,' I concluded to surrender. I didn't want to back down, however, too 
hurriedly, and I said that if they wanted to arrest me, they should carry me 
off the boat; and don't you know, old Hays took me at my word, and landed me 
on the dock with a suddenness that took away my breath." 

To illustrate the extent to which Mr. Hays' fame had spread, the following 
may be related: 

Colonel James B. Murray while once in London witnessed quite a riot. He got 
on an eminence, the better to see the conflict between the mob and the police. 
After a good deal of fighting the tumult was put down, and the ringleaders ar- 
rested. Addressing himself to an Englishman, also a spectator. Colonel Mur- 
ray said: "Why, I've come from a city where one man would have put down 
that riot." " You must have come from New York then," was the response, 
< " as that's the only place where such a thing can be done." 

The Common Council, by joint resolution, on April 31, 1836, ten- 
dered their thanks to High Constable Hays " for his persevering and efficient 
services in again securing those notorious and dangerous forgers. Smith and Van- 
dergriff, who recently made their escape from the City Prison." 

Mayor Lawrance, in transmitting this resolution to the High Constable, ex- 
pressed his sense of appreciation of the services of Mr. Hays as follows: 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 99 

" I will embrace the jjresent o])|)ortunity to return to you my thanks for 
your vigilance in every case which has come under my notice, and for the readi- 
ness and alacrity with which you have discharged the duties of your office." 

Mr. Hays was equally noted for his benevolence and philanthropy. 
While he never compromised with felons or law-breakers, he never took any 
illegitimate or unjust means to secure their conviction. He was firm, but mod- 
erate in all things. He was, too, possessed of a high order of intelligence, and 
was, besides, distinguished for his zeal and incorruptibility. His treatment 
of criminals was conspicuous by its entire absence of malice, or a desire to 
serve his own official ambition at the expense of the misfortunes of others. No 
man hated crime and criminals more than he; no man would go farther to 
bring guilt home to such criminals, and no man was more unrelenting in the dis- 
charge of such duties. On the other hand, when outraged justice had been 
vindicated by the conviction of a prisoner, should such a prisoner manifest a 
genuine desire to reform, the stern official was replaced l)y the humane citizen; 
and in every way consistent with the ends of justice and his own integiity, 
he was always willing to stretch forth a helping hand to the fallen, desiring 
that his erring brother should go in jjeace and sin no more. But he set his face, 
like flint, against professional criminals, big and small, and lashed them with- 
out pity or mercy, until they were driven from the city, or confined within the 
walls of a jail. 

He died in the seventy-eighth year of his age, full of honors, and his 
funeral was attended by all the leading city dignitaries. His remains rest in 
Woodlawn Cemetery. 

An oil painting of the High Constable, by Shegogue, which was painted in 
accordance with a resolution of the Common Council, hangs in the Governor's 
room at the City Hall. 



lOO 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER V. 



ORGANIZATION OF A MUNICIPAL POLICE. 



1S44— 1853. 



A Turning Point in the System of Policing the City. — The Old Watch De- 
partment ABOLISHED. ESTABLISHMENT OF A DaY AND NiGHT POLICE. ChIEF 

Matsell.— A Man who played an important part in Police Affairs. — 
Harper's Police. — First effort to introduce a Uniform. — The New Sys- 
tem not satisfactory. — Changes in the Law. — Astor Place Riot. — Bat- 
tery Park. — Growing Boldness of Criminals.— Citizens Alarmed. — The 
WHOLE Force directed to Patrol Day and Night. — Detailment of Police- 
men A growing Evil. — Measures taken to suppress it. — Tables of Arrests. 

■ I ^HE necessity for a new de])arture in policing the city had for a long time been 



forcing itself on the public mind. But, however apparent this might have 
been to the politicians, that body of enlightened citizens had neither the will nor 
inclination to change the old way of doing business. And so matters dragged 
along until 1840. At that time the city was in the full tide of its mercantile 
prosperity. 

George W. Matsell, in the above year, became one of the Police Magistrates. 
He was a young man of some talent and considerable energy. Born in England, 
he early in life came to this city, and grew up with the town. He was, in an 
official sense, the lineal descendant of Jacob Hays, who had grown old in the 
public service. Mr. Matsell soon became impressed with the necessity for a 
change in the Watch system, and he set himself to re-organize the old sleepy 
Leatherheads. The population of the city was then about four hundred thou- 
sand souls. The city was filled with thieves and burglars, many of them of the 
worst kind. Mr. Matsell gathered some kindred spirits about him, and, with the 
squad of men he had at his command, he was in the habit of going about the 
city a great deal at night, breaking up many places of evil resort through his 
personal exertions. Among his lieutenants were George W. Walling, afterwards 
Superintendent ; Robert Brownsen; W. Stevens, late keeper on Randall's Island; 
and Joseph McGrath, afterwards a Captain, and later a Magistrate. 

Mr. Matsell's efforts showed what one earnest, fearless man, could accom- 
plish, and the public mind became impressed with the fact that what Mr. Mat- 
sell was doing almost single-handed, and therefore but partially and imperfectly, 
was of too important a nature for individual effort, and so at last it was 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



lor 



determined to take a decisive step in the right direction. This step was not taken, 
however, until James Harper was elected Mayor in 1844, but once taken there 
was no crying halt on the onward march of Police i)rogress and reform. 

Mr. Matsell was born in the year 1806, and came to this country when but 
six years of age. His father kept a book store on part of the site of the Metro- 
politan Hotel, and adjoining Niblo's Theatre. Young Matsell also learned the 
business from another bookseller, and in time owned a store of his own on tjie 
corner of Pearl and Chatham Streets. 

The Municipal Police .\ct was passed in the year 1844, and William F. 
Havemeyer being elected Mayor the following year, he at once nominated Mr. 




Chief Matseil's Shield. 



Matsell Chief of Police, both Boards of Aldermen confirming the nomination. 
For twelve years he occupied the position, gradually improving the Police system 
and enforcing strict discipline. During this time he had to contend with the 
Astor Place riots, volunteer firemen's mobs, and election disturbances. 

From 1845 to 1853 the Board of Aldermen had the appointment of the 
Patrolmen on the force, but it being impossible to discipline the force under such 
circumstances, the legislature interfered, and designated the Mayor, Recorder and 
City Judge as a commission. In 1857 the State legislature passed what is 
known as the Metropolitan Police Act. 

Fernando Wood was Mayor, and this legislation neither suited him nor Chief 
Matsell. The' Mayor thought it unconstitutional — as interfering with municipal 
prerogatives, and the Chief felt bound to obey his superior officer. A conflict 



I02 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



with the State authorities soon resulted, a large number of the old force refusing to 
obey the new Commissioners. 

The conflict which ensued between the State authorities and Mayor Wood 
as to which was entitled to appoint a Street Commissioner to fill the vacancy 
caused by the death of Commissioner Taylor, was bitterly waged, and was at- 
tended with the shedding of blood. Chief Matsell, who took sides with Mayor 
Wood, had eight hundred men stationed at the City Hall to resist any attempt to 
arrest the Mayor. The story of the riotous proceedings that followed between 
squads of the Municipal Police (Mayor Wood's partizans) and the recently creat- 
ed Metropolitan Police, (who enforced the Commissioners' mandates), will be nar- 
rated more fully in another place. When, at last, Mayor Wood's Police 
were routed by the bayonets of the military and the edicts of the courts. 
Chief Matsell clung to the fortunes of his chief with an unflinching devo- 
tion. Upon his failing to appear before the Police Commissioners the day 
following the disturbances in question, in obedience to their summons, he was 
tried and dismissed the force. Mayor Wood subsequently said that Mr. Matsell 
had acted in good faith, deeming the Mayor his superior officer. 

When Wm. F. Havemeyer was re-elected Mayor he re-appointed Mr. Matsell 
Superintendent of Police wV^ James J. Kelso, on May 23, 1873. In July of the 
following year, when Commissioners Charlick and Gardner were removed, he was 
appointed a Police Commissioner, and a few days afterwards was elected Presi- 
dent of the Board. He remained in office until December i, 1875. 

After that he practiced law in a quiet way, giving advice in criminal cases, 
his wide experience being found to be of great value. It was Mr. Matsell who 
originated the much quoted phrase, ''the finest police force in the world." 

Mr. Matsell died at his residence. No. 230 East Fifty-eighth Street, on the 
morning of July 25, 1877, in his seventy-first year. For two years previously he 
had suffered from an injury to one of his feet, and this injury, becoming aggra- 
vated by a second accident, proved fatal. 

The Police system was clearly approaching a turning point in its historj'. 
Sweeping and radical changes were in contemplation, and the old order of things 
was fast passing away. The system of policing the city that had prevailed, with 
few changes and modifications, as handed down from the Dutch to the English, 
and by these to the government that supplanted them, was legislated out of 
existence on May 7, 1844. Prior to that time the Police force of the city, as we 
have seen, consisted of two Constables elected annually in each ward, of a small 
body of men appointed by the Mayor, denominated Mayor's Marshals, and'of 
a Night-watch composed of citizens who pursued their trades or avocations 
during the day, and patrolled the streets at night. This act abolished the Night- 
watch, and established a Day and Night Police. 

The act was suffered to remain for the time being inoperative, lacking 
the official approval of the Common Council and the Mayor. The Board 
of Aldermen, however, on November 27, 1844, while ignoring the Police 
bill passed by the legislature subject to their approval, adopted an ordinance 
establishing a Municipal Police, or Night and Day Watch. 

This ordinance removed from office all Sunday officers, Day Police officers, 



OUK POLfCE PROTECIVKS. 



officers to attend the j)olls, officers to attend lioats, keepers of public jdaces, 
and Superintendent of junk-shops. 

In lieu of these, the Mayor was cmi)owerecl to select two hundred suitahle 
men, who, with the concurrence of the Common Council, were to constitute a 
Municipal Police, or Night and Day Watch. 

The following Police stations were appropriated to the force, and established 
in accordance with the above ordinance : 

No. I. Franklin Market: First Ward. 

No. 2. City Hall: Second, Third and Fourth Wards. 

No. 3. Halls of Justice: Fifth and Sixth Wards. 

No. 4. Essex Market: Seventh, .Tenth, and Thirteenth Wards. 

No. 5. Corner Prince and Wooster Streets: Eighth and Fourteenth Wards. 

No. 6. Jefferson Market: Ninth, Fifteenth, and part of Sixteenth Wards. 

No. 7. Union Market: Eleventh, Seventeenth, and part of Sixteenth Wards. 

No. 8. House of Detention, Harlem: Twelfth Ward. 

The officers and salaries were named as follows: 



Superintendent Si 250 

Captains 700 

Assistant Captains 600 

Sergeants 550 

Policemen , 500 



The Mayor was authorized to prescribe a distinguishing badge or dress for 
the members of the force, and also to prescribe such rules and regulations as he 
might deem necessary and proj)er. This ordinance, it was stipulated, should 
not be construed to affect the Watch Department in any other way than as it 
rendered necessary an alteration of the Watch posts to conform to the 
diminution of that force by transfers into the Municipal Police. 

In pursuance of the power invested in him, as aforesaid. Mayor Harper 
quickly went to work to uniform, or partially uniform, the corps of two hundred 
men which constituted the Municipal Police. This uniform consisted of a blue 
single-breasted cloth frock coat, buttoned to the neck, having the letters M. P. on a 
standing collar. This was the first serious attempt made to uniform the Police 
force, but it did not survive long. These Policemen were variously called " M. P's." 
and " Harper's Police." 

The Police offices or courts were established by ordinance, March 12, 1845, 
as follows: 

1. Franklin Market. 

2. Halls of Justice. 

3. Corner of Bowery and Third Street. 

4. Jefferson Market. 

The Mayor and Special Justices were authorized to select six City Marshals, 
whose duty it was to attend daily at the down town Police office, and take 
charge of all prisoners brought to the office by Policemen, AN'atchmen, or private 
citizens. For the same purpose three Marshals were assigned to the Police 
office at the corner of Third Street and the Bowery, the pay of each being one dollar 



OUR FOrJCE PROTECTORS. 



and fifty cents per day. It having been discovered that a number of PoHcemen 
had, by direction of the Mayor and Special Justices, performed services before 
they had been finally appointed, and in order to compensate them for their labors, 
both Boards adopted a resolution granting them i)ay from the day on which 
they had assumed control of the locust. 

The Police of the city, by this change, consisted of three separate bodies. 
The Police proper, the Municipal Police, and the Watch — and the persons belong- 
ing to each of these divisions received their appointments from different sources. 
This was found to be a complicated and inefficient system. These separate 




Mayor Harper. 



organizations tended to excite dissension among the individuals composing them, 
which was incompatible with the efficiency of a well-regulated Police. 

The Board of Aldermen again took counsel and reflected over the situation, 
the result being that they repealed the ordinance aforesaid on May 16, 1845, and 
removed all persons holding ofifice or appointments under it. The Board of 
Aldermen at their next meeting, that is, on the twenty-third of May, adopted the 
Act passed May 7, 1844. In ten days thereafter the Act took effect. 

The Act of 1844, as has been said, abolished the Watch and kindred depart- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



merits of the City Police. In lieu of the Watch Department, Marshals, Street 
Insi)ectors, Health Wardens, Fire Wardens, Dock Masters, Lamp-lighters, Ikll- 
ringers, Insi)ectors of Pawnbrokers and Junk-shops, and of the officers to attend 
the polls (these being sub-divisions of the then Police force), there was established a 
Day and Night Police, not to exceed eight hundred men, including Captains, 
Assistant Captains and Policemen. Each Ward was constituted a Patrol District, 
in each of which there was established a " District Headcpiarters." In addition to 
their other duties, the law obliged Policemen to light the lamps and ring the alarm 
bells. The duties of the force were more explicitly defined, but such duties in 
no important j)articular differ from those performed by Policemen at the jjresent 
time. They had, for instance, to attend fires, to preserve the peace, to report to 
their Captains suspicious and disorderly houses; to arrest and arraign at court of- 
fenders against the law ; to protect life and property, etc. 

The Chief of Police, subordinate to the Mayor, was tlie chief executive of- 
ficer. His office was located at the City Hall, in tlie Mayor's office. He was ap- 
I)ointed by tiie Mayor, by and witli the consent of the Common Council, to serve 
for one year, mil ess sooner remo\ed. 

The Aldermen, Assistant Aldermen, and Assessors of each Ward, with the 
concurrence of the Mayor, were empowered to ai)point a Captain, one first Assis- 
tant Cai)tain, one second Assistant Cajitain, and as many Policemen as the Ward 
was entitled to, whose term of office was also for one year. 

The Common Council, in determining the salaries of the officers and men, 
should not, the act declared, exceed the following sums: 

Chief of Police, fifteen hundred dollars ; Special Justices, fifteen hundred 
dollars ; Captains, seven hundred dollars ; Assistant Captains, five hundred and 
fifty dollars ; Policemen, five hundred dollars. 

The Chief of Police was appointed on the nineteenth of June, but so much 
time was occupied in making necessary investigations into the character and capa- 
city of persons nominated for places in the department, that the organization 
could not be judiciously advanced faster than as follows : 

On the twenty-seventh of June, one hundred and seventy men were appoint- 
ed, consisting of three officers and seven men for each Ward, and, on the four- 
teenth, fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth days of July, most of the six hun- 
dred and thirty men forming the complement of eight hundred officers and 
men were also appointed. 

The City Watch was disbanded. The Pirst District, July 15 ; the Sixth 
District on the 16th ; and the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Districts on 
July 18. The City Marshals were dismissed on the thirty-first of July, and 
on the first day of August the new law went into full ojieration, the Policemen 
for the various Wards being apportioned in accordance with the ordinance passed 
by the Common Council, June 1 1, 1845, follows : 

First Ward, 55 ; Second Ward, 40 ; Third Ward, 40 ; Fourth Ward, 55 ; Fifth 
Ward, 50 ; Sixth Ward, 60 ; Seventh Ward, 60 ; Eighth Ward, 50 ; Ninth 
Ward, 45 ; Tenth Ward, 45 ; Eleventh Ward, 45 ; Twelfth Ward, 30 ; Thirteenth 
Ward, 45 ; Fourteenth Ward, 50 ; Fifteenth Ward, 40 ; Sixteenth Ward, 45 ; 
Seventeenth Ward, 45 ; in the Police offices, 13; in the City Courts, 17; in the 



io6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Chief's office, i ; in office Commissioners of Alms House, i ; as Inspector of 
Stages, Hacks, Cabs and Carts, 4; as Bell-ringers, 15. Total, 851. 
The compensation per annum was set as follows : 

Chief of Police $1500 

Captains, each S700 

First and Second Assistant Captain, each $55° 

Policemen $500 

The Mayor was authorized to prescribe rules and regulations for the govern- 
ment of the force, and from time to time to alter and amend the same. Two 
persons were appointed from each Ward by the Alderman and Assistant of such 

Ward, to act as Door-keepers. 
They were paid seven dollars 
per week for such service. 

Mayor Havemeyer was then 
the . Chief Magistrate of the - 
city, and he appointed George 
W. Matsell Chief of Police, 
a position which he held for 
several years. 

The duties of the following 
officers under the old system 
were performed by the Police 
Department, which offices were 
abolished when the new regime 
went into operation : 

One hundred Marshals, 
eighteen Street Inspectors, 
eighteen Health Wardens, fifty- 
four Fire Wardens, thirteen Dock Masters, nine Day Police Officers, fifty Sunday 
Officers, sixteen Bell-ringers, eighteen Hydrant Inspectors, five Keepers of Public 
Parks, one Inspector Pawnbrokers, one Inspector Junk-shops, etc., two Inspectors of 
Hacks, two Inspectors of Stages, one Inspector of Carts, one Superintendent of 
Roads, one Superintendent of Lands and Places; also about three hundred officers 
to attend the polls on days of election; the whole Watch Department, consisting 
of eleven Captains, twenty-four Assistant Captains, and about one thousand two 
hundred Watchmen, making a total of one thousand eight hundred and forty-^ix. 

The above were supplanted by the following force, which was employed as 
follows : eighteen Captains on duty at all times; thirty-six Assistant Captains, one 
half on duty half the time ; seventy-two Sergeants ; seven hundred and seventy- 
three Policemen, of whom one hundred and two were detailed for special duty 
by the Mayor. 

This force wore no uniform, a star-shaped badge, worn on the left breast of 
the outer coat, being their only insignia of office. Hence they came to be called 
"the Star" Police. 

The City was divided into three districts, as follows: First District — First, 
Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Wards; Second District — Eighth, Ninth, 




Police Captain's Shield. 
(Star Police.) 



OUR rOFJCE PROTECTORS. 



Twelfth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Eighteenth Wards; Third District — Seventh, 
Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Seventeenth Wards. 

In each of these districts there were established a Police Court and office. 
The Police office for the First District continued to be held at the Halij of 
Justice in Centre Street; for the Second District at Jefferson Market, and for the 
Third District at the Essex Market. 

In 1845 New York was again visited by a conflagration, second only in its 
ravages to the one of 1835. Three hundred and forty-five buildings were swept 
away, their value, with the goods, being estimated at about five millions of 
dollars. 

The numl)er of persons apprehended, from the first of July to the fifteenth 
of October, 1845, was eleven thousand four hundred and f(nir. 

The list of Police Districts in 1846 was as follows: 
First Ward, or A District. Franklin Market. Captain William Dill. East 

Station, Trinity Place. 
Second Ward, or B District. No. 60 Gold Street. Cajjtain John Kurtz. 
Third Ward, or C District. No. 38 Robinson Street, now Park Place. Captain 

Tobias Boudinot. 

Fourth Ward, or D District. No. 27 James Street. Captain Edward Fitzgerald. 
Fifth Ward, or E District. No. 16 Anthony Street. Captain W. C. Dusenbury. 
Sixth Ward, or F District. Old Watch House, Halls of Justice (the present 

Tombs). Captain James McGrath. The entrance was on Franklin Street, and 

the prison was where the ten-day prison now is. 
Seventh Ward, or (i District. Corner of Pike and South Streets, up-stairs. 

Captain W. M. Howell. 
Eighth Ward, or H District. The Old Watch-house, corner of Prince and 

Wooster Streets, where is now the Eighth Precinct Station house. Captain 

Benjamin P. Fairchild. 
Ninth Ward, or I District. Jefferson Market, up-stairs, entrance on Greenwich 

Avenue. Captain James W. Bush. 
Tenth Ward, or J District. Essex Market, up-stairs, entrance on Ludlow Street. 

Captain John Middleton. 
Eleventh Ward, or K District. Union Market, the i)resent location. In charge 

of a subordinate. 

Twelfth Ward, or L District. House of Detention, or old Lock-up, Harlem, on 
site of ]>resent station house. In charge of a subordinate. 

Thirteenth Ward, or M District. Attorney and Delancey Streets; the present 
station house is in part the old one. Captain John Tilley. 

Fourteenth Ward, or N District. Centre Market, up-stairs. Captain David 
Kissner. 

Fifteenth Ward, or O District. No. 650 Broadway, Constitution Hall. Captain 

Nathaniel M. Brown. 
Sixteenth Ward, or P District. Twentieth Street, between Seventh and Eighth , 

Avenues, where is present station house. In charge of a subordinate. 
Seventeenth Ward, 01 Q District. Third Street and the Bowery. Captain Joseph 

Westerfield. 



io8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The following year, under Mayor Brady, there were some changes and addi- 
tions, as follows: 

Fourth Ward, or D District. No. 31 Roosevelt Street, Captain Thomas Smith. 
Fifth Ward, or E District. No. 48 Leonard Street. Captain Ely Perry. 
Fifteenth Ward, or O District. No. 220 Mercer Street. Captain Brown. 
Eighteenth Ward. Twenty-ninth Street, between Fourth and Fifth Avenues; 

afterwards the Twenty-first, Twenty-ninth and Twenty-fifth precinct station 

house. Captain John W. Brown. 

Hardly had the newly-organized force become familiar with the changes that 
had taken place in the department, when the legislature (May 13, 1846) passed an- 
other Act " for the establishment and regulation of the Police of the City of New 




The Eldridge Street Jail. 

(Old Debtors' Piison.) 

York." The changes effected thereby may be briefly enumerated as follows (the 
Day and Night Police remained as before.) The force was not to exceed nine 
hundred men, and the rank of Sergeant was created. A Patrol District was es- 
tablished in each Ward, where a suitable room was maintained for the use of 
such Patrol, the name of this room being changed from District Headquarters to 
Police Station House." 

The Patrol of each District consisted of one Captain, a First and Second As- 
sistant Captain, two or more Sergeants, and such number of Policemen as the 
Common Council should apportion to the Ward or District. 

The Captains of the several Wards nominated to the Aldermen and Assistant 
Aldermen of their Wards suitable Policemen to perform the duties of Ser- 



OUR POLTCF. rROTECTORS. 



geai>*s, not exceeding four or less than two for each Patrol District. The Chief 
held office for four years, unless sooner removed for cause. Policemen were ap- 
pointed to office for two years. The Common Council, in determining the rate of 
1 comi)ensation, should not, the legislature declared, exceed the following sums per 
annum : 

Chief of Police, sixteen hundred doll.irs; Captains, seven huntlred dollars; 
Assistant Captains, six hundred dollars; Sergeants and Policemen, five hundred 
dollars. 

The Police Department consisted of the following : 

Mayor, Chief of Police and his Clerk, Special Justices and their Clerks, 
Captains and Assistant Captains, Sergeants, Policemen, Constables and Doormen. 

The Common Council sul)sequently arranged the compensation of the per- 
sons named above, as follows: 

Chief of Police, sixteen hundred dollars; Special Justices, fifteen hundred 
dollars; Captains, seven hundred dollars; Assistant Captains, six hundred dollars; 
Sergeants and Policemen, five hundred dollars. 

The Common Council, in May 1846, made the following re-apportionment 
of the force: 

First Ward, 59; Second Ward, 43; Third Ward, 43; Fourth Ward, 60; 
f ifth Ward, 55; Sixth Ward, 66; Seventh Ward, 63; Eighth Ward, 56; Ninth 
Ward, 50; Tenth Ward, 48; Eleventh Ward, 45; Twelfth Ward, 33; Thirteenth 
Ward, 48; Fourteenth Ward, 54; Fifteenth Ward, 40; Sixteenth Ward, 43; 
Seventeenth Ward, 51; Eighteenth Ward, 43. 

The newly created Eighteenth Ward was joined to 1 he Second Police District. 

A previous ordinance provided for the refunding to Policemen any expense 
necessarily incurred in bringing to the station house on a cart, any vagrant or 
intoxicated person. In order to meet this expense. Chief Matsell was allowed 
to draw one hundred dollars from the Comptroller. He was also granted a 
certain sum with which to meet the necessary expenses incurred by the Captains 
or Assistant Captains in providing prisoners with food or medicine. 

All moneys paid for fines imposed by the Police Magistrates were received 
by one of the clerks in the respective Police offices, who entered such fines in a 
book, and on each Tuesday paid into the treasury all the moneys received 
during the week, accounting for the same under oath or affirmation to the 
Comptroller. 

'J'he Battery is an open space at the southwestern extremity of the city, sit- 
uated between State Street and the bay. It is so called because part of its space 
was, in the early settlement of the city, occupied by Fort James, and much of 
the remainder was a battery to strengthen the fort on the water side. Military 
parades were frequently held here. In former days, when the Battery was a fash- 
ionable pleasure ground, on the fourth of July, and other national holidays, there 
was usually a martial and brilliant exhibition of the regiments of artillery, and 
the other uniform troops, upon the ground. The walk was open to all citizens. 
Here they might enjoy the fresh breezes from the bay and the shade of the trees 
every afternoon of the summer, and receive refreshments. In still earlier times. 
Battery Park was a favorite resort for the old Dutch settlers and their families. 



I lO 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Says Washington Irving: "The old Dutch burghers would repair of an afternoon 
to smoke their pipes under the shade of their branches, contemplating the golden 
sun as he gradually sunk in the west, an emblem of that tranquil end toward 
which themselves were hastening; while the young men and the damsels of the 
town would take many a moonlight stroll among these favorite haunts, watch mg 
the chaste Cynthia tremble along the calm bosom of the bay, or light up the white 
sail of some gliding bark, and interchanging the honest vows of constant affection. 
Such was the origin of the renowned walk, the Battery, which, though ostensibly 
devoted to the purposes of war, has ever been consecrated to the sweet delights 
of peace." 

Nor was the enchantment of this scene confined to the time of the Knicker- 
bockers. As represented by the accompanying engraving, from a rare old print, 

the Battery, in com- 
paratively modem 
times, drew within 
its precincts, by a 
more irresistible at- 
traction, the young 
men and maidens of 
a by-gone generation. 
"The favorite walk 
of declining age; the 
healthful resort of 
the feeble invalid; 
the Sunday refresh- 
ment of the dusty 
tradesman; the scene 
of many a boyish 
gambol; the rendez- 
vous of many a ten- 
the ornament of New York, and the 




Bellevue Hospital, (1850). 



der assignation; the comfort of the citizen; 
pride of the lovely island of Manhattan,"— such was the encomium bestowed 
upon it by an enthusiastic writer. In view of the present uses of Battery Park, 
this is very melancholy reading: it sounds like an obituary. 

Mayor Brady, in his annual message, May ii, 1847, stated that the new 
Police system had "failed to meet the just expectations of the community,",and 
recommended to the Common Council the propriety of memorializing the 
legislature to abolish the then Police force, " which affords so little protection to 
citizens and their property, more especially at night," and suggested the 
advisability of the establishment of a Night-watch to consist of one thousand 
two hundred men, or a virtual return to the old Watch system. He estimated that, 
allowing to the Night-watch the sum of one dollar and twenty-five cents per 
night, the expense of maintaining such an establishment would be less annually 
by upwards of one hundred thousand dollars, while additional security at night 
would be insured from the increased number of men on duty, "and all the 
duties of Dav Police would be as efficiently performed as now." 



OUR Por.rcE protectors. 



1 1 1 



The Chief of Police reported to the Board of Aldermen that although the 
nominal force of the Police, under his control, comprised nine hundred men, 
there were hut six hundred and fifty fit for ordinary duty, and that during the 
three months ending January 3 1, 1847, the a^^tual loss of service of Policemen 
from sickness and suspensions amounted to six thousand one hundred and 
seventy-two days, being an average of sixty-seven men each day; and as there 
were forty-two men on day stations who did not ])erform duty during the night, 
the number actually available for night service could only be five hundred and 
sixty-one men, but one-half of whom were on duty at a time. This system, 
notwithstanding, was sujjportcd at an annual expense of four hundred and 
seveiit\ -nine thousand dollars for salaries only. 

'The change did not seem to work well. There were still grumblings and 
discontent. The force at this time, it was admitted on all hands, was a long way 
from being " the finest in the world." An opinion prevailed that it would have 
been far better for the pu!)lic at large to have left things as they had been. In 
fact there was a cry for a return to the old Watch system. Chief Matsell came to 
the front in vindication of his command, and by a comparison of the systems, tried 
to make it apj)ear that the one of which he was at the head was by far the super- 
ior of the two. He (pioted figures to prove that while the old Night-watch 
employed more men, they did not afford as good Police protection as the force 
that had succeeded it. But this did not diminish the popular discontent, and 
the cry continued for a change in the law. 

Mayor Havemeyer, in his annual message, stated that " the defect which was 
most prominent in the system was the appointment of Policemen for a single 
year." Their term of office being the same with that of the Aldermen, Assistants 
and Assessors, who appointed them, there was danger, the Mayor thought, that 
the whole system would be involved in the incessant strifes and annual changes 
of parties, and its agents precluded from the experience and independence 
which were indispensable to their usefulness. " This evil, if it were to continue, 
constituted," the Mayor said, " a strong objection to the plan, but might be 
remedied by the legislature extending the time of appointment." 

Acting upon the Mayor's suggestions, the Committee on Police, etc., 
recommended that application, in the usual form, be made to the legislature for 
the passage of an Act amending the Police Acts, passed May, 1844, and 1846. 

As opposed to this attack on the new regime, a minority report of the 
Committee on Police, Watch and Prisons, undertook to vindicate the existing Police 
force, and denounced the effort that was being made to restore the old Watch 
Department, together with Day Policemen and Marshals. " If we adopt the Watch 
Department as recommended," ((pioting from the minority report aforesaid) "we 
virtually re-establish the old system, with all its objectionable features of fees, 
inefficiency and corruption. We sacrifice all the advantages of experience 
concentrated in the Police, and which has been attained by close, constant and 
long continued application; we invite, again, the disorder, riot and crime, that 
formerly prevailed here, and which still disgrace the cities of Baltimore and 
Philadelphia. The influences which now restrain the young from the com- 
mission of crime, and detect the hardened offender, will be withdrawn, and 



112 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



scenes of personal violence and outrage, in the several Wards of the city, 
remain unrebuked and unpunished." For these reasons it was concluded that 
the unconditional repeal of the law would be " replete with danger to the best 
interests of society, and in violation of enlightened public opinion." 

The Franklin House, one of the finest residences in the city, stood on the 
corner of Cherry Street and Franklin S([uare. It M-as built by Walter Franklin. 
This dwelling was selected as the official residence of President Washington, in 
1790. The engraving represents this historic mansion as it appeared in 1850. 

Provision was made, on July 16, 1847, for placing cots in station houses for 
the accommodation of lost children. On the seventh of September following, three 
rooms were set apart for the occupancy of persons not committed for a criminal 
offense. In November the pay of Doormen was increased from seven dollars 
a week to one dollar and twenty-five cents per day. On the thirteenth of 




Washington's Residence — Franklin House, head of Cherry Street, in 1790, 
as it appeared in 1850. 

January of the succeeding year the Common Council directed that two physicians 
he employed at a salary of one hundred dollars each per year. One of these 
physicians was stationed at Essex Market, and the other at Jefferson Market. 

The expense of cleaning the city prison, and the employment of persons' for 
that purpose, while prisoners were idling their time in cells, aroused the 
indignation of the city fathers, and they directed that the keepers of the prison 
should select five inmates daily, and compel them to do the chores. 

The law was changed by act of the legislature (March 30, 1848) " in relation 
to Justices and Police Courts in the City of New York," by a division of the city 
into six Judicial Districts, a Justice to be elected in each district, the abolish- 
ment of the office of Assistant and Special Justices, and the election of six Po- 
lice Justices to serve for four years. 

The ordinance which divided the city into three districts (June 16, 1845) 
was amended on May 6, 1848, by the addition of a Fourth District, as follows; 



OUR POrJCF. PROTECTORS. 



^'3 



First f)istrict — First, Second, 'I'hird, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Wards ; Second 
District — Eighth, Ninth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Wards ; Third District — Seventh 
Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Wards ; l''oiirth District — Twelfth 
Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Wards. 

In each of the foregoing districts there were established a Police Court and 
office. The business of the Police offices already established in the Halls of 
Justice, Centre Street, at Jefferson Market, and at Essex Market, continued to be 
conducted there, until otherwise directed by the Common Council. The Police 
office for the Fourth District, newly created, was located at the Police station 
house in the Eighteenth Ward. 

A stjuad of nine Policemen was detailed at Chief Matsell's office in the 
basement of the City Hall, to act as Inspectors of Stages, of Carts, of Hacks, 
Junk-shojjs, and Pawnbrokers. 

Day stations of Policemen were designated "where citizens in the neighl)or- 
hood of the stations who recjuirc the services of a Policeman, can always find 
one on duty, from sunrise to sunset." One such station was established in each 
Ward. Fourteen Policemen were detailed as Bell-ringers at the several district 
fire alarm bells, while others were detailed for special duty at the various Courts, 
namely. Courts of Ceneral and Special Sessions, Circuit Court, Common Pleas, 
Superior Court, and Marine Court. Others again were detailed as Street Inspectors 



and Dock Masters. 

Tlie station houses were located at the following places: 

First Ward, Franklin Market, up stairs, whole force 59 

Second Ward, 60 Gold Street, whole force 43 

Third Ward, 38 Rol)inson Street, whole force 43 

Fourth Ward, 31 Roosevelt Street, whole force 60 

Fifth Ward, 48 Leonard Street, whole force 55 

Sixth Ward, station house (Tombs), whole force 66 

Seventh Ward, Pike and South Streets, whole force 63 

Eighth Ward, Prince and Wooster Streets, whole force 56 

Ninth Ward, Jefferson Market, whole force 50 

Tenth Ward, Essex Market, whole force 48 

Eleventh Ward, Union Market, whole force 45 

Twelfth Ward, House of Detention, Harlem, Bloomingdale and 

Yorkville, whole force 33 

Thirteenth Ward, Attorney and Delancey Streets, whole force. . 48 

Fourteenth Ward, Centre Market, whole force 54 

Fifteenth Ward, 220 Mercer Street, whole force 54 

Sixteenth Ward, Twentieth Street, between Seventh and Eighth 

Avenues, whole force 43 

Seventeenth Ward, Third Street and Powery, whole force.... 51 
Eighteenth Ward, Twenty-ninth Street, between Fourth and 

Fifth Avenues, while force 43 



A squad of Police were detailed as Bell-ringers at the several district fire alarm 
bells, namely. City Hall Cupola, three men; Central Market Cupola, nine men; Jef- 
ferson Market Cupola, three men; Eighth District Station House Cupola, two men; 
Tenth District Station House Cupola, three men. Besides these there were the 
following details: two Scriveners at the office of Chief of Police; two Insjiectors of 
Stages; two Inspectors of Hacks; one Inspector of Pawnbrokers; one Inspector 



114 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



of Junk-shops and Second-hand Dealers; one man to the office of the Commis- 
sioner of the Alms House; and one Physician, who was also appointed a Police- 
man. There were also other details, as follows: nine Policemen to the Courts of 
General and Special Sessions; four to the Circuit Court; five to the Common 
Pleas; five to the Superior Court; one to the Marine Court. Policemen were 
detailed as Street Inspectors of the various Wards, and one Policeman as Dock 
Master, for each of the following Wards: First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, 
Eighth, Ninth. 

The first set of printed rules and regulations issued to the force was in 
September, 1848. They were drafted by Chief Matsell and William McKellar, 
who was Matsell's chief clerk, and, generally speaking, "guide, philosopher and 
friend." These rules and regulations made up a handy little book of about 
ninety pages. When issued, it was received with amazement and alarm by the 
men. The inscription on the fly-leaf of one of these books, now in the 
possession of Captain Bennett, and evidently written by the particular Policeman 
to whom it originally belonged, is as follows: "A policeman would not live one 
year if he acted up to these regulations." This sentiment voices the opinion of 
the whole force whom the book was designed to instruct in their duty. And yet 
this little primer looks very simple and easy contrasted with the complicated, 
voluminous, and formidable digest of the laws contained in the present manual. 

Mayor Havemeyer, in a preface to this book of rules and regulations, says: 
" To this department, the most important of our city government, is intrusted 
the interest of the whole community — the safety of their persons, the security of 
their property, and the peace and good order of the city." 

The instructions cannot be mentioned but quite briefly. Each member 
of the department was obliged to wear the emblem of his office on the 
outside of the outermost garment over the left breast. Members of the force 
should, when on duty, conspicuously display their star (shield) or emblem of 
office. The Captain of each Patrol District divided the Policemen of his district 
into two equal parts, to be known as the first and second platoon, which were 
commanded respectively by the first and second Assistant Captains. The 
Captain also divided his district into night and day beats, and designated the 
Policemen who were to patrol the same; and, in like manner, established two or 
more day stations, in order that citizens might at all times during the day 
obtain the aid of Policemen when needed. The beats and stations were 
numbered. At any alarm of fire it was the duty of Captains nearest the scene 
of tlie conflagration forthwith to proceed to the same with one half the number 
of their Policemen off duty, and to be diligent in preserving order and protecting 
property. A similar course should be adopted by the Captain in case of riot, 
which he should use due vigilance in suppressing. 

The prevention of crime being the most important object in view, a 
Policeman's exertions, the rules maintained, should be constantly used to 
accomplish that end; and by his vigilance, to render it extremely difficult for 
any one to commit crime on his beat. 

In 1849 an amended charter was granted to the city, by which the day of 
the charter election was changed from the second Tuesday in April to the day 



OUR rOIJCE PROTECTORS. 



"5 



of tl»e general State election in November, the term of office to commence on 
the first Monday of the ensuing January. By the provisions of this charter, which 
was to take effect on the first of June, the Mayor and Aldermen were to 
hold their offices for two years, while the Assistant Aldermen were to be elected 
annually, as before. The city at this time consisted of eighteen Wards, an addi- 
tional one having been created in 1845. Another was added in 11851, and the 
number was increased to twenty during the course of the following ) ear. 

'i he act of May 13, 1846, was amended on Aj)ril 11, 1849, but the changes 
thereby effected were not of a radical nature. The tenure of office of the 
Chief of Police was made the same as that of the Mayor, and for thirty days 
thereafter. The tenure of office of Captains, Assistant Captains, and Policemen, 
was changed from two years to four years, from the date of their appointment. 
The section which referred to the compensation of Policemen was not affected 




Astor Place Riot. 



by the amendment further than that their pay should not be increased or 
diminished during the time for which they were appointed. 

The Astor Place riot, in this year, grew out of the rivalries and jealousies 
of two tragedians of different nationalities: Edwin Forrest an American, and 
James Macready, an Englishman. Each actor was filling a short engagement at 
different theatres in the citv. To protect Mr. Macreadv, who was threatened with 
mob violence, a strong force of Police was stationed within the Astor Place Opera 
House, and another force of Police and military were put on guard outside. The 
destruction of the building was threatened, and the lives of those within were 
consequently endangered. The audience and Police alike were hemmed in and 
could not get out. The mob was growing in numbers and desperation rapidly. In 
this emergency the military guard delivered their first volley of shotted musketry 
into the mob, killing twenty-two and wounding forty. 

Chief Matsell, in his c^uarterly report, Ajjril, 1849, g^ive utterance to this 
sentiment: 



ii6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



"It affords me pleasure to be able to state that the discipline of the 
department has been steadily improving during the past year; and it may be 
fairly anticipated that, under the operations of the amended law, the department 
will become what its original projectors intended it should be — an efficient 
organization for the prevention and detection of crime." 

The whole number of arrests made from the first organization of the Police 
Department, July 15, 1845, December 31, 1850, was as follows: 



Arson 87 

Assault with intent to kill 490 

Assault and battery 13,896 

Assault and interfering with Policemen 733 

Attempt at rape 82 

Attempt to steal 545 

Attempt at burglary 157 

Aiding and assisting to escape 212 

Abandonment 336 

Burglary 751 

Bigamy 66 

Bastardy 187 

Constructive larceny 171 

Disorderly conduct 20,252 

Deserters 316 

Driving without license 184 

Embezzlement 75 

Escaped convicts 303 

Forgery 89 

Felony 159 

Fraud i o i 

Fighting in the street 1,987 

Gambling 435 

Grand larceny 2,055 

Insanity 1,484 

Intoxication . 36,675 

Intoxication and disorderly conduct 29,190 

Indecent exposure . , 35 1 

Insulting females in the street 138 

Keeping disorderly houses 228 

Miscellaneous misdemeanors and felonies 4,039 

Murder 64 

Obtaining goods by false pretences 240 

Petit larceny I4,454 

Pickpockets 215 

Passing counterfeit money 425 

Perjury 29 

Rape 68 

Robbery in first degree 169 

Receiving stolen goods 183 

Runaway apprentices 175 

Selling si)irituous liquor without license 39 

Threatening life 189 

Vagrancy ii,347 

Violation of corporation ordinances i,093 

Grand total 144,364 



OUR POLICE PKOTECTORS. 



"7 



^ The total number of persons apprehended from the first day of May, 1848, 
to the thirtieth day of April, 1849, inclusive, was twenty-five thousand seven 
hundred and sixty-nine. 

'The effective force on the first day of May, 1849, ^^'^^ eight hundred and 
eighty-nine, to wit: Captains, seventeen; Assistant Captains, thirty-six; Sergeants, 
seventy-four; and Policemen, seven hundred and sixty-two. 

On the first day of January, 185 i, the effective force of the Police was eight 
hundred and ninety-three, namely: Captains, eighteen; Assistant Captains, 
thirty-six; Sergeants, seventy; Policemen, seven hundred and sixty-nine. 



The Police station houses were located as follows: 

First Patrol District Trinity Place, whole force 60 

Second Patrol District, 70 Heekman Street, whole force 41 

Third Patrol District, 35 Barclay Street, whole force 50 

Fourth Patrol District, 9 Oak Street, whole force 55 

Fifth Patrol District, 48 Leonard Street, whole force 56 

Sixth Patrol District, the '!"oml)S, whole force 57 

Seventh Patrol District, Pike and South Streets, whole force. . . 64 

Eighth I'atrol District, Prince and Wooster Streets, whole force 57 

Ninth Patrol District, Jefferson Market, whole force 51 

Tenth Patrol District, Essex Market, whole force 48 

Eleventh Patrol District, Union Market, whole force 48 

Twelfth Patrol District, One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, 

between Third and Fourth A\enues, whole force 31 

Thirteenth Patrol District, Attorney and Delancey Streets, 

whole force 49 

Fourteenth Patrol District, Centre Market, whole force 51 

Fifteenth Patrol District, 220 Mercer Street, whole force 45 

Sixteenth Patrol District, Twentieth Street, between Seventh 

and Eighth Avenues, whole force 52 

Seventeenth Patrol District, Bowery and Third Streets, whole 

force 54 

Eighteenth Patrol District, Twenty-ninth Street, between Fourth 

and Fifth Avenues, whole force 47 

Nineteenth Patrol District, Eighth Avenue, near Forty-eighth 

Street, whole force 40 



An ordinance (August 18, 185 i) increased the salary of the officials herein- 
after named, as follows: Captains, eight hundred dollars; Assistant Captains, seven 
hundred dollars; Sergeants and Patrolmen, six hundred dollars i)er annum. Ordi- 
nances of minor importance followed. One of these authorized the appointment of 
thirty-seven Policemen in the Nineteenth Ward; and another the appointment 
of two Doormen in each of the station houses of the Twelfth and Nineteenth 
Wards. Still another ordinance (January 15, 1852) appointed fifty-three Police- 
men to the Twentieth Ward, in addition to the Captain and First and Second 
Assistant Captains. 

The legislature (July 11, 185 1) amended that section of the charter of '.849 
which referred to Police matters. 

The amendment in question declared that should the Mayor neglect or re- 
fuse to nominate the Chief of Police for five days after the commencement of 
the sessions of the Common Council, held in August, 1851, it became the duty of 
the Board of Aldermen to appoint such officer forthwith. In like manner, in 



ii8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



case the Mayor had made such nomination, and that it was rejected by the 
Common Council, that body had power to appoint such ofificer, provided that five 
days of any such session had elapsed without another nomination having been 
made by the Mayor. 

During the six months from the first day of July to the thirty-first day of 
December, 1852, there were arrested by the Police nineteen thousand nine hun- 
dred and ninety-one persons for various offences; being one thousand four hun- 
dred and forty-eight more than were arrested during the corresponding period of 
185 1. During the first part of the year 1852 offences against the person became 
of such frequent occurrence that peaceable citizens became alarmed, and were 
afraid to venture beyond their domiciles after a certain hour in the evening; while 
it was evident that many of the Policemen were careless, if not indolent, and 
rather preferred to turn away from places where they were likely to get hard us- 
age and but little honor, than to interfere with evil disposed persons. To remedy 
this, the Mayor had directed the whole Police force to be placed on duty during 
the day and night, which had, in part, the desired effect, as it was soon manifest 
that there was an increased watchfulness and care on the part of the force, and 
the order was then revoked. 

At the November election of 1852, Jacob A. Westervelt was elected Mayor. 
During the ensuing session of the legislature, the city charter was again amend- 
ed in some important particulars, among which was the institution of a Board of 
Councilmen, composed of sixty members, to be chosen respectively from the 
sixty districts into which the Common Council was directed to apportion the 
city, in the place of the long-standing Board of Assistant Aldermen. 

Of nine hundred and three Policemen, composing the entire force of the city, 
one hundred and seventy-eight were, on March 17, 1853, detailed to do special 
duty at the various civic courts, police courts, court of sessions, bell tower, etc., 
leaving but seven hundred and twenty-five to watch and guard the entire county 
of New York, being about an average of thirty-six men to each district during 
the night. One half of this number, say eighteen, were on duty, while the other 
half were sleeping in the station-houses; so that one man had to watch from 
nine to fifteen blocks, according to the size of the district. Should any of them 
be taken sick, then the size of the beat was increased; so that it was claimed it 
was impossible for the men to prevent crime or detect offenders as they should 
have done, even though they had exercised unwonted vigilance. 

The system of detailment, it was found, had grown to be an evil of great and 
increasing magnitude, alike unjust to the citizens and to the members of the Police 
Department. The larger part of those detailed hud but light duties to i)erform, 
when compared with those on patrol duty, while on the other hand on detailed 
men arduous duties were imposed, keeping them employed during the day and the 
greater part of the night, and yet all were included under one head by the existing 
ordinances, and received one hundred dollars less than the Patrolmen. Under this 
system there had been no reward for merit, and tlie Policeman who could obtain 
the greatest number of influential friends to intercede for him could procure a 
berth where he might spend his time in comparative ease and idleness, while his 
less fortunate comrade, who had performed his duty zealously, and with a con- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



119 



scfentious regard for the oath he liad taken, received no honor, no favor, and was 
not advanced, simply because he liad no influential friends to advocate his claim. 
Thus the incentive to do right and perform duty with cheerfulness was removed, 
and all experience has demonstrated the necessity of an incentive to induce men 
to push forward with active exertion in any pursuit of life which they might have 
undertaken; and while none existed in the Police Department, it could not he 
expected that the men would i)erform any greater amount of duties than they 
were absolutely compelled to perform by the vigilance of their superior officers, 
by which continual strife was kept up between the officers and Policemen. Ill- 
feelings M ere engendered, which soon ri[)ened into the bitterest hatred and enmi- 
ty, and which were carried out of the department into the private walks of life. 

These or similar views were held and expressed by Chief Matsell, who also 
claimed that if promotions to posts of honor and profit were tlie reward of 
merit, it would be an incentive for each man to endeavor to surpass his peers in 
watchfulness and in the fidelity with which he would discharge his duty to the 
public. By doing so, he would be making consistent and honest efforts to 
advance his own interests, and thereby the public interests would be far better 
served, citizens would be fully protected in their persons and property, and the 
character of the city enhanced. 

These views, it would api)ear, are no less sound at the present day than they 
were at the time in question. 



1 20 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CPAPTER VI. 



APPOINTMENT OF A BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS. 



1853-1857. 



Ex-SUPERIMTENDENT WaLLING. HiS LoNG AND HONORABLE CONNECTION WITH 

THE Department. — Charter oe 1853. — Re-organizing the Police Force. 
— Tenure of Office to remain during Good Behavior. — The Recorder, 
City Judge, and Mayor appointed as a Co.mmission. — A Reserve Corps 
Established. — An Improvement in the Efficiency of the Force. — Intro- 
duction OF a Police Uniform. — Hostility thereto. — The " Star " Police. 
— Efforts made to Induce the Men to Wear the Uniform. — Judgment 
speedily rendered in Trial Cases. — Beneficial Effects. — Appointment 
of a Drill Sergeant. — Salaries Increased. — Tables of Arrests. — 
Sanitary Matters. 



EORGE WASHINGTON WALLING, ex-Superintendent of our New York 



Police, was born in Keyport, Monmouth County, N. J., a small village on 
Raritan Bay, about twenty-four miles from New York city, on the first of May, 1823. 
He attended school in his native town for a short time, but was obliged, like a large 
number of the Police Captains, to work very hard for his living while he was yet 
quite a boy. He was first employed on a farm, and then on the boats which plied 
between Keyport and New York. He joined the force on the twenty-second of 
December, 1 847, and was assigned to the Third Precinct. Patrolman Walling soon 
had an opportunity of showing the kind of material he was made of. A party of 
boisterous young men were one night coming down Broadway, making night hid- 
eous with their shouting and blasphemy. They were partially intoxicated. Among 
their number was William Harrington, who was considered to be one of the 
toughest men in New York. "Gentlemen," said Patrolman Walling, "you must 
stop that noise; people are in bed and must not be disturbed." " Why, there are 
six of us here ; how are you going to make us be quiet," was the answer of one 
of the young bloods. " Well, now, see here," said Walling,"! am here to do 
my duty, and I shall try and arrest some of you at least if you do not go on your 
v^ay quietly." Harrington was so taken aback by the officer's coolness and de- 
termination that he separated himself from his gang and said, " By G — , I will 
help you." The young men, seeing that Walling was not to be trifled with, pro- 
ceeded quietly on their way. 

On the thirtieth of September, 1853, he was appointed Captain and assigned to 
the Eiglileenth Ward. He retained his position of Captain when the Metropol- 
itan Police was established. Fernando Wood, who at this time was Mayor. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



I 2 I 



refused to recognize the change from the Municipal to the Metropolitan Police, 
and a warrant was issued for his arrest. A detachment of the force was sent 
down to the City Hall to serve the warrant, but when the Police arrived 
they found the place in the hands of Mayor Wood's partisans. A struggle fol- 
lowed and some hard knocks were exchanged, but finally Wood's men beat back 
the Police and remained masters of the situation. Meantime tlie warrant had 
not been served on Mayor Wood. In this emergency the Commissioners asked 
Capt. Walling if he would serve the warrant on the Mayor. "Where is the war- 
rant ?" said Walling. " Here it is." "Well, then, I will serve it." And Captain 
Walling walked ([uietly down to the. City Hall alone and unassisted, .and served 
the warrant on Mayor Wood. 

During the ([uarantine riots Captain Walling was sent down to Staten Island 
with one hundred men, where he discharged his duties in such an admirable 
manner that he was accorded official j)raise. 

On his return to the city, he was jjlaced in charge of the Fourth Precinct, 
where there was a good deal of crime. His administration of this district had a 
salutary effect on the lawbreakers. He was subsequently transferred to the 
Sixth Precinct, and, after serving there some time, he was placed in charge of the 
Detective force at headquarters, where his services were found very \ aluable. He 
was appointed Inspector on the twenty-lirst of November, 1866. Eight years after 
this Mr. Walling attained the highest i)osition on the force; he was made Super- 
intendent of the Metropolitan Police — a position which his ability, integritv and 
strict attention to duty well entitle him to hold. 

One episode in particular in the official career of Superintendent Walling 
deserves more than passing mention, as it served to bring him into notorietv as a 
bright, brave, astute officer, and was, perhaps, the beginning of his success. 

In 1848 he was detailed for duty at the Tombs, along with an officer named 
Shadbolt. About this time occurred the celebrated case known as " the Button 
Case." A number of burglaries had been committed for several weeks, on 
Saturday nights, in Maiden Lane and John Streets. John Reed, a detective, was 
detailed to investigate these burglaries, and, in the course of his labors, he dis- 
covered a clotii button on the floor of one of the stores that had been entered by 
burglars. Detective Reed, in the absence of any other clew, clutched at the 
button as eagerly as a drowning man would at a straw. The button was of a 
peculiar pattern, and was only used on certain kind of coats of not very fash- 
ionable make. The detective argued, with that refinement of reason and 
discernment rarely to be found except in an experienced detective, that the 
button in ciuestion was of great importance to him in establishing the identity of 
the burglars, if they were ever to be identified at all. In fact, he thought the 
button was a sort of a connecting link. Having settled the matter in his mind that 
the mysterious button had been torn from the coat, or dropped from the pocket, 
of one of the burglars, he next satisfied himself that none of the men employed 
about the store wore clothes with buttons to match the specimen in his j)Ossession; 
so that if any value was to be attached to his theory, the burglars were to be 
sought for on the outside of the establishment — a point of no mean importance 
to be settled in a case so critical and so mysterious. He carried the button to 



122 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

Chief Matsell, who thought sufficiently well of Mr. Shadholt's ingenious theory, 
to send for all the detailed men, to whom he exhibited the button, telling them 
to be on the alert for a 'man wearing a coat with that kind of button. One night 
thereafter, Detective Shadbolt and his side partner, Detective Walling, in the 
discharge of their duty, attended the old Chatham Street Theatre. Walling went 
up stairs and Shadbolt remained below. Shadbolt soon after joined Walling and 
said: "There are three young fellows coming up, and one of them has buttons 
on his coat like the one in our possession." When the three young men 
passed up-stairs they seated themselves in the gallery, and our friend Walling 
took a vacant seat close by them, and, while pretending to scan p. programme, he 
was pin ing close attention to the kind of buttons they had on tlieir coats. This 
furtive scrutiny satisfied him that one of the young men had just such buttons on 

his coat, and, going down-stairs, he so 
informed Shadbolt, who was waiting at 
the entrance. By agreement, Shadbolt 
was to go to the old Bowery Theatre 
and stay there until he heard from 
Walling. Meantime, when the per- 
formance was over. Walling followed 
the three young men to Chatham and 
Duane Streets, where they entered a 
lodging house. Satisfied that he had 
followed tliem to their lodging, he 
called a citizen whom he knew and 
asked him to find Shadbolt in front of 
the old Bowery Theatre, and to send 
him (Shadbolt) to Walling without de- 
lay. The messenger did as he was 
instructed, and, when Shadbolt arrived, 
the two concluded to go to John Reed's 
house, on Tenth Street, and tell him 
just what they knew and what further 
they proposed doing. This done, they 
Ex-Superintendent Walling's Shield. arranged to meet Reed and John 

Wade (another detective) at Chief Matsell's office at daybreak, whither they 
would bring the three young men. whom they concluded to arrest. 

When Shadbolt and Walling, after making known their business to the 
proprietor of the place, passed u])-stairs, they knocked on the door of the room 
occupied by the three young men, who were in one bed. One of the three got 
uj) and opened the door. When he looked out he said to his companions, " The 
cops are here." The prisoners were taken to Chief Matsell's office. When 
searched, it was found that each wore a new pair of suspenders, of precisely the 
same pattern as had been stolen from one of the Maiden Lane houses. They at 
first denied their guilt, but soon confessed all. The stolen goods, the proceeds of 
eleven burglaries, were found in a receiver's house in Centre Street. The three 
young men were convicted, and sent to state prison each for a term of three years. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



123 



The button picked up b}' Detective Reed in the Maiden Lane store was thus 
thQ»ineans of tracking the culi)rits. While getting away with their booty, one of 
the burglars had this identical button torn off his coat. 

Shortly afterwards, Detective Walling, in recognition of his services, was 
detailed to Chief Matsell's office in the City Hall. 

Patrolman Walling was on duty in Broadway the night that Tom Hyer 
gave Yankee Sullivan a terrible beating in a basement, at the corner of Park 
Place. Hyer — after the row — had a pistol in his hand, and was in the act of 
putting a caj) on it. 

" Put that pistol up," said Patrolman Walling. 

" Who the h — 11 are you ? " he answered. " I am not going to get 
killed." 

" You can come along with me," said Walling. 

Both left the saloon by a rear door and walked together to Broadway, when 
Hyer crossed the Park and entered No 25 Park Row. This led to the fight 
between Hyer and Sullivan in 1849. 

On Monday, the first day of the draft riots. Captain Walling was on duty in 
Third Avenue. While there he learned that the people were opposed to the draft, 
and that the arsenal had been burned. He went to the station house at Thirty-fifth 
Street, between Eighth and Ninth Avenues, and sent out a general alarm to hold men 
in readiness for any emergency. Soon afterwards he received an order to send a 
force of men to Thirty-fifth Street and Seventh Avenue to take charge of the ar- 
senal. He and his command staid there until some soldiers came up and relieved 
them, when they returned to the station house. In the afternoon he received an 
order to report to headquarters. He and his men came down in stages. The mob 
was then burning buildings where the drafting was going on, at Twenty-ninth 
Street and Broadway. Captain Walling and his men proceeded immediately to the 
City Hall. There had been an attack made on the Tribune building, and they 
were sent down to relieve the force of Police there detailed, and protect the news- 
paper offices generally. 

The next morning they were sent to the Twentieth and Twenty-seventh Dis- 
tricts to luint for rioters who were said to be destroying property. When they 
arrived there a man told Captain Walling that the rioters had gone to attack the 
Sixth Avenue car stables, but when the Police got there, nobody was to be seen. 
It was then learned that the mob was attacking houses on Fifth Avenue, and thither 
Caj)tain Walling went. His search for rioters was at last rewarded. He found a 
mob of probably two thousand i)ersons. He had only eighty men. He ordered 
them to charge with drawn clubs, and, as a matter of course, they had enough to 
do to clear the street. Orders were given to take no prisoners. Those of the 
mob in front went down before the Policemen's clubs, and Captain Walling yelled 
out at the top of his voice, " Kill every man that has got a cli.b," and every man 
that had one dropped it as (piickly as he could. The crowd was dispersed in 
short order and driven to Forty-sixth Street. 

The same afternoon, while Captain Wailing was standing at the corner of 
Thirty-fifth Street and Eighth .Avenue, he saw a l)ig fellow in a crowd breaking in a 
door with a cart-rung. Captain Walling made his way through the mob, and with 



124 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



a scientific twirl of his locust, he laid the brawny ruffian with the cart-rung pros- 
trate in the gutter, while those who were aiding and abetting him waited not to 
be clubbed, but fled. . As it proved, the wielder of the cart-rung was permanently 
knocked out. A doctor was sent for, but as soon as he looked at the man he said 
"That man wants no doctor ; he wants an undertaker." 

After that. Captain Walling and his men went down to the colored church 
on Twenty-seventh Street, which was threatened by the rioters, and dispersed 
the crowd. 

On Wednesday he remained at the station house. His was the only station 
house that had any communication with headquarters. The other telegraph 
wires were destroyed by the rioters. 

During the Orange riots Superintendent Walling was put in command of 
the force on Eighth Avenue and Twenty-seventh Street, where they had several 
fights with the moV', the latter being driven back every time. The Ninth Regi- 
ment fired and killed several persons. 

He received the following letter from Chief Matsell : 

New York, August 13, 1850. 

George W. Walling. 
Dear Sir : 

I take this opportunity to express to you the gratification I experienced 
on witnessing your noble conduct on the fifth of August inst., on the occasion of 
the V)urning of the larger part of the five story building occupied by W. & D. 
White, at No. 40 Spruce Street, when you toiled with your own hands, and 
imperiled your own life, to extricate a fellow being from a mass of rubbish in 
which he was buried. 

Your conduct was above all praise, and not only reflects honor upon yourself 
as a man and an ofiicer, but is highly creditable to the Department to which you 
belong. 

Accompanying this note you will receive a baton, beautifully ornamented w ith 
silver, which I beg you to accept as a token of my respect and esteem, and my ap- 
preciation of your conduct on the occasion of the fire. Although the present is not 
intrinsically valuable, yet it will serve as a memento of the noble act that called 
forth the i)raise of all who witnessed it. 

With sentiments of esteem and respect. 
Yours, etc., 

George W. Matsell, 

Chief of Police. 

Not only is the Superintendent of Police the chief executive of the force; not 
only is he the mouthpiece through whom, legitimately, all the orders of the Board 
must come; not only is he charged with the supreme government of the force, 
subject only to the written orders from the Board of Police, but he is, in addition,' 
charged with a vast variety of other duties, which render the place one of the 
most onerous. 

The select committee appointed by the Assembly in 1875 to investigate the 
cause and increase of crime in the city, while finding fault with every other 
Police official in high command, bears this appreciative testimony to the fidelity 
and worth of Superintendent Walling 

" The i)resent Superintendent is an old officer of nearly thirty years' standing 
on the force, of unblemished reputation, and of unquestioned Police experience." 



ouK POLICE rRorr.croRs. 125 

While in command of the Eighteenth Ward station house, on the thirtetnth 
of October, 1853, he was presented with a badge, of whi( li the accompanying cut 
is an exact fac simile, bearing the following inscription on the reverse side: 

Ci E C) R Ci E W. W A 1. 1, I N G, 
Eighteenth Patrol District. 

Presented to George W. WaUing, on his promotion to the office of Ca])tain 
of the Eighteenth Ward Patrol District, by the officers attached to the office 
of the Chief of Polit e, and other friends, as a token of respect and esteem. 




The law retiring " any member of the Police force who shall have reached 
the age of sixty years, and placing him on the roll of the Police Pension Fund " 
* * * took effect May 28, 1885. (Chapter 364, Sec. 307.) This led 
to the resignation of the veteran Superintendent on June 9, following. The 
Board of Police Commissioners, in accepting his resignation, unanimously 
approved of the following statement: 

"The Board of Police cheerfully embrace this opportunity of bearing 
testimony to their high appreciation of the many years of valuable service ren- 
dered to the public by an honest, worthy and capable officer, ajjpcinted a 
Patrolman December 22, 1847, promoted in each instance through the several 
grades of Captain, Inspector, and Superintendent, f(jr specially marked ability, 
untiring devotion to duty, and rare fidelity to trust. * * * 
bright character and faithful services constituting the extraordinary record of 
Su])erintendent Walling is presented to the force as an example ever worthy of 
emulation." 



126 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Some of the most important changes effected Ijy the charter of 1853 con- 
sisted in abolishing the Board of Assistant Aldermen and substituting 
instead thereof a Board of Councilmen, consisting of sixty members, one to be 
elected from each of sixty districts of contiguous territory; and the appointment 
of the Mayor, Recorder, and City Judge as a Board of Commissioners, by whom 
the officers of the Police and Policemen were thereafter to be appointed. 

The Police Department was made to consist of the following named officers: 
Chief of Police, Captains, Lieutenants, Sergeants, Policemen, and Doormen. It 
was the duty of this force to watch and guard the city day and night, and protect 
all general and j)rimary elections. 

The title of Assistant Captains was changed to Lieutenants, the former 
incumbents assuming the newl\--created rank until the expiration of the terms 
for which they were appointed such Assistant Captains. 

Members of the Police appointed after the passage of this Act held office 
during good behavior, and could be removed only for cause. 

The Chief and Captains were empowered to suspend Sergeants, Policemen, 
and Doormen, for cause, in manner prescribed by Act of 1846. 

The qualifications and method of appointment were as follows: The law 
required that a Policeman should be a citizen, a resident of the Ward; should 
read and write; and understand the first four rules of arithmetic; and bear a 
good character for honesty, morality, and sobriety. Previous to appointment he 
was required to present to the Mayor a certificate signed by twenty-five 
reputable citizens, two-thirds of whom should be residents of his own Ward, 
to the effect that they had known him for five years, and that his character 
came up to the required official standard. He was likewise obliged to present to 
the Mayor a surgeon's certificate that he was of sound body and robust con- 
stitution. 

One of the important reforms inaugurated, and by no means the least impor- 
tant, was the adoption of a uniform, which it was rightly believed would secure great- 
er attention to duty, and more zealous watchfulness on the part of all. A reserve 
corps had also been established, mto which only those were admitted who had 
earned the privilege which membership in this corps conferred, by strict 
attention to duty, and by furnishing proof of fitness for the post. This was a 
virtual i)romotion, and was calculated to stimulate a laudable ambition among 
the men, and to encourage them to a more faithful and zealous performance 
of their duty. llie operations of the law re-organizing the department tended 
to place it in such a condition as to justify the expectations formed of it by^he 
community; and the Commissioners appointed under the Act, had, it was con- 
ceded, faithfully endeavored to carry out all the provisions of the law; and the 
evidence of their success was to be found in the superior character of the men 
appointed, and the general condition and efficiency of the force. 

The effective force on the first day of July, 1853, was: Captains, twenty; 
Lieutenants, forty; Sergeants, seventy-nine; Policemen, eight hundred and sixty- 
four. Total, 1003. 

The condition and efficiency of the Police Department, it was acknowledged, 
had materially improved since the foregoing Act of the legislature went into 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



127 



operation. Among the important changes therel)y brought about were the 
tenrfre of office, which was limited only to the good behavior of the incumbent. 
Tlie power of appointment was vested in a commission, consisting of the Re- 
corder, City Judge, and Mayor, who had the sole power to try and i)unish parties 
violating the rules of the department, and who, in conjunction with the Chief of 
Police, were authorized to prescribe rules for the government of the force. 

Mayor Harper, as has been ])ointed out, in 1844 began his reformatory meas- 
ures by tr\ ing the experiment of uniforming a corps of about two hundred Police- 
men. The men did not take kindly to the uniform, because chiefly,the idea was bor- 
rowed from England. So averse was the public to this innovation in Police dress, 
that at the burning of the Old Bowery Theatre almost a riot occurred, the popu- 
lace threatening to mob the Police, whom they designated as liveried lackeys. 
This and similar experiences served to make the uniformed Police still more un- 
popular, and in the succeeding year, when Havemeyer was Mayor, the uniform 
was abolished, and the force that wore it legislated out of office. The only 
insignia of office worn by the Police after that was a star-shaped copper shield, 
from which they received the name of "cops." The force was known as the 
"Star " Police from the shape of the shield. But tlie (question of uniforming the 
Police continued to be agitated. Among the most strenuous advocates of the 
measure was James W. Gerard, father of the late Senator (ierard. He carried his 
zeal in this matter so far that he went to London with, it is said, the sole object 
of studying the Police system, for the purpose of introducing it in his native city. 
Upon his return home he brought with him a uniform, such as was then worn by 
the London Police, and made to fit himself. This suit he wore at a fancy dress 
ball in this city, where it attracted a good deal of favorable attention. 

The next point scored by the advocates of a uniform was during the fair 
at the Crystal Palace. The stjuad of men that was there detailed for duty 
was placed under the command of Captain Leonard and the veteran Bob 
Bowyer. They were put in uniform, and were kept under strict discipline, they 
having for Drill Master, Officer (afterwards Inspector) Jamison, who had served 
through the Mexican war and seen active service in the war of the Rebellion. 
The men's trim and soldierly appearance made a very favorable impression, and 
it got to be the ])revailing opinion that the uniform lent dignity to the men, and 
added to their official importance and self-respect. That it would produce the 
same beneficial results if worn by the regular Police was an inevitable conclusion. 
But experience and logic were alike thrown away on the men, and they universally 
condemned the uniform, and regarded as their mortal enemies all who counseled 
the wearing of it. The men carried their opposition so far as to hold an indig- 
nation meeting in front of Chief Matsell's windows, he being one of the leading 
champions of the measure. 

The next attempt to introduce a uniform provoked at first a bitter oppo- 
sition. The men urged that it conflicted with their notions of independence and 
self-respect. The Commissioners (Westervelt, Tillou and Beebe), as well as Chief 
Matsell, left no efforts untried to break down this prejudice, r.nd after hard work, 
they at last succeeded. It was interesting to note how rapid was the change in 
public opinion just as soon as the men appeared on post clad in the new official 



128 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



dress which distinguished them from civilians. How this was brought about 
may best be told in the words of one who personally knew whereof he spoke. 

"Chief Matsel'l," said the late Inspector Thome, "had ratified the 
men that t'ney should procure uniforms to be worn while on duty. The men re- 
fused to do so, because, they said, it would give them the appearance of foot- 
men. It was claimed also (notably by the late District Attorney, John McKeon, 
who was counsel for the force), that the law did not justify the Commissioners in 
ordering them to wear uniforms, and that they could not be compelled to do so. 
The men held several meetings in Military Hall, on the Bowery, where they 
passed resolutions that they would not wear the uniform. The Commissioners 
and Chief of Police were determined that they should, and matters were coming 
to a crisis. The men had been appointed for a certain term, which was about 
expiring, and the new law made the term of office during good behavior. These 
men were seeking for re-appointment under the life tenure, and did not know 
what to do. I took it upon myself," continued Inspector Thome, " as a committee 
of one, to wait upon Commissioner Beebe, who was a personal friend of mine, to 
ascertain, if possible, if there could be any means of dispensing with the wear- 
ing of the uniform, which we all unanimously declared to be a badge of servitude. 
Commissioner Beebe entered into an argument with me on the subject, in which 
he went on to show that the wearing of a uniform would be creditable to the force, 
as the men — on turning out on duty — wore the poorest clothes they had, and 
were anything but reputable in appearance as a Police force. They had noth- 
ing to show but their star shield. The judge went on in a kindly way to ex- 
press to me what the uniform consisted of, and under his advice, I had a uni- 
form suit made, in which I appeared at the next meeting in Military Hall, and 
received many compliments on having such a nice new suit of clothes, they not 
for a moment supposing it to be the uniform. After the meeting had i)ro- 
gressed some time, and the different speakers had ventilated their ideas for the 
benefit of the whole, all using strong language in opposition to the uniform 
scheme, and the audience being of the same mind to a man, I asked per- 
mission to say a few words relative to the resolutions passed in regard to 
not wearing the uniform. Receiving permission, I explained to the meeting 
that I had had an interview with Commissioner Beebe; that his feelings were of a 
kindly nature towards the men, and that he did not wish them to stand in their 
own light, as at that time the majority of them had to be appointed under the 
new Act, and that if it came to a test it would only be a matter of a little time 
when every man who refused to wear the uniform would be rejected. Tho^se 
who had been recently appointed were under the jurisdiction of the Com- 
missioners, and would have to come under the rules and discipline like the 
others. I then argued with them that the uniform was not so objectionable. 
I also called their attention to tlie suit of clothes I then had on — a coat being 
all the uniform then required by the Commissioners; and telling them that that 
was the uniform that the Commissioners had adopted, and which the men were 
asked to wear. The men seemed to be incredulous, and one or two ventured 
to say: 'Well, if that be what they call the uniform, it is a first-class thing. No 
one can object to that.' Others chimed in; and then I was examined more criti- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



129 



cally, and finding them in a yielding mood, I asked them to rescind the reso- 
lution not to use the uniform, so as to relieve the men from that pledge. The 
men being favorably impressed, rescinded the resolution with the exception of 
three votes, and two of these afterwards fell into line. There were about three 
hundred men present at the meeting. The only exception was officer James 
Hurnham of the Fifth Precinct, who stood aloof, and entered suit against the city 
for salary for the whole term of office, for four years, which suit he kept up till the 
day of his death; but he never received a penny. The uniform was immediately 
adopted by the whole force; that was the end of the old clothes and the begin- 
ning of the new." 

The next innovation came when the bands and the buttons were brought on 
gradually. Said the late Inspector Thome: 

"On one occasion the Thirteenth Ward Police were going to a target 
excursion. Myself and ex-Captain Steers, fatlier of the present Captain Steers, 
were appointed a committee to wait upon Chief Matsell to get permission 
from him to go to the excursion. The Chief consented on condition that the 
men would put the brass buttons on the coat furnished by the city; that was 
the compromise, and it was accepted. 

" At that time business firms used to give from twenty-five dollars to 
forty dollars for the best marksman, but no matter whether the men hit the 
target or not, they were sure to get the reward. The early target excursions 
were great features with the Police, and each Ward used to turn out, and have 
the leading citizens as their guests. 

" At this time the uniform consisted at first of a blue cloth coat with a 
velvet collar, and nine black buttons on the front. Afterwards an addition 
was made by substituting the brass buttons for the black buttons, and gray 
pants with a black stripe one inch in width on each side. Cloth caps were 
furnished by the city, and a fire cap similar to that worn by firemen to go to 
fires, riots, etc. 

"Summer uniforms were adopted by each Ward as they thought proper, 
each Ward selecting uniforms of their own choice. 

" Some Wards adopted white duck suits and sack coats. Other Wards 
adopted different colors. Uniformity did not exist in general. Some wore 
Panama hats, some straw, and some felt, but each Ward had a special uniform 
of its own. 

"When the Metropolitan force was organized, the Commissioners changed 
the uniform, and made it a blue cloth coat with brass buttons, blue pants with 
white stripe, blue vest and brass buttons. In the summer the officers wore white 
pants, white vests, and Panama hats. That continued until they commenced 
wearing flannel clothes in summer." 

The Commissioners, on entering upon the discharge of their duties, deter- 
mined to render judgment upon cases brought before them for trial immediately 
after the trial came, and before interested individuals connected with the de- 
I)artment could have an opportunity to interfere. The effect of this determina- 
tion upon the dei)artment was almost magical. During the first six months but 
one hundred and forty-three Policemen were cited to appear before the 



13° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Commissioners for trial, being a diminution of one-fourth, as compared with the 
previous six months. This had resulted entirely from the certainty and not from 
the severity of the punishment, as but three or four trials had taken place 
in which judgment was not immediately rendered. The old system of detail- 
ing officers for various special duties, which was open to so many objections 
on account of the abuses perpetrated under it, had been abolished, and a 
reserve corps, as already noticed, established. The Commissioners also adopted 
a resolution requiring all the members of the department to wear a blue 
coat of uniform make, and a cap for night and day patrol duty, so that 
the men could be easily recognized by the citizens. The regulation had been 
complied with by all the members of the department, with three or four 
exceptions. The Policemen who had refused to comply were tried by 
the Commissioners of Police and dismissed the force, and the case carried 
up to the Supreme Court, where the action of the Commissioners was 
sustained. 

Chief Matsell selected a competent Policeman to act as Drill Sergeant, 
whose duty it was to take the men appointed by the Commissioners and in- 
struct them in the military art, and in the rules and regulations adopted for 
the government of the Police Department. While under instruction they 
were required to act as a reserve force to attend at fires, etc., and to perform 
patrol duty in different parts of the city, under the direction of their Sergeants. 
After being thus thoroughly drilled and instructed, they were directed to report 
themselves to their several Captains, and were ready to perform any duty he 
might require of them. 

The greatest benefit, it was acknowledged, resulting to the community under 
the law of 1853, was the separation of the department from political influences. 
Under the former law. Policemen well understood that they had to enter the 
political arena, and connect themselves with the dominant clique of partisans in 
the separate Wards, in order to secure a re-appointment at the expiration of the 
term for which they were appointed. So that instead of being disinterested 
officers at the polls during the election, they became interested partisans, striving 
for the success of their favorite cliques. Policemen were found connected with 
clubs, committees, and other organizations of a political character, leading them 
to perform their duty with inattention, and sometimes to entirely neglect it, thus 
exercising a most ])ancful influence upon the efficiency and character of the de- 
partment. In this way the whole force was turned into a political engine for 
the advancement of jjarticular cliques or individuals. To obviate this evil, 
the Commissioners adopted a rule to the effect that no member would be per- 
mitted to connect himself, directly or indirectly, in any way, with a society, club, 
committee, or organization of any kind, the object of which was the political 
advancement of a party, clique or individual. 

By resolution of the Common Council, jjassed October 21, 1853, the salaries 
were increased as follows : Captains, one thousand dollars ; Lieutenants, eight 
hundred dollars; and Sergeants and Policemen, seven hundred dollars per 
annum. By resolution, approved the twenty-ninth of the following December, 
the salary of Doormen was increased to six hundred dollars per annum. 



OUR POLICE I'ROTr.CrORS. 



I hc effective force on the first day of Janii.iry, 1854, was: Captains, nineteen; 
Lieutenants, forty; Sergeants, seventy-seven; and Policemen, eight hnndred and 
forty-two. Total 978. 

The wiiole number of arrests, and description of offences, from the first 
organization of the Police Department, July 15, 1845, to the thirtv-first of 
December, 1853, inclusive, is as follows: 



Arson 147 

Assault with intent to kill 1,061 

Assault and battery 27,904 

Assaulting, and interfering with Police '.321 

Attempt at rape 194 

Attempt to steal 1,218 

Attempt at burglary 371 

Aiding and assisting to escape 420 

Abandonment 899 

Burglary i^loS 

Bigamy 112 

Bastardy 644 

Constructive larceny 108 

Disorderly conduct 34.735 

Deserters 428 

Driving without licerfse 361 

Embezzlement 169 

Escaped convicts 429 

Forgery 195 

Felony 279 

Fraud 264 

Fighting in the street 4,131 

Gambling 735 

Grand larceny 4,196 

Insanity 2,873 

Intoxication , 63,944 

Intoxication and disorderly conduct 48,217 

Indecent exposure 550 

Insulting females 270 

Keeping disorderly houses 592 

Miscellaneous misdemeanors <J.983 

Murder 160 

Obtaining goods under false jiretences 526 

Petit larceny 24,298 

Pickpockets 687 

Passing counterfeit money 829 

Perjury 60 

Rape 136 

Robbing in the first degree 415 

Recei\ ing stolen goods 377 

Runaway apprentices 344 

Selling licpior without license 718 

Threatening life 293 

Vagrancy 21, 155 

Violation corporation ordinances 2,700 



132 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



From the first of January to the thirtieth of June, 1854, there were twenty- 
five thousand one hundred and ten persons arrested for criminal offenses, being 
an increase of two thousand eight hundred and seventy-four over the previous six 
months, and an increase of seven thousand three hundred and ninety- seven over 
the corresponding period of time in 1853. Of the whole number, there were 




Capt. John D. McKeb. Capt. Michael Halpin. Capt. Edwakd Lktts. 

Capt. Thdmas Han.negan. 

Police Captains, 1856. 



arrested by the reserve corps three thousand nine hundred and eighty-five; one 
thousand and thirty-five of which were for violation of the cor])oration ordi- 
nances. This large increase in the number of arrests resulted, as Chief Matsell 
clauned, from an increased activity and vigilance on the part of Policemen. 

The force, without doubt, had greatly improved. The ajipointment of 
Commissioners and the introduction of a uniform had much to do with this. 
A stricter discipline was also enforced, and the men began to take an honest 
pride in their work, and to be a terror to evil-doers. 



oi'R ro /./(•/■ /'h'or/'.croNs. 



Tlu" Commissioners on Rules antl Regulations promulgated a new regu- 
lation in relation to the dress to he worn the members of the force when 
orf duty. This regulation i)res< rilntl uniturin trousers, buttons, belt for baton, 
and an overcoat, to be worn in winter, and lighter coats for summer use. I?y 
previous regulations, the Captains of the several districts were emj)owered to 
select the material for the summer coats to l)c worn by the members of their 
command, but this was not found to work well in practical operation, as there 
was no uniformity of a])i)earance, and the force began to assume the same 
look of negligence in attire lliat existed previous to the adojjtion of the uni- 
form coat and cap, and numerous complaints were made by citizens that they 
could scarcely distinguish a Policeman from any other citizen. This new regula- 
tion imposed upon the members of tiie department additional exi)ense, which 
in many, if not in every instance, was found hard to be borne, and it was asked 
that the Common Council make an apj)ropriation to meet the whole or a portion 
of these additional expenses. 

Complaint having been made by Chief of Police Matsell to the Mavor, of 
the inadequate accommodations of the station houses, their unsanitary condition 
and general dilapidation, an inspection and report of the various station houses 
were caused to be made, from which it appears that the necessity for reform and 
improvement was urgent. Chief Matsell, in view of these facts, suggested that 
two or three eminent architects should be invited to draw plans for a model 
station house, and that thereafter all station houses should be required to be built 
according to the plan adopted. 

From the first day of January to the thirtieth day of June, 1854, inclusive, 
two hundred and thirty-nine comjjlaints were preferred against members of the 
Police Department, which were disposed of as follows: 



Dismissed from office 19 

Resigned, after com])laint 7 

Complaints dismissed 75 

Suspended from pay 138 

Total 239 



The effective force on the first of July, 1854, was: Captains, twentv-two; 
Lieutenants, forty-four; Sergeants, eighty-three; Policemen, nine hundred and 
fifty-three. Total, 1.102. 

On the first day of January, 1855, the effective force was: Captains, twenty- 
two; Lieutenants, forty-four; Sergeants, eighty-eight; Policemen, nine hundred 
and sixty-two. Total, 1,116. 

The sanitary condition of nearly all the station houses was defective in a 
marked degree, and but little attention was paid to the general health of the 
force. This naturally resulted in much unnecessary suffering and sickness 
among the members, and a consequent loss of time to the department. Under 
the old system station houses w-ere rarely visited and inspected ; cleanliness was 
not deemed a part of the discijjline, and when sick at home, the men were not 
visited, except merely to ascertain whether the disability had been procured in 
the discharge of duty. This led, in 1855, to an alteration in the surgical bureau 




C M T. Chas. S. TrRNnrLL. Capt. John E. Russell C\pt. D wii) Rissvek. 

Capi. Aukam Ackekman. Capt. Petek S..ii ike.s. Cait. James Leonapo. 

Capt. Jas. A. Hopkjns. 

Police Captains, 1856. 



C \l T. G M.KN r. I'"KTFK. C \ ! T. ( "■ K W . N" I, K I s. CM .Il -.M: Wl'Ifk. 

CaI'T. FkaXCIS Sl tlOHT. CaI I. I. Ml KKAV DircHE[T. CaI I. FliAM.!-- J. r«OMEY. 

Caj t. I. W. Haktt. 
Police Captains, 1856. 



136 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



of the department. The new plan regarded the proper ventilation and cleanli- 
ness of the station houses and sleeping apartments; furnished at all times a 
sufficient supply of medicines, surgical instruments, tourniquets, etc. ; recjuired 
immediate attention to be given to all invalid Policemen, whether becoming sick 
or disabled in the discharge of duty or not, unti! entirely recovered and fit for 
duty. In order the better to carry out this system, the city was divided into 
seven surgical districts, and each district was placed under the charge of a com- 
petent practicing physician, who, under the law, had to be appointed a Police- 
man, and detailed for this duty, with a Surgeon-General as chief of the whole, to 
whom reports were made by the District Surgeons once every forty-eight hours. 
Critical physical examinations were made of every person appointed by the Com- 
missioners, not only by the District Surgeon in the Ward to which said person 
might belong, but also bv the Surgeon-General stationed permanently at the 
office of the Chief of Police. Stephen Hasbrouck, M.D., filled the post of Sur- 
geon-General. 

During the five months succeeding the establishment of this surgical system, 
it appears from the records that the time lost by reason of sickness or disabil- 
ity of the Policemen, in all the twenty-two districts, amounted to three thousand 
nine hundred and forty-six and one-half days, and the time lost during a corres- 
ponding period in 1854, amounted to five thousand three hundred and seventy- 
nine days. 

The amount thus saved was several hundi"ed dollars over the sum neces- 
sary to pay all the surgeons, besides the advantage to the men of receiving the 
benefit of prompt and gratuitous attendance. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



137 



CHAPTER VII. 



THE METROPOLITAN POLICE DISTRICT. 



1857-1863. 



The Law Designating the Mayor, Recorder, and Citv Judge, Police Com- 
missioners, Repealed. — Appointment oe Five Commissioners. — The Coun- 
ties OK New York, Kings, Westchester and Richmond made to Comprise 
the New District. — Opposition to the Change. — A Year of Riots and 
Financial Failures. — The Metropolitan Police District \z-\ Declared 
TO BE Constitutional. — Conflict Between Mayor Wood and the Newly- 
Appointed Commissioners. — The Municipal Police and the Metropolitan 
Police Arrayed in Open Battle. — Intervention of the Military. — The 
Act Amended by Makinc; the District to Consist of the Counties of New 
York, Kings, Westchester and Richmond, and the Towns of Newtown, 
Flushing and Jamaica. — The Number of Commissioners Reduced to 
Three. 



P to the year 1857, with various vicissitudes, as has been set forth in the 



preceding pages, the city of New York had a Municipal Police force 
which, on the whole, was inadequate for the duties it was called upon to perform, 
and did not give general satisfaction. In this year the legislature established 
the Metropolitan Police District, and for thirteen years the City Police was 
merged in that body. The charter of 1870 abolished the Metroi)olitan Police 
District, and again substituted the Municipal Police, which remained in force 
until 1873, when the present Police Department was created. 

The organization of a Board of Police Commissioners (Act 1853) consisting 
of the Mayor, Recorder and City Judge, and the extending the tenure of office of 
the Police during good behavior, were instrumental in bringing about a marked 
change for the better in the character and efficiency of the Police. It was, 
however, found that the judicial duties of the Recorder and City Judge 
rendered them unable to discharge those duties which devolved on them as 
Commissioners of Police, and that the power of aj)pointment and dismissal was 
virtually lodged with the Mayor. The alleged abuse of this power, and the 
rapid increase of population in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, conspired 
to make a change in the Police organization desirable. 

The year 1^57 was a disastrous one to New York — a year of mob rqle; be- 
ginning with civil strife and ending w ith fmancial ruin. In tiie spring ,0/ this 
year the State Legislature passed several bills relating to the city, and amended 
the charter in several important particulars. The charter, and State elections, 




1 



1.^8 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

which had hitherto been held on the same day, were separated, the first Tuesday 
in December being fixed as the date of the former. The most important inno- 
vation was the transf.er of the Police Department from the city to the State. By 
tlie Metropolitan Police Act, a Police District was created, comprising the coun- 
ties of New \ ork, Kings, Westchester, and Richmond; and a Board of Commis- 
sioners was instituted, to be appointed for five years by the Governor of the 
State, to have the sole control of the appointment, trial, and management of the 
Police force, which was not to outnumber two thousand, and to appoint the 
Chief of Police and the minor offices. The Police Commissioners were to secure 
the peace and protection of the city, to insure cjuiet at the elections, and to look 
after the public health. 

In this instance the changes that were thereby effected were of a radical 
nature. The Metroj)olitan Police District included the Counties of New York, 
Kings, AVestchester and Richmond. The Governor, by and with the consent of 
the Senate, had the ajjpointing of five Commissioners of Police; one from the 
county of Richmond or Westchester, one from Kings County, and three from 
New York, the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn being c.x-officio members 
of the Board. The officers of the Board were a president and a treas- 
urer, the Board being empowered to appoint a chief clerk and six deputy 
clerks. The Police force was then made to consist of a General Superintendent, 
two Deputy Superintendents, five Surgeons; Inspectors and Captains not to 
exceed forty; Sergeants not to exceed one hundred and fifty; and as many 
Patrolmen as should be determined upon by the Board of Supervisors of New- 
York, the Common Council of Brooklyn, and the Supervisors of the Counties of 
Kings, Richmond and Westchester. 

The qualifications for appointment on the force were about the same as in 
the preceding Act, the term of office continuing also during good beliavior. 

The salaries were as follows: Treasurer of the Board, three thousand dollars 
per annum; the other Commissioners, eight dollars per day, for actual service 
performed; General Superintendent, three thousand dollars per annum; Deputy 
Superintendents, two thousand dollars each ; Surgeons, one thousand five hun- 
dred dollars; Inspectors and Captains, one thousand two hundred dollars each; 
Sergeants, nine hundred dollars; Patrolmen, eight hundred dollars; and Door- 
men, seven hundred dollars. 

The new Board possessed all the power and authority hitherto conferred 
by law upon the Board of Police Commissioners of the city of New York, or 
upon the Mayor, Recorder, and City Judge of said city, as Police Commissioners,^ 
or uj)on the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn, respectively, as the heads therein 
of the respective Police Departments of those cities, or upon the Aldermen of 
the city of Brooklyn. ♦ 

The Chiefs of Police, in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, were desig- 
nated, respectively. Deputy Superintendents of Police. From and after the 
])assage of the Act, Captains were designated Inspectors and Captains ; Lieu- 
tenants and Assistant Captains, Sergeants; and Policemen, Patrolmen. 

The Police Districts were divided into i)recincts, without any regard to 
county or ward boundaries, there being assigned one Inspector, one Captam, and 



OUR por.icr. protf.ctors. 139 

four Sergeants (besides such (luota of Patrolmen to he thereafter determined) 
in^each precinct. 'I'he 15(jartl was autliori/.ed to estal)lish, from time to time, a 
station or sul)-station in lac li tlistric t for tlie accommodation of tlie Police force 
on duty therein; to detail Police officers to the Polin- and C'riminal Courts, tc 
the i)id)lic ot'tices of the cities of New York and l!iookl\ n, the Quarantine and 
Emigration offices, etc., as might be deemed advisable. The Board was re- 
strained from suspending members of the force from j)ay for more than thirtv 
days. All orders and regulations of the Board were ])romulgated through the 
General Superintendent, who was the head and chief of the Police force. 

The follow ing persons were the first (-onimissioners api)ointed under this 

Act: 

Simeon Draper, James Bowen, James W. Nye, Jacob Cholwell and James 
S. T. Stranahan. 

Draper, Nye and Cholwell resigned, and Pelatiah Pcrit and S. B. Ward 
were appointed their successors. They in turn resigned, and Thomas B. Still- 
man, Michael I'lshoffer and Isaac H. Bailey were the next ajjpointees. This re- 
sulted in the formation of the following Board of Police : 

James Bowen, of Westchester County; James S. T. Stranahan, of Kings 
County, Thomas B. Stillman, Michael Ulshoffer and Isaac H. Bailey, of New 
York. 

There were three terms of office: one term, for three Commissioners, expired 
on the first day of May, 1858; another term, for two Commissioners, expired 
on the first of May, 1859. It was determined by lot which Commissioners were 
to serve the long and which the short term. Each Commissioner appointed to 
fill a term succeeding an expiring one, it was provided, should be appointed 
thereafter for a full term of three years, such appointment to be made from the 
county in which the vacancy occurred. Any vacancy as Commissioner of Po- 
lice should be filled by the Board of Police for the residue of the unexpired 
term. The Governor possessed the power of removal for cause. 

The Police Commissioners successively appointed the following as General 
Superintendent: James R. Whitney, Joseph Keeneand Welcome R. Beebe, all of 
whom in turn declined to serve. The Board next appointed Frederick A. Tall- 
madge, who accepted. Reserved in such capacity from the date of his appoint- 
ment, May 13, 1857, to April 18, 1859, when Amos Pilsbury was appointed 
to succeed him. May 20, 1S59. Superintendent I'ilsbury did not assume 
the duties of the office until the first of July following, Deputy Superintendent 
Daniel Carpenter acting as General Superintendent, pro tern., in the interum. 
Pilsbury resigned as General Superintendent on March 5, i860. 

The Act declared that the Municipal or Local Police of the cities of New 
York and Brooklyn should be embodied in the Metropolitan force, and that the 
local authorities should be divested of all control over them after the first meet- 
ing of the Board of Commissioners. It had lieen so confidently asserted by the 
opponents of the Act that the courts would declare it unconstitutional that 
doubts were infused into the minds of members of the New York force as to 
the lawfulness of obeying the orders of the Commissioners. Under these circum- 
stances, and in view of the fact that it was a question of vital importance to the 



140 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Policemen, the Board refrained from assuming the control of the force until the 
validity of the law was judicially determined. On the fourth of May Justice 
Gierke, of the Supreme Court, affirmed the constitutionality of the Act, and 
on the twenty-fifth of 'that month the Supreme Court, at general term, declared 
it valid and binding in all parts. 

On the rendition of this decision the Commissioners assumed the direct 
control of the Police force. That portion on duty in the City of Brooklyn, 
with but few exceptions, obeyed the orders of the Board. Of the New York 
force, fifteen of the Captains and about eight hundred of the Patrolmen refused 
to recognize the authority of the Commissioners, or obey the orders of the 
General Superintendent. Charges of insubordination were preferred against 
them, and they were tried and dismissed from the service in conformity with 
the provisions of the law. 

On the fourteenth of May, 1857, in pursuance of a requisition from the 
Health Officer, Deputy Superintendent Matsell was directed to detail five 
Patrolmen to guard the public hospitals at the Quarantine from the threatened 
attacks of incendiaries. He refused to obey the order, and was tried and re- 
moved from office for insubordination, and Daniel Carpenter was appointed in 
his place. Mr. Matsell was soon after restored to duty. 

The new Metropolitan Police force, handicapped as they were by the action 
of the old Municipal body, and legal proceedings, found their hands full in 
combating public outbreaks and riotous disturbances, as well as quelling the 
internecine strife that kept two bodies of Policemen in open brawls, to the 
injury of good government and law and order. 

The power exercised by the State Legislature, in respect to the Police, 
embodied in the Act to establish a Metropolitan Police District, was considered 
by Mayor Wood and his adherents in the light of a usurpation of authority, on 
the ground that the government of the Police was entrusted to a Board of Com- 
missioners not appointed or selected by those who were taxed for their salaries, 
and who were immediately affected by the operation of those laws. The Mayor 
also thought it decidedly objectionable that the State Government, besides 
creating the Board and appointing its officers, should have also fixed their com- 
pensation to be paid out of the city treasury, without a right on the part of 
the people of the city to regulate or control them in any degree. The Police, 
the Mayor considered as an army for preserving domestic order in time of 
peace, just as the regular army protects us from foreign invasion in time of war. 
"It should be our object," he said, "to elevate the guardians of our lives and 
properly to a position of dignity scarcely inferior to the guardians of the, 
national honor." He therefore recommended that the Police, in the designation 
of its men and officers, and also in their appointment, suspension, trial and re- 
moval, should be organized and governed according to like features in our 
military system, the Mayor to be considered the head of the force. But his 
arguments proved unavailing, and the Metropolitan District went into operation, 
fulfilled its mission, and ran its course. 

The appointment of the new Commissioners was the signal for war. Mayor 
Wood, who had strenuously opposed the action of the legislature, announced 



OUR PO/./CF. PROTECTORS. 



141 



his determination to test the constitutionality of the law to the uttermost, and 
to resist its execution. He refused to surrender the Police property or to 
di^and the old Police, and for some time the city witnessed the curious spectacle 
of two departments — the Metropolitan Police under the Commissioners, and the 
Municipal Police under the Mayor — vieing for mastery. After exhausting all 
the resources of the law to evade obedience to the Act, the Mayor and Municipal 
government finally caused it to he referred to the Court of Appeals. Before the 
final decision came, blood was spilled. On the sixteenth of June matters were 




Mayor Wood. 



brought to a crisis by the forcible ejection from the City Hall of Daniel D. 
Conover, who had been appointed Street Commissioner by Governor King, to 
fill the vacancy caused by the death of the former incumbent. The Deputy 
Commissioner meanwhile claimed his right to hold the office, and a third 
competitor, Charles Devlin, had been appointed by Mayor Wood, who claimed 
the appointing power. Mr. Conover immediately obtained a warrant from the 
Recorder to arrest the Mayor on the charge of inciting a riot, and another from 
Judge Hoffman for the violence offered him personally, and, armed with these 
documents, and attended by fifty of the Metropolitan Police, returned to the 
City Hall. Captain Walling (later Superintendent) at first attempted in vain 



142 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



to gain an entrance with one warrant. Mr. Conover followed with the other, 
but met with no better success. The City Hall was filled with armed Policemen, 
who attacked the new comers. A fierce affray ensued, during which twelve of 
the Policemen were severely wounded. The Seventh Regiment happened to be 
passing down Broadway on its way to take the boat for Boston. It was sum- 
moned to the spot, and its presence almost instantly sufficed to quell the riot. 
Mr. Conover, accompanied by General Sanford, entered the City Hall and 
served the writ on the Mayor, who, seeing further resistance useless, submitted to 
arrest. The Metropolitan Police Act being declared constitutional by the Court 
of Ajjpeals, the Mayor seemed disposed to submit, and the disturbance was sup- 
posed to be ended. 

In the meantime the city had become greatly demoralized. During the 
civil strife of the Police, the repression of crime had been neglected. Gangs 
of rowdies had organized, whose purposes were disorder and plunder. These 
rival gangs were styled the " Dead Rabbits," and were residents of the Five 
Points' district; and the other was known by the name of the "Atlantic Guard " 
or "Bowery Boys." These two gangs of rowdies, on the fourth of July and the 
preceding evening, came into a conflict in Bayard Street, near the Bowery. 
Sticks, stornes, and knives were freely used on both sides, and men, women and 
children were wounded in the melee. A small body of Policemen, sent to quell 
the disturbance, was soon repulsed, and several of their number wounded. The 
rioters erected barricades in the streets, and great consternation prevailed through- 
out the city. The Seventh Regiment was summoned back from Boston, and the 
city militia was called out. The riot was not quelled until late in the evening. 
Six men were killed and over a hundred wounded. 

This riot aroused the citizens to the danger of the position, and intensified 
the prejudice against the Municipal Police, which was accused of abetting the 
rioters. Vigorous measures were at once taken to organize the Metropolitan 
Police and secure its efficiency. On the thirteenth and fourteenth of July 
another outbreak occurred in the Seventeenth Ward. The riot continued for 
tivo days, but was finally quelled by the Police. 

During the month of November, the apprehension of suffering by persons 
thrown out of employment because of the commercial reverses, led to the as- 
semblage of turbulent mobs, which ^jienaced the peace of the city, but they 
were dispersed witliout resort to extreme measures. 

On the seventh of November, Pelatiah Perit, of New York, was elected 
a Commissioner in place of Mr. Draper. Soon after, the Board was enjoined 
from making further appointments, on the allegation that the dismissril 
of the old force was illegal. The injunction was dissolved on the twenty- 
eighth of November, 1857, but the opinion of the Judge, delivered with the 
order of dismissal, in respect to questions which had not been argued 
before him, admonished the Commissioners of the expediency of delaying to 
fill the vacancies in the force until the rights and duties of the Board were 
finally determined by a judicial decision. Some parts of the Metropolitan 
Police District had been seriously disturbed by riotous assemblages, and the 
necessity of a vigilant Police, extending over the densely populated counties 



OUR POLICE PKOrRCrORS. 



'43 



adjacent to and including the city of New York, was strikingly illustrated dur- 
inj^the previous summer. 

The opponents of the Act resorted to every artifice which tlicir ingenuity 
could devise to hinder the Commissioners in the j)erformance of their duty. 
The members of the old force were threatened with instant dismissal by the 
local authorities if they recognized the orders of the Commissioners. A rival 
Police was established, called the Day and Night Watch, which patrolled the 
streets and assumed the duties which devolved exclusi\ ely on the Metropolitan 
Police. Prisoners taken by the latter in the very act of committing crime, were 
rescued from custody and permitted to escaj)e from justice by the unlawful 
organized force of the Mayor. The station houses, which by law were trans- 
ferred to the Commissioners, were withheld; writs issued by the courts were 
resisted, and were only served when the Police were seconded by men under 
arms; and in order to destroy the efificiency of the law, the Corporation of New 
York attempted to reduce the Patrol force to five men. 

The station houses were located as follows: 

First Precinct, Franklin Market. 

Second Precinct, No. 49 Beekman Street. 

Third Precinct, No. 79 Warren Street. 

Fourth Precinct, No. 9 Oak Street. 

Fifth Precinct, No. 49 Leonard Street. 

Sixth Precinct, No. 9 Franklin Street. 

Seventh Precinct, Gouverneur Market. 

Eighth Precinct, No. 126 Wooster Street. 

Ninth Precinct, No. 94 Charles Street. 

Tenth Precinct, Grand and Ludlow Streets. 

Eleventh Precinct, Union Market. 

Twelfth Precinct, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street near Fourth Avenue. 

Thirteenth Precinct, Delancey and Attorney Streets. 

Fourteenth Precinct, No. 53 Spring Street. 

Fifteenth Precinct, No. 220 Mercer Street. 

Sixteenth Precinct, No. 156 West Twentieth Street. 

Seventeenth Precinct, No. 75 P'irst Avenue. 

Eighteenth Precinct, Twenty-second Street near First Avenue. 

Nineteenth Precinct, Fifty-ninth Street near Second Avenue. 

Twentieth Precinct, No. 212 West Thirty-fifth Street. 

Twenty-first Precinct, No. 34 East Twenty-ninth Street. 

Twenty-second Precinct, Corner Eighth Avenue and Forty-eighth Street. 

It was a frequent practice, with the Aldermen and ^Lagistrates of the cities 
of New York and Brooklyn, to proceed to the Police station immediately upon 
the arrest of disorderly or riotous persons, and discharge tliem from custody. 
This emboldened the dangerous classes and tended to bring the law into con- 
tempt, while it discouraged the Police in the performance of their duty. 

Up to the middle of July there were not, on an average, more than five hun- 
dred men (including officers) actually doing duty, whereas, under the old law, 
there were upwards of one thousand two hundred. On the twenty-first of 



T44 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



August, an apportionment was made, giving to each Precinct its allotted nufnber 
of Officers and Patrolmen. This appointment had to be made from the limited 
number of eight hundred and sixty regular Patrolmen, from whom had to be 
taken a sufficient number to be detailed at the Court of Sessions and Police 
District Courts, the Commissioners' office, and the General and Deputy Superin- 
tendent's offices, and for other contingent and necessary duties. 

It had been a year of riots and disturbances, of financial panic 
and business disaster. Prior to the end of December there had been nine 
hundred and eighty-five failures among the merchants of the city of New 
York, involving liabilities exceeding one hundred and twenty millions. There 
were ominous mutterings of bread riots among the more impoverished part of the 
population. The arsenal was protected by a strong Police force, and United 
States troops were placed in charge of the Custom House and Assay Offices. 

The Police force was inadequate to the protection of the city. With a 
population of eight hundred and twenty thousand, and rapidly increasing, the 
force numbered but one hundred and fifty-seven more than when the popu- 
lation was three hundred and fifty thousand. The disparity of the Police to 



the population, at this 


period, may be 


inferred 


from the 


following table of the 


force employed in the cities of Great Britain : 








Population. 


Miles. Area in miles. 


Proportion to Population, 


London (City), 


, ... 128,851 


569 


li 


I to 226 


London (Metropolitan^ 


I . . .2,646,278 


5.813 


700 


I to 455 


Liverpool 


423,061 


906 


7f 


I to 467 


Bristol 




248 


7 


I to 564 


Dublin 


... 291,948 


775 


6 


1 to 376 






684 


I2i 


I to 585 




337>4i2 


, 552 


6i 


I to 611 



In the City of New York, the proportion of Patrolmen to the popuUtion 
was, in 

1844 as I to 414 

1858 as I to 804 

The necessity for an increase of the Police force was demonstrated by the 
arrests made in a series of years. Arrests made from 



May, 


1846, 


to 


May, 


1847 




May, 


1847, 


to 


May, 


1848 




May, 


1848, 


to 


May, 


1849 


25,808 


May, 


1849, 


to 


April, 




24,756 


April, 


1850, 


to 


Jan'y, 


1851 


26,581 


Jan'y, 


1851, 


to 


Jan'y, 


1852 


36,224 


Jan'y, 


1852, 


to 


Jan'y, 


1853 


36,257 


Jan'y, 


1853, 


to 


Jan'y, 


1854 




Jan'y, 


1854, 


to 


Jan'y, 


1855 




Jan'y, 


1855, 


to 


Jan'y, 






Jan'y, 


^856, 


to 


Jan'y, 


1857 


45-287 


lan'v, 


1857, 


to 


July, 


1857 


18,859 


July. 


1857, 


to 


Nov., 


1857 


15,833 


Nov., 


1857, 


to 


Nov., 


1858 


61,455 



The Commissioners drew the attention of the legislature and the executive 
to these facts, and argued that the city and its suburbs should be policed by a 



OUR rOIJCE PROTECTORS. 145 

force adequate to patrol every street and lane by day and by night. Attention 
was_^'ilso called to the fact that the l)eats of the Patrolmen at this time (1858) 
were in many instances two miles in length, and in several of the precincts, which 
contained forty thousand inhabitants, there could be detailed for regular duty 
during the day but eight men. The Act establishing the Metropolitan Police in- 




Old Metropolitan Police Headquarters. 

(413 Broome Street.) 



vested the Supervisors of the several counties of the district with the power to 
determine the number of Patrolmen to be appointed in each. The Commission- 
ers had urged upon the Supervisors of New York the necessity of an increase of 
the Police for that city without effect, and the legislature was petitioned, in view 
of the pressing importance to the public peace, and for the security of property, 
to authorize the appointment of three hundred and fifty Patrolmen in addition 
to the number then allowed by law. 



146 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



This, in fact, was an anxious period, and a trying one, for the recently organ- 
ized Police force. Its trials and troubles were many and grievous. It was the 
duty of the Common Councils of New York and Brooklyn to furnish the stations 
suitably, and to warm and light them. This, and other kindred duties, the cor- 
porations of the two cities had failed to do. Many of the station houses 
were so out of repair as to be unfit for habitation; others were so poorly 
ventilated, or so limited in size, as to engender disease. Platoons of twenty 
men were crowded into small and imperfectly ventilated rooms. The Police 
surgeons designated many of the stations as pest-houses, so fruitful were 
they of disease. The cellars of the station houses were divided into cells, 
for the retention of prisoners, and into rooms for the houseless poor. The stench 
that arose from these rooms poisoned the atmosphere of the whole building. 

Truly the contrast with the present commodious and well-appointed station 
houses is a striking one. 

The Police Act recpiired that the Comptrollers of the cities of New York 
and Brooklyn, the Chairman of the Boards of Supervisors of the counties of New 
York, Kings, Westchester, and Richmond, should meet annually as an auditing 
committee, and apportion the sums requisite and needful to be raised for Police 
purposes by each county. The Auditing Committee met for this purpose in 
August, 1857, and made the following apportionment : 

To be raised by the Coimty of New York for the support of the Po- 
lice in that county $868,070 00 

To be raised by the City of Brooklyn for the force employed in that 

city 206,600 00 

And for the general expenses of Police, to be raised by the City and 

County of New York 20,47)* 6° 

To be raised by the County of Kings 4o>62 13 

To be raised by the County of Westchester IjSoj 95 

To be raised by the County of Richmond 355 32 

The Counties of Westchester and Richmond refused to j)ay the sums 
assessed on them. 

The Police force of the Metropolitan Police Districts on the first of Novem- 
ber, 1858, was as follows : 

General Superintendent of Police; one Deputy Superintendent in New York; 
one Deputy Superintendent in Brooklyn. 

Captains, stationed in the City of New York 25 

Captains stationed in the City of Brooklyn 6 

Sergeants stationed in the City of New York 105 

Sergeants stationed in the City of Brooklyn 30 

Patrolmen stationed in the City of New York 1,063 

Patrolmen stationed in the City of Brooklyn 198 

Arrests made during the year ending October 31, 1858: In the City of 
New York, sixty-one thousand four hundred and fifty-five, exclusive of thirteen 
thousand nine hundred and eighteen in Brooklyn. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



■47 



Incidental duties discharged hy the I'olicenun in tlie city of New Vurk, 
for the year ending October 31, 1858 : 

121,597 persons lodged in station houses. 

7,552 lost children restored to parents and guardians. 
58 abandoned infants taken care of. 
751 sick or disabled persons in the streets taken home. 
134 persons rescued from drowning. 
180 fires extinguished liy the Police. 
1,724 stores and dwellings found open at night, secured. 
584 strayed horses restored to owners. 

Property stolen, as rei)orted at station house $165,825 47 

Recovered by Police 96.065 94 

Recovered by Detective Force (property stolen else- 
where than in the Police District) 65,025 00 

Taken from lodgers and prisoners, and restored to them 55,953 00 
Telegraphic messages, 78,336. 
There were thirteen surgeons attached to the force, wliose duty it was to 
examine and report to the Board of Commissioners on the physical condition of 
candidates for the office of Patrolmen, and to perform such j)rofessional duty as 
might be directed by the General or Deputy Superintendent of Police, without 
fee or expense to the members of the force. 

New York Police Stations were located as follows : 

1. Franklin Market, corner of Rector Street and Trinity Place. 

2. 49 Beekman Street. 

3. 79 Warren Street. 

4. 9 Oak Street. 

5. 49 Leonard Street. 

6. 12 Franklin Street. 

7. Gouverneur Market. 

8. 126 Wooster Street. 

9. 94 Charles Street. 

10. Essex Market. 

11. Houston and Second Streets. 

12. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street, near Third Avenue. 

13. Corner of Delancey and Attorney Streets. 

14. 53 Spring Street. 

15. 221 Mercer Street. 

16. 156 West Twentieth Street. 

17. 75 First Avenue. 

18. 163 East Twenty-second Street. 

19. F'ifty-ninth Street, between Second and Third Avenues. 

20. 212 West Thirty-fifth Street. 

21. 34 East Thirty-ninth Street. 

22. Forty-eighth Street and Eighth Avenue. 

23. Fifty-sixth Street, between Fourth and Fifth Avenues. 

24. Corner of State and Whitehall Streets. 

25. Basement of Police Headquarters, comer of Broome and Elm Streets. 

26. Basement of City Hall. 



148 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



During twenty-nine years ending with 1858, thirty-eight persons had been 
sentenced for capital crimes, of whom seventeen had been executed, fourteen 
had their sentences commuted to imprisonment for life, one was pardoned, one 
committed suicide, arid to four a new trial was granted, of whom three were 
convicted of manslaughter, and one discharged. One was under sentence of 
death at the beginning of 1859. 

The ^^etropolitan Police District was divided into precincts. The precincts 
were divided into beats. In the city of New York each of the several Wards 
constituted a precinct corresponding in number to that of the Ward ; except 
that part of the Twelfth and part of the Nineteenth Wards whiqh constituted 
Precinct No. 23 ; the East and Hudson Rivers, within the boundaries of New 
York and the Bay of New York, constituted Precinct No. 24, or Harbor Police ; 
the Detective force constituted Precinct No. 25 ; and the force assigned espec- 
ially for the enforcement of ordinances constituted Precinct No. 26. In each 
of the precincts there was one or more station houses. The force was divided 
into companies, one company being allotted to each precinct. 

The Police Commissioners, from the first, had an exalted and intelligent 
conception of their duties. In the latter part of 1859 they drew up and pub- 
lished a series of rules and regulations for the government and guidance of the 
force. General Superintendent Pilsbury, in his address to the Police, says: 
"The uniform you wear should be a perpetual 'coat of mail,' to guard you 
against every temptation to which you may be exposed, by reminding, you that 
no act of misconduct, or breach of discipline, can escape public observation and 
censure. By exemplary conduct and manly deportment, you will command the 
respect and cordial support of all good citizens. For the faithful performance 
of the important trusts committed to your care, you will be noticed approvingly, 
and your services will be appreciated by the community." 

And again : " Every Policeman must be circumspect in his deportment, 
erect and manly in his carriage, and scrupulously discreet in his language and 
acts. He must be firm, but courteous, in the exercise of his authority. * * * 
He must be neat and soldierly in his appearance. * * * He must never, 
under any circumstances, use vulgar or profane language." 

The rules and regulations were quite numerous, and space can be found 
but for brief mention of a few: 

The General Superintendent was by law the executive head of the whole 
Police force of the Metropolitan Police District, and it was the duty of the 
members of the same to respect and obey him accordingly. It was his duty to 
repair in person to all serious or extensive fires in the cities of New York and' 
Brooklyn; to all riots or tumultuous assemblages within the district, and take 
command of the Police present, to save and protect property, and arrest such 
persons as he might find disturbing the peace, or inciting others to do so. He 
had i)ower to direct, temporarily, any, or all, of the Police force, to any place with- 
in the district where their services might be deemed necessary. He had the 
supervision of the jjublic health of the district, and it was his duty to 
communicate to the Board of Police and to the Mayors of New York and 
Brooklyn the presence of any contagious or infectious disease, or the existence 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



149 



of any nuisance in the district which might be detrimental to the public health. 
The returns and reports of commanding officers of any patrol force stationed 
elsewhere tlian in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, were made to the 
General Superintendent. It was his duty to see that the laws of the State and 
the ordinances of the city, town, and village authorities, were duly enforced 
throughout the district. 

Under the direction of the General Superintendent, the Deputy Superin- 
tendents had supervision of the Police force. It was their duty to see that the 
orders and directions of the General Superintendent in relation to tlie dress, 
discipline, deportment, and duties of members of the force were promptly 
obeyed, and the rules and regulations of the Police Board enforced. 

The Captains of Police were held strictly responsil)ie for llie ])reservation 
of the public peace in their respective precincts; and to insure good order, they 
were vested with the power to post the men under their command in such parts 
of tlieir precincts, and to assign them such duties, as they might deem 
expedient. 

In case of sickness, or the absence of the Captain from the Police station 
house, or from his precinct, the duties reciuired of him were performed by one 
of the Sergeants of the precinct, selected for that purpose by the General 
Superintendent. The Sergeant so selected, during the absence of the Ca])tain, 
possessed and exercised all the powers of a Captain, and enforced the rules 
and regulations established for the government of the precinct. 

The prevention of crime being the most important object in view, a 
PatroJman's exertions should be constantly used to accomplish that end; he 
should examine and make himself perfectly acquainted with every part of his 
beat, and vigilantly watch every description of person passing his way. He 
should, to the utmost of his power, prevent the commission of assaults, breaches 
of the peace, and all other crimes about to be committed, and by his vigilance, 
render it extremely difficult for any one to commit crime on his beat (the 
absence of crime being considered the best proof of efficiency), and, when on 
any beat offences frequently occur, there is good reason to suppose that there is 
negligence or want of ability on the part of the person in charge of said 
beat. 

Persons appointed to serve on the Police Force should — 
First. — Be able to read and write the English language. 
Second. — Be citizens of the United States. 

Third. — Have been residents of the Metropolitan Police District during a 
term of five years next preceding their appointment. 
Fourth. — Never have been convicted of crime. 
Fifth. — At least five feet eight inches in height. 
Sixth. — Not over thirty-five years of age. 
Seventh. — Of good health and sound body. 
Eighth. — Of good moral character. 

Any member of the Police force might be immediately dismissed from 
office, in addition to any other punishment he might l)e subject to by law, 
against whom any of the following charges should be substantiated: — 



15° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



First. — Intoxication. 

Second. — Willful disobedience of orders. 

Third. — Violent, coarse, or insolent language or behavior to a superior, or 
other person. 

Fourth. — Receiving money, or other valuable thing, contrar\- to the Rules 
and Regulations, or the Statutes of the State. 

Fifth. — Willful non-compliance with the Rules and Regulations. 
Sixth. — Inefficiency, or gross neglect of duty. 

Seventh. — Willfully maltreating or using unnecessary violence toward a 
prisoner or citizen. 

Eighth.- — Any member of the Police force who was found neglecting the 
payment of his just debts for necessaries or rent, or was found guilty of any act 
of insubordination or disrespect toward his superior officers, or others, or 
conduct unworthy of his station, might be reprimanded, fined, or have 

deductions made from his pay, proportioned 
to his offense, or, in cases of repeated viola- 
tions of the rule, might be dismissed. No 
person should be removed from the Police 
force except upon written charges, i)referred 
against him to the Board of Police, and an 
opportunity afforded him of being heard in 
his defense, as prescribed by the law. 

The mode of trial, when charges had been 
preferred, was by taking the testimony on oath 
against and for the accused officer, and reducing 
the substance thereof to writing. The same 
might be taken by or before one or more of ihe 
Police Commissioners, and one of the clerks 
(under the direction of the Commissioner or 
Commissioners sitting) took down, as aforesaid, 
the substance of the testimony. The testimony 
was reported to the Board of Police Commissioners, with the opinion thereon of 
the Commissioner or Commissioners before whom the same was taken, for the 
action and the decision of the Board thereon. 

The dress of the General Superintendent was a blue dress coat with Police but- 
tons; the dress of the Deputy Superintendents, Captains, and Sergeants of Police, 
was a double-breasted frock coat, with Police buttons, and blue pantaloons. Patrol-^ 
men on duty, unless specially authorized to appear in citizen's dress, on all occasions 
wore a black stock, a frock-coat of navy blue cloth, single-breasted, and with rolling 
collar, nine buttons on the breast, two buttons on the hips, also two buttons on 
the bottom of the skirt; blue waistcoat and blue pantaloons, on the outer seams 
of which there was a white cord. The coat was buttoned at all times when on 
duty. Captains, Sergeants, and Patrolmen, when on duty, wore caps, shields, 
badges, emblems, devices, belts and buttons, corresponding to a sample deposited 
in the office of the General Superintendent, and the time of wearing them was 
directed by him. 




Patrolman's Shield. 



OrR POLrCF. PROTECTORS. 



'5' 



Deputy Sujierintindcnt Daniel C';irj)t'nter, in his quarterly report, endip.g 
J;rnuary 31, 1859, mentions some of the causes of crime, namely: there AVere 
at this date seven thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine places where 
intoxicating licjuors were sold at retail. From the reports of the Captains of 
nineteen precincts it ajjpears that there were four hundred and ninety-six known 
houses of prostitution, and eighty-four houses of assignation. These included 
one hundred and seventy lager beer and drinking saloons, combined with houses 
of ill-fame; one hundred and eighty-five low groggeries, where known thieves and 
fallen women daily and nightly resorted, but a strict Police surveilance was kept 
over them, thereby preventing them from c ommitting dej)redations that thev other- 
wise would. 

The Board of Supervisors had shortly before increased the Tatro! force to 
one thousand two hundred and fifty men. 

On the first of November, 1859, there were altogether (including the entire 
district) one thousand six hundred and ninety-nine persons belonging to the 
Metropolitan Police Department, namely: 

General Sui)erintendent, one ; Deputy Superintendents, two; Chief, Deputy 
and Property Clerks, six; Surgeons, five ; Captains, thirty-two; Sergeants, one 
hundred and thirty-five; Policemen on patrol duty, one thousand three hundred 
and twenty-seven ; Policemen on detailed duty, one hundred and eighteen ; 
Doormen, seventy-three. 

The sick list averaged during the last quarter forty-six and two-thirds per- 
sons daily. On an average, each Patrolman in New York lost two and one-half 
days during the quarter by sickness. The aggregate lost time, by reason of 
sickness and disability, during this quarter, was three hundred and sixty-five 
and one-half days. 

The Metropolitan Act was amended by the legislature on April 10, i860. The 
Metropolitan Police District was then made to comprise the counties of New 
York, Kings, Westchester and Richmond, and the towns of Newtown, Flushing 
and Jamaica, in the county of Queens. The Governor appointed the following 
to fill vacancies: 

John G. Bergen, Amos Pilsbury, and James Bowen. Pilsbury resigned, and 
Thomas C. Acton was api)ointed in his place. 

On May 23, i860, the Board appointed John A. Kennedy Superintendent 
of Police in place of Amos Pilsbury, who was appointed Commissioner. 

The designation of rank, under this chapter, was as follows: Superintendent, 
Inspectors, Captains, Sergeants, Patrolmen and Doormen. 

The office of Deputy Superintendent was abolished. The following were 
api)ointed Inspectors: Daniel Carpenter, John S. Folk, George W. Dilks, and 
James Leonard. 

Salaries: Treasurer, three thousand dollars per annum; other Commission- 
ers, eight dollars for each day's actual service ; Superintendent, five thousand 
dollars; Inspectors, two thousand dollars; Surgeons, one thousand five hundred 
dollars ; Captains, one thousand two hundred dollars ; Sergeants, nine hundred 
dollars; Patrolmen, eight hundred dollars; Doormen, seven hundred dollars. 

The term of office continued to be during good behavior. 



Ol'R POLICE PROTECTORS. 



This Act essentially modified the constitution of the Board of Police, by 
reducing the number of its members, and by enlarging its powers, and confiding 
to it new and important duties. By the provisions of the Act of 1857, the 
Board of Police consisted of five Commissioners and the Mayors of the cities 
of New York and Brooklyn. The number of Commissioners was reduced 
to three, and the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn were relieved from 
the Police duties which had been imposed upon them. The change was 
not without its advantages. It secured, for instance, harmony of action, and the 
constant attention of the members of the Board to the important trusts confided 
to them. At the date of the passage of the amended Act, the office of Super- 
intendent of Police was vacant. On the twenty-third of May, i860, John A. 
Kennedy was appointed to fill the vacancy. 

Besides the principal office in the City Hall, up to 1844, there was a branch 
office at the corner of Bowery and Third Street. The office hours were from 
nine o'clock A. M. until sunset. One of the Magistrates received the Watch at 
daybreak every morning; which duty was performed weekly by each Magistrate 
alternately. In 1857, at the time of the conflict between Mayor Wood and 
the newly appointed Police Commissioners, the Headquarters were moved from 
the City Hall to No. 88 White Street, and six months later to No. 413 Broome 
Street, and in 1863, to the present building at No. 300 Mulberry Street. The 
new Headquarters, with the land and buildings, and the additions made in 1868 
and 1869, cost two hundred and thirty thousand eight hundred and sixty dollars 
and ninety cents. The expense was defrayed from a surplus accumulated by 
careful economy from the annual appropriations for the maintenance of the 
Police in New York, and by virtue of the legal authority vested in the Board 
by the Police law of i860. The title to the property is vested in the county 
of New York. 

The area of territory embraced in the Metropolitan Police District was 
nine hundred and twenty square miles, and the population estimated at fourteen 
hundred thousand persons. Except in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, 
there was no Police force permanently stationed in any part of the district, and 
in those cities the force was quite inadequate for the population they contained. 

The Police force at this time consisted of one Superintendent, four Inspec- 
tors, thirty-two Captains, one hundred and forty-six Sergeants, one thousand six 
hundred Patrolmen. 

The cities of New York and Brooklyn were divided into precincts, to each 
of which there were assigned one Captain, four Sergeants, and from forty to sixty 
Patrolmen. There were also sub-precincts, to which two Sergeants and from 
ten to fifteen men were assigned. Two Doormen were attached to each station 
house. 

In the cities of Europe, where the Police are sustained by the constant 
presence of a military force, there was a Policeman to about every five hundred 
inhabitants, while in the city of New York, the proportion which the Police bore 
to the population was one to six hundred and fifty, and in the city of Brooklyn 
as one to one thousand three hundred and eighty. 

The Embassy from the Government of Japan, which visited the city of 



OUR POfJCF. PROTECTORS. 153 

New York in June (i860) gave to the Board for the benefit of the Metropolitan 
Poiicc, the sum of thirteen thousand seven hundred and fifty dolhirs, with the 
recommendation tliat it should constitute a fund, and that the annual interest 
thereof he distributed among the force in such manner as the Board should 
deem expedient. The fund was called the Japanese Merit Fund, the interest 
of which, it was directed, should be distributed in the following manner: 

To the Captain who should have best performed his duty for the i)rcceding 
year, two hundred dollars. 

To the two Sergeants who should have best performed their duty, each, 
one hundred and twenty-five dollars. 

To the five Patrolmen who should have best performed their dutv, each, 
one hundred dollars. 

The whole number of arrests for the year i860: 

Offences against the person 54,820 

Offences against property 10,989 

Total 65,809 

The drafts upon the force, for the discharge of numerous duties, reduced 
the active Patrol force in New York to one thousand and ten men. This 
number was further subject to a reduction by sickness and absence. The 
needful requirements for rest and refreshments prevented more than one-half 
of that number, except in extreme cases, from being on post at one time. 
Hence all the streets and piers of the city of New York were guarded by a 
force not exceeding four hundred and ninety-one men. In the city of New 
York there were, at this time, four hundred and twelve and one-eighth miles of 
streets, and twelve and one-eighth miles of piers, being an aggregate of four 
hundred and twenty-four and one-fourth miles. Should every man — whose duty it 
was to patrol, deducting the sick only— be on post, the average length of the beats 
would be eight hundred and sixty-two one-thousandths of a mile, very nearly 
seven-eighths of a mile for each man to guard. But as in many places, from the 
turbulent character of the population or other cause, the patrol was required to 
be doubled, and a further reduction occurring in the number of the men by 
occasional necessary absence, the actual force on duty would not allow the 
length of beats to average less than one and one-fourth miles. 

The Supervisors of the County of New York had authorized the increase 
of the Patrol force of that county from fourteen to eighteen hundred men. 
The Police then consisted of a Superintendent, four Inspectors, thirty-eight 
Captains, one hundred and sixty Sergeants, two thousand Patrolmen, of whom 
thirty Captains, one hundred and twenty-nine Sergeants, and one thousand eight 
hundred Patrolmen were stationed in the city of New York, and the remainder 
in the city of Brooklyn. 

It was estimated that for the proper protection of the public interests, the 
Police force of a city should be as one Patrolmen to every five hundred inhabi- 
tants. This proportion was maintained in the city of New York; but in Brooklyn, 
which contained three hundred thousand inhabitants, there were stationed but 
two hundred Patrolmen, or one to every one thousand five hundred inhabitants. 



154 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

In the month of Ma)-, this year, the Grand Jury of New York requested 
the Board of Police to supervise the cleaning of streets. In accordance with 
this request the Board caused daily reports to be made by the Patrolmen of 
the streets swept and not swept, and make weekly returns thereof to the 
Comptroller. 

The Board complained to the Governor that the facility with which bur- 
glars and thieves could dispose of property through the receivers of stolen goods, 




Police Headquarters, 300 Mulberry Street, 
formed a powerful stimulus to the commission of crime. It was recommended 
that the Board be authorized to pay out of the Police Life and Health Fund for 
the conviction of every receiver of stolen goods a reward of not exceeding one 
hundred dollars, as a means to break up this class of lawbreakers. 
The total number of arrests made in New York City were: 

Offences against property 1 1.294 

Offences against the person 59'83'^ 



Grand Total 



71.130 



OUR rOfJCF. PROTECTORS. 



'55 



The value of property and money lost and recovered, t<jr the year ending 
October 31, 1861, was: 

Lost, one hundred and thirty-three thousand six luindred and seventy-nine 
dollars and ninety-six cents. 

Recovered, seventy-nine thousand eight hundred and twenty-two dollars 
and eleven cents. 

Exclusive of the amount, recovered as above, the Detective force, or 
Twenty-fifth Precinct, recovered twenty-five thousand nine hundred and ninety- 
seven dollars and fifteen cents. 

Lost time, by reason of sickness, for the year ending October 31, 1861, 
fourteen thousand, seven hundred and ninety-six days. 

The Act of April 24, 1862, provided that Constables elected or appointed 
after the passage of this Act, should be denominated the " Marshals of the 
City of New York," and they should have the same power, and perform all the 
duties that had hitherto appertained to the office; and each of said Marshals 
should be a resident of the district wherein the Court, for or to which he should 
be appointed, was located ; such Marshal to execute a bond, with two sufficient 
sureties, in the penal sum of one thousand dollars. 

All laws relating to the election of Constables were repealed. 

The Board, by careful economy, had accumulated a surplus from the annual 
appropriations for the maintenance of the Police in New York, which, with the 
consent of the Supervisors of that county, they expended in the erection of a 
building for the Central Department of Police. 

The station houses in New York and Brooklyn had been condemned by the 
Police Surgeons as unfit for the purposes for which they were used. These evils 
were corrected; spacious and commodious stations having been erected in many 
of the precincts, while in others the houses had been enlarged and provision 
made for their thorough ventilation. The cells and lodging houses for the poor 
had been removed to separate buildings erected in the rear of the several stations. 

At the request of the Federal authorities, the Board, in the month of July, 
began to recruit for volunteers to serve in the armies of the United States. To 
defray the expenses of recruiting, the members of the Police and others sub- 
scribed the sum of twenty-eight thousand six hundred and sixty-nine dollars and 
fifteen cents; and by their efforts there was obtained from citizens the sum of 
seventy-seven thousand seven hundred and thirty-nine dollars and forty-six cents, 
which was appropriated to the families of recruits. The Board, with the means 
thus afforded them, was enabled to place five regiments of infantry and four 
companies of one hundred men each, of cavalry, in the field. 

The Police force of New York, for the year 1 862, consisted of one Superinten- 
dent, thirty Captains, one hundred and twenty-nine Sergeants, sixty-four Rounds- 
men, one thousand four hundred and twenty-eight Patrolmen, one hundred and 
seven Special Duty in the precinct, one hundred and seventy-four Special Duty 
out of the precinct, sixty-seven Doormen. Total, 1,999- 

Lost time by reason of sickness or disability for the same period, eighteen 
thousand two hundred and thirt\ -nine days. 

By the rules of the department, when sickness or disability resulted 



156 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

from extraordinary exertion or exposure, in discharge of Police duty, the full 
time lost was paid for. When it resulted from ordinary circumstances, one-half 
the lost time was paid for. When it was feigned, or resulted from carelessness, 
excess, or fault of the Policeman, no pay was allowed for the lost time. 
The total number of arrests were: 

For offences against property 1 3,344 

Offences against the person 68,728 

Total 82,072 

Value of jjroperty and money, lost and recovered, for the year ending 
October 31, 1862 : 

Lost $202,939 76 

Recovered 76,912 27 

Total loss $126,027 49 

The Twenty-fifth Precinct consisted of the Detective force. This force 
recovered large amounts of money and property which were not lost within the 
Police District. For this reason the figures were not carried into the foregoing 
table, representing the losses and recoveries within the district. The amount 
recovered by the Detective force, during the year ending October 31, 1862, was 
fifty-five thousand two hundred and eighty-five dollars and eighty-five cents. 

The system of discipline established and carried out by the Board, though 
much criticised and opposed in the beginning, was fully vindicated to all candid 
persons by beneficial results. The marked fidelity, vigilance and efficiency of 
the Police, in ordinary as well as extraordinary occasions, was, it was claimed, 
the legitimate fruit of this system. Instead of fearing or despising the Police- 
man, the public had learned to trust him as the protector and defender of 
social order. 

On the morning of the thirteenth of July the city was startled by the law- 
less acts of a formidable mob, which entered on a career of robbery, arson and 
murder that was not completely checked until the morning of the seventeenth. 

Concerning these exciting events, and the action of the Police in sup- 
pressing the rioters and restoring law and order, more will be said in another 
place. 

The entire force for the year ending October 31, 1863, was as follows: 
Captains, thirty-four; Sergeants, one hundred and twenty-six; Patrolmen, 
(including Roundsmen and Special Duty men), one thousand seven hundred and 
ninety-four; Doormen, sixty-six. 

Lost time, by reason of sickness or disability, twenty-two thousand eight 
hundred and five days. 

This large increase of lost time over the previous year is attributable to the 
July riots. 

Arrests: 

Offences against property 8,912 

Offences against the person 52,976 



Total 



61,888 



OCh' I'OI.ICF. PROTECTORS. 



'57 



The annexed cut is an accurate representation of the old Jefferson Market, 
shewing the old fire tower, the rear of the prison, and Jefferson Assembly Rooms, 
which formerly was used as a watch-house by the old Leatherheads. 

On the thirty-first of December, 1863, Governor Seymour apjiointed as 
Police Commissioners, Joseph S. Bosworth, A\'il!iam McMurray, and William 1'. 
Lewis, in tiie place of Bergen, Acton and liow cn, removed. 




Old Jefferson Market. 

The removed Commissioners refused to obey the edict of the Governor, 
and held on to the office of Police Commissioners, continuing to discharge the 
duties thereof. In this emergency the legislature stepped in, and, on March 15. 
1864, by enactment, provided that "in place of the Commissioners ot 
Metropolitan Police, appointed under and by virtue of Chapter 259, Laws of 
1864, whose several terms of office are hereby vacated, there are hereby 
a[)pointed, respectively, as such Commissioners, Thomas C. Acton, to hold 
office until March i, 1872; Joseph S. Bosworth, to hold office until !March i, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



1870; John G. Bergen, to hold office until March i, 1868; and William McMurray, 
to hold office until March 1, 1866. 

Any vacancy occurring during the term of any Commissioner was filled by 
appointment by the remaining Commissioners, and the Commissioner so 
appointed continued in office until his successor had been elected by the next 
legislature. A Commissioner whose term of office had expired continued to 
hold office until his successor should have qualified. 

Statement of convictions, accjuittals, etc., had in the Courts of Oyer and 
Terminer and General Sessions of the Peace, in and for the city and county 
of New York, from 1841 to 1858, a period of seventeen years: 



OFFENCES. 



Murder 

Arson, first degree (capital) . . . 

Manslaii>;hter (various degrees) 

Assault & Battery, with intent 
to kill or maim 

Ase'lt & Batt'y with int. to rob. 

Rnpe, and int't to commit rape. 

Abandoning a child on a public 
highway .' 

Robbery (first degree) 

Riot, w ith assault. 

Assault and Battery 

Procuring abortion 

Bigamy . 

Incest 

Sodomy 

Perjury, and subornation of 
perjury 

Arson (not capital) 

Burglary (various degrees) 

Attempt to commit felonies. . 

Embezzlement 

Grand larceny, & sec. offence 

Petit larceny, and attempt to 
commit petit larceny.., . 

Petit larceny, second offence 

Obtaining property by false 
Iiretences 

Conspiracy 

Carrying slung-ehot (felony) . . 

Receiv'g stolen g'ds (scienter). 

Accessory to felony 

Forgery (various degrees) 

Receiv'g chall'ge to fight a duel 

Breaking prison 

.\iding prisoners to escape 

Keei)ing gambling and disor- 
derly nonses 

Nuisance 

Selling, issuing, and advertis- 
ing lottery tickets 

Libel 

Cruelty to animals 

Selling liquor without license. 

Misdemeanor 

Accpiitted 

Sentenced to be executed 

" State i)rison 

" County prisons. . . 
" House of Refuge. 

Indictments found by Or. Jury. 

Compl'ts dismissed by G. Jury. 



90 



10 



2 
1 
55 
2 
1 

71 84 



48 



10 



40 



22 



43 



52 



18 



54 



182 206 



10 



19 



101 



13 



15 



IS 



15 



14 



25 



14 38 
2 



6 10 



307; 



10 
16 

15.-. 168 
3 1 

252 225, 

1241 144 151 



2.31 2 1( 
13.-54'2698 99; 
220 205 14. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 159 

Convictions, acquittals and discharges by tlic C^oiirt of Cicncral Sessions 
irom the year 1838 to 1857 inclusive : 



OFFENCES. 


i 







i 




eo 

00 


3 


S 




s 


I— 


CO 
GO 


s> 1 <s 
S 3 






i 


i 






g 




Convictioim, 










































petit lurceny.. 


261 


849 


626 


666 


744 


907 


896 


991 


977 




1064 


1180 1419 


...» 
1453 


1475 


1415 


1411 


2047 


1788 


2(M1 


Aiqiiiltiils 


73 


93 


97 


78 


138 


142 


148 


193 


220 


'i73 


258 


261 


219 


187 


214 


179 


108 


196 


208 


273 


CoiivictioiiH, ng- 










































siiiilt & Imtt'y. 


125 


168 


226 


296 


287 


395 


551 


615 


50!) 


834 


4-30 


558 


a37 


662 


978 


1230 


1152 




986 1589 


Ai'<|iiittal« 


26 


83 


32 


80 


33 


54 


86 


90 


87 


48 


52 


59 


76 


43 


51 


67 


66 


929 


84 


284 


Di.xcliiirKes 


429 


581 


488 


396 


875 


537 


a38 


1158 


1109 


697 


672 


a38 1-382 


1194 


1167 


1120 


1181 


84 


1454 


1627 






































28 


25 


101 


Misdemeniiorc, 








































































« 


4 


40 




914 


1219 


13C9 


K63:157T 


2032 


2519 


8067 


2922 


2352 


2502 


2996 


3933 


3539 


3884 


8944 


3921 


3290,4549 


5825 


No. of Trials in 










































Speciul St'sfi.,. 


434 


614 


839 


1001 


1119 


1311 


1495 


1741 


1651 


1399 


16:35 


1837 


2218 


2079 


3405 


2570 1528 


1942 2803 


3752 


Sentenced t o 










































Co. Prisons. . . 


S9G 


ail 


508 


082 


737 


987 


1058 


1128 


1075 


931 


1003 


1130 1402 


1179 


1254 


1212 


1159 


1528 1436 


1834 


Sentenced t o 










































H. of Refuge. . 


27 


25 


23 


07 


63 


55 


56 


66 


56 


51 


52 


71 




94 


97 


119 






41 


195 



From January i, 1830, to December 31, 1857 (twenty-eight years), thirty- 
seven persons had been sentenced to be executed, on convictions had in the 
criminal courts of the county. Of this number sixteen were executed; the sen- 
tences of thirteen were commuted to imprisonment for life; one was pardoned ; 
one committed suicide; in four cases new trials were ordered — two were subse- 
quently convicted of manslaughter and one discharged, and two under sentence. 



i6o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER Vlir. 



SKETCH CF THE DRAFT RIOTS. 

JVLY, 1863. 

The City in the Hands of a Frenzied Mon. — An Emergency in -which the 
Police covered themselves with Glory. — Popular Discontent grow- 
ing OUT OF A latent SYMPATHY WITH THE SOUTHERN CaUSE. ThE MeTH'^D 

ADOPTED FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE DrAFT NOT THE MOST JUDICIOUS ONE. 

Superintendent Kennedy's arrangements in anticipation of trouble. — 
Growing Desperation of the Mob.- — Firing of the Buildings in which 
the Provost' Marshal had his Office. — Superintendent Kennedy 

ATTACKED AND BrUTALLY BeATEN. HiS MIRACULOUS EsCAPE FROM DeATH. 

— Commissioner Acton assumes Command of the Force. — His Energy 
AND Promptitude more than a M.\tch for the Mob, who Fight Furi- 
ously. — The Rioters beat back the Police, but are in turn overcome 
and routed. — Clubs versus Stones, Bricks and Bullets. — " By the Right 
F'lank, Company Front, Double Quick, Charge !"— Mob Desperation and 
Police Heroism. — " Up Guards, and at 'em." — Action of the Military. — 
End of the First Day's Fighting. 

T_T OWEVER admirably they may have behaved in other emergencies, there 
has been no occasion on which our Police Protectors covered themselves 
with more honor than during the terrible draft riots which convulsed the city 
for an entire week in the summer of 1863. At this period, too, they assumed a 
higher role than is generally allotted to them. 'I'hey became not only the de- 
fenders of the lives and property of their fellow-citizens, but also the vindicators 
of the National honor. They fought for the Union in the streets of New York, 
just as truly as the soldiers of the Republic did upon the banks of the Potomac. 
Day after day they went out to combat with forces greatly their superior in 
numbers; day after day they imperiled life and limb; they left their own 
homes, their wives and children unprotected, to obey the call of duty. Nothing 
more honorable can be said of them, as a body, than that, in the face of every 
difficulty, there was no faltering. It is not recorded that any one man failed to 
respond to the demands of the hour; it is not on record that any man shirked 
duty, however dangerous or unpleasant it might be. It is on record that the Ut- 
most bravery, energy, and judgment were disi)layed by the entire force from the 
chiefs to the lowest subordinates. To their efforts, bravely seconded by a force 
of Federal soldiery, perhaps are due the preservation of the city from untold of 
horrors, and the salvation of the nation from dismemberment through the failure 
of the draft. 




/ 

/ 



l62 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Marshals into the various districts to take direct charge of the selection of the 
conscripts. This course greatly increased the popular exasperation, and, during 
the preliminary work, signs and omens of coming trouble were not wanting in 
New York. Thus, in the Ninth Conscription District, which included the lower 
part of the city, Captain Joel B. Erhardt, the Provost Marshal, narrowly escaped 
with his life while performing the necessary duty of collecting the names of those 
liable to being drafted. He was ordered by Colonel Nugent, the Provost Marshal 
for the whole city, to personally collect the names of some workmen engaged on 
a building at the corner of Liberty Street and Broadway, who had refused to 
register when the regular enrolling officers approached them. Captain Erhardt 




Process of Drafting in the Sixth District, 
was assailed, in the performance of his duty, by a man armed with an iron 
crowbar. He drew his pistol and frustrated the attack, but after waiting a long 
time in vain for aid, he was com])elled to retreat before an infuriated mob. 

More than one incident like this created anxiety among the authorities as 
the date for the draft drew nigh, and yet it is doubtful to this day if there was 
any organized design to resist. Information was given to the Police that a 
plan was afoot to seize the State Arsenal at Seventh Avenue and Thirty-fifth 
Street on Saturday, July ii, the day on which the drafting opened. This 
was probably the case; but it is believed that the design extended no further. 
When this was defeated by the measures of Superintendent Kennedy — as will 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



'63 



soon be described — it is more than probable that no definite course was marked 
out by the lawbreakers. When the first acts of violence were committed on 
Monday, the 13th, it is likely that the members of the mob had no idea 
beyond that of breaking up the draft, and perhaps taking vengeance on some 
of the officials in charge of it. That afternoon and the succeeding days, an 
entirely new element entered into the tumult. The thirst for violence had 
grown furious; the craving for plunder had taken possession of the lower 
elements of the population. The draft became a mere pretext for lawlessness, 
the real object of which was the gratification of instincts of rapine and 
destruction. The riots were no longer draft riots, but riots for blood and 
booty. Their desperate character was in no way lessened, however; on the 
contrary, tiie second day's fighting was the bitterest of all. . '. ' - r ' - . : 

As organized at the period under discussion, the Police force was under 
the management of Commissioners Thomas C. Acton and John G. Bergen^ 
Commissioner Bowcn having resigned to accept a brigadier general's commission. 
John A. Kennedy was Superintendent, and Daniel Carpenter, George W. Dilks 
and James Leonard were Inspectors. " ■ . 

The violent proceedings of the rioters had, as the Police Commissioners 
were convinced, a political origin, motive and direction, and received sympathy, 
and encouragement from newspapers and partisans of influence and. rntelligence. 
The Board of Police had long been threatened with summary removal, which 
was expected to occur immediately. Numbers ot the force desired the removal, 
and a sjiirit of insubordination had crept in among the force, the fruit of the 
expected change. " Under these new and extraordinary circumstances," to 
quote from the annual report of the Commissioners to the legislature, " there 
were apprehensions that the force might fail in united action, or be embarrassed 
by sympathy with the rioters, and be overpowered and beaten. * * The 
apprehension proved to be groundless. The force acted as a unit, and with an 
energy, courage and devotion rarely exhibited. The keenest observation failed 
to discover that political, religious or national feeling had any influence adverse 
to the efficient action of the force. The courage that arises from the aggregation 
of numbers, the steadiness and celerity of movement which resulted from 
organization and drill, and the fidelity and pride of corps which result from 
discipline, were exhibited in a most gratifying degree, considering the numerous 
and severe contests, the disparity of numbers, and the advantage enjoyed by 
the mob from their intrenched position in tenement houses, the small number 
of Policemen killed and wounded is a subject of congratulation. The number 
wounded was eightv, but three have died." 

As bad luck would have it, the drafting began on a Saturday (July 11). 
There was no si)ecial disturbance, but the whole aspect of the city was uneasy. 
Sergeant Van Orden, with fifteen men, early took possession of the Seventh 
Avenue Arsenal. In pursuance of the plot already mentioned, disorderly 
crowds gathered about the building, but the strength of the place, and the 
determined aspect of the little band of defenders, prevented any attack from 
being made. The drafting, too, passed off peaceably in the two districts — the 
Ninth and Eleventh — appointed for that day, and people began to hope that 



164 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



the danger was over — that the popular discontent would not reach the point of 
open outbreak. 

Under more favorable circumstances this might have been so; but the day 
was unfavorable. All the Sunday newspapers came out with long lists of the 
conscript's names. These were eagerly scanned in all the tenements of the 
city. People found the names of relatives and friends among the number, and 
their rage grew in proportion. All day excited groups of unemployed men and 
women discussed the situation in the houses, in the streets, and, above all, in the 
liquor saloons, and by midnight they were ready for any madness. 

Monday's sun rose hot and angry upon the seething city. The people came 
pouring from the tenement houses to face the fact that a fresh raid was now to 
be made on their households by the demon of war. Vainly confident in the 
strength of their numbers and their passion, they determined that this should not 
be. 

Superintendent Kennedy, though not fully aware of the force of the coming 
storm, had yet the forethought to see that danger was ahead. The drafting was 
to ])roceed at two points on this day- They were No. 11 90 Broadway, near 
Twenty-ninth Street, and a house on the corner of Third Avenue and Forty-sixth 
Street. Superintendent Kennedy began by collecting some force at headquarters, 
and sending the reserves of the Twentieth Precinct to aid in the defence of the 
arsenal. The drafting office at No. 11 90 Broadway lay within the Twenty-ninth 
Precinct, and accordingly. Captain Speight took charge of it at nine o'clock in the 
morning. He brought with him twenty of his own men, to whom were added ten 
men from the Eighth Precinct under Sergeant Wade, ten from the Ninth under Ser- 
geant Mangin, fourteen from the Fifteenth under Sergeant McCredie, and ten men 
from the Twenty-eighth under Sergeant Wolfe. This total force of sixty-nine men, 
all told, sufficed to overawe the mob. The draft proceeded peaceably until noon, 
when it was adjourned. The auxiliary forces were then sent to Third Avenue 
and Forty-sixth Street, where the state of things was very different. Captain 
Speight, however, with his own gallant boys, remained at the office until four 
o'clock in the afternoon, when he repaired to Headquarters in response to an 
order. During the day he dispersed many crowds, and maintained good order 
constantly. Ten minutes after he left, however, the mob, emboldened by its suc- 
cesses elsewhere, set fire to the Marshal's office, and the entire block on Broad- 
way between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Streets was destroyed by the 
flames. 

Far different from those on Broadway were the scenes in the Nineteenth ^ 
Precinct, in which the Provost Marshal's office at Forty-sixth Street and Third 
Avenue was located. Captain G. T. Porter was the commanding officer at this 
point. He, and the brave men under his orders, had to bear the first shock of 
the riot, and right well they did their duty. It is no discredit to them that they 
were unable to resist successfully the infuriated thousands that were pitted 
against them. Captain Porter repaired to the Marshal's office at nine o'clock in 
the forenoon. He collected his entire force of sixty men about the place, 
stationing some in front of the building and some within it, as the crowd in- 
creased minute after minute in numbers and audacity. With Captain Porter 



I 

OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



were Captain S. Brovver, of the Seventeenth Precinct, and a squad; Captain A. 
M. Pahner, of the Twenty-first Precinct, and a squad ; Sergeant William M. 
Gross, of the Twenty-second Precinct, with twelve men ; and later. Sergeant 
Mangles, of the Twenty-eighth Precinct, with eleven men. 

The drafting began at a quarter past ten, a. m., and went on for twenty 
minutes without interruption. The mob had grown to huge proportions; the 
excitement was intense. The Police were hooted, and curses were breathed 




Provost Marshal's Office, 185 Sixth Avenue. 

against the negro race, the National government, the drafting authorities, and, 
in fact, against all public ofificials. Only a spark was needed to bring about the 
explosion. 

It was supplied. On a sudden some one shouted, " Stop the cars." An in- 
stantaneous rush was made. Horses were uncoupled, drivers were forced from 
their platforms, and terrified j)assengers were driven from their places into the 
depths of the swaying, shouting mass of humanity that filled the Avenue. 

But now the mob was fairly warmed to work. With one awful movement it 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



launched itself upon the band of Police drawn up before the Marshal's office. 
The shock was irresistible. One might as well try to dam the Hudson as op- 
pose that mob. There was a momentary struggle, and the little band gave way, 
taking shelter with their comrades within the building. A hurricane of stones 
now assailed the windows and doors, which speedily gave way. Then the mob 
dashed in, and joined in hand-to-hand encounters with the defenders. It was 
in vain for the Police to strike them down; as one fell beneath a blow of a club, 
another and another took his place. The Marshal and his clerks escaped through 
the rear of the building; the Police slowly followed, fighting all the way, until they 
emerged into Forty-sixth Street. By this time all the furniture in the office 
was demolished, and the mob proceeded to fire the building. Then the brave 
Police endeavored to save the property in the adjoining houses, but were bitterly 
assailed at every step. Sergeant Finch, of the Seventeenth Precinct, in heading 
the attack on the mob, had his forehead laid o[)en with a frightful gash. Officers 
Hill and Weill, of the same precinct, were also badly injured. Officer Cook, of the 
Nineteenth Precinct, was knocked down and separated from his comrades, who 
were themselves fully occupied keeping off the crowds that beset them. At last, 
when it became evident that no good could be done while the men were receiving 
terrible puishment, Captain Porter gave the signal for retreat. The force scat- 
tered into small groups forthwith, and made their way, as best they might, to 
their several station houses. 

With their usual promptitude, the firemen were on hand almost as soon as 
the flames in the Marshal's office became visible. At first the mob refused to 
allow them to throw any water into the burnipg building, and two adjoining 
houses were speedily involved in the conflagration. At length, however. Chief 
Engineer Decker made the rioters a speech, pointing out that the property of 
people with whom they had no quarrel was being destroyed. To this appeal 
they yielded, and, the Police being driven off, the crowd began to watch with 
the usual interest, but unusual hilarity, the progress of the flames, and the efforts 
of the fire laddies to extingui.sh them. 

At this disastrous moment, by an untoward accident. Superintendent 
Kennedy put in an appearance on the scene. Mr. Kennedy's fears of riot had 
arisen that Monday morning, mainly from the intelligence which reached 
him shortly after seven o'clock, that the street contractor's men in the Nine- 
teenth Ward had not gone to work at the usual hour. He at first deemed it 
sufficient to strengthen the Police forces at Provost Marshal Manierre's office on 
Broadway, and Marshal Jenkins' office on Third Avenue, in the manner already ' 
detailed; but as the progress of the morning brought fresh indications of trouble, 
he telegraphed to all the precincts to call in as reserves all the men who had 
gone off duty at six a. m. Towards ten o'clock, all Mr. Kennedy's arrangements 
being completed, he took his wagon, and started on a tour of personal inspec- 
tion. P'irst he called on Captain Speight, at No. 1190 Broadway, and then 
visited the arsenal, leaving at each point directions to cover any emergency that 
might arise. At last he turned his horse to the eastward, and about twelve 
o'clock approached the cpiarter where, unknown to him, the first battle of the 
riot had been fought. The Superintendent was not in uniform, and was totally 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



167 



unarmed. It is impossible to avoid the reflection, therefore, that his courage (or 
indiscretion ?) ran to the point of rashness when he left his wagon at Forty- 
sixth Street on perceiving the fire that the rioters had kindled, and walked 
rapidly through the angry crowd towards it. 

Everything seemed very quiet, and everybody good-natured about him, 
until, on a sudden, some one cried out, "There's Kennedy!" 

" Where, where ? Where is he ?" demanded a thousand angry voices. 

He was pointed out, and before he had time to realize the situation, a 
cowardly blow from behind sent him down an embankment six feet high into a 
vacant lot. In an instant the Superintendent was on his feet; a glance showed 
that flight was his only course, and he sped away across the lots, while the 
infuriate rabble pressed hard behind him. He distanced his pursuers, and 
succeeded in climbing the Forty-seventh Street embankment. But here a 
fresh crowd, as cowardly and brutal as the first, was waiting for him. They 
came at him with a rush, and for the second time he was hurled to the foot of 
the embankment. The crowd followed him. Mr. Kennedy regained his feet. 
A burly ruffian tried to dash his brains out with a club, and Mr. Kennedy 
with difficulty protected his head. By this time he must have received fully 
fiftv blows on various parts of his body. He now turned and ran toward 
Lexington Avenue, where there was a pond or mud hole of considerable width 
and depth. 

" Drown him, drown him !" shouted the rioters, and a tremendous blow sent 
the victim into the pond, when his face struck on some stones at the bottom and 
was frightfully lacerated. But even yet he was not overcome. Making his way 
through the mud and water through which his pursuers were unwilling to follow, 
he reached Lexington Avenue before they got around. As he emerged from the 
pond he met Mr. John Eagan, a prominent citizen, and begged for aid. Mr. Eagan 
possessed sufficient influence with the mob to prevent them from doing any fur- 
ther violence, and Mr. Kennedy, now fainting with pain and exhaustion, was laid 
on a common feed wagon, and driven to Headquarters. As the wagon drove up 
to the building, Commissioner Acton was standing on the steps. He noticed the 
bruised and bleeding man, but never guessed who it was, so far beyond recogni- 
tion was the Superintendent. 

When he realized the truth he had the injured man taken to the house of 
a friend, and surgical aid was procured. It was found that no bones were 
broken, and so wonderful was his constitution, and so determined his will, that 
the Superintendent returned to duty on the Thursday following, a fact all the 
more wonderful when it is remembered that he was over sixty years of age. 
He was shockingly disfigured for the time being, but in time the traces of his 
thrilling fight for life disappeared from his countenance. 

The early disablement of the Superintendent placed the command of the 
force upon the shoulders of Commissioner Acton, at Headquarters, and ot 
Inspector Daniel Carpenter in the field — or rather in the streets. Both proved 
equal to the demands upon them. To no one man was the speedy suppression 
of the riots due so largely as to Mr. Acton. His very first step showed his 
consummate generalship. The moment he realized the extent of the disorder. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



on seeing Superintendent Kennedy's terrible condition, he telegraphed to every 
precinct, except the Twelfth, from which the rioters had cut off communication, 
ordering the entire force to concentrate at the Central Office. He also 
dispatched the Steamboat Squad with their vessel, under Captain Todd, to 
transport to the city all the Federal troops that could be spared from the forts 
in the harbor, and subsequently to land arms for volunteer troops. These 
duties, it may be remarked here, were performed with coolness and judgment. 

The energy displayed by Mr. Acton was wonderful. He did not leave 
the Central Office for five days, except for a couple of short periods on official 
business. From six o'clock on Monday morning until after two a. m. the fol- 
lowing Friday, he never closed an eye in sleep. During the whole period he 
was engaged without cessation. It may serve as some index of his labors to say 
that he received and answered over four thousand telegrams. 

He was ably seconded. Hardly inferior to him in energy and executive 
ability was his colleague, Commissioner John G. Bergen. This gentleman was 
constantly at Headquarters, sustaining almost ec^ual fatigue with Mr. Acton, and 
sharing in all his labors. Chief Clerk Seth C. Hawley was also a most valuable 
aid. He was placed in charge of the ordinance department, ser\-ing out the arms 
and ammunition needed by the men as they started on their repeated expeditions. 
He also provided for the wants of the wounded, and did all in his power to 
furnish accommodations for the crowds of refugees who early began to throng to 
Headquarters. With Chief John Young of the Detective force, assisted by 
Sergeant Lefferts of the Fourth District Court, and Officer Webb of the 
Superintendent's office, he had also to provide for the victualing of Police, 
military, Special Constables, and refugees, in all over five thousand persons, for 
an entire week. It is needless to add praise to the statement that all were well 
and sufficiently fed. Over fifty thousand gallons of coffee, it is said, were 
served out while the riot lasted, and it must here be mentioned to the credit of 
the entire force, that coffee — during all the scenes of terror and excitement, 
despite all the blows and hardships — was the universal beverage. Everyone took 
it in preference to liquor, and while the riot lasted, not one intoxicated man 
was seen about Headquarters. 

But it is time to return to the rioters who were left at the moment when 
they had all but beaten the Superintendent of Police to death at Lexington 
Avenue and Forty-sixth Street. About the same time another fierce scene was 
in progress only a few blocks off. A little before noon the reports of the 
agitation which prevailed in the Nineteenth Ward caused the sending of several 
contingents from various precincts, including the men relieved from duty at 
No. 1 1 90 Broadway, to Captain Porter's aid. Among the first of these intended 
reinforcements to arrive on the scene was a squad of thirteen men from the 
Eighth, under Sergeant Ellison. This little company first encountered the mob 
at Third Avenue and Forty-fourth Street. A desperate hand-to-hand fight 
ensued. The mob fought furiously; the Police were outnumbered a hundred to 
one, and were soon obliged to retreat. Sergeant Ellison, who had been terribly 
beaten, remained a prisoner in the rioters hands. At this moment. Sergeant 
Wade arrived with his squad from Broadway. The fight was renewed, and 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



169 



Ellison was extricated from his terrible captivity more dead than alive. He 
ha^ defended himself bravely with his revolver and a gim which he had 
wrested from a rioter. But he had been overwhelmed by numbers, terribly 
beaten, and pelted with stones until he lost consciousness. After lying as if 
dead for half an hour on the pavement, he was carried by two of his comrades 
to the Twenty-first Precinct station house. In this fight, too, Officer Van 
Buren had his leg broken, Sergeant Wade was struck in the breast with a stone, 
Officer Andre had his head badly cut, Officers Law and Hart were injured in 
the head and body, and Officers Crolius, Palmer, Burns, Merher and 




Rioters Marching Down Second Avenue. 

Magersuppe were ail badly cut about the head. Ail of the officers here named 
distinguished themselves by their courage in attacking the mob. 

A platoon from the Ninth Precinct arrived at Forty-fourth Street and 
Third Avenue at the same time as Sergeant Wade, and participated in the 
fighting with eiiual courage. To show how well the men of this precinct played 
their part, it is only necessary to record that Sergeants Mangin and Smith, and 
ten officers were badly hurt. Some members of the Tenth, under Sergeants 
Minor and Davenport, also had a rough encounter with the mob in the same 
locality. 

Just as these forces were defeated, Sergeant McCredie, of the Fifteenth, 
arrived at Forty-third Street and Third Avenue with his fourteen men. He was 
joined by ten men from the Twenty-eighth, under Sergeant Wolfe, and by the 



170 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



scattered men from the other precincts, until his force embraced altogefher 
forty-four stout locusts. With this force, small as it was, McCredie — who was 
deservedly , christened by his comrades "Fighting Mac" — began a furious 
onslaught on the rabble that filled the avenue. He met with an obstinate 
resistance; but discipline and courage enabled him and his gallant boys to force 
their way to Forty-sixth Street, where they hoped Captain Porter and his men still 
held their ground. Disappointed in this expectation, the little storming party 
found itself hemmed in on all sides by masses of infuriated men. Stones rained 
in on them. Their charges were fiercely resisted. Of the fourteen men from 
the Fifteenth station, nine were badly wounded before the force was dispersed. 
Officer Bennett was knocked down three times Ijefore he ceased fighting. The 
last time, he lay senseless. In this condition, he was stripped to his drawers, and 
savagely beaten. At last his seemingly dead body was taken by strangers to St. 
Luke's Hospital, and laid in the dead-house. His grief-stricken wife, coming to 
claim the supposed remains, fell on them in a transport of grief. But in a 
moment she sprang to her feet, almost delirious with joy. Her husband's heart 
still beat. Restoratives were used, and Bennett recovered, though only after 
three days of insensibility, and a long illness. 

Officer Travis, of the same precinct, was also taken to St. Luke's. In trying 
to escape the crowd he was confronted by a fellow with a pistol. He captured 
the weapon, but before he could use it, was knocked down and beaten almost to 
a jelly. His jaw and right hand were broken. The mob stripped him naked 
before they left him. Officer Phillips had a terrible run for life. He disarmed 
a rioter of a musket, but had no time to use it. He was stabbed twice with a 
knife by a woman; and would have been killed but for the interference of some 
citizens who appeared to have influence with the mob. Sergeant McCredie was 
disabled by a blow on the wrist /"rom a bar of iron. His life was saved by a 
young German woman, who hid him between two mattresses while the rioters 
searched her house from roof to cellar. Officer Sutherland was knocked down 
with a brick and beaten insensible. Officers Mingay, Broughton and Gabriel 
were very badly beaten, and Officer Terence Kieman, after terrible usage, only 
escaped with his life through the intercession of Mrs. Eagan, whose husband had 
helped to save Superintendent Kennedy. The off platoon of the Fifteenth Pre- 
cinct, under Roundsman Thacher, was sent to reinforce McCredie, but arrived 
only in time to be roughly handled. Officer Bodine was beaten insensible and 
stripped. Officer Gibbs was left for dead in the street. Officers Foster and Did- 
way were shockingly mangled. 

In this fight the men of the Twenty-eighth also suffered severely. Sergeant' 
Wolfe, who was the last to retreat, was cut about the head; Officer Seibert had 
an arm, and Officer Holley a finger broken; Officers Dapke, Polhamus, Bryan, 
Bassford, Knight, and Bolman were more dr less badly beaten. 

These were not the only collisions between bodies of Police and the Forty- 
sixth Street mob. A force had been ordered to the scene from the Eighteenth 
Precinct, Sergeant Vosburgh in command. It was unable to effect a junction 
with Captain Porter, and after a brief, but courageous struggle, was forced to 
retreat. Officer Wynne was severely beaten and stabbed ; Officers Lame and 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



'7' 



Sanderson were beaten and had their clothes nearly torn off. The Thirteenth's 
bo_vs had a similar experience. At noon, Captain Thomas Steers, with Sergeants 
Bird and Smith and twenty-five men, started to the aid of Captain Porter. They 
got as far as Thirty-fifth Street, but could penetrate no further through the tur- 
bulent crowd. They therefore retired to the Twenty-first Precinct station house, 
then in East Thirty-first Street, where Sergeant Forshay was in command. The 
rioters had been threatening to destroy the building, but decamped, afraid to 
encounter the increased force brought by Captain Steers. 

Having thus defeated the Police in detail, the mob dispersed itself over the 
city, plundering and burning in all directions, and above all, committing frightful 
atrocities on negroes wherever they were found. Some of the cooler scoun- 
drels among the insurrectionists saw that for any lasting success, arms were 
absolutely necessary. To secure these, a [)ortion of the mob, about half-past one 
o'clock, gathered about the large gun factory at Twenty-first Street and Second 
Avenue, wiiere a great ([uantity of arms was known to be in storage. This move- 
ment had been anticipated. Early in the afternoon. Sergeant Banfield, with a 
squad, had, by order of Captain John Cameron, of the Eighteenth Precinct, 
taken possession of the l)uilding. Later on they were relieved by the Broadway 
Squad of thirty-two men imder Sergeant Burdick and Roundsmen Ferris and 
Sherwood. The men reached the factory singly or in pairs, escajjing the notice 
of the rioters, who, as three o'clock approached, had swelled to thousands in 
number. Every Policeman was armed with a carbine, and stationed at a 
window. 

At last the battle began. A whirlwind of stones, bricks and bullets was 
launched against the doors and windows. The defenders dared not show them- 
selves. The fire of the mob was not returned. Then an effort was made to burn 
the building, but without success, and the attack was renewed with greater fury 
than ever. Presently one of the rioters assailed the office door with a sledge-ham- 
mer. His compatriots awaited the result of his efforts, and at last a panel went 
crashing in. The man stooped to crawl into the aperture, when the single re- 
port of a carbine was heard, and he fell back with a bullet through his skull. 
The rioters hesitated, but only for a moment. The attack was once again re- 
newed, and Sergeant Burdick sent to Captain Cameron for aid. He was told 
that none could be afforded. "Then I cannot hold the factory," he sent word. 
*' Draw off your men," was the response. These messages were carried by Ser- 
geant Buckman, of the Eighteenth, in disguise, and at great risk. 

The mob had now been held in check almost four hours, but longer resist- 
ance was impossible. The only means of retreat, however, which was not cut 
off, lay through a hole in the rear wall of the building, twelve by eighteen inches 
in size, and eighteen feet from the ground. Through this they squeezed their 
way, gaining the street through a stone yard. They had hardly got clear of the 
factory when the rioters gained access to it. Subsequently they had to escajie 
from the Eighteenth Precinct station house in plain clothes. They did picket 
duty about the Central office all Monday night. 

So far, we have found the mob victorious at every point. There is now to 
be a complete change, and from this time forward, the Police, aided by the mili- 



172 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



tary, will be found inflicting a series of crushing defeats on the disturbers of the 
public peace. The first of these was inflicted by a force of two hundred men, 
under Inspector Daniel Carpenter, at the corner of Broadway and Amity Street. 
The telegrams sent to all the precincts ordering the concentration of the entire 
Police force at headquarters, by three o'clock, caused a considerable number of 
men to muster there. 

Telegrams were now pouring in announcing deeds of destruction in every 
quarter. Buildings on Broadway and Lexington Avenue were being sacked and 
burned; Police stations were beseiged, and, despite the efforts of Fire Chief 
Decker and his men, the Colored Orphan Asylum, on Fifth Avenue, was wrecked 
and burned, the poor little inmates narrowly escaping with their lives by a back 
way. 




Colored Orphan Asylum. 
Fifth Avenue, between 43fd and 44th Streets. Burned Down by the Rioters. 

Towards four o'clock it was announced that a vast crowd was coming down 
Broadway to attack Police Headquarters. This was the moment for action. 
Drill Officer T. S. Copeland, from the available forces, quickly organized a band 
of two hundred men, which he himself joined as second in command to Inspector 
Carpenter. There were included details from the First, Seventh, Eighth, Four- 
teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh Precincts. Carpenter made his men a brief 
speech. " We are going to put down a mob," he said ; " take no prisoners, but strike 
quick and hard." Then the force marched up Broadway. The rioters were met 
near Amity Street. They bore a National ensign, and a standard of planks with 
the words " No draft." They were armed with clubs, i)itchforks, crowbars, 
swords, guns, and pistols. 

In a minute the ojjposing bodies stood but a few feet apart. 

"By the right flank, company front, double quick, charge!" shouted 



OUR POLiCI-: PROTECTORS. 



Carpenter, and in a moment he and his men were upon the lawbreakers. He 
drew the first blood, fracturing the skull of a ringleader. His men obeyed his 
orders literally, striking quick and hard on all sides. The crowd wavered, broke, 
and in a moment fled, leaving their banners in the hands of tlie Police, and the 
I)avement strewn with their wounded and dying comrades. The Police marched 
on to Mayor Opdyke's house on Fifth Avenue, which had been threatened, but 
finding all c[uiet, marched back to Headquarters. The Amity Street battle de- 
cided the fortunes of the city. After it, the defeat of the rioters was only a 
question of time and hard figliting. It was demonstrated that they could not 
stand up before regular discij)line. Among those who won distinction in the 
fight were Roundsmen Connor of the First ; Sergeants McConnell and Carland 
of the Seventh ; Sergeants Wade and O'Connor of the Eighth ; Sergeant Mackey 
of the Fourteenth ; Sergeant Roe and Officer Barhebt of the Fifteenth — both 




Present Colored Orphan Asylum. 

143rd Street. Former Building Destroyed During the Draft Riots. 



of whom captured ringleaders in the riot ; and Sergeant Bennett and Officers 
Doyle, Thompson, and Rhodes of the Twenty-seventh. Doyle knocked down 
the rioters' standard-bearer, and Thompson captured the National flag from their 
hands. 

Carpenter, after the Amity Street battle, took a very short rest. Shortly 
before eight o'clock Sergeant Copeland organized another battalion of two 
hundred men, including one hundred men of the Brooklyn Police — then a part 
of the Metropolitan force — under Inspector John S. Folk With this body. 
Inspector Carpenter started to the relief of the "Tribune" building, which had 
been threatened all day and was finally attacked by the rioters, whose wrath was 
especially virulent against Horace Greeley, as an abolitionist and advocate of the 
war. All dav a dangerous looking crowd loitered about Printing House Square. 
To provide against emergencies, all the newspaper offices were supplied with 



174 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



arms from the Islands l)y the Steamboat Squad, Patrolmen Blackwell seeing "to 
the safe delivery thereof with great prudence and judgment. All day Captain 
Thomas W. Thorne, o,f the Twenty-sixth Precinct, or City Hall Police, kept five 
of his men in citizen's dress in the crowd to watch its intentions. Captain 
Bryan of the Fourth, with his Sergeants, Rode and Williams, and only half his 
men, had had his hands full all day rescuing colored people from gangs of 
ruffians, and protecting their property, but towards evening he assigned Sergeant 
Williams, Roundsman Webb, and four Officers, to detective duty about the 
newspaper offices. 

About seven o'olock there was a good deal of rioting in the First Ward, and 
the First Precinct Police and those of the Twenty-sixth, under Captain Warlow, 
started to quell it. Sergeant Cherry and McCleary, of the First, ran ahead of 
the main body, and, falling in with a mob in New Street, were severely beaten. 
The rioting was speedily suppressed, however, when the main force came up, and 
the Police were leisurely returning towards the City Hall, when, in front of the 
the old post-office on Nassau Street, they were informed that the " Tribune " 
office was being sacked. They approached the scene on a run, and reached it 
simultaneously with a platoon under Captain Bryan from the Fourth. Sergeant 
Snodgrass of the Second Precinct had also, by mingling in the crowd, learned of 
the premeditated attack in time to join the other Police parties with the reserve 
of the Second. He was accompanied by Sergeants Esterbrook and Cornwell, Ser- 
geant Kelly who had been out on guard all day, remaining in charge of the station. 

The several bodies of Police charged the rioters together from different 
points. Captain Thorne, of the Twenty-sixth, was knocked down with a blow of 
a club. Officer Cowen brought his locust down 6n the skull of the man who struck 
the blow. The rioters fell stunned and bleeding on all sides. Many of the 
Police were hurt too, Officer Welling, of the First, receiving a bullet in the shoul- 
der. The fight was obstinate to Frankfort Street. Then the mob took to flight in 
all directions. The portion of it that rushed up Centre and Chatham Streets 
was pursued by the officers who had dispersed it, and dreadfully punished; but 
by far the greater section fled across the open space in front of City Hall. 
Theirs was a terrible fate. Just at this moment. Inspector Carpenter, with 
his two hundred men, were wheeling into the square. Grasping the situation at a 
glance, the Inspector formed his men full company front, and charging the fleeing 
rabble, inflicted such chastisement as they deserved, scattering and driving them 
in all directions, few escaping without grievous bruises, and many receiving des- 
])erate wounds. 

Quiet being restored. Carpenter took up his headquarters at the City Hall.' 
A fire, which the rioters had started in the "Tribune " building, was extinguished. 
A handful of men from the Twenty-sixth had already cleared the building of 
those who had entered it to sack it, Ofiicer McWaters having a desperate 
encounter with a burly ruffian at the entrance. Sergeant Devoursney, taking com- 
mand about the building, prevented any crowd from re-assembling about it. 

Several members of the Twenty-sixth Precinct deserve especial recognition 
for their conduct in this engagement. Sergeant Devoursney, alone and in uni- 
form, confronted the entire crowd, and delayed its attack on the "Tribune" 



OUR POIJCK PKOTEC7VRS. ,75 

building a considerable time. Ofticer McCord, being in plain clothes, was struck 
by>i comrade in mistake. Officer Ciardner was wounded in the leg with a brick. 
The wounded were all attended by Police .Surgeon Kennedy, who proved emi- 
nently brave, skillful and efficient in relieving the sufferers in the cause of duty. 

No sooner was quiet secured about the City Hall, than Carpenter's force 
was weakened by the withdrawal of Ins[)ector Folk and his men to IJrooklyn, 
where the aspect of affairs was considered threatening. No actual rioting, how- 
ever, took place there, thanks to Mr. Folk's energetic and judicious arrangements. 
Carpenter and his men, however, had their hands full. First of all, a rejjtjrt 
came in tiiat negro houses were being burned in the Sixth Precinct, and the 




Negro Hanged by the Mob and Burned. 32d St., bet. oth and 7th Aves. 

inhabitants ill-used. Captain John Jourdan was sent with his own men to suj)- 
press this disturbance. He had been fighting the rioters all day. With Sergeants 
Walsh and McGiven, he dispersed a mob at No. 42 Baxter Street at three p. m. 
Roundsman Ryan was knocked down and badly hurt, but continued to fight 
vigorously. At six p. m. six hundred rioters, who attacked a house at Baxter and 
Leonard Streets tenanted by twenty colored families, were disjjersed by the 
Captain and Sergeants Walsh, Quinn, and Kennedy, and the first and second 
platoons. The fight was very bitter. On their way to Headquarters, at six o'clock, 
the men had been obliged to punish another mob which assailed them. Rounds- 
man Hopkin.s was here badly wounded with a stone. After the Printing House 



176 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Square affair, Captain Jourdan and his command suppressed an attempt by about 
a thousand men to sack Nos. 104 and 105 Park Street, houses occupied by- 
colored people. 

Captain Jourdan returned to City Hall in time to participate in Inspector 
Carpenter's tour of the Fourth Ward, in the course of which he suppressed four 
riotous crowds who were burning negro dwellings. Fifty men were left to pro- 
tect the "Tribune" building ; the rest of his force accompanied the Inspector. 
Captain Bryan was the guide throughout this expedition. His station house 
had been attacked, when only Sergeant Rode and eight men were in it, by five 
hundred rioters. The attack had been successfully resisted. Sergeants Rode 
and Delaney, too, had dispersed a marauding crowd in front of a negro board- 
ing house. Inspector Carpenter was accompanied, among others, by Captain 
Green and Sergeants Finney, Robinson, and Webb of the Third ; Captain 
Sebring of the Ninth ; Captain Davis of the Tenth ; Captain Steers of the 
Thirteenth; Captain Brower of the Seventeenth ; Captain Slott, and Sergeants 
Aldis, Potter, and Murphy of the Twenty-second ; Captain Dickson and Ser- 
geant Groat of the Twenty-eighth — Sergeant O'Connor had been so badly 
wounded in the fight before the City Hall that he had to cease doing duty ; 
Captain Speight of the Twenty-ninth ; and Captain B. G. Lord and the men of 
the Sanitary Corps. Captain John J. Mount and the men of the Eleventh Precinct 
also took part — the most active part — in this expedition. They were detached to 
protect the persons and property of the colored residents of Roosevelt Street and 
New Bowery. They had much serious fighting, being stoned from the roofs, and 
Officer McMahon was badly injured with a brick. An incident of this tour will serve 
to show the ferocity of the rioters. Three colored men took refuge on the 
roof of a house. The rioters set it on fire, and the poor fellows were obliged 
to suspend themselves by their hands from the copings of the gable walls. 1 he 
Police searched in vain for ladders, and the men were at last obliged to drop to 
the ground, sustaining shocking injuries. 

After this effective tour of the Fourth Ward, Carpenter and his men had one 
more exploit to perform that busy Monday. At eleven p. M. word was received 
that a new and great mob was marching down Broadway to raid the "Tribune" 
office. Carpenter at once massed his men close to the east gate of the Park, 
facing three companies to the west, whence the rioters were expected to come, 
and the balance to the east. The Police were concealed by the darkness, and the 
rioters were allowed to approach within a hundred yards, before Carpenter gave 
the word " Up Guards, and at them !" The Police went in with a rush. Their^ 
opponents were five to one, but the shock was irresistible, and in a few minutes the 
Park was for the second time strewn with wounded men, while a discomfitted 
remnant fled up Broadway. 

At midnight Carpenter and his brave but wearied followers were relieved by 
the arrival of Inspector James Leonard with three hundred and fifty men, Capt. 
Thorne of the Twenty-sixth Precinct being second in command, and the bat- 
talion including details from the Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, Fourteenth, Sixteenth, 
Twentieth, and Twentv-ninth Precincts. Inspector Leonard remained in charge 
at the City Hall until the following Friday, when the riots were at an end. To 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



'77 



his energy and judgment arc, in a measure, attril)Utal)le the suppression of Jll 
dib«rder in the down-town districts of the rity. He had, l)cfore taking charge 
at tliis point, headed a trooj) \vlu( li defeated a niol) al)()Ut nine i*. m. on Monday 
at Broadway and l?ond Street — only a hlock or two distant from the scene of 
Carpenter's first victory. 

At the City Hall the Inspector's resources were taxed to the utmost. Before 
dayl)reak on Tuesday, he sent a platoon to protect the residences of negroes at 
Leonard and York Streets; he dispersed a mob which was sacking a provision 
store on Greenwich Street near Cortlandt; he sent a squad to ^uard Brooks 
Brothers' clothing store on Catharine Street, and others to protect the hotels in 




Military Encamping in Washington Square. 



Fulton and Cortlandt Streets. Towards morning he learned that a mob was 
proceeding to Fulton Ferry to oppose the landing of marines from the Brooklyn 
Navy Yard, and incidentally to burn Fulton Market. He SL'nt a large party to 
meet this mob; the result was a short, sharp fight, ending in the rout of the 
rioters. So many i)arties did Inspector Leonard send out in sundry directions, 
that by nine o'clock, a. m. he was left alone at City Hall. He went to Head- 
(juarters at once to represent in ])crson the need for a strong force about Printing 
House Square. He was given two hundred men, with whom he hastened back 
to his j)ost. He found an excited crowd rapidly growing in numbers. Ever>' 
negro who came in sight was chased and beaten, and dire threats were heard 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



179 



on all sides. By noon, the situation was such that Mr. Leonard, taking a 
hundred men, cleared the Park and Printing House Square, hastening the move- 
ments of the obstinate by argument with the locust. This process had to be 
repeated a number of times; but by far the most e.xciting event of the day in 
this vicinity occurred at eight p. M., when a mob beset a company of regular troops 
at Broadway and Chambers Street, and by threats and demonstrations of vio- 
lence attempted to prevent the men from proceeding. Seeing that an attack 
was imminent. Inspector Leonard, accompanied only by Sergeant Polly of the 
Eleventh Precinct, and one Patrolman, forced his way into the heart of the 
crowd, and, in order to direct attention from the soldiers, seized two of the lead- 
ers of the mob and began dragging them towards the City Hall. The officers' 
aim was gained; but they nearly forfeited their lives. The rioters turned their 
full fury against the throe brave men, who, each holding fast to a prisoner, faced 
the enemy with uplifted clubs. 

Shouts of " Kill them; give them what Kennedy got!" arose on all sides; 
but, happily, the officers' determination rendered the ruffians rather unwilling 
to face them. At last, however, a rush was made. Up and down went the 
clubs with terrific regularity, a rioter going down under every blow. The pris- 
oners were placed in front, and were shockingly cut and bruised by the missiles 
aimed by their friends at the Police. At last, intelligence of the fight reached the 
force in the City Hali. Seventy-five men instantly turned out to rescue their brave 
commander. In a few seconds they were by his side. Then the prisoners, badly 
beaten men, were cast aside, and Carpenter headed a charge on the mob which 
sent it fleeing in all directions, while heaps of injured men marked the track 
along which the Police had moved. This defeat seemed to break down the riot 
in this part of the city. Captain Mount and the men of the Eleventh Precinct 
guarded the Cortlandt Street Hotels all Tuesday night, but no attack was made. 
The Sixteenth's force, under Captain Hedden, dispersed mobs during the eve- 
ning at Thomas Street and West Broadway. The next day some slight encounters 
took place, and great vigilance had to be exercised; but this was the last of 
Inspector Leonard's pitched battles. 

He, however, remained on duty at the Hall until Friday, when, with his 
officers and men, he was recalled. During his command there, as is recorded, 
he had rendered invaluable services to that section and the lower portion of the 
city. He had immense interests to guard, and that he acted the part of a brave 
and zealous officer goes without saying. 

The Colored Orphan Asylum was burned down about four o'clock in the 
afternoon of Monday, July 13. A mob of some three thousand had attacked the 
asylum. The asylum at that terrible moment held within its walls two hundred 
colored children, besides the officers and matrons. The main building was four 
stories, with wings of three stories. Superintendent William E. Davis hurriedly 
fastened the doors, and, while the mob were breaking them in, the children were 
collected and taken from the building by the rear door before the mob had bat- 
tered down the barricaded doors. The building was first ransacked and pil- 
laged — everything portal)le was carried away — and then the torch of the 
incendiary was applied. Chief Engineer Decker, upon reaching the scene, tried 



i8o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



by argument to draw off the miserable rabble. He forced his way into the 
building, was assaulted, thrice knocked down, and finally driven out. Having 
been joined by ten firemen, he determined upon making another effort to save 
the asylum. Assistant' Engineers Lamb and Lewis swelled the ranks of the little 
band of heroic firemen, and then they pushed through the crowd and penetrated 
into the building. The work of demolition had progressed on all sides. The 
furniture had been broken and piled in different parts of the house, while fires 
had already been kindled on the first and second floors. The firemen scattered 
and extinguished these incipient fires, at the imminent risk of their lives, the 
building being still filled with rioters. Meantime, some of the latter, despite the 
efforts of the little band of firemen, had succeeded in setting fire to the loft. 
To save the structure was now an impossibility, and the firemen and the mob 
alike were driven forth by the rapidly-spreading flames. In a little time the 
asylum was wrapped in flames, and within an hour or so only a small portion of 
the walls remained standing. 

After their escape from the building the j^oor little orphans were conducted 
to the Twentieth Precinct, where they were taken care of by Captain Walling, 
and were subsequently removed to Blackwell's Island. The loss to the society 
was estimated at eighty thousand dollars. 

There were ten precincts in Brooklyn, forming a portion of the Metro- 
politan Police. Its movements in this city on the first day of the riots are re- 
corded as follows: 

At half-past ten o'clock on Monday, Inspector John S. Folk received a dis- 
patch from the New York headquarters directing him to call in his reserves, and 
to hold them in immediate readiness. They were on drill at Fort Green at the 
time, and forthwith he ordered them to their respective precincts. 

At five o'clock p. m., a dispatch was received from Commissioner Bergen %o 
send his whole force to New York, if, in the Inspector's opinion, it would be safe 
for them to leave Brooklyn. Inspector Folk lost no time in reporting himself at 
the Mulberry Street Headquarters with upwards of two hundred men. They 
were retained at Headquarters for action in case of emergency. About eight 
p. M. word was received that the Tribune building was being threatened by the 
mob, and Inspector Folk, acting upon instructions, joined his force to that of In- 
spector Carpenter. On reaching the Park, the mob were met in their flight from 
Printing House Square, and received severe handling by Carpenter and Folk. 
The latter and his men were on the left of the M ing, and he completed the rout 
and discomfiture of the mob. This duty over, and with parting cheers from In- 
spector Carpenter's men. Inspector Folk, under instructions, took up the march 
to Brooklyn. Reaching Fulton Ferry, he learned that two negroes had just been 
murdered on the stocks, close by. After manoeuvring his men and disjiersing 
some evil-disposed bodies of loungers, he returned to Brooklyn, to protect his 
own threatened territory. 

So well had Inspector Folk handled his forc es, tliat tiie riotiously-disposed 
were met whenever they showed any symptoms of disorder, and summarily dis- 
persed before they had time to organize their forces, much less to inflict 
injury. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. i8i 

On Wednesday evening the elevators in the Basin were fired. The incen- 
diaries, who were a gang of laborers, mingled with the crowd, and so could not 
be singled out by Inspector Folk and his command, who were promi)tly on the 
spot. 

Inspector Folk was a faithful and gallant officer, and to his constant vigi- 
lance in Brooklyn, that city owed its immunity from the horrors which had con- 
vulsed New York. He and his command lent the most valuable aid to the New 
York Police in their desperate and valiant battle witli the mob during a week of 
riot. 



1».2 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



'9 



CHAPTER IX. 



Ji;i.V, IJS63. 



SUPPRESSION OF THE DRAFT RIOTS. 



The City Saved from Pillage and Arson. — A Defiant and Untekrified 
Mob. — Negroes Hanged from Lamp-posts and their Bodies Burned. — 
Station Houses and Private Dwellings Fired and Sacked. — Stones, 
Bricks, and other Missiles Showered on the Heads of Policemen from 
THE Housetops. — Police Retaliation. — Arrival of the Military. — Col. 
O'Brien's Frightful Death. — The Battle on Second Avenue and 
Twenty-first Street. — The Mob Taught Some Severe Lessons. — Erect- 
ing Barricades. — Fired Upon by the Troops. — The Police Ply their 
Clubs on the Heads of Rioters with Unbounded Liberality. — Children 
from the Colored Orphan Asylum Protected by the Police. — Hard 
Hand-to-Hand Fighting. — Backbone of the Riot Broken. — A Rkign of 
Mob Law Averted. — Valuable Services Performed by the Detective 
Force and Telegraph Bureau. — Suppression of the Riot. — The Board 
OF Police Issue a Congratulatory Address to the Force. — Governor 
Seymour Bears Willing and Appreciative Testimony to the Gallant 
Services Performed by the Police. — Arraign.ment and Conviction of 
Rioters. 



UESDAY, the second day of the Riot, was no less a busy day in other parts 



of the city. At two a. m. Drill Officer Copeland, with a hundred men of 
the Fourth, Ninth, Nineteenth, Twenty-third, and Twenty-eighth Precincts, 
marched from Headquarters to recover the body of William Jones, a negro, whom 
the mob beat terribly and hanged from a lamp-post in Clarkson Street. The 
mob lit a fire under the body, and held a saturnalia about it until Copeland and 
his men dispersed them, and took the corpse to Headquarters. This duty was 
performed amid a terrific thunder and rain storm. On their way back the 
members of the Twenty-third received intelligence that their station house,' on 
East Eighty-seventh Street, as well as numerous private houses in the vicinity, 
was i)illaged and burned by rioters. Doorman Ebling saved the telegraph instru- 
ment, but all other property, public and personal, was lost. 

On returning from the Clarkson Street expedition, the force of the Twenty- 
eighth Precinct, under Captain John F. Dickson, kept guard at a fire at Houston 
and Washington Streets, until five o'clock, when it went to Leroy Street and res- 
cued a colored man, named Williams, who was attacked by a crowd. One ruffian, 
who had fled from Williams in the most cowardly way, beat him after he was 





Their Brave Protector. 
(Drawn by C. db Grimm, by permission of Mr. Jamks Gordon Bennett.) 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



overcome by the crowd, wiili ;i stone weighing twenty pounds. Captain Dickson 
pkiccd the poor fellow in a wagon, which the officers drew to Hcachiiiartc rs. Wil- 
Hanis died of liis injuries next day. 

At six o'clock in the morning our old friend Carpenter rc-api)ears on the scene, 
and, as usual, his appearance brings with it a direful combat, in which he gains his 
customary victory. At the hour named, he started out with two hundred and fifty 
men, to suppress disorder along Second Avenue. He and his force entered that 
thoroughfare at Twenty-first Street, and found it crowded with people who 
hissed and cursed the Police, but suffered them to pass unmolested until the 
block between Thirty-second and Thirty-third Streets was reached. Here a 




General Canby's Headquarters 

sudden shower of bricks, paving stones, and bullets, from the windows of the 
houses, brought the columns to a halt. Many of the men were hurt, a few were 
stunned. Inspector Carpenter instantly ordered his men to attack tiie houses, 
go through them from cellar to roof, and render every rioter who might be en- 
countered incapable of further mischief. The scene which ensued cannot be 
adequately described. Barricaded doors were smashed in, and the Police began 
their attack with irresistible fury. Their opponents' resistance was like that of 
so many pigmies. Some fled to the roofs, only to be overtaken and terribly 
beaten by the officers ; some leaped from upper windows and fell shockingly 
maimed on the flags below ; men were hurled down-stairs, others were clubbed 



i84 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



into insensibility. The few who gained the street unhurt or nearly so, fell into 
the hands of the reserve which Carpenter posted there, and fared no better than 
their fellows. The gallantry shown by individual officers was great ; and some 
of them paid dearly for it. Captain AVarlow, of the First Precinct, in heading 
the charge of his men had two toes crushed by a stone, but continued on 
duty though badly crippled. Sergeant Babcock, though on leave, returned in 
time to take part in this fight. Sergeant Snodgrass led the platoon of the Second 
Precinct. Officers Watson and Cole entered into a rivalry as to who should first 
reach the roof of a house from which a galling fire had been kept up on the 
Police. Watson won the contest, and was attacked by a scoundrel armed with 
an iron bar. Watson soon quieted the fellow. Cole and he won equal distinc- 
tion in the melee that followed. Sergeant Robinson headed the men of the 
Third Precinct. He and Sergeant Finney, Roundsman Farrell, and others, 
forced their way into a liquor saloon, and rapidly cleared the house. The full 
force of the Tenth Precinct was present under Captain T. C. Davis. Four men 
were badly wounded, including Officers Rothschild and Sandford. Sergeant 
Wemyss and Roundsman Hart won especial praise. Captain Mount, of the 
Eleventh Precinct, led the entire storming party. He was bravely seconded by 
his men, among whom Sergeants Polly, Ahearn, and Reed, Roundsmen Warm- 
sley and Donohue, and Patrolmen Warren, Beattie, Gass, Bogart, McMahon, 
and McCarty were singled out for commendation on account of their con- 
spicuous courage. A portion of the contingent of the Twenty-third, under 
Captain Henry Hutchings, took part in the attack ; the rest were stationed below 
to deal with fugitives from the houses, and keep the crowd in check. The 
Twenty-fifth's squad attacked the liquor store at Thirty-first Street, from which 
the rioters were firing pistols and hurling stones. One man, who had been 
using a gun, was flung out of a window and killed. 

Captain Speight, of the Twenty-ninth Precinct, with his command, had been 
in the rear of the battalion as it marched up Second Avenue, and therefore 
sustained the first brunt of the cowardly attack. The officers instantly faced 
about. Captain Speight led the charge on the mob ; but was brought to the 
ground by the blow of a brick. He sprang to his feet, and still encouraged his 
men by voice and example. When the crowd was driven off, the men joined in 
the attack on the houses with great effect. The men were nearly all more or 
less hurt, but they placed thirty rioters hors du combat in the houses they at- 
tacked. Sergeants Van Orden and Young were mentioned for bravery. A 
detachment from the Thirty-first Precinct was also present in this affray under 
Captain James Z. Bogart. Sergeant Ten Eyck, and Officers Thompson, Ste- 
venson and Stoddard distinguished themselves for courage and energ)'. 

While the fight was still in progress. Colonel H. J. O'Brien, of the Eleventh 
New York Volunteers, arrived on the scene with about fifty men and two howit- 
zers. For a time the mob was overawed, but after the Police had marched off, 
an attack was begun on the soldiers, who fired a volley in reply. Several people, 
including a woman, were wounded, and the crowd became panic-stricken and 
scattered. O'Brien and his men marched away. An hour or two later the ill- 
starred colonel returned to the spot alone. He was recognized, and set upon by 



oirR ror.nr. rROTEcroRs. 



the rioters, thirsting for vengeance. Atrocities too terrible for description were 
cojnmitted upon his body. It was the awful plaything of a thousand maddened 
wretches for several hours. It is related that the wretched man lived through a 
long series of horrors, and only expired when subjected to the fury of some fren- 
zied women, late in the evening. The remains, utterly unrecognizable, were re- 
covered after nightfall. 

When he had defeated the rioters at Thirty-third Street, Inspector Carpen- 
ter continued his march. He patrolled all the disturbed districts in the uptown 
portions of the east side of the city, only returning to Headquarters at one p. m. 




Brutal Murder of Col. O'Brien. 



Meanwhile, stirring scenes had been in progress elsewhere. With two hundred 
men, including his own precinct force. Captain Petty, of the Fifth, had gone early 
in the morning to protect a soap factory on Sixteenth Street between Eighth and 
Ninth Avenues. The men were filled with contempt when the rioters fled at the 
mere approach of the Police. This body marclicd throueli the whole region, 
breaking up all gatherings, and got back to Headquarters just in time to be trans- 
ferred for the most part to the command of Inspector Dilks, who, with a portion 
of them and other precinct details — in all two liundred men — marched at ten 
o'clock A. M. to the protection of a wire factory at Second Avenue and Twenty- 
first Street, where four thousand carbines were stored. The march to the factory 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



was rapidly made. The building was found in possession of the rioters, thou- 
sands of whom were congregated in the avenue. The arms were being passed 
out of the building by the marauders who had entered. The crowd hailed the 
Police with yells of defiance. The odds were, indeed, fearful, but the Inspector 
did not hesitate a moment. He and his brave boys rushed on the mob. This 
was one of the bitterest fights of the whole riot week. The mob made a stub- 
born resistance. The causeway was literally strewn with stunned and bleeding 
men. At last discipline prevailed. The great crowd wavered, fled and dispersed. 
Then the factory was attacked. It was a repetition of the scene in the houses at 
Thirty-fourth Street. The building was recaptured foot by foot, and the wounded 
covered the floors. The punishment of the rioters was fearful. One doctor said 
that after that fight he dressed the wounds of twenty-one rioters — all in the 
head, and all of a fatal character. When the fighting was over, the Police gath- 
ered up all the arms they could find and marched with them to Headquarters, 
getting there only at three o'clock in the afternoon. In the fighting, Sergeant 
Wright and Officer Warner, of the Sixteenth Precinct, received injuries from which 
they were disabled. Captain A. S. Wilson, of the Thirty-second, and Sergeants 
Huff, Whiteman and Castle took leading parts in the fray. Sergeant Groat, of 
the Twenty-eighth, had a desperate man, who, though one-armed, proved a perfect 
Hercules. Groat at last put him to flight, and pursuing him, stunned him with a 
blow from his club. 

But the mob, though checked, was not yet beaten. The Police had hardly left 
the neighborhood of the factory when the crowd re-assembled. The building was 
once more invaded, and a quantity of arms that had escaped the notice of Inspector 
Dilks' parly was discovered. But before the rioters had time to effect a distribution 
of the weapons, a fresh force of Police assailed them. Caj)t. John C. Helme, of 
the Twentv-seventh Precinct, had been sent out from Headquarters some time be- 
fore with his own men and details from other precincts, to disperse a crowd that 
was besieging Mayor Opdyke's house on Fifth Avenue. This work was speedily 
accomplished, and some piles of building material, which might serve as ammu- 
nition for the rioters, were removed to places of safety. Then Captain Helme, 
hearing of the trouble at the wire factory, marched thither, arriving just as the mob 
re-assembled — after Inspector Dilks' departure — and had for the second time 
spread through the building. The Police approached from Twenty-first Street. 
They waited for no parley, but rushed on the mob as they wheeled into the Avenue. 
For the second time the rioters fought stubbornly, but were driven liack after a 
short struggle. Fifty of them remained disabled on the pavement. The men of 
the Fourteenth, under Sergeant Hughes, were among the most active in this fight; ' 
several of them were severely wounded. Sergeant Blaktlock, of the Fifteenth, 
had a narrow escape from a bullet which grazed his cheek. He had left a sick 
bed to take part in the fight. Officer Wetmore, of the Twenty-seventh, also 
showed great bravery. 

The mob being dispersed, Captain Petty with ten men from the Fifth, Cap- 
tain Sebring with a detail of the Thirteenth, which had already given a mob a 
severe lesson at Spring and Crosby Streets, Sergeants Bumstead and Fulmcr with 
a platoon of the Nineteenth, and a detachment from the Twenty-seventh under 



OUR POIJCF. PROTECTORS. 



187 



Sergeant Wilson, entered the factory. On every floor the rioters — unconscious 
ofjtlie fight in the street — were ransacking the place for arms. They were taken 
by surprise, pursued to the very roof, and beaten in detail. It is said tliat not 
one man who was in the factory escaped punishment. Officer Follis, of the 
Twenty-seventh, was badly wounded in the attack with an iron bar. When all 
were quieted, Captain Helme despatched Sergeant Laflin and Officers Seymour 
and Osborn, of the Thirteenth, to seize a cart, which was laden with all the arms 
the Police could find. Escorting it, Captain Helme's battalion started for Head- 
quarte. s; but by this time the mob was reinforced by those who had engaged in 
the butchery of Colonel O'Brien, and, with renewed confidence, it crowded around 




Cavalry Patrolling the Streets. 

the Police, whose position became very critical. Not a man flinched, but it is 
hard to tell how the impending contest would have resulted but for the timely 
arrival of Inspector Dilks with a fresh force of two hundred men, with whom he 
had started for the scene the mome»t- rumors of the fresh outbreak of the mob 
reached the Central Ofiice. The fight which followed was very short. The mob 
had received two fearful lessons, and hardly waited for a third. 

The united forces of Inspector Dilks and Captain Helme now made a tour cf 
the neighborhood, engaging in several sharp fights, in which they were much aided 
by the military. The battalion turned down Twenty-second Street towards 
First Avenue, when a galling fire was opened on tiiem from windows and roofs. 
The soldiers were sent to the front, and, by a well-directed fire, they soon cleared 



i88 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



away the riotous sharpshooters. As the Police wheeled into First Avenue tTiey 
were confronted by a body of rioters, who hurled a tempest of missiles upon them. 
The military again advanced, and silenced the rabble with several sharp volleys. 
The rioters retreated' slowly, however, and several more volleys were fired at them 
as the troops and Police advanced. At Twenty-first Street the mob broke and 
fled; then the forces returned to Twenty-second Street, and through it to Second 
Avenue. Sergeant Devoursney, of the Twenty-sixth, remained too far behind, 
reconnoitering, and narrowly escaped a bullet aimed at his head from a window. 
At Twenty-first Street and Second Avenue the mob was again encountered, and 
only disjiersed after several more deadly volleys. During the fight Inspector 
Dilks and Sergeant Garland, of the Seventh, had both a happy escape from a 
rifle ball which cut off the branch of a tree just by the Inspector's head while the 
the two were speaking together. Another incident of the fighting at Twenty- 
second Street and Second Avenue calls for special mention. A young man who 
had led the rioters with great courage, staggering under a blow of a club, fell 
upon the spike of an area railing which ran under his chin and impaled him hor- 
ribly. When his corpse was taken down, it was found that he was a youth 
of refined appearance, and under greasy overalls he wore a suit of fashionable 
clothing. He was not identified, and the body was secretly removed with those 
of the other rioters. After the battalion had withdrawn the mob re-assembled and 
repaired to the Eighteenth Precinct Station House in East Twenty-second Street. 
The place was in charge of Sergeant Burden and three men. A defence was out of 
the question. So the building was barricaded, and the officers retreated through 
a rear window. The rioters speedily broke in and burned the building. 

Captain George W. Walling, of the Twentieth Precinct, had a day of great 
excitement and danger. He began it by marching early in the morning to Pitt 
Street, to quell a disturbance. He arrived too late, a military detachment h.:.v- 
ing already done the work. On his return he paraded through the Bowery and 
other streets with his men for the purpose of intimidating evil-doers. Inspector 
Carpenter made a similar tour a little later. On the latter expedition a section 
from the Twelfth Precinct formed part of the patrol. A man named Patrick 
Carle was seen brandishing a sword and threatening general destruction. Officer 
Banfield, of the Twelfth, seized the weapon, and dragging its possessor into the 
ranks, marched him off to Headquarters. 

On returning from his first expedition, Captain Walling was sent with a 
large force into his own Precinct, the Twentieth, where the rioters were making 
some headway, having beaten a body of soldiers and taken away their guns at 
AUerton's Hotel, Eleventh Avenue, between Fortieth and Forty-first Streets. ' 
When he arrived in the neighborhood, the Captain learned that marauders were 
sacking the private residences on Forty-seventh Street. Thither he hastened 
with his men. A band had just broken into Dr. Ward's house, and parties were 
bearing away valuables from other houses. As the Police appeared the thieves 
took to their heels- The Police chased in parties of three or four. Every man 
armed with a club or other weapon was soundly beaten by the officers. The 
only purpose of this mob had been robbery, and this whole section of the city 
was terrorized by similar bands. 



OCh' POrjCE PROTECTORS. 



189 



The Police 
the military were 
rioters, who had 
Thirty-second to 
bound together 
avenue at Tliirty 
vening streets, 
ferry house. At 
Police at the st 
barricades. 



next repaired to the station house on 'i hirty-fifth Street, and 
tekgrapiied for to aid in overcoming a new movement of tiie 
cut down the telegraph poles all along Ninth Avenue, from 
Forty-third Streets, and with tliese. and carts, and wagons, 
with the telegraph wire, iiad formed barricades across the 
-si\enth and Forty-third Streets, and across all the inter- 
'i'hey had also set fire to and burned down the Weehawken 
s.x p. iM. Captain Wesson, with a force of regulars, joined the 
ation house, and both bodies sallied forth to attack the 




Destruction of the Weehawken Ferry House. 
Captain Slott, of the Twenty-second Precinct, advanced with a body of 
Police to remove the barrier at Thirty-seventh Street. They were driven off by 
a volley of stones and bullets. The military advanced, and with a steady fusil- 
lade, cleared away the rioters. Then the Police returned and removed the 
obstruction. The mob rallied and attacked them a second time, but were again 
beaten off ])y the fire of the troops. The Police then advanced again, and, one 
by one, all the barricades were demolished. The Police at length returned to 
their station; but they were allowed only a brief rest. At nine o'clock a roving 
gang attacked a gun and hardware store on Thirty-seventh Street, between Eighth 
and Ninth Avenues. Captain Petty speedily appeared on the scene with a 
sqtiad, and very quickly disi)erscd the roughs, laying many of thein senseless on 
the pavement. At-midnight there was a . new alarm. A great crowd gathered in 



190 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Thirtieth Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, vowing the destruction of 
the colored church there. Captain Walling hastened to the spot with his entire 
force. They charged on the mob unexpectedly, but were received with a shower 
of bullets from the alleys and doorways on either side. The fire was returned; 
then t!ie officers rushed in, i:)lying their clubs with unbounded liberality, so that 
in a few minutes only prostrate rioters were to be seen. 

This practically ended the riot in this quarter of the city. The state of 
things had, at one time, been very bad. The children from the Colored Orphan 
Asylum in Fifth Avenue had been taken to this station and cared for until sent to 
the Island. Captain Petty, who was in charge of the station, had, at times, as 
many as four hundred refugees to provide for. He had, besides, to provide — by 
arming and barricading — for the possible event of an attack on the station 
house. 

While the scenes just related were in ])rogress about Thirty-fifth Street, 
similar ones were enacted at Twenty-ninth Street and Eighth A\ enue, where a 
mob, which was pillaging the house of Mr. J. S. Gibbons, No. 19 Lamartine 
Place, was attacked l)y a battalion drawn from the Broadway Squad and Thirty- 
first Precinct, commanded by Cajjtain James Z. Bogart. As the officers, accom- 
panied by military, passed the house in patrolling, the crowd gathered before it 
retired ; but when the force passed the crowd re-assembled, broke down the 
doors, and began the work of robbery. Meantime Sergeant Devoursney and 
Officer Gardner, of the Twenty-sixth, had been stoned while acting as scouts, but 
had learned of the attack on the house, and bore the news to Captain Bogart. 
The Police returned on the run, and the crowd in the street ran at the first 
shock. The house was full of rioters and robbers ; and several officers entered 
to drive these out, while the main body remained outside to give them a warm 
reception. As they came rushing to the street. Sergeant Burdick of the Broad- 
way Squad felled to the ground a gigantic fellow laden with booty. As he did 
so, a score of bullets Avhistled through the air, two of which struck the rioter, 
while one entered Officer Dipple's thigh, and breaking the bone passed up 
through the marrow, causing inflammation, from which this excellent officer died 
in a few days. It appears that the military arrived suddenly on the scene, and 
noticing the rush of the rioters from the house, had fired wildly, and without 
orders, doing more injury to friends than foes. Officer Hodgson received in 
this volley a ball and three buckshot in the arm ; Officer Robinson was wounded 
in the thigh. A rioter, as he rushed out, was caught and clubbed by Officer Hill 
of the Twenty-sixth Precinct. He drew a jjistol and shot the officer in the 
thigh. The next moment he fell riddled with soldiers' bullets. Officer Rice, of 
the Twenty-sixth, was shot in the groin and thigh ; a bullet passed through Ser- 
geant Pell's sleeve. Officer Hanifer had a desperate combat with an immense 
fellow, whom he drove to the street. Officer Morris, of the Broadway Squad, was 
the first man to enter the house ; Roundsman Benson Sherwood and Jerome H. 
Ferris were especially noticeable for bravery. In the entire affair the women 
gave more trouble than the men. Many of them were in the house plundering, 
and it took a smart application of the locust to the fleshiest portions of their per- 
sons to make many of them relinquish their ill-gotten treasures. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Tuesday ni;;ht closed down town with anotlicr bloody battle, v.af^ed about 
Bccoks Brothers' clothing store in Catharine Street. There had been a pood deal 
of disorder all day. Sergeant Rode and a squad from the Fourth, had jtrotected 
Godfrey's gun store from a mob. At dusk the crowd began to gather about 




Escaping Rioters Surprised by the Police. 
Brooks Brothers' establishment. Patrolmen I'iatt, Kennedy and Davis, min- 
gled with the mob, in citizen's clothes, but were recognized and terribly beaten. 
Then the whole force of the Fourth Precinct, with twenty men from the First 
under Sergeant Matthew, and twenty-five from the Third under Sergeant Finney 
and Roundsman Farrell, repaired to the place and dispersed the mob. They had 



192 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



scarcely reached their station again when they heard of further rioting in Catha- 
rine Street and returned there. They cleared a boot and shoe store after a sharp 
fight, and halted while Captain Bryan went forward to ascertain, personally, the 
state of affairs about Brooks'. The store had been entered and was being pil- 
laged. A charge was ordered, and was made in gallant style. The mob ga\'e way, 
many being badly beaten; the officers entered the store, and after a fierce combat 
from floor to floor, cleared it, beating severely some hundreds of the rioters. In the 
fight, Sergeant Finney, of the Third, was shot in the face. Sergeant Delaney had 
his hat knocked off by the wadding of a pistol fired at him by a rioter only a few 
feet away. Officer Van Ranst, of the First Precinct, received a bullet in his hat, 
where he found it next morning. While the fight was still in progress. Inspector 
Carpenter arrived with a detachment from Headquarters. He rushed upon the 
rioters with his men, and contributed in no small measure to their punishment. 
A guard was kept in Brooks' all night. Sergeant Rode and Officer Irvin, of the 
Fourth, found some roughs trying to break into Lord & Taylor's store, and fired 
on them from their revolvers; the fellows ran. After this night quiet reigned in 
the neighborhood. The next day the officers of the First and Fourth Precincts 
began a search of the low rookeries, and recovered over five thousand dollars' 
worth of goods stolen from the Brooks' and other stores. After the dispersion 
of the mob on Tuesday night. Inspector Carpenter and his command made a tour 
of the down-town districts, meeting and scattering parties of rioters at several 
points. Patrolman Regan, of the Fourteenth, being separated from his comrades, 
was badly beaten, and narrowly escaped with his life. Later in the night, 
Captain C. W. Caffry, Roundsman Thacher, and six officers of the Fifteenth, 
patrolled Broadway, and arrested three highwaymen. During this night, Sergeant 
Slott, of the Seventeenth, and ten men, were ordered to duty as guides to the 
military. Sergeant Robinson, and fifteen men of the Third, defeated a mob 
which approached Printing House Square, where he was on guard, singing, 
"We'll Hang old Greeley on a Sour Apple Tree." After the affair in Catharine 
Street, the men of the Thirteenth returned to their Precinct, where their station 
house, though courageously defended by Sergeant Woodward, was threatened 
with destruction. All gatherings in the Precinct were at once broken up, the 
colored ])opulation were quieted, and by noon next day the men had begun the 
work of recovering stolen property. Among other incidents of Tuesday was an 
attempt by a mob to burn the Fifth Precinct Station House, No. 49 Leonard 
Street, in which four hundred colored persons were sheltered. Sergeant Huggins 
and Doorman Pallister armed the refugees, and all was ready for a desperate 
defence, when the arrival of Inspector Carpenter on one of his patrols, rendered 
the preparations needless. Officer Field, of this precinct, earned great praise by 
performing valuable detective work among the rioters, though he was well known 
to manv of them. On Tuesday evening Officer Hector Moore, of the Fifteenth, 
saw two men garotting a returned soldier in City Hall Park. He pluckily arrested 
both. Sergeant Roe, of this precinct, had the tip of one of his fingers carried 
off by a bullet. He and Sergeant Dilks were highly praised for their energy. 

The backbone of the riot was broken on Tuesday, yet there was some very 
lively fighting on IkVednesday, the 13th. In the "wee sma' hours" of that 



OUR rorjcE protectors. 



193 



morning, Captain S. Browcr, of the Seventeenth Precinct, patrolled the Eleventh, 
Ttkirteenth, and Seventeenth Precincts with a hundred and fifty men, suppressing 
all tendency to disorder. At nine a. m. he went with a considerable force to 
Thirty-second Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, where outrages had 
been perpetrated on negroes, and one had been hanged. The body was recov- 
ered and taken to Headquarters. The rioters were dispersed and punished. 
The hottest fight of the day was about Jackson's Iron Foundry at Twenty-ninth 
Street and Second Avenue. There being a rumor abroad that the rioters meant 
to destroy it, a regiment of soldiers was sent to guard it, vender the guidance of 
Officers Sutton, Rile_\', Dubnar, and Cannon of the Fourteenth Precinc t. A mob 
was encountered ; tlie soldiers fired several volleys, and killed and wounded many 
men. Wlicn the party was safely intrenched in the foundry, a committee approached 
to ask the commanding officer for the surrender of the Policemen. It is need- 
less to add that the deputation got short notice to j)ut themselves out of rifle 
range. 

In the morning Drill Officer Copeland, with Cajjtain Sebring and a large 
squad from the Fourteenth, visited the disaffected portions of Second and Third 
Avenues to overawe the rioters. In the evening the Fourteenth aided in pro- 
tecting a block of dwellings known as "The Arch," on Sullivan Street, and 
occupied by colored persons. At eleven o'clock Wednesday forenoon. Captain 
Jourdan, of the Sixth, with Sergeants Quinn and Kennedy, encountered and 
routed a mob in Centre Street near Worth, which had been ill-using colored 
people. Sergeant Quinn, with one platoon, despite a bold resistance, beat off a 
mob that was endeavoring to sack a building at Mott and Centre Streets. In 
this fight Patrolman Charles McDonnell was knocked down and terribly cut 
about the face, but, nevertheless, rejoined his comrades and repaid the rioters in 
their own coin. Among the officers of this precinct especially commended by 
the Cajjtain were Roundsmen Ryan and Hopkins. The Sixteenth Precinct mert 
dispersed several down-town mobs during Wednesday, particularly one which 
attacked the bonded warehouses on Greenwich Street. Sergeant Wright and ten 
men were made guardians of the United States Marshal's office. 

In another fight, on First Avenue, the military met with a reverse on 
Wednesday night. They were, at the time, under guidance of Patrolmen 
McCort and McVay, who fought gallantly in the melee. All Wednesday and 
Thursday were days of terror in the Twenty-first Precinct, and on the latter 
day Officer Chandler was so badly beaten that he had to be taken to the hospi- 
tal. Sergeant Brackett was i)laced in command, Cai)tain A. M. Palmer being 
seriously sick. His admirable arrangements prevented a fresh outbreak of the 
riot. On Friday. Sergeant Brackett, Sergeant Hastings, and thirty-five men, 
visited the block bounded by First and Second Avenues, Thirty-ninth and 
Fortieth Streets. The Seventh Regiment attended to protect them. The spot 
was then one of the worst in the city. Every comer of every shanty was 
searched, and quantities of stolen goods recovered. Sergeant Vaughan and 
Roundsman Moore, with small parties, discovered cpiantities of goods in other 
parts of the precinct. 

The force of the Nineteenth returned to its precinct on Thursday. Ser- 



194 



OUR POLrCK PROTECTORS. 



geant Decker had taken care of the station house alone. The last service cf 
the men in the field was the defeat of a mob at Bleecker and Thompson Streets, 
at noon on Wednesday. Sergeant Bumstead headed the men on this occasion. 
Sergeants Fuhner and Holmes of this precinct did excellent ser\-ice. 

On Wednesday the Twenty-second closed its riot serv ice brilliantly. Cap- 
tain Slott dispersed a mob at Forty-second Street and Tenth Avenue, and Ser- 
geant Aldis another at Twenty-seventh Street and Seventh Avenue. The latter 
then accompanied a party of military to Forty-Second Street and Tenth Avenue, 
where the crowd had re-assembled and were al)Out to burn th > residence of a 




Burning of the Grain Elevator, Atlantic Dock, Brooklyn. 



Mr. Campbell. General Sandford, who was in command, tried to persuade, 
the mob to disperse. The reply was a volley and a chorus of yells. Then the 
soldiers opened fire with deadly effect, and the rioters scattered instantly. The 
men of the Twenty-tliird Precinct returned thither just in time to put an end 
to a reign of mob law. No excesses were attempted after their return. The 
arrival of the Twenty-seventh's men had the same effect. They recovered a 
quantity of stolen goods in the following day or two. On Thursday Officers 
Hey, McClusker and Darrow rescued a colored man from under a North River 
pier, where he had taken refuge from rioters who had beaten him. The fellow 
was half insane from fear. 



OUR Por.icF. rRO/Fx roRs. 



'95 



During the riot week all tlie station houses were left inadequately guarded, 
an<l great courage and judgment were shown in their preservation. Sergeants 
Loudon and McConnell successively took charge of the Seventh Precinct station 
house, No. 247 Madison Street. Sergeant Miller was guardian of the ICighth, 
No. 127 Wooster, where seven hundred and fifty-one refugees were cared for during 
the week. Tlie house of tlie Tenth Precinct, Essex Market, was attacked on 
Monday evening. The moh was driven off hy Officers AVood and McCloud, 
and Ofhcer King of tlie Third District Court, aided by many citizens and Sur- 
geon Wells and Sergeant Garland of the Seventh Precinct, who was stationed at 
the Tenth as telcgra[)h operator. Sergeant Upham was left in care of the 
Eleventli Precinct station. Union Market. Captain Relay and Sergeant Sand- 
ford were reinforced by special C'onstables at tlie Twelfth's station house, 
Harlem. Sergeant Wares and Officer Bertholf were very active, especially in 
collecting information as to riotous plots. Sergeant M. B. Wilson guarded the 
Twenty-seventh's station. No. 117 Cedar Street. Officer Carroll was twice 
knocked down while reconnoitering. Sergeant Flandreau, Patrolman Crosby and 
Doorman Malone, not only ])rotccted the station of the Thirty-second Precinct, 
but also, by their firm attitude, prevented a riot, keejjing the disaffected 
unaware of the lack of Police protection wliile the main force was doing dutv 
down town. 

It may have been remarked tiiat the Thirtieth Precinct, of Manhattanville, 
has not been mentioned. The force was only acti\ ely employed for a few hours; 
but to the excellence of the arrangements made by Captain J. Hartl, aided by 
Sergeant Blake and other officers, the continued peace of the district may be 
attributed. Captain N. R. Mills, of the Broadway Squad, was in Oneida County 
when the riots began. He returned to the city as soon as he heard of them, re- 
j)orting for duty at Headtpiarters on Thursday evening. 

On Sunday, the eighteenth, a large body of Police under Captain Dickson, 
of the Twenty-eighth, started for a tour of the small towns along the Hudson. 
They were accompanied by a body of trooj^s. They remained away three days, 
and completely subdued all tendencies to revolt that might have existed among 
the rural population. The day after their return, a visit to Staten Island — where 
there had been rioting — was made, and on the next da\" Flushing, L. I., was 
visited. 

It would be unfair to close the record of this troublous week without a 
word regarding the services of some other attaches of the Police system. The 
detective force did most valuable service in discovering the plans of rioters, and 
at opportune moments arresting the most dangerous ringleaders. Those who 
thus distinguished themselves, besides Chief Young, were Messr.s. Bennett, 
McCord, Farley, Roach, Radford, Smith, Slowey, Dusenbury, Macdougal, Elder, 
Eustace, Wilson, Kelso, Lieman, and Keefe. Mr. Slowey was recognized by 
rioters and severely beaten. 

The telegraph operators also did excellent work, abo\e ail in re])airing lines 
broken by the rioters. In this they ran desperate risks, often ha\ ing to personate 
rioters in order to save life and limb. They were Superintendent Crowley, 
and Messrs. Eldred Polhamus, Charles L. Chapin, John A. K. Duvall, and James 



196 



OUR POLTCR PROTECTORS. 



A; Lucas. Captain Lord and Officers Johns, Van Orden and McTaggart, of 
the Sanitary Police, were singled out for commendation; also Officer Wells, of 
the Broadway Squqd, for his humanity in protecting negroes near the Astor 
House, on Monday. Honorable mention was also made of Clerks Daniel V>. 
Hasbrouck, George Hopcroft, and Horace A. 151iss, and Headquarter's Messenger 
Alexander Stewart. 




Nursing Wounded Policemen. 



The number of persons known to liave 1)een killed by the rioters was 
eighteen, eleven of whom were colored : Officer Dibble was accidentally killed by 
the soldiers. It is estimated that the number of rioters killed, or who died from the 
effect of their wounds, was al)out twelve hundred. Probably seven or eight 
thousand i)ersons altogether were more or less injured. Over fifty buildings 
were burned, including the Colored Orphan Asylum, two Police stations, and 
three Provost Marshal's offices. A great number of stores and dwellings were 
sacked. The whole history of the week was disastrous in a degree that, it is to 
"be hoiJ^d, New York will never know again. 



OUR POLICE J'ROTECTORS. 



197 



During the week following the riot the Board of Police Commissioners issued 
an iitldress to the force, which contained tiie following : 

" Of the Inspectors, Captains, and Sergeants of Police who led parties in 
the fearful contest, we are proud to say that none faltered or failed. Each 
was eijual to the hour and the emergency. Not one failed to overcome the 
danger, however imminent, or to defeat the enemy, however numerous. Especial 
commendation is due to Drill Sergeant Copeland for his most valuable aid in 
commanding the movements of larger detachments of the Police. The Patrol- 
men who were on duty fought through the numerous and fierce conflicts with 
the steady courage of veteran soldiers, and have won, as they deserve, the high- 
est commendations from the i)uhlic and from this Board. In their ranks there 
was neither faltering nor struggling. Devotion to duty and courage in the per- 
formance of it were universal. The public and the department owe a debt of 
gratitude to the citizens who voluntarily became Special Patrolmen, some three 
thousand of whom, for several days and nights, did regular Patrolmen's duty 
with great effect. In the name of the public, and of the department in which 
they were volunteers, we thank them. 

" Mr. Crowley, the Superintendent of the Police telegraph, and the attaches 
of his department, by untiring and sleepless vigilance in transmitting informa- 
tion by telegraph unceasingly through more than ten days and nights, have more 
than sustained the high reputation they have always jjossessed. 

" Through all these bloody contests, through all the wearing fatigue and wast- 
ing labor, you have demeaned yourselves like worthy members of the Metropoli- 
tan Police. The public judgment will commend and reward you. A kind Provi- 
dence has permitted you to escape with less casualties than could have been 
expected. * * It is hoped that the severe but just chastisement which has been 
inflicted upon those guilty of riot, pillage, arson and murder will deter further 
attempts of that character. * * Sergeant Young, of the Detective force, aided 
by Mr. Newcomb and other Special Patrolmen, rendered most effective serv ice in 
arranging the commissary supplies for the large numbers of Police, military. 
Special Patrolmen, and destitute colored refugees, whose subsistence was thrown 
unexpectedly on the department. The duty was arduous and responsible, and 
was performed with vigor and fidelity. All the clerks of the department, each in 
his sphere, jjerformed a manly share of the heavy duties growing out of these 
extraordinary circumstances." 

Ex-Governor Seymour, who occupied the Gubernatorial chair at the time of 
the riots, and who also was in the city in his official capacity assisting in restoring 
order, bears this willing and appreciative testimony to the valuable services ren- 
dered by the New York Police force during the terrible days of the draft riots : 

"The draft riots of 1863 were put down mainly by the energy, boldness and 
skill of the Police Department. In saying this I am certainly not influenced by 
l)rejudice, for the force was politically, and in some degree personally, unfriendly 
to myself. Indeed, in their reports they have not seen fit to make mention of 
any co-operation on my part with their efforts. But they did their duty bravely 
and efficiently. They proved that the city of New York could, by its Police 
alone, in the absence of its military organizations, cope with the most formidable 
disorders. I do not know of any instance in history where so many des[)erate 
men were shot down mainly by the Police of a city. More than a thousand of 
the rioters were killed or wounded to death. Yet so little justice has been done 
the city of New York that many think it was protected by the forces of the 
United States. In fact, the Navy Yard, the vast amounts of military stores 
of the general Government, and its money in the Sub-Treasury, were mainly pro- 
tected by the civil officers. So protected while the military organizations of the 



198 



OUR POIJCE PROTECTORS. 



State were absent in Pennsylvania, in answer to an appeal frum the Government 
of the United States to help it against an invasion of General Lee. Even Gen- 
eral Grant, in one of his papers, spoke of the riots in New York as an occasion 
when the general Government had helped State or local authorities to maintain 
peace and order. I wrote to him correcting this error, and it gives me pleasure 
to say that he received my communication in a spirit of courtesv and fairness 
which ever marks the character of an honorable man. It is now time that justice 
should be done the city of New York in this matter, and in the hope that such 
justice may be done, I repeat these facts." 

General Harvey Brown, in relinquishing his command, said : 

Having, during the riots, been in immediate and constant co-operation 
with the Police Department of this city, he desires the privilege of expressing 
his unbounded admiration of it. Never in our civil or military life has he ever 
seen such untiring devotion and such efficient service. To President Acton and 
Commissioner Bergen he offers his thanks for their courtesy to him, and their 
kindness to his command. "The only merit I can claim," concludes General 
Brown, "in the performance of the duty which has given me the high distinc- 
tion of your approbation, is that of an honest singleness of purpose in recording 
the very able and energetic efforts of the President of the Metropolitan Police, 
Mr. Acton, to whom, in my opinion, more than to any other one man, is due the 
credit of the early suppression of the riot." 

Governor Seymour, in his annual message, in referring to the riots, says, 
among other things, that a dispatch was sent to him from Mayor Opdyke, inform- 
ing him of the outbreak that had taken place on the thirteenth day of July, the 
first day of the riots. The Governor reached the city the following morning, 
and found it agitated with wild excitement and riotous violence. The militia 
were ordered to return immediately from Pennsylvania, and a proclamation was 
issued "To the people of the City of New York." "Riotous proceedings," the 
Governor's proclamation read, " must and shall be put down. The laws of the 
State must be enforced, its peace and order maintained, and the lives and prop- 
erty of all its citizens protected at any and every hazard. * * * -^11 
citizens stand firmly by the constituted authorities, sustaining law and order in 
the city, and ready to answer any such demands as circumstances may render 
necessary for me to make upon their services, and they may rely upon a rigid 
enforcement of the laws of this State against all who violate them." 

The city was declared in a state of insurrection. It was divided into 
districts, which were placed under the control of persons of influence or militar)'^ 
experience, who were directed to organize the citizens. Three thousand stand 
of arms were issued to these and other organizations. The Governor likewise 
obtained from the Collector of tlie Port the service of an armed vessel to trav- 
erse the rivers and bays in the vicinity of New York, and authorized the 
Police Commissioners to charter another steamer, which could be used to carry 
Policemen and soldiers to any point on the shores of the islands where disturb- 
ances were threatened. " In the sad and humiliating histor)- of this event," to 
quote from Clovernor Seymour's annual message, " it is gratifying that the 
citizens of New York, without important aid from the State or Nation, were able 
of themselves to put down this dangerous insurrection. I do not underrate the 
value of the services rendered by the military or naval officers of the general 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



199 



Government who were stationed in that city, or those of General Sandford ; for 
the ])iiblic are under great obligations to them for their courage and prudent 
counsels. But they had at their command only a handful of troops, who, alone, 
were entirely unecjual to the duty of defending the vast amount of |)ublic 
property which was endangered. The rioters were subdued by the exertion of 
the city officials, civic and military, the people, the Police, the firemen, and a 
small body of twelve hundred men, composed equally of the State and National 
forces." 

In his report to Governor Seymour, General Wool said : 

'"The city Police force from the beginning, under the able Chief Commis- 
sioner, Superintendent, and other officers of its organization, displayed throughout 
the whole riot not only a willingness, but very great efficiency, in their noble 
exertions to quell the riot. For this and their harmonious co-operation with the 
troops engaged in the same cause, they deserve the warmest thanks of every 
lover of law and order, and my high commendations for their whole conduct on 
this trying occasion." 

The loss in the city, in property, was not much short of three million 
dollars. Probably fifteen hundred rioters were killed or died in consequence of 
injuries received. 

At the Court of General Sessions, twenty of the rioters were indicted, of 
whom nineteen were convicted. The aggregate term of their imprisonment was 
about one hundred years. From records and reliable sources, it appears that 
three Policemen lost their lives. A large but unknown number of citizens and 
officers were wounded ; twelve negroes were hanged, and many others 
disappeared. 

A week of terror and dismay, a week of horrors unparalleled in the history 
of New York, was drawing to a close. A great city was for a time in the grasp 
of robbers and cut-throats, and the very existence of the Republic imperiled. 
But the battle had been valiantly waged and won. The Police had saved our 
city; the mob was vanquished and dispersed. Had the rioters succeeded in 
overpowering the Police and military, and gained possession of the city but for 
one hour, there is no calculating what irreparable calamities might have, as a con- 
sequence, befallen the city and the Nation. It is safe to assume that similar 
riotous proceedings would take place in other leading cities of the North, and 
thus the drafting be brought to an end, with the enemy almost within sight 
of the Seat of Government. But happily all this was averted. Had it not 
been so, who can say how the war would have terminated ? 

The following proclamation was issued by Mayor Opdyke : 

"The riotous assemblages have been dispersed. Business is running in its 
usual channels. The various lines of omnibuses, railway, and telegraph have 
resumed their ordinary operations. Few symptoms of disorder remain, except 
in a small district in the eastern part of the city, comprising a part of the 
Eighteenth and Twenty-first Wards. The Police is everywhere alert. A suffi- 
cient military force is now here to suppress any illegal movement, however 
formidable. 

Let me exhort you, therefore, to pursue your ordinary l)usiness. .-Xvoid 
especially all crowds. Remain (piietly at your homes, except when engnged in 
business, or assisting the authorities in sojme organized force. When ihe military 



200 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



appear in the street, do not gather about it, being sure that it is doing its 
duty in obedience to orders from superior authority. Your homes and your 
places of business you have a right to defend, and it is your duty to defend them 
at all hazards. Yield to no intimidation, and to no demand for money as the 
price of your safety. If any person warns you to desist from your accustomed 
business, give no heed to the warning, but arrest him and bring him to the 
nearest station house as a conspirator. Be assured that the public authorities 
have the ability and the will to protect you from those who have conspired alike 
against your peace, against the Government of your choice, and against the laws 
which yuur representatives have enacted. 

"George Opdvke, Mayor." 

Thus ends the record of the draft riots. They leave a great lesson to the 
people as to the utter futility of mob violence ; they carry a lesson to the Police 
and the civic authorities as to the value of a well-organized, we'.l-disciplined 
band of public guardians. 

The Police Force was apportioned as follows : 

First Precinct. — 29 Broad Street; Captain, Jacob B. Warlow; four Sergeants, 
sixty-three Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Second Precinct. — -Station House, 49 Beekman Street; Captain, Nathaniel 
R. Mills; four Sergeants, sixty Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Third Precinct. — Station House, No. 160 Chambers Street; Captain, James 
Greer; three Sergeants, sixty-four Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Fourth Precinct. — Station House, 9 Oak Street; Captain, James Bryan; four 
Sergeants, seventy Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Fifth Precinct. — Station House, 49 Leonard Street; Captain, Jeremiah Petty; 
four Sergeants, sixty-one Patrolmen, t\fro Doormen. 

Sixth Precinct. — Station House, 9 Franklin Street; Captain, John Jourdan; 
four Sergeants, sixty-three Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Seventh Precinct. — Station House, No. 247 Madison Street; Captain, William 
Jamieson; four Sergeants, fifty-seven Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Eighth Precinct. — Station House, No. 126 A\'ooster Street; Captain, Morris 
DeCamp; four Sergeants, fifty-two Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Ninth Precinct. — Station House, No. 94 Charles Street; Captain, Jacob L. 
Sebring; four Sergeants, fifty-one Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Tenth Precinct. — Station House, Essex Market; Captain, Thaddeus C. 
Davis; four Sergeants, sixty-two Patrolmen, Two Doormen. 

Eleventh Precinct. — Station House, Union Market; Captain, John I. Mount; 
four Sergeants, fifty-six Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Twelfth Precinct. — Station House, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street, 
near Third Avenue; Captain, Theron R. Bennett; five Sergeants, forty-one 
Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Thirteenth Precinct. — Station House, Attorney Street, corner Delancey 
Street; Captain, Thomas Steers; four Sergeants, fifty-three Patrolmen, two 
Doormen. 

Fourteenth Precinct. — Station House, No. 53 Spring Street; Captain, John 
J. Williamson; four Sergeants, fifty-eight Patrolmen, two Doormen. 



OUR ror.fCE protectors. 20. 

Fifteenth Precinct. — Station House, No. 220 Mercer Street; Captain, Charles 
VV. Caffrey; four Sergeants, sixty-nine Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

.Sixteenth Precinct. — Station House, No. 156 West Twentieth Street; Caj)- 
tain, Henry Hedden; four Sergeants, fifty Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Seventeenth Precinct. — Station House, First Avenue, corner Fifth Street; 
Captain, Samuel Brower; four Sergeants, fifty-six Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Eighteenth Precinct. — Station House, Twenty-second Street, near Second 
Avenue; Captain, John Cameron; four Sergeants, seventy-four Patrolmen, two 
Doormen. 

Nineteenth Precinct. — Station House, Fifty-ninth Street, near Third Ave- 
nue; Captain, (ialen T. Porter; four Sergeants, forty-nine Patrolmen, two Door- 
men. 

Twentieth Precinct. — Station House, No. 212 West Thirty-fifth Street; 
Captain, (ieorge W. Walling; four Sergeants, fifty-nine I'atrolmen, two Door- 
men. 

Twenty-first Precinct. — Station House, 120 P2ast Thirty-first Street; Cap> 
tain, Cornelius Jiurdick, four Sergeants, fifty-one Patrolman, two Doormen. 

Twenty-second Precinct. — Station House, Forty-seventh Street, Ijetween 
Eighth and Ninth Avenues; Captain, Johannes C. Slott; four Sergeants, fifty- 
four Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Twenty-third Precinct. ^ — Station House, Eighty-sixth Street, near Fourth 
Avenue; Captain, Henry Hutchings; four Sergeants, forty-two Patrolmen, two 
Doormen. 

Twenty-fourth Precinct. — Headquarters on board of the Police Steamboat, 
No. i; Captain, James Todd; two Sergeants, twenty Patrolmen. 

Twenty-fifth Precinct (Broadway Squad). — Headquarters, 300 Mulberry 
Street; Captain Theron T. Cojicland; one Sergeant, thirty-eight Patrolmen, two 
Doormen. 

Twenty-sixth Precinct. — Station House, City Hall; Captain, Thomas W. 
Thorne; four Sergeants, sixty-six Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Twenty-seventh Precinct. — Station House, No. 117 Cedar Street; Captain, 
John C. Helme; four Sergeants, fifty-two Patrolmen, three Doormen. 

Twenty-eighth Precinct. — Station House, No. 550 Greenwich Street; Cap- 
tain, John F. Dickson; four Sergeants, forty-eight Patrolmen, two Doormen. 

Twenty-ninth Precinct. — Station House, Twenty-ninth Street, near Fourth 
Avenue; Captain, Francis C. Speight; four Sergeants, eighty-two Patrolmen, 
three Doormen. 

Tliirtieth l^recinct. — Station House, One Hundred and Tliirty-first Street, 
Manhattanville; Captain, Jedediah Hart; three Sergeants, seventeen Patrolmen, 
two Doormen. 

Thirty-first Precinct. — Station House, Eighty-sixth Street and Blooniingdale 
Road; Captain, James Z. Bogart; two Sergeants, nineteen Patrolmen, two Door- 
men. 

Thirty-second Precinct (Mounted Police). — Station House, Tenth Avenue 
and One Hundred and Fifty-second Street; Captain, Alanson S. Wilson; four, 
Sergpant§, thirty-five Patrolmen, .two Doormen. .j . ; ■• .. : ..; : • i 



202 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER X. 



THE METROPOLITAN POLICE DISTRICT. 
IS64— 1S66. 

Organizers of Police Victory.— Acton, Bergen, Hawley, Carpenter, 

Leonard, etc. — The Law of 1864. — Establishment of the House of 
Detention. — Boundaries of the Metropolitan Police District. — Divi- 
sion Commands. — Uniform of the Metropolitan Police. — .Appropriations 
FOR the Building and Repairing of Station Houses. — A Marked Ten- 
dency TO Crimes of Violence towards the Person. — List of Policemen 
who were Killed or Wounded at the hands of Desperate Ruffians. — 
President Acton favors the Passage of a Law rendering it a Cri.me to 
CARRY Concealed Weapons. — Lost Time. — Tables of Arrests. — An .A.ct to 
Regulate and Increase Police Salaries. — The Jurisdiction of the 
Board extended over the Rural Districts of Yonkers, West Farms, 
AND Richmond County. — An Act to Regulate the Sale of Intoxicating 
Liquors. — Increased Duties of the Police Board. 

T N the rapid movement of the exciting events just narrated, the achievements 
which make the names of Police commandants famous in the historv of the 
department could receive but passing mention in a sketch so brief and incom- 
plete as the one written. But the names of --Acton, Carpenter, Leonard, Bergen, 
Walling, McCredie, Thorne, Devoursney, Dilks, Leonard, and manv others 
spoken of in connection with the draft riots, are too well known to call for anv 
special commendation or eulogy. Where all were brave, it is no mean praise 
that the deeds of the officers in command should be considered worthy of es- 
pecial mention for gallant and meritorious services. Something in addition 
may be said of a few of the most prominent Police officials, by whose courage 
and sagacity the city was saved from a frenzied rabble. First among these is 

Thomas C. Acton. — It will, it is safe to assume, excite neither envy nor 
jealousy in the breasts of the survivors of those notable events, to give -the 
post of honor to Mr. Acton. He was the Commander of the Police, with his 
office at Police Headquarters, and he issued instructions when and where the 
Police were to meet the rioters. His also was the brain that conceived the plan 
of Police operations, and his orders which caused their execution, by which the 
rioters were routed and the good name of the city vindicated. 

The legal organization of the Board invested the Superintendent with the 
command of the force, the Commissioners acting in an administrative capacity. 
In the absence of Superintendent Kennedy, the very first day of the draft 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



203 



riots, the command was assigned to the President of the Board, and thus the 
duties of Mr. Kennedy, who was early disabled by the rioters, were assumed by 
Commissioner Acton. The labor thus imposed was immense, and some esti- 
mate of it may be formed by the fact that, in the telegraph department alone, 
there were upward of four thousand dispatches received and orders sent, all of 
which, with but few exceptions, required his personal supervision. There were 
upward of two thousand men under his control. To Commissioner Acton, it 
is generally conceded, the community is indebted to a large degree for the 
prompt and successful suppression of the rioters. 

Mr. Acton was born in this city in 1823. He is of medium height, is 
slenderly but compactly built, and is still erect and active. He is at present 
Assistant United States Treasurer, having his oftice in the Treasury Building at 
Wall and Broad Streets. 

After receiving an academical education, Mr. Acton studied law, but did 
not practice the profession. J, aw led him naturally into city politics, and he 
has been a politician from his youth. When he was twenty-seven years of age, 
in 1850, he accepted his first office, that of Deputy Assistant County Clerk. At 
the close of his term he was appointed Deputy Registrar, and served six years 
in this capacity. Then, in i860. Governor Morgan appointed him Police Com- 
missioner. Two years later he was elected President of the Board, and alto- 
gether he was in office as Commissioner for nine years, during which he was 
])ractically the ruler of New York City. The period during which Mr. 
Acton had charge of the Police included that of our civil war, and he was, in 
fact, a general in command of a military force, as well as a Commissioner ap- 
pointed to keep the peace. 

Before the war, Commissioner Acton had already shown his ability by the 
reorganization of the Police and the enforcement of the excise laws. During 
the war he was subjected to a crucial test by the sudden breaking out of the 
draft riots. All through the disturbances Mr. Acton had the personal direction 
of the entire Police force. At first the rioters had the sympathy of the majority 
of our citizens in their resistance to the conscription ; but it soon became evi- 
dent that thieves and ruffians had assumed command of the rioters and that the 
chief purpose of the mob was pillage. Business was suspended ; the streets 
were comparatively deserted. Here and there, from trees and lamp-posts, hung 
the bodies of murdered negroes. The Colored Orphan Asylum blazed in the 
upper part of the city, and the houses of prominent abolitionists were sacked. 
Nobody knew at what moment the mob might knock at the door to demand 
the surrender of a negro servant and rob the house. The principal thorough- 
fares were l)arricaded, and artillery was used during the street fights both by the 
rioters and the military. Portions of the city were literally in a state of seige. 
The people were divided against themselves. 

It is easy to understand how responsible was the position of President Acton 
during these dangerous days and nights; but he proved himself equal to the re- 
sponsibility. His vigilance and activity were wonderful. He seemed to require 
no sleep and to be everywhere simultaneously. The Police, whom the rioters 
had hoped to demoralize, stood firm under Mr. Acton's leadership. The force 



204 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



was promptly and largely recruited by men who distinguished themselv.es by 
special acts of bravery. 

The Police force then numbered about two thousand men, not enough to 
adequately protect' the public ofifices, the banks, the telegraph lines and the fer- 
ries; but President Acton increased its efficiency by such recruits, and inspired 
its members with his own untiring vigilance and vigor. The station houses were 
made places of refuge for the poor negroes, and not one of these stations was 
captured by the mob. Mr. Acton held the rioters in check everywhere until the 
military^ arrived to rout them; but he sacrificed his health in the struggle. In 
1869 he was compelled to resign his position as too onerous for his invalided 
faculties, and the general regret was the highest compliment which could have 
been paid him. In 1870 he was appointed by President Grant, who fully appre- 
ciated his patriotic and political services, to be Superintendent of the United 
States Assay Office, in which position he remained for twelve years, and was then 
promoted to the Assistant Treasurership. 

While Mr. Acton was Commissioner of Police he accomplished two muni- 
cipal marvels: the reduction of the debt and taxes and the increase of the income 
of the city. To him is mainly due the creation of the Board of Health and the 
institution of the paid Fire Department. 

Mr. Acton was one of the original founders of the Union League Club, of 
which he is still a prominent member. Under its auspices the first colored regi- 
ment was sent to the front; the greatest sanitary fair was held; it organized the 
mass meetings which encouraged the people during the darkest days of the Re- 
bellion, and appropriately celebrated the victories of the Union. At the dinner 
of the original members of the Club, in 1880, Dr. Bellows thus referred to Mr. 
Acton, who was present: " Our noble Police — whose honored memories have been 
invoked to-night, and whose welcome presence is represented here in the waving 
white hair of my friend Acton — dispersed the miserable mob who would have 
made the city of New York a battle ground; they sustained the Union League, 
and the Union League sustained them, in a manner which will never be forgot- 
ten." It is not forgotten, nor Mr. Acton's share in it, and the popularity thus 
worthily won will be as lasting as the metropolis. 

John G. Bergen ably and faithfully maintained his colleague of the Board. 
During the tremor and excitement of that period he was almost constantly at 
Police Headquarters, and, by his prompt conclusions and steady perseverance, 
did much in an executive and administrative capacity in strengthening the hands 
of the force to suppress riotous demonstrations. The principal responsibihty, 
however, resting upon Mr. Bergen, was that of the care of Brooklyn. How well 
he discharged this duty is evidenced by the fact that, though there were many 
indications of serious disturbances there, yet the Police in that section, acting 
under his orders, were successful in all, except one single instance, in suppressing 
them. 

' Seth C. Hawlev, late chief clerk, also achieved an enviable prominence as 
:a. br3^v.e and zealous pffioial. . tjis well known integrity, and devotion to duty gave 



OUR POLICE rA'OTF.CTORS. 



205 



him an influence In the councils of the Board such as to cam for him the title of 
" the fifth Commissioner." 

"^p to the time that he connected himself with the Police Department, Mr. 
Hawley had been engaged as a railroad contractor. The financial crash of 1857 
crippled the corporation with which he was connected, and also considerably 
impaired his own private fortune. Abandoning that line of business, he became 
connected with the removal of the Quarantine. 

Mr. Hawley, who had the supervision of the Clerks and Special Patrolmen, 
the providing and issuing of arms, the execution of orders from the Commis- 
sioners, seeing to the wounded, providing for the refugees, and disposing of the 
prisoners, had, it need hardly be said, his hands full. But Mr. Hawley took 
pride in hard work of that kind, and, his energy being untiring, he acted 
besides as Commissary for over four thousand Police, military and special, as- 
sembled at Police Headquarters. He performed an amount of work, satisfac- 
torily and thoroughly, that well might have staggered a man of less capacity and 
energy. 

"At the reorganization of the Police Department in i860," said Mr. 
Hawley, in an interview shortly before his death witli tlu- writer, "General Bowen 
sent for me and asked me if I'd be willing to take the place of Chief Clerk, and 
I consented, thinking that the appointment would be but temporary, but in that 
I was mistaken, for, as the result proved, I had come to stay." 

Coming down to the time of the draft riots, Mr. Hawley continued : " I 
was acting in that capacity (of Chief Clerk) when the riot occurred. General 
Bowen, who was President of the Board, had raised three regiments of volun- 
teers to go to the war, and was appointed Brigadier-General, and went to New 
Orleans. So that we had only two Commissioners, Bergen and Acton, but two 
better men for the place could not well have been found. 

" The authorities in Washington had ordered that the drafting should begin 
on a Saturday. That was a great mistake, as the dangerous element had all day 
Sunday to concoct their plans to foment trouble. The Government didn't know 
at the time what a hornet's nest they were stirring up in this city. There were 
more Secessionists in New York than in any other three Northern States. The 
names that were drafted were published, and that helped to intensify the bad 
blood. All day Sunday I noticed knots of excited men talking around the cor- 
ners in the upper part of the city, and in the vicinity of my house. Curious to 
know what was in the wind, I went out, and heard the talk that was going the 
rounds. In every instance the Government was denounced for ordering the 
enforcement of recruits by drafting. The measure was characterized as outrageous 
and infamous. The speakers were bitter and defiant in their denunciations. The 
stinging part of their grievance was what they called the wicked injustice of 
taking poor men away from their families. I saw the storm approaching, and 
so was prepared, in a measure, for tlie scenes I witnessed on the following day. 
Early in the morning a gang of rough-looking men gathered right in front of my 
door. They had just forced a gang of men who were building a block of 
houses, at P'ifty-eighth Street and Sixth Avenue, to knock off work, and join the 
rioters. The original rioters had come from the shanties on the rocks, near 



2o6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Central Park. They had a leader, and he carried a bar of iron in his hand. 
Those who refused to join his party, he threatened and commanded until he 
compelled compliance with his order. Nearly all the workmen in the vicinity 
were coerced into joinmg his party. They marched directly to the First Provost 
Marshal's office to sack it, and I hurried down-town to the office. 

" Before I had got more than half way the Marshal's office was in flames, and 
that swelled the ranks of the mob. By the time I had reached the office the mob 
was in great force, and ripe for any sort of deviltry. I lost no time in informing 
the Commissioners of what I had seen and heard, and they were very much 




startled at what I told them. They ordered me to draw up an order concentrat- 
ing all the Police force of this city and Brooklyn at the office of Police Head- 
quarters in this city. That was the first Police order issued in connection with 
the riots. I was next instructed to draft an order calling out the militia. That 
required the concurrence of Governor Seymour, who hapjiened to be at that very 
moment at the City Hall. That Monday morning he had addressed the mob from 
the City Hall, and I went to see him by direction of the Commissioners, to tell 
him of the critical state of affairs. I found him in the Governor's room sur- 
rounded by friends. I had served in the legislature with him, and was well 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



207 



acquainted with him. When he saw me enter he left his friends and came to me. 
I told him the whole story, and said also that it was important he should be near 
enough to Police Headcjuartcrs to be in constant communication with the Com- 
missioners. He told me he would go immediately to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, 
and that he would be glad if the Commissioners would make me the medium of 
communication l)etween him and them. They did so. 

'* Major General Sandford commanded the militia which was called out. 
Their arsenal was on Seventh Avenue. The Seventh Regiment had gone South, 
expecting to be at the battle of Gettysburgh, and some other city regiments had 
gone too, and only the remnants of other regiments were left. The militia staid 
in their arsenal during the whole term of the riots, without lending a hand to 
(juell disturbance or disperse the mob, or of being of the slightest service towards 
the security of the city and the safety of life and property. On the contrary, 
they required to be protected, rather than to be the protectors. The Police had 
no aid whatever from that military force. 

"The Police Commissioners then communicated with Brigadier-General 
Brown, of the regular army, who commanded the Federal forces in the neighbor- 
hood, and he ordered three companies — two of infantry and one of artillery — that 
were in the city on their way home, to be mustered out at the end of their term 
of service, to co-operate with the Police in dispersing the rioters. He himself 
took up his quarters in Superintendent Kennedy's room, where messages were being 
constantly received by telegraph. This was the only place in the city where offi- 
cial and reliable information could be obtained. These three companies were of 
great service. They accompanied the Police in their raids on the rioters. But 
they were not on hand in time to take part in the first day's great battles. The 
Police had fought their own battles, and had practically quelled the rioters be- 
fore the military took hand or part in the affray. 

"The mob moved from ui)-town down towards the heart of the city. One of 
the clerks I had sent to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, on his return, told me that the 
mob had burned the Colored Half Orphan Asylum. The late E. D. Morgan was 
present when this information was received, and he expressed his incredulity at 
the news brought by my clerk. * It cannot be,' was the remark he made. 

" Meantime the Police were gathering gradually, in response to the order they 
had received to report at Headquarters. When the mob, which had increased 
to thousands, had got down to Union Square, they halted. They had broken 
into stores and saloons on their way down town, and made themselves drunk on 
stolen licjuor. They were preparing for a big row. There was no organization 
among them. One big fellow carried a flag on a pole, and walked in the front. 

" A messenger brought the tidings that the mob had reached Fourteenth Street. 
Up to this time they had met with no opposition. They had everything their own way. 

"The Commissioners then concluded it was time for the Police to act. 

" Two hundred or two himdred and fifty Police were drawn up in line in front 
of Police Headquarters. The greater part of them had the light, fancy stick 
they carry when they are on dress parade. 

"The Commissioners said to me: 'Now, that this force of Policemen must 
go out and face that mob, who shall lead them ? ' 



20S 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



" Previous to this, and after the mob had burned the Colored Half Orphan 
Asylum, John A. Kennedj', the then Superintendent, not being posted, walked 
out — with his little gold-headed cane — to see what was the matter. The mob 
recognized him, and he barely escaped with his life. He was subsequently taken 
to Headquarters in a wagon, so terribly cut and bruised from the usage he had 
received as to be almost unrecognizable. He was taken away and concealed 
until he recovered from his injuries, which was long after the city had become 
tranquil again. 

" So I said, in answer to the Commissioner's query as to who should lead the 
men against the mob, 'Carpenter is the senior Inspector, and it is his place, in 
the absence of the Superintendent, to take command.' Commissioner Acton 
said, 'Will he do it ? ' ' He must do it: he will not refuse; he's a gallant man,' 
I replied. * Go to him then, and say to him that it is our wish that he assume the 
command.' Never will I forget the words and action of Carpenter when I con- 
veyed to him this message. Raising his clinched right hand he brought it down 
with a loud thump on the desk, and exclaimed, ' I'll go, and I won't come back 
unless I come back victorious.' 

" I returned to Commissioner Acton and told him what Carpenter had said. 
Acton then saw Carpenter and told him to bring the men up Broadway and 
whip the mob at all hazards. He was to take no prisoners. 

" Carpenter went and did as he was told. 

"The Police captured the colors carried by the big man, broke the big man's 
thick head, and littered Broadway, from Bond Street to Union Square, with 
disabled rioters. 

" It would be in vain for me to try to recall the number of Police expedi- 
tions sent out to face the mob. There was no time to make records. 
Up to Wednesday at midnight there was no cessation of fighting all over the 
town. 

" The Commissary Department was the great difficulty we had to contend 
with. We had to feed the whole Police force and military, besides seven hun- 
dred negroes who had taken refuge in the upper story of Police Headquarters. 
Stores were all closed, and provisions were hard to get. 

" But we did it." 

" It was not safe for any one known to be connected with Police Head- 
quarters to be found abroad unprotected. I had left my family alone, the only 
stranger in the house being a colored woman — a serv ant — which was anything but 
a comforting guarantee of their security. At one o'clock Tuesday morning 
I started over to Sixth Avenue, and, at the junction of Carmine Street, I saw a 
motley crowd of men, women and children dancing around a fire in the street, 
in the vicinity of which a strangled negro was dangling from a tree. 

" The second day some of the military made an independent movement 
against the rioters in Mackerelville. 

" We didn't know where this section of men were, or what they were doing. 
The mob was too strong for them, and the men were chased all the way down 
to the Seventh Regiment's arsenal and stoned, followed by a great crowd. One 
of the men was wounded and thrown from his horse, and left in the street. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



209 



Hearing of the affray, I was deputed to report the matter to the Governor and 
Genjjral Brown, both of whom were at the time at the St. Nicholas Hotel. The 
officer, who was wounded, was a Major. A young Lieutenant, who was with tlic 
party of routed soldiers, and who escaped by making good use of liis legs, had 
first reported the wounding of the Major and his being left disabled in the 
street at the mercy of the mob. General Brown heard the young Lieutenant's 
story to the end, and then, turning on him, said : 

"'You state here, and in my presence, tliat you ran away, and left llie 
Major wounded in the hands of the mob.' 'Be jjatient, General,' said (Gen- 
eral Wool, " and be charitable enough to reflect that the Lieutenant is a very 
young man.' 

"The result of it was that General Wool directed General Brown to send out 
a force, and bring in the ALijor. The Major was not seriously hurt, anil he was 
found and taken to the St. Nicholas Hotel. 

" If the Police hadn't acted with a vigor and earnestness that couldn't be 
excelled, the city would have been sacked. The mob would have been in Wall 
Street and everywhere else where they could find plunder. 

"The Police took from the rioters eleven thousand stand of arms, and we 
have got them in the building yet. We can't find any one to claim them. 

" It is jiroper to say that the Police force was at that time at the perfection 
of discijjline, and the esprit du corps was extraordinary. 

" One would require to think it over very carefully to realize how it would 
be if there was no judicial or Police authority in a city like New York. Dur- 
ing these exciting events we hadn't a Magistrate before whom to arraign a 
prisoner, or a box or a jail to lock a prisoner in. 

"All branches of the Police service did their duty so thoroughly as to render 
it difficult to make any mention of special meritorious performance of duty. 

" Regarding the number of rioters killed it is impossible to state with any 
degree of accuracy. The nearest approximation that can be made to it is by 
comparing the mortality for that month with the corresponding month of the 
previous year. By this we learn that there were one thousand one hundred 
deaths during the month of the riots in excess of the deaths in the 
corresponding month of the preceding year. I should regard this as a pretty 
fair estimate of the number ot people who lost their lives by participating 
in the riots. 

"It was an awful lesson, and one not to be forgotton. 

" One other lesson was learned by the Police, and that is, that in close contact 
with a mob there is not any weapon so effective as the club. It was then also 
found out that nothing would stand the strain for this kind of work like locust. 
In the early stages of the riot the men carried their rosewood sticks, and these 
splintered and broke as fast as the heads they were used on. Rosewood is 
heavy and seems solid, but it lacks toughness and elasticity. Now, locust, besides 
being light, possesses these equalities. It does not split, is sonorous, and gives out a 
sound like a bell. It is very rarely that I have seen a locust club broken. Since 
then locust has entirely come into use in the department." 



2TO 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Inspector Daniel Carpenter, under the supervision of Commissioner 
Acton, assumed and discharged the duties of Superintendent, after Mr. Kennedy 
was incapacitated by reason of his injuries. The riot had quickly gj,ined in pro- 
portions, and now assumed such a formidable shape that the entire force of the 
Police had to be called into requisition. Word having been received that the 
mob were marching to attack Mayor Opdyke's house, on Fifth Avenue, Inspector 
Carpenter, in person, took command of a force of two hundred men. Before 
starting from Police Headquarters he spoke to the men, telling them that " They 
had to meet and put down a mob; to take no prisoners; to strike quick and 
hard " — orders which were literally obeyed. It was a day of hard fighting, and 
Inspector Carpenter, with his command, was ever at the post of duty, which was 
the post of danger. That he acted gallantly and performed his whole duty goes 
without saying. His was a task of unceasing labor, constant peril, and great re- 
sponsibility; but he did not return until he had "put down the mob," even if he 
had " to strike quick and strike hard " to do it. 

Inspector James Leonard. — As a gallant, faithful and zealous officer, 
Inspector Leonard's record stands second to none in the department. It has 
been commented on as a remarkable fact that the officers, without a single ex- 
ception, who personally led their commands against the rioters, not only dis- 
played great bravery, but a practical knowledge of strategy and tactics that won 
the day against overwhelming odds. After Inspector Carpenter had left Police 
Headquarters with his command, shortly after Superintendent Kennedy's ar- 
rival, maimed and insensible. Inspector Leonard, under orders from Commis- 
sioner Acton, was constantly employed massing and organizing such of the force 
at Headquarters as was not in actual conflict with the mob. Throughout Monday 
Inspector Leonard had several brushes with the enemy. On Tuesday he was 
mainly engaged in the neighborhood of Printing House Square in repeated hand- 
to-hand encounters with the rioters. Wherever (he fight was the hottest, there 
was Inspector Leonard and his intrepid force of blue-coats. Truly Superinten- 
dent Matsell's famous encomium "the finest Police force in the world," is not 
an overstrained estimate of the officers and men who took part in those fierce 
and deadly street encounters. In one of the several emutcs that took place in the 
vicinity of the City Hall, the Inspector, as usual, took a leading part. Says one 
who had personal knowledge of the facts: "A hand-to-hand fight ensued, heads 
were broken, men prostrated and laid in heaps, and, in less time than it is re- 
corded, those who a few minutes before were eager for and intent upon the 
lives of the three daring officers (Inspector Leonard and two of his men) were 
scattered like sheep before the gallant charge of the Police, or lay as slaughtered. 
Inspector Leonard was boldly in the fray, his stalwart form being conspicuous, 
his rapid, earnestly-meant and muscular blows falling with telling effect." 

And again : "He had immense interests to guard: himself a host, his 
officers and men true as steel, they saved the districts committed to their care 
from the consummation of well-concocted plans of violence and pillc^e. Of 
active intelligence and proved courage. Inspector Leonard's name shines brightly 
on the record of honor." 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



21 I 



An Act passed April 25, 1864, entitled an Act to amend an Act passed April 
15, J857, and an Act passed April 10, i860, provided that the unexplained ab- 
sence, without leave, of any member of the Metropolitan Police who for five 
days should absent himself without leave, should be deemed and held to be a 
resignation by such member and be accepted as such. The Act also established 
the following officers: A Treasurer's Bookkeeper, a Secretary to the President, 
a Chief Clerk, a First Deputy Clerk, and Deputy Clerks not exceeding ten, 
Surgeons not exceeding ten, and a Drill Captain. The Superintendent and 
each Captain, the law declared, should possess powers of general Police super- 
vision and inspection over all licensed or unlicensed pawnbrokers, venders, 
junk-shops, junk-boatmen, cartmen, dealers in second-hand merchandise, intel- 
ligence offices, keepers and auctioneers within the district. In like manner the 
following places were brought under the ban of the Police : Gaming houses, 
playing for wagers of money at any game of chance, selling lottery tickets or 




Sixty-ninth Regiment Armory. 

policies, etc. The Superintendent could authorize any member of the force to 
enter the same and arrest all persons found offending against the law, seize all 
implements and carry the person so arrested before a Magistrate; the articles so 
seized to be deposited with the Property Clerk. The selling of liquor on the 
Sabbath, or on election day, was also prohibited, under a penalty of fifty dollars 
for each offence. It was made a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment not 
less than one year nor exceeding two years, or a fine not less than two hundred 
and fifty dollars, to use personal violence upon any elector on election day. The 
Board of Police were empowered to appoint all Poll Clerks. The Sanitary Com- 
pany, as a part of their duties, were to visit all ferry boats, manufactories, 
slaughter houses, tenement houses, hotels and boarding houses deemed unsafe, 
and report thereon; complaints to be made under oath, before any Magistrate 
who issued a warrant for the apprehension of the offending party. If the 



212 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Magistrate was satisfied that the charges preferred were well founded, he could, in 
writing, command a ferry boat to cease running, and such other nuisances com- 
plained of to cease or be closed. 

The Metropolitan Police District comprised the counties of New York, 
Kings, Westchester, and Richmond, and the towns of Newtown, Flushing, and 
Jamaica, in the county of Queens, as provided by Chapter 403 of the Laws of 
1864. 

The county of New York comprised the whole of the Island of Manhattan, 
and is bounded on the west by the Hudson River, north by Spuyten Duyvel Creek 
and Harlem River, and on the east and south by the East River. Westchester 
County lies adjacent and to the north of New York County, and is bounded on 
the west by the Hudson River, east by the East River, Long Island Sound, and 
the State of Connecticut, and on the north by Putnam County. Kings County 
comprises the southwest portion of Long Island, being bounded on the north-east 
by Queens County, and for the rest by the waters of the ocean. East River and 
New York Bay. Richmond County embraces the whole of Staten Island. The 
towns of Flushing, Newtown, and Jamaica, are in Queens County, Long Island, 
adjoining Kings County, on the north-east. 

That portion of the Metropolitan Police District consisting of the cities of New 
York and Brooklyn, were divided into two Inspection Districts, Surgeons Districts, 
and Precincts; the Precincts were divided into Patrolmen's beats or posts. 

The Police force was divided into four divisions, and an Inspector was assigned 
to the command of a division, and in case of riot or any other cause, when the 
force was called out in a body, he had command over the division to which he 
was assigned. 

The First Division was under the command of Inspector Folk, and com- 
prised the whole force of Brooklyn, including the Sanitary Squad and Atlantic 
Dock Police. 

The Second Division was under the command of Inspector Leonard, and 
comprised the First, Second, Third, Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, Fifteenth, Twenty- 
sixth, Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Precincts of New York City, and 
Second Police Court Squad. 

The Third Division was under the command of Inspector Carpenter, and 
comprised the Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, 
Seventeenth and Twenty-fifth Precincts of New York City, the First and Third 
Police Court Squads, and the Sanitary Company. 

The Fourth Division was under the command of Inspector Dilks, and com- 
prised the Twelfth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, 
Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth. Thirty-first, Thirty- 
second, Thirty-second (Sub.), and Thirty-third Precincts of New York City, and 
the Fourth Police Court Squad. 

The Police force was divided into companies, one company being allotted to 
each precinct; together with the addition of the Metropolitan Police Sanitary 
Company, and such squads as were ordered by the Board of Police. 

The full dress of the members of the Metropolitan Police force, excepting 
the Surgeons, was of navy blue cloth, indigo-dyed, and all wool. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The dress for the Superintendent was a doul)lc-breasted frock coat, the 
waist extending to the top of the liij), and the skirt to within one inch of the 
bend'of the knee; two rows of Police buttons on the breast, eight in each row, 
placed in jjairs, the distance between each row being five and one-half inches at 
the top and three and one-half inches at the bottom; stand-up collar, to rise no 
higher than to permit the chin to turn freely over it, to hook in front at the bot- 
tom; cuffs three and one-half inches deep, and buttoning with three small 
buttons at the under seam ; two buttons on the hips, one button on the bottom 
of each skirt-pocket welt, and two l)uttons intermediate, so that there would be 
six buttons on the back; skirt, collars, and cuffs, of dark blue velvet; lining of 
the coat black. The trousers plain. Black neckcloth. The vest single- 
breasted, with eight buttons placed at equal distances. The cap of navy blue 
cloth, and of the form of the pattern in the office of Superintendent, having a 
band of dark blue velvet, with a gold-embroideied wreath in front, encircling a 
a silver star. 

The Patrolmen detailed as Roundsmen, in addition, had the word " Rounds- 
man " in white metal letters, in lieu of the wreath. 

The dress for Harbor Patrolmen was a sailor's jacket, rolling collar, to come 
down half-way between the hip-joint and the knee, five buttons on each side of 
the breast, two buttons on the under seam of the cuff, pockets inside; vest, single- 
breasted, nine buttons; trousers, j)lain; shirt of blue flannel; cap, same as other 
Patrolmen, with wreath and number the same as in the office of the Superinten- 
dent; pea jacket, overcoat three inches above the knee, five buttons on each 
side, side pockets with flaps. 

The dress for Doormen was a double-breasted round jacket extending two 
inches below the hip, with five Police buttons on each l)reast and one on the 
inside seam of each cuff; pantaloons of cadet mixed cloth, plain; cap, the same 
as Patrolmen, without wreath, but with the word " Doorman " in white metal 
letters placed in front. 

The dress for Inspectors the same as Superintendent, except that there 
were seven buttons on each row on the breast of the coat, placed at equal dis- 
tances, and the gold wreath on the cap enclosed the word " Inspector," in 
silver. 

The dress for Captains and Sergeants was the same as for the Superinten- 
dent, except that there were eight buttons in each row on the breast of the coat, 
placed at equal distances; the collar rolling, the collar and cuffs of the same 
color and material as the coat; the band of the same color and material as the 
coat; the band of the same color and material as the body of the cap, welted 
at the edges, and the wreath inclosing the word "Captain" or "Sergeant," 
with the number of the precinct to which the officer was attached, in gold. 
The Captain of the Harbor Police had a gold anchor, and the Sergeants silver 
anchors, enclosed in the wreath in lieu of the number of the precinct. 

The dress for Patrolmen was a single-breasted frock coat, with rolling collar, 
the waist extending to the top of the hip, and the skirt to within one inch^of the 
bend of the knee; nine buttons on the breast, two buttons on the hips, two 
buttons on the bottom of each pocket, and three small buttons on the under 



214 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



seam of the cuffs. Trousers had a white welt in the outer seam. 'Black 
neck-cloth. Vest, single-breasted, with nine buttons placed at equal distances. 
The cap of navy blue cloth, corresponding with the sample in the office of the 
Superintendent, with wreath surrounding the appropriate number in white 
metal. 

The summer uniform consisted of blue flannel sack coat and blue flannel 
trousers. The coat of Patrolmen was a single-breasted sack with short turn- 
over color, buttoning close up to the chin, and reaching to half-way between the 
articulation of the hip joint and the knee, with four buttons on the front, no 
pockets to show on the outside, and the trousers made same as those worn in 
winter. 

Flannel sack coat and flannel trousers, made like the above, and Sennet 
hat, was the uniform of the Harbor Police. 

Coats for Captains were double-breasted, and buttoned close up to the chin, 
with short rolling collar, with two rows of buttons of five each on the front, the 
coat reaching to a point half way between the articulation of the hip joint and 
the knee; trousers without welts in the seams. 

For Sergeants same as Captains, except that there were two rows of buttons 
of four each. 

The officers were permitted to wear (in the station house) while in the dis- 
charge of desk duty, an undress coat, the same as the summer uniform. 

The Superintendent of Police was the chief executive officer of the Metro- 
politan Police force, subject to the orders, rules and regulations of the Board of 
Metropolitan Police. 

An Inspector was designated by the Board of Police to perform office duty 
at the general office in the city of New York, and an Inspector was designated in 
like manner to perform office duty in the city of Brooklyn. They were 'railed 
Office Inspectors. 

District Inspectors reported in person, daily, at the office of the Superintend- 
ent, and on the first Wednesday of every month they submitted reports, in writing, 
to the Superintendent, setting forth the condition of each station house in their 
respective districts, with such suggestions in regard to them as might conduce to 
the comfort of the officers and men, and insure a thorough performance of 
duty. 

The Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police and the Comptrollers of the 
cities of New York and Brooklyn convened as a Board of Estimate and Appor- 
tionment, annually, on or before July i, and made up a financial estimate of the 
sums required for the ensuing year. 

The estimate was then submitted to a committee of revision, composed of 
the Presidents respectively of the Board of Supervisors of the counties of New 
York, Kings, Westchester and Richmond, and of the Board of Aldermen of 
Brooklyn and the respective towns of Newtown, Flushing, and Jamaica in the 
county of Queens. If objection to the estimate was made, it became the duty 
of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment to consider and revise the same, 
such action being final. 

This Act established the House of Detention of Witnesses. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



2'5 



Following are the animal salaries paid to the persons named ; 



•* President of the Board $4,000 

Treasurer 4,000 

Other Commissioners 3,500 

Superintendent 5, 000 

Inspectors 2,500 

Surgeons 1,800 

Captains 1,500 

Sergeants 1,200 

Patrolmen 1,000 

Doormen 800 



No member of the force was permitted to accept for his own benefit, or 
share in^ any present, gift, reward, etc. The Board, however, could permit any 
member to accept such gift or present for any extraordinary service rendered. 

The sum of thirty-five thousand dollars was provided by the legislature 
for purchasing and fitting up a station house for the Twenty-seventh Precinct ; 
but this amount was found to be inadequate, an addition of fifteen thousand 
dollars being required to secure suilable premises. The sum of twenty-five 
thousand dollars remained in the hands of the Comptroller, applicable to 
rebuilding the station house of the Eighteenth Precinct, which was fired and 
destroyed by the mob in the draft riots. It was found that there was press- 
ing need for a station house in the Twenty-ninth Precinct, the old premises 
being inconvenient and insufficient. The station house of the Twenty-third 
Precinct had also been fired and destroyed by the mob, and provisions were 
made for the accommodation of the precinct by fitting up suitable premises 
and leasing them for five years. 

The Thirty-second Precinct consisted of the upper portion of the city, and 
as the needs were great and pressing for a station house, two lots were bought on 
the corner of Tenth Avenue and One Hundred and Fifty-second Street, in 
Carmansville, each 25x100 feet, and a station house erected thereon, 25 x6o 
feet, three stories high, and a stable for horses 20x50 feet, at a total cost of 
twelve thousand five hundred dollars. There being no jirison or lodging rooms 
for vagrants and disorderly persons, all persons arrested and requiring to be 
retained, were from necessity taken to the adjoining precinct. 

Patrolmen in the regular routine of duty, passed over every portion of the 
graded streets of the city each hour of the day and night, and in the thickly 
settled streets much more fre([ucntly. It was their duty to become ac([uainted 
with every tenement on their respective beats, and to familiarize themselves with 
the habits, business, and characters of the permanent inhabitants. 

Then, as now, robbery, burglary, and larceny were jiursued by a large class 
of remarkably acute persons. The impossibility of wholly suppressing such 
offences against the law, did not then, no more than at present, prevent the 
Police from making honest and earnest efforts to make those operations neither 
safe nor profitable. The professional thief seems to have preserved the same 
traits through all ages. He is not restrained by the disrepute attached to his 
calling, nor does the law possess sufficient terrors to exert a restraining influence, 
so long as detection is difficult and conviction uncertain. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



It was observed that during the war there was a marked tendency to crimes 
of violence towards persons, and other crimes of a still graver character, while 
petty offences had not increased in proportion. There were arrested by the Met- 
ropolitan Police, for crimes of violence of a serious character in 1863 and 
1864, respectively : 



Assault on Policemen . 



Maiming . . . . 
Manslaughter. 
Rape 



186 -J 


1864. 


343 


462 


19 


35 


23 


29 


33 


88 


79 


48 


6 


6 


I 


10 


2 1 


34 


1 2 


30 


537 


742 



A small portion of this mass of high crime received the punishment pro- 
vided by the law. The fault, if any existed, was somewhere beyond the power 
of the Police. During the year ending the thirtieth of November, five members 
of the Police force had met their deaths by violence from the hands of desper- 
ate ruffians, great numbers of whom infested the city. The names of the 
Policemen killed were George W. Duryea, John O'Brien, Joseph Nulet, Charles 
Curren, and Austen Esterbrook. Thirteen had been seriously injured and 
wounded by collision with the same violent class. The names of the wounded 
were James Kiernan, William Delamater, Ellsworth F. Hoagland, James Leary, 
John H. Polly, Robert Thompson, John H. Arnoux, William P. Teller, Thomas 
Hawkins, James McGowan, James Gannon, Thomas Sweeney, and Stephen Shea ; 
a much larger number, not reported, received injuries of a less serious 
character. 

This, too, occurred during a year which had not been marked by any serious 
riot or mob. Concert and energy on the part of all good citizens and honest 
officials, to resist and subdue these elements of violence and crime, were urgently 
demanded by the Board of Police. It was claimed by President Acton that it 
would greatly conduce to the good order of society, and to the personal safety 
of the citizen, if a law were passed rendering it a crime to carry concealed 
deadly weapons. 

The amount of time lost by sickness by Patrolmen 
and Doormen, New York and Brooklyn, during the 
year ending Nov. i, 1863 24,672 days. 

For the year ending Nov. i, 1864 24,311 " 

Decrease 361 " 

The amount of time lost in 1863 was increased by the unusual number 
wounded in the riots of that year. During the succeeding year there was no riot 
and no epidemic, yet the amount of sick time was not largely reduced. 

The total lost time was equal to sixty-seven years, or sixty-seven men 
disabled so as to perform no duty. 



0(rh' rorjcE PROTF.c'roRs. 217 

The force for the \ car ending October 31, 1864, comprised the following: 



Captains 33 

■* Sergeants 126 

Patrolmen ',789 

Doormen 66 



Total 2,014 



By Section i of an Act of April 13, 1865, (Laws Ch. 400) all laws relating 
to the election of Constables in the city of New York were repealed; " and, here- 
after, the Marshals of the city of New York shall be ajjpointed by the Mayor of 
the city of New York, by, and with the advice and consent of the Board of Super- 
visors of the County of New York; and such Marshals shall not exceed thirty." 

Arrests for offences of all grades, had, during the year 1865, reached the 
number of eighty-eight thousand three hundred and lifty-five, against sixty-nine 




First New York Colored Regiment Leaving for the Seat of War. 

thousand seven hundred and fifty-one for the preceding year; making an in- 
crease of eighteen thousand seven hundred and eighty-four. Crimes of violence 
against the person had increased in even a greater ratio, as will appear from the 
following comparative statement: 

1864 1865 



Felonious assault 462 798 

Assault on Policemen 25 36 

I Rape 34 38 

Attempt at rape 29 40 

Manslaughter and murder 58 — 

Homicide of all degrees — 69 

Mayhem 6 14 

Total 624 995 



2l8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The cost of lost time paid for during the year was forty-eight thousand three 
hundred and twenty-two dollars and sixty-four cents. The loss of time by sick- 
ness was more than equal to the full time of eighty-three men, or almost four per 
cent, of the whole force. The cost in money was more than the full pay of forty- 
eight men. 

The force consisted of thirty-three Captains, one hundred and twenty-nine 
Sergeants, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-two Patrolmen, and sixty- 
three Doormen, making a total of one thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven. 



Arrests: 

Offences against property 14,962 

Offences against the person 53,9ii 

Total number of arrests 68,873 



The leyslature, on February 28, 1866, passed an Act to amend an Act passed 
April 25, 1864, to amend an Act passed April 15, 1857, and an Act passed April 
10, i860, to the following effect: To the County of Richmond there were ap- 
portioned one Captain, two Sergeants, and twenty-five men. Any part of any town 
adjoining the city of Brooklyn might be set apart by the Board of Supervisors of 
the county of Kings for the purpose of having a Patrol force. The expenses at- 
tending this Police force were levied and collected in the annual taxes of said 
district. 

The Board of Police were authorized to appoint an Inspector of Boats, the 
salary not to exceed two thousand five hundred dollars. (Act April 10, 1866.) 

Commissioner McMurray's term of office expired March i, 1866, and the 
legislature elected Benjamin F. Manierre to fill the place. 

An Act to regulate and increase the salaries of certain members of the 
Metropolitan Police was passed April 30, 1866, with the following results: 



President ^5,500 

Treasurer 5,5°° 

Other Commissioners 5»ooo 

Superintendent 7,500 

Inspectors ' 3,5°° 

Surgeons 2,250 

Captains 2,000 

Sergeants 1,600 

Patrolmen 1,200 

Doormen 900 



The above was subject to the proviso that whenever the currency of the 
United States had attained a par value in gold, the foregoing salaries should be 
reduced twenty per cent., excepting Captains, whose salaries should be eighteen 
hundred dollars, and Sergeants fourteen hundred dollars. 

The amount of lost time by sickness and injuries during the year exceeded 
the amount of the preceding year by three hundred and eleven days. 

This question of pay for lost time was one that was a constant source of 
solicitude to the Board of Commissioners. Policemen are but human, and so 
they, like the rest of us, were subject to those physical infirmities that flesh is 
heir to. No doubt much of those sporadic diseases were the result of natural 
causes and not to be avoided, while others were malingering, without a doubt. But 
how to find a remedy for the evil was another question. 



OUR Por.rcK protectors. 



The number of arrests tor otfences in the cities of New York and Hrooklyn 
from the year i860 to 1866, both inchisive, were 

1860 81,143 

1861 87,582 

1862 101,469 

•J:'63 77,212 

1864 69,57 1 

'865 88,355 

1866 97,587 

Aggregate in seven years 603,019 

The average number for the seven years was eighty-six tliousand one liun- 
dred and forty-five. The increase of offences which subject persons to arrest 
may be attributed in ])art to tlie increase of tlie population of the two cities, 
which was \ ery great during the period imdcr consideration; and in no small de- 
gree to the demoralizing effect of a state of war, and the disbanding of the im- 
mense armies. It might reasonably have been exj)ected that the influences above 
alluded to would have exliibited themselves in an increase in the number of 
offences of high grade, such as are accompanied by violence to the i)ers()n. In 
examining the records of arrests for the seven years — assault with intent to kill, 
felonious assaults, murder, threatening life, rape, attempt at rajje, maiming, hcjmi- 
cide, robbery in the first degree, highway robbery, burglary, and attempts at 
burglary — it appears that the number of arrests for offences enumerated have 
been 

1860 1,541 

1861 1,663 

1862 1,310 

1863 1,467 

1864 1,372 

1865 2,062 

1866 1,917 

Total in seven years ",332 

It thus appears that while the incr^iase in the total number of arxests for seven 
years was twenty per cent., the increase during the same period in arrests for the 
offences of high grade was thirty per cent. 

It was felt to be worthy of consideration, especially to the population of 
rural districts, how far the efforts of the Police of the cities to protect the peo- 
ple against the criminal classes tended to drive the persons composing those 
classes to new and more secure fields of criminal enterprise in the country adja- 
cent to the cities. That such was the tendency in some degree, there was no 
question, and it here became a matter of common remark that life and prop- 
erty were more safe in cities under the guardianship of the Police than in the 
adjacent rural districts. 

This was a growing opinion, and as a result of it the towns of Yonkers and 
West Farms, in Westchester County, proceeding under the Police Act, Chapter 
403 of the Laws of 1864, had, by a vote of town meetings, respectively author- 
ized a permanent Police, and made the required fiscal arrangements therefor. 



220 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Yonkers authorized a force of fourteen, and West Farms a force of six men-. In 
each town a portion of the Police did duty as horse patrol, which greatly in- 
creased their efficiency. 

The legislature, at its previous session, passed two Acts designated as Chap- 
ters 84 and 590 of the Laws of 1866. These Acts authorized the appointment, 
by the Board of Metropolitan Police, of a Captain, two Sergeants and twenty- 
five Patrolmen for the county of Richmond, and authorized and required the 
Supervisors of that county to make the needful fiscal provision for their main- 
tenance. 

In pursuance of these proceedings in Yonkers and West Farms, and of the 
acts concerning Richmond County, the Board of Police appointed and organ- 
ized the Police called for by proceedings and statutes al)ove referred to. 




Drilling a Squad of Policemen. 



The force in West Farms entered upon their duties on the thirteenth day of 
January of this year; in Richmond County on the sixteenth day of June; and 
in Yonkers on the tenth day of August following. 

The town of West Farms constituted a sub-station of the Thirty-second 
Precinct, with a Sergeant in command. The station house at Tremont, Rich- 
mond County, was constituted a precinct designated as the Fifty-first Precinct. 
The station house was at the village of Stapleton. The town of Yonkers 
was constituted a sub-station of the Thirty-second Precinct, designated as 
Yonkers sub-station, with a station house at the village of Yonkers. The 
Tremont and Yonkers sub-stations were under the command of the Captain of 
the Thirty-second Precinct. 



1 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



221 



Thus, during the year, the jurisdiction of the Board of Metropolitan 
Police was potentially extended over the rural districts above named. 

■These proceedings, as is usual and natural in the beginning, met with con- 
siderable opposition from a portion of the population. 

Other towns in the vicinity of the metropolis were so infested with bad 
characters, and so dcprodated upon by robberies and thieving, that they began 
to consider how to defend themselves and re-establish the (juiet and safety 
which they had been accustomed to enjoy in former years. 

On the fourteenth of April, 1866, the legislature passed "an Act to regu- 
late the sale of intoxicating liciuors within the Metropolitan Police District," 
being Chapter 578 of the Laws of that session. This Act, in effect, constituted 
'* the Metropolitan Police District, excepting and excluding the county of West- 
chester," into an excise district, and ])rovided that the Commissioners of the 
Board of Health be a Board of Excise for such district. By the law creating 
a Metropolitan Sanitary District and a Board of Health therein, the Commis- 
sioners of Metropolitan Police were made members of the Board of Health, 
and were therefore members of the Board of Excise above referred to. 

The Board of Excise, constituted in the manner above mentioned, organ- 
ized in pursuance of the Act on the first day of May, and immediately entered 
upon their duties. The duty of investigating the character and antecedents of 
the applicants for licenses necessarily devolved upon the Commissioners of 
Metropolitan Police. 

At the date of entering upon their duties there were, in the cities of New 
York and Brooklyn, over nine thousand two hundred and fifty places where 
intoxicating licpiors were publicly sold. Of this vast number, but seven hun- 
dred and fifty-four pretended to have licenses, leaving about eight thousand 
five hundred open and admitted violators of the law. The statutes of the 
State, as they had existed for many years, prohibited the sale of intoxicating 
liquors on the Sabbath. 

Prior to the enactment of this law there had existed for a number of 
years u Board of Excise, charged with the power and duty of granting excise 
licenses. 

Under the auspices of that Board, in i860, the revenue contributed to the 
treasury of Nesv York City by license fees amounted to fifty-four thousand 
five hundred and eighty thousand dollars, which was about equal to the proceeds 
of one thousand eight hundred and nineteen licenses at thirty dollars each, which 
was the maximum rate ; while in 1864, the revenues had dwindled down to 
twelve thousand four hundred and fifty dollars, equal to the proceeds of four 
hundred and fifteen licenses, at the same rate" Whot v,as the actual number 
issued and rates charged in these years is not known to the Police Department. 

The total number of licenses issued and delivered under the new law was 
five thousand six hundred and ninety-seven. Of this number, three thousand five 
hundred and ninety-six were of the first class, paying two hundred and fifty dol- 
lars each; two thousand and ninety-eight were of the second class, paying one 
hundred dollars each. 

The total amount of revenue arising from license fees was one million one 



222 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



hundred and eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-four dollars and ninety- 
eight cents, and was contributed as follows: 

County of New York $846,275.98 

County of Kings 246, ijo.oo 

County of Queens 11,850.00 

The old City Armory or Arsenal is situated at the junction of Elm and 
White Streets, extending eighty-four feet on Elm Street, and thirty-one feet on 
White Street. The style of the architecture is a kind of Gothic, with castellated 
towers. 

The population of the city had greatly increased during the past five years, 
and its trade and wealth had increased in greater ratio than the population. The 
tendency of vicious classes to resort to the metropolis, not only from our own but 




Arsenal, Elm Street. 

from other countries, the increase of crimes of grave character, with other con- 
sideration?, indicated the propriety of a moderate increase of the force in the city 
of New York. 

Brooklyn, in this year (1866) had but three hundred and seven Patrolmen, 
which was less than one to one thousand two hundred of population; its territory 
rccpiiring Police surveilance was equal to New York. This great extent of terri- 
tory was divided into ten precincts, each of large extent. The extremes of the 
precinct were so remote from the respective station houses as to consume a large 
j)ortion of the time of the Patrolmen in going to and returning from their tours of 
duty. The law, the Commissioners contended, should be amended so as to 
allow the division of the territory of Brooklyn into a larger number of precincts^ 



oirR rorjcE rRorr.cTORs. 



223 



and that the welfare of the city demanded a considerable increase in the numl)er 
of Patrolmen. 

J, The location of station houses in New York City was : 

1. — 54 New Street. 

2. — 49 Beekman Street. 

3. — 160 Chambers Street. 

4. — 9 Oak Street. 

5. — 49 Leonard Street. 

6. — 9 Franklin Street. 

7. — 247 Madison Street. 

8. — 126 AVooster Street. 

9. -94 Charles Street. 
10. — Kssex Market. 
It. — Union Market. 

12. — One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street, near Third Avenue, 

13. — Attorney Street, corner of Delancey. 
14—53 Spring Street. 

15. — 221 Mercer Street. 

16. — 1 56 West Twentieth Street. 

17. — 75 First Avenue, corner Fifth Street. 

18. — 163 East Twenty-second Street. 

19. — 118 P^ifty-ninth Street, between Second and 'I'hird .\venues. 

20. — 352 West Thirty-fifth Street. 

21. — 120 East Thirty-fifth Street. 

22. — 545 and 547 West Forty-seventli Street, between Eighth and Nintli 
Avenues. 

23. — East Eighty-sixth Street, corner Fourth .\ venue. 

24. — Police Steamboat, No. i. 

25. — 300 Mulberry Street. 

26. — City Hall. 

27. — 99 Liberty Street. 

28. — 550 Greenwich Street. 

29. — 34 East Twenty-ninth Street. 

30. — !Manhattanville, corner of Bloomingdale Road and Lawrence Street. 

31. — Broadway, near West Eighty-sixth Street (Bloomingdale). 

32. — One Hundred and Fifty-second Street, corner Tenth Avenue (Carmans- 
ville). 

32. — (Sub.) Tremont. 

33. — Central Park Arsenal. 

The laws creating the Board of Health, the Board of Ey.cise, the registry 
and election law, and the law for licensing boats, had greatly increased the 
labors, duties and responsibilities of the Police force, and especially of the officers 
of the force. These new and additional duties had been performed without 
neglecting any of the customary duties of Police. 

As early as the fifteenth of June, 1866, the work was begun of selecting two 
thousand one hundred persons, who would be recognized by all good citizens as 



224 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



proper men in all respects to discharge the responsible duties of inspectors of 
registry and election, canvassers and poll clerks ; the Board taking care to 
divide the selections equally between the two political parties. Not a few pro- 
minent citizens who <vere duly notified of their selection, resjjonded in terms like 
the following : 

" I have neither time nor inclination for anything l)Ut attention to my own 
business." 

Many gentlemen whom the Board would have taken pleasure in appointing, 
excused themselves, and thus the labor of making selections correspondingly 
increased. 

The amount obtained by requisition on the Comptroller for expenses of 
registry and elections was as follows : 

For the general election and registry prior thereto $52,169 00 

For the charter election and registry prior thereto 39,807 00 



Of this sum nearly seventy thousand dollars was required to pay the 
inspectors, canvassers, poll clerks and lessors of polling places, the com- 
pensation being fixed by ordinance. In the remaining expenditures a saving of 
nearly nine thousand dollars was effected, as shown by comparison with the 
report of the Department of Finance for 1865. 



Total 



$92,016 00 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



225 



CHAPTER XT. 



AN ERA OF ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 



lS66-ISrO. 



New Station Houses Erected and old ones Renovated. — Improvement in 
THE Discipline and Efficiency of the Force. — Establishment of a Cen- 
tral Police Office in New York. — Death of John G. Bergen. — Appoint- 
ment OF a Metropolitan Fire Marshal and Assistant. — House of Deten- 
tion for Witnesses. — Table of Arrests for a Series of Years. — Time 
Lost by Sickness. — Re-organization of the Board of Metropolitan 
Police. — Resignation of Commissioner Acton. — Average Length of 
Posts. — Amounts Paid for Sick Time. — Value of 1>ost or Stolen Prop- 
erty Recovered. — The Sanitary Company. — Lost Children. — Buildings 
FOUND Open and Secured. — Tables of Arrests. — Salaries. — I-ocation of 
Station Houses. — An Era of Organization and Devfi.opment. — "The 
Tweed Charter." — Death of Superintendent Jourdan. 

''r*HE discipline and efficiency of the force had of recent years been fully 



maintained, and there was an obvious improvement in the character of the 
men who presented themselves as applicants for appointment. 

An appropriation was made in the tax levy of the sum of ten thousand 
dollars, to rebuild in part and repair the station house and prison of the 
Sixth Precinct, which had become unsafe, dilapidated and unhealthy. The 
work was completed at a cost of about fifteen thousand dollars. There was in the 
hands of the Comptroller the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, applicable to 
the purchase of premises for a station house for the Tenth Precinct, but this 
sum had proved insufficient, an additional sum of twenty-five thousand dol- 
lars being required to accomplish the desired object. The apartment occu- 
pied by the force in this precinct was over the Essex Market, and was unsuit- 
able in every respect. The premises devoted to the force of the Eleventh 
Precinct were over the Union Market, and, like those of the Tenth, were unsuit- 
able. No funds were appropriated for the building of new quarters in this pre- 
cinct. Provision was made in the tax levy of 1866 and former years, to the 
amount of thirty-five thousand dollars, to procure a permanent station house for 
the Twenty-first Precinct. In the tax levy of 1865 there was an appropriation 
of forty thousand dollars to build a station house and prison for the Twenty-ninth 
Precinct. The place at first designed for this station house was in a triangular 
plot of unoccupied public ground, bounded by the lines of Sixth Avenue, Broad- 
way, and Forty-second Street. The site named met with great opposition from the 




226 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

owners of property on the adjoining streets. The lease of the j)remises occupfed 
by the Thirtieth Precinct having expired, the lease of the building at the corner 
of Bloomingdale Road and Lawrence Street was secured for a term of five years, 
at a rental of eight hundred dollars for the first year, and seven hundred dollars 
per year for the residue of the term. The house was fitted up and a prison built. 

During the year 1867 one thousand one hundred and twelve candidates for 
api)ointment on the force presented themselves for medical examination; of which 
number five hundred and three were accepted as being sound of body and limb, 
and possessing robust constitutions; and of which six hundred and nine were 
rejected. 

The whole number of days lost by members of the force through sickness 
and injuries amounted to twenty-five thousand and twenty-seven days, this being 
five thousand eight hundred and thirty days less than the ])revious year. 

The whole number of cases of sickness during the year amounted to two 
thousand nine hundred and seventy-one, which made the average time lost by each 
sick man about eight days and a halt. 

Twenty-four members of the force died during the year. It is not a little 
remarkable that this is the precise number of deaths each year for three years in 
succession. This number makes one death to one hundred and twenty-three 
cases of sickness. The death ratio for the year was less than ten in a thousand, 
less than one per cent. — the precise rate being '9797. When the nature of the 
duties, and the necessary exposure consequent thereupon are taken into con- 
sideration, this low death rate is remarkable, and vindicates the rigid method 
pursued in the physical examination of candidates for appointment. 

The Act of April 25, 1867 (Chapter 806) established a central office in the 
city of New York, to be known as " the Central Department of the Metropolitan 
Police," and in Brooklyn to be known as "the office of Inspector of Metropolitan 
Police." The Board of Police were likewise authorized to apply any surplus 
moneys which might remain from the funds contributed by the county of New 
York, to the Metropolitan Police Fund, towards procuring such Central Depart- 
ment of Metropolitan Police in the city of New' York, the same course being 
adopted as regards Brooklyn. 

The ([uota of Policemen for the County of New York was placed at one 
thousand eight hundred, and such additional number as the Board of Police, from 
time to time, should determine, noc, however, to exceed in the aggregate two 
thousand men, such increase to be made by unanimous vote of the Board. The 
Board might procure and use and employ such rowboats and steamboats as 
should be deemed necessary and proper. In rural districts they might employ 
horses and equipments. The Board had official supervision over theatres and 
other places of amusement, keepers of boarding houses, pawnbrokers, junk deal- 
ers, venders, hawkers and peddlers, keepers of intelligence offices, auctioneers, 
hackney coaches, cabs, public porters, etc. All license fees, all fines imposed as 
above, were paid into the sinking fund of the city of New York. The Board 
was authorized to spend not more than one hundred thousand dollars out of ex- 
cise moneys received during the year 1866, for rebuilding and repairing station 
houses. 



OUR Poi.icF. PRorrx-roRs. 



227 



The Board of Police was required to keep a book of record, wherein were 
registered the name, number and description of all boats and vessels for which 
licenses were issued. The license fee to attend ship[)ing and carr)-ing passengers 
was ten dollars, and for gathering junk ten dolhsrs. In lieu of any fee hitherto 
paid to the municipal authorities, for any business not specified in the Act, a 
license fee of three dollars was imposed. The fee for boats t;) hire, oyster and fish- 
ing boats, ])leasure boats or yachts, was one dollar cadi. The penalty for failing 
to comply with these regulations was, on conviction, one hundred dollars, or six 
months imprisonment, or both. 

John G. Bkrgen, one of the Commissioners of Metropolitan Police, died 
on the eighteenth of July, 1867. His death was a serious loss to his associates 
and to the jjublic service. The sentiments of liis associates, in relation to his 
excellent < haracter, and his worth as a 
public officer and citizen, are expressed 
in tlie proceedings of the Board, on tlie 
twentieth of Jul)', 1867, on whicii occa- 
sion, on tile report of Commissioner 
Boswortii, a preanil)lc and resolution 
were inianimously adopted, as follows ; 

Whereas, It has pleased Divine Provi- 
dence to remove from the scenes of 
this world, on the eighteenth of July, 
1867, the Hon. John G. Bergen, who 
held, at the time of his death, the office 
of Police Commissioner of the Metro- 
politan Police District of the State of 
New York, and as the surviving mem- 
bers of the Police Board, his intimate 
official associates, desire to express their 
views of his virtues as a man, a citizen 
and public officer, as well as their grief 
for his loss ; therefore they make the 
following brief record, and adopt the 
following resolutions : 

The deceased was born on the fourth of December, 18 14, and has passed 
his life and died near the place of his birth. His parents were emintntlv worthy 
and respectable, and tlieir virtues have been honored by the creditable and 
useful life of the deceased. 

The deceased was an honest man, of sound judgment and jjractical, dis- 
criminating intelligence. He took an earnest interest in an uj^right, economical 
and efficient management of public affairs. He kept these objects steadily in 
view in ])erforming the duties of the various offices which he has been selected 
to fill, whether acting as Sui)ervisor in his native county, or as one of its repre- 
sentatives in the legislature of this State, or as a member of the Board of Educa- 
tion of the city of Brooklyn, or as a member of the Police Board, or of the 
Board of Health, or of the Excise Board of this district, his efforts were alike 
directed to just results, and to efficiency and economy in producing them. 

For a little more than the last seven years of his life, he was a Police 
Commissioner ; and during all that period was treasurer of the Police Board, 
except two years, when that office was worthily filled by the Hon. Wm. 
McMurray. Whatever his confidence in the able assistants who kept the 




Metropolitan Police Shield. 



228 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Treasurer's books, he always had a vigilant oversight of the details of that office, 
and saw that everything was accurate. 

The deceased was one of the three Commissioners by whom the building 
known as the "Central Department of Metropolitan Police" was designed, 
erected and completed. Its adaptation to the wants of the department, its 
materials and workmanship, and its moderate cost to the public, render it a 
continuing proof of the value of the public services of the deceased, and of 
those then officially associated with him. 

As a Police Commissioner the deceased endeavored to continually elevate 
and increase the efficiency of the Police force. In appointing members of the 
force to office, it was his aim to reward merit, and to make this fact so apparent 
that it should operate at all times as an incentive to duty, upon all the members 
of the force. 

In determining the punishment to be inflicted on Policemen who had violated 
the rules of the department, or had failed in some duty, he did not forget that 
they were men, and whenever satisfied that the error was an unintentional 
failure, he was lenient. 

In his personal and official intercourse with the other members of the Board 
he was frank and free, but courteous in expressing his opinions. He gave to 
opposing views the consideration to which he thought them entitled. When, 
upon fuir reflection, and in light of all the information brought to bear upon any 
subject, he had formed clear convictions of what was right, he adhered to his 
convictions with unyielding tenacity. * * ^ 

His relations as a citizen and as a man were, in all respect; highlv creditable, 
and he <.njoyed and deserved the confidence of all classes an.' interests in the 
community. 

Resolved, That in the death of Hon. John G. Bcrgsr., this Board, the Police 
Department, and the public, have lo£t a valuable and efficient pubHc officer, and 
the experience and tried abilities of a capable and honest man. 

Resolved, That in the various public offices which he has held, as well as in 
those he filled at the time of his death, he has displayed uniformly a high sense 
of justice and regard for what was right, and a concientiousness and practical 
discretion in the performance of duty, well worthy of imitation, which endeared 
him to those who knew him most intimately, and which will command the respect 
and homage of all who shall hereafter become familiar with his useful though 
unostentatious career. 

Resolved, That the surviving members of this Board sympathize with the 
widow, children and relatives of the deceased in their great bereavement, and with 
them, appreciate the many virtues of the deceased which have contributed 
largely to the happiness of the family circle, and the memory of which will 
soften the anguish of mourning hearts. 

Resolved, That this record and these resolutions be entered at length on the 
minutes of the Board, and that an engrossed copy, signed by the surviving mem- 
bers, be transmitted by the President of the Board, to the widow and family of' 
the deceased. 

The vacancy caused by the death of John G. Bergen was filled by the 
legislature, February 12, 1868, by the election of Matthew T. Brennan. The 
Board then consisted of the following members : 

Thomas C. Acton, Josei)h S. Bosworth, Benjamin F. Manierre, and Matthew 
T. Brennan. 

The Act of May 4, 1868, empowered the Board of Police to appoint a 
Metropolitan Fire Marshal and Assistant, to inquire into the causes of fire, to 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 229 

take testimony in such cases, and to report the same to the Board of Police. 
The Marshal or his Deputy could arrest persons in cases of suspected arson, 
and compel witnesses to a])pear. It was a part of the duty of the Marshal to 
enter and examine buildings. 

Table showing the number of persons detained in the House of Detention 
for Witnesses, for a series of years : 

Years. No. Persons. No. Day>. 

1863 269 4,035 

1864 282 4.230 

1865 229 3.435 

1866 410 6,150 

1867 262 4, '39 

1868 264 3,852 

Total, 1,716 25,841 

Equal to seventy years, nine months, and twenty-one days. 

Table of Arrests for a series of years in New York and Brooklyn : 

Year. Total ' Average 

both. Patrolmen, per ofticer. 

New York i860 65809 14 14 

Brooklyn i860 ^5334 81 143 198 50 

New York 1861 7' 130 1806 

Brookl yn 1861 16552 87682 199 44 

New York 1862 82072 1783 

Brooklyn 1862 '9397 101469 213 51 

New York 1863 61888 i7i"i 

Brooklyn 1863 15324 77212 207 40 

New York 1864 5475' 1805 

Brooklyn 1864 14820 69571 227 34 

New York 1865 68873 1806 

Brooklyn 1865 19482 88355 3^3 42 

New York 1866 75630 1789 

Brooklyn 1866 21957 97587 309 40 

New York 1867 80532 1848 

Brooklyn 1867 21078 336 

New York 1868 78451 1921 

Brooklyn 1868 18700 368 

The total number of arrests for nine years, from i860 to 1868, both inclu- 
sive, is eight hundred and five thousand one hundred and forty-nine, being an 
average per year of eighty-nine thousand four hundred and sixty-one. 

This year, 1868, the station house and prison accommodations for the use of 
the force were considerably improved. In the Tenth Precinct, the new station 
house and prison, Nos. 87 and 89 Eldridge Street, were completed and occupied. 

In the Eighth, Twenty-first and Thirty-second Precincts, the buildings were 
completed and occupied. The station house in the Fifth Precinct, Nos. 19 and 
2 1 Leonard Street, was in course of construction. A contract had been made to 
enlarge and repair the station house and prison of the Third Precinct. The 
Seventh Precinct had been renovated and made comfortable and commodious. 
The Twentieth Pr jcinct Station House had contracted for the erection of a prison 
and lodgers' rooms in a separate building in the rear of the station house. A 



23° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



plot of ground 50x100 feet had been purchased on the south side of One Hun- 
dredth Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, for a station house and prison 
for the Thirty-first Precinct. The Nineteenth Precinct had undergone extensive 
and thorough repairs and improvements. The First Precinct Station House 
consisted of two warehouses situated on New Street. The premises were leased in 
1865, on a ten years' lease, at a rental of three thousand dollars per annum. 

The total time lost by sickness in the whole force for the year 1868, was 
twenty-six thousand six lumdred and sixty-one days, of which fifteen thousand 




Inspector Speight. 



four hundred and ninety-eight were paid, and eleven thousand one hundred and 
sixty-three unpaid, being one thousand six hundred and thirty-four days more 
than for the preceding year. The amount paid for lost sick time was fifty- 
one thousand and seventy-six dollars and thirty-five cents. The time lost by 
sickness during the year was equivalent to the loss of one year's time for seventy- 
three men. The number of deaths was thirty-three, in a force numbering two 
thousand six hundred and sixty-eight, which is inclusive of Brooklyn, Richmond 
County and Westchester County. 

The aggregate force of the Metropolitan Police, lor the year ending Novem- 
ber I, 1868, was two thousand one hundred and fifty-nine, inclusive of thirty-four 



OlIR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



231 



Captains, one hundred and thirty-two Sergeants, and seventy-three Doornicn. 
Thtttie were apportioned among thirty-two precincts, Court, Sanitary and Detec- 
tive Squads, Special Detailed, and House of Detention. 

Uy Act of the legislature, April 27, 1869, the term of eacli Cjjmmissioner of 
J the Metropolitan Police was made to consist of eight years. 

By Act of May 12, 1869, the Police Commissioners of the Metrtjpolilan Dis- 
trict were entitled to receive a salary of three thousand dollars in addition to 
their regular salary. 

The Board of Metropolitan Police was re-organized in 1S69. .Mr. Tliomas 
C. Acton, after nine years of honorable service, resigned, and on the same day, 
April 29th, Mr. Henry Smith was duly elected in his place. At a meet- 
ing of the Commissioners, held on tiie ninetecntli day of May, 1869, Joseph S. 
Bosworth was selected to act as President of the Board. Commissioner Brennan 
tendered his resignation as Treasurer, whii:ii was accepted, to take effect on the 
fiftli day of June following; whereupon Henry Smith was selected to be Treas- 
urer of Police, on and after the date of Mr. Brennan's resignation. 

During this year (1869) the Third Precinct Station House was put in thorough 
repair and enlarged; the Fiftii Precinct was completed; a prison and lodging 
rooms had been added to the premises of tiie Twentieth Precinct Station House ; 
new first-class buildings were erected for station houses and prisons for the 
Twenty-ninth Precinct (Nos. 137 and 139 West Thirtieth Street) and for the 
Thirty-first Precinct (West One Hundredth Street, between Ninth and Tenth 
Avenues). The new station houses of the Fifth, Twenty-ninth, and Thirty-first 
Precincts, in dimensions and arrangenrent.s, were a decided improvement upon 
those hitherto built. They were designed to meet the future as well as the pres- 
ent wants of the precincts, and were planned with a view to afford to the Police 
force comfortable quarters, special regard having been paid to sanitary conditions. 
In the Eleventh, Fourteenth, Twenty-third, and Twenty-eighth Precincts, the sta- 
tion house accommodations remained in the same condition as previously, not- 
withstanding tiie fact that better accommodations were much needed in those 
precincts. Objection was made to the rooms occupied as a station house by the 
force of the Eleventh Precinct, that they were situated over a public market. 
The station hoiisc'of the Fmirteenth was old and dilapidated and-<iuite too-small; 
the Twenty-third and Twenty-eighth were on leased premises. The lease of the 
former expired on the first of May, 1870, and the latter on the first of May, 1871. 
None of these station houses furnished sufficient or appropriate accommodations. 
They were poorly ventilated, imperfectly drained, badly arranged, and insuffi- 
cient for the business of the precincts. In the following precincts, the property 
occupied as station houses and prisons l)elonged to the city: The Second, Third, 
Fourth, Fifth, Si.xth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thir- 
teenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, 
Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty- 
ninth, Thirty-first and Thirty-second. In the following jjrecincts, the station 
houses were leased: First, Twenty-third, Twenty-lifth, Twenty-eighth, and 
Thirtieth. 

The Patrolmen numbered (in New York) two thousand, or one Patrolman 



232 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



to five hundred inhabitants; while in Brooklyn the number of Patrolmen was 
three hundred and sixty-eight, or about one Patrolman to one thousand 
inhabitants. 

The length (5f open streets and piers in New York demanding patrol service 
was over four hundred and fifty miles, and in Brooklyn at least three hundred 
and fifty miles. In New York, the average length of night posts was sixty-three one- 
hundredths of a mile, and day tours over a mile and a quarter; while in Brooklyn 
the average length of night posts was two and fifty-four one-hundredth miles, and 
day posts five and eight one-hundredth miles. In each city there were posts of even 
greater length. Owing to necessary concentration of the force in the more 



densely populated districts of both cities, where a turbulent population abounded, 
a portion of the night posts were of such extent that the Policeman's call could 
not be heard from the centre to the extremes of the posts; while in Brooklyn 
the Patrolmen were so far apart that they were not within supporting distance of 
each other. 

It appears, by the report of the Board of Surgeons, that the amount of time 
lost by sickness and injuries in the whole force for the year was twenty-two 
thousand seven hundred and sixty-four days. Payment of salary was allowed 
for thirteen thousand one hundred and sixteen and three-quarter days; payment 
of salary was disallowed for nine thousand six hundred and forty-seven and one- 
quarter days, e<iual to twenty-two thousand seven hundred and sixty-four days. 
Though the number of the Police force was greater than in the preceding year, 




President of the Board of Surgeons, Metropolitan Police. 



OUR rOLICF. PROTECTORS. 



233 



the amount of time lost by sickness was considerably less. In 1868, the sick 
time was ^'77 i)er cent, of the wliole time. In 1869, it was 2 "3 per cent, of the 
whoTetime. In 1868 the total amount paid for sick time was fifty-one thousand 
and seventy-six dollars and thirty-fn e cents. In 1869, the total amount was 
forty-three thousand one hundred and twenty-four dollars and forty-six cents. 
Difference in favor of 1869 seven thousand nine hundred and fifty-one dollars 
and eighty-nine cents. Nevertheless, this was a serious item in the public expen- 
diture, and rej)resented a sum more than equal to the combined salary of thirty- 
five Patrolmen. The reduction in the proportion of sick time was attributed by 
the Board in some degree, by the members who were broken down in health 
being induced to resign and accept pensions. The improved sanitary condition 
of the station houses, also, it is believed, contributed to imjjrove the health of the 
force. 

Besides the regular force. Patrolmen were assigned to do duty in special de- 
partments or bureaus. 

During the year ending October 31, 1869, the value of lost or stolen property 
delivered to owners at the several ])recincts, and by the Detective and Court 
Squads, was estimated and valued by tlie owners tiiereof at one million seven 
hundred and forty-three thousand seven hundred and six dollars and eighty-four 
cents. The value of like property delivered to owners, for the same period, from 
the Property Clerk's office, was one million, two thousand one hundred and 
eighty-seven dollars and eighty-one cents. The total proceeds of unclaimed 
property, sold in pursuance of law, was three thousand two hundred and fiftv-nine 
dollars and ninety cents; unclaimed cash, one thousand two hundred and sixty- 
six dollars and fifty-five cents; total value, two millions seven hundred and fifty 
thousand four hundred and twenty-one dollars and ten cents ; returned to own- 
ers, two millions seven hundred and forty-five thousand eight hundred and 
ninety-four dollars and sixty-five cents ; total loss to owners, four thousand five 
hundred and twenty-six dollars and forty-five cents. 

The Sanitary Company had examined during the year three thousand five 
hundred and three stationary steam boilers, and tested by hydrostatic pressure 
three thousand and thirty-five. During the year eight hundred and thirty-five 
persons applied for certificates to authorize them to take charge of boilers or 
engines. Of that number, after examination, four hundred and forty-four were 
granted certificates, and three hundred and ninety-one denied, as not possessing 
the requisite degree of skill. 

In nine years, from 1861 to 1869 inclusive, the number of poor and 
unfortunate persons who had applied for, and been furnished lodgings at the 
station houses had been eight hundred and eighty thousand one hundred and 
sixty-one, making an average of ninty-seven thousand seven hundred and ninety- 
six per year. 

During the same space of time (1861 to 1869 inclusive), the aggregate 
number of lost children taken charge of by the Police, and restored to parents 
or otherwise disposed of, was seventy-three thousand and eighty-one, to which 
may be added seven hundred and seventy-nine foundlings. The annual average 
for the nine years was eight thousand one hundred and twenty. 



234 



OUR POLTCE PROTECTORS. 



The total number of arrests from i860 to 1869 inclusive was eight hundred 
and ninety-eight thousand four hundred and eighty-nine. The average number 
per year was eighty-nine thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. The largest 
number of arrests, one hundred and three thousand two hundred and sixty-nine, 
occurred in 1867. The smallest, sixty-nine thousand five hundred and seventy- 
one, in 1864. The difference between the highest and lowest number is thirty- 
tliree tliousand six hundred and ninety-eight. 

This is a noteworthy showing, for during 1864 — that being the year of the 
smallest number of arrests, the year in which the armies of the Nation, in the 
field, were largest ; and the largest number of arrests occurred in 1867, after 
the armies had been fully disbanded. Since the last-named year the number of 
arrests had decreased. 

The aggregate force of the Metropolitan Police District, on the first day of 
November, 1869, was : Captains, thirty-four ; Sergeants, one hundred and thirty- 
one; Patrolmen, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four; Doormen, seventy- 
three. Total, two thousand two hundred and thirty-two. This is inclusive of 
the following : Court Squad, forty; Sanitary Squad, sixty-three; Detective Squad, 
twenty; Special Detailed, twenty-two; House of Detention, four. The number of 
precincts was thirty-two, their designation being by number. The number of 
men authorized by law was : 

New York, two thousand ; Brooklyn, three hundred and sixty-eight ; Rich- 
mond County, twenty-six ; Yonkers, fourteen ; West Farms, eight. Total, two 
thousand four hundred and sixteen. 

When the organization of the force was established with a Superintend- 
ent and four Inspectors, the number of Patrolmen was limited to one thousand 
six hundred men. Since then, from time to time, the force was increased more 
than fifty per cent., by adding eight hundred and sixteen Patrolmen, and a 
proportionate number of Captains, Sergeants, and Doormen. 

The aggregate number of buildings found open and unoccupied, secured 
by the Police, for a series of nine years, from 1861 to 1869, both inclusive, was 
forty thousand six hundred and thirty-nine. 

Number of arrests for the year ending October 31, 1867: males, seventy-six 
thousand five hundred and forty-nine; females, t\vent\ -six thousand seven hundred 
and twenty. Total, one hundred and three thousand two hundred and sixty-nine. 

It has been asserted that tiie Metropolitan Police system was the best ever 
devised, and produced more satisfactory results than any of its predecessors. 
This, after all, is not very great praise, as, properly speaking. New York previously 
had had no Police force worthy of the name; all being lacking in that efficiency 
and esprit du corps which spring from descipline, organization and the soldierly 
instinct produced by the wearing of a uniform. The force, however, was being 
educated in the practical school of a Policeman, and the results were beginning to 
be felt and appreciated. In all the satisfactory characteristics named, the Metro- 
politan Police were undoubtedly superior to their predecessors. This, under the 
circumstances, was to be expected, as "progress" was the watchword, and Police 
reforms were being inaugurated with all the despatch commensurate with sound 
judgment, ripened by experience. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



-'35 



The number of olYences against the person tor tlie vear ending on (Jctober 
1867, was: 



Offences. 



Assault and 



Attachment 

Bastardy 

Bigamy 

Contempt of court 
Disorderly conduct 
Escajjed prisoners. 



Intoxication and disorderly conduct. 

Kidna[)ping 

Murder 

Suspicious persons 

Seduction 



1867, was: 



Violation of the Boat laws. 



Males. 


Females 


Tolal. 






549 


• 8,1^7 


'.917 


10,074 


639 


69 


700 




7 


460 


Xr> 


5 








I 70 




5 


19 




4 


1 


T ? r» 1 X 


8, '53 


23,161 


99 


2 


lOI 


467 


183 


650 


..17.969 


6,143 


24, 1 I 2 


• 7.013 


3.582 


10.595 


14 


4 


18 


65 


8 


73 


• ',873 


407 


2,280 


23 




23 


• 2,303 


2,516 


4,819 


r r 0(^9, 

■ .5.S.200 


23,168 


78,436 


• for the 


year ending on (!)c 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


• • 39 


2 


41 


- r A 


I z 


568 




25 


^83 


T "? 


6 


138 




4 


1,191 




159 


379 




561 


2,559 


••4.552 


1,464 


6,016 






2 1 




160 


1,409 


T fin 


5 


194 


• • 304 


69 


373 




8 


20 


■ ■ 77 


5 


82 


. . 248 


34 


282 


. . 171 


6 


177 


A T C C 


414 


4.569 


•• 503 


29 


532 


■1,538 


417 


J.955 


••3,235 


166 


3.401 


•• 138 




•38 


.. 69 




63 


.. 156 


6 


42 


21,281 


3,552 


24.833 



236 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Convictions, acquittals and discharges by the Court of Special Sessions, in 
and for the City and County of New York, from the year 1840 to 1867 inclusive: 

Convictions, etc. ^^^S^S^SSsi^ll 

Conv. petit larc'y 526 666 744 907 896 991 977 ..1064 1180 1419 1453 1475 1415 

Acq., " 97 78 laS 142 148 193 220 173 258 261 219 187 214 179 

Conv.ass't&bat'y 226 296 287 395 551 615 508 334 430 558 837 662 978 1230 

Acq., " 32 30 33 54 86 90 87 48 52 59 76 43 51 67 

Discharges 488 396 375 537 838 1158 1109 697 672 988 1382 1194 1167 1120 

Totals 1369 1466 1577 2032 1519 3047 2922 2352 2502 2966 3933 3539 3884 3944 

No. of trials in 

Spec. Sessions. 839 1001 1119 1311 1495 1741 1651 1309 1635 1837 2218 2079 2405 2570 
Sent, to Co. pris. 508 682 737 987 1058 1128 1075 981 1063 1120 1402 1179 1254 2242 
Sent, to H. of R.. 28 67 63 56 55 65 56 51 52 71 112 94 97 119 

in o t~ 00 05 o i-H c} ec ^ J- 

l./Qnviciions, eio. ooooaoooooooooooaoooxaoxxi 

Conv. petitlarc'yl411 2047 1788 2041 1919 1953 2082 1747 1397 1512 1411 1695 2184 1824 

Acq., " 108 190 208 273 317 289 365 382 256 279 263 323 345 252 

Discharges 536 481 376 361 354 586 454 584 553 501 

Con.,ass't& bat'y 1152 929 986 1589 1697 1699 1919 1606 1475 1191 1067 1239 1110 957 

Acq., " 66 84 84 284 344 349 392 285 259 168 166 186 202 185 

Discluirges 1184 1064 1459 1627 1784 1849 1623 1541 1330 1107 885 1051 893 811 

Other misdem'rs. . . 28 25 101 139 158 198 139 186 113 71 96 274 614 

Acquittals.. 6 4 40 60 54 60 53 70 44 31 39 67 117 

Discharges 101 125 89 75 98 60 44 27 31 78 

Totals 3921 4354 4449 5825 6748 6957 7005 6189 5425 5057 4392 5508 5339 5539 

No. of trials in 

Spec. Sessions.1528 1492 2803 3752 1476 4502 4917 4112 3639 3304 3009 3846 4182 3949 
Sent to Co. pris.1159 1528 1426 1824 2061 1012 2054 2231 1720 1728 1220 1697 1678 1599 
Sent toH. of R. . 77 69 41 195 134 129 138 136 111 168 170 260 270 224 
Tried 569 723 824 1045 1041 836 738 973 997 1046 

Salaries of Department Officers and Clerks : 

I President of the Board of Police $5,500 

1 Treasurer of the Board of Police 5,500 

2 Commissioners of Police, each 5,000 

1 Chief Clerk 5, 000 

I First Deputy Clerk 2,500 

10 Deputy Clerks, each 1,500 

1 Treasurer's Bookkeeper 2,500 

4 President's Sec'y, Clerks of Supt. and Inspectors, each. . 1,500 

I Pro])erty Clerk 2,000 

I Stenographer 1,600 

I Inspector of Boats . 2,000 

I Fire Marshal , 5,000 

I Assistant Fire Marshal 2,500 

Salaries of Officers find Members of tlie Force: 

I Superintendent $7,500 

4 Inspectors, each 3,500 

18 Surgeons, each 2,250 

45 Cajjtains, each 2,000 

181 Sergeants, each 1,600 

2,321 Patrolmen, each 1,200 

96 Doormen, each 900 

I Superintendent Police Telegraph 1,800 

6 Telegra])h Ojjerators, each 1,500 

I Telegraph Lineman 1,200 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



237 



Total Police Force, two thousand six hundred and seventy-four; Total 
Special Police, one hundred and fifty-eight, drand total of all branches, two 
thousand cigiu hundred and sixty. 

Location of Station Houses and names of Captains: 

First Precinct, 54 New Street. Captain, Ira S. Garland. 

Second Precinct, 49 Beekman Street. Captain, Morris De Camjj. 

Third Precinct, 160 Chambers Street. Captain, Charles Ulman. 

Fourth Precinct, 9 Oak Street. Captain, Anthony J. Allaire. 

Fifth Precinct, 49 Leonard Street. Captain, Jeremiah Petty. 

Sixth Precinct, 9 Franklin Street. Captain, John Jourdan. 

Seventh Precinct, 247 Madison Street. Captain, Jacob V>. Warlow. 

Eighth Precinct, 128 Pince Street. Captain, Nathaniel R. Mills. 

Ninth Precinct, 94 Charles Street. Captain, Cieorge Washburne. 

Tenth Precinct, Eldridge Street near Broome. Captain, John J. Ward. 

Eleventh Precinct, Union Market. Captain, John F. Dickson. 

Twelfth Precinct, One Hundred and Twenty-sixtlr Street, near Third 
Avenue. Captain, James Z. Bogart. 

Thirteenth Precinct, Attorney Street, near Delancey. Captain, Theron R. 
Bennett. 

Fourteenth Precinct, 53 Spring Street. Captain, Edward Walsh. 
Fifteenth Precinct, 221 Mercer Street. Captain, Henry Hedden. 
Sixteenth Precinct, 230 W. Twentieth Street. Captain, John J. Williamson. 
Seventeenth Precinct, 75 First Avenue. Captain, John J. Mount. 
Eighteenth Precinct, 163 E. Twenty-second Street. Captain, John Cameron. 
Nineteenth Precinct, 118 E. Fifty-ninth Street. Captain, Henry Hutchings. 
Twentieth Precinct, 352 W. Thirty-fifth Street. Captain, Charles W. Cattrey. 
Twenty-first Precinct, 120 E. Thirty-fifth Street. Captain, Thomas Thome. 
Twentv-second Precinct, 545 W. Fortv-seventh Street. Captain, Johannes 
C. Siott. 

Twenty-third Precinct, Eighty-sixth Street, corner Fourth Avenue. Captain, 
Jedediah W. Hartt. 

Twenty-fourth Precinct, Police Steamboat. Captain, James Todd. 

Twenty-fifth Precinct, 300 Mulberry Street. Captain, Theron S. Copeland. 

Twenty-sixth Precinct, City Hall, basement. Captain, James Greer. 

Twenty-seventh Precinct, 99 Liberty Street. Captain, Francis C. Speight. 

Twenty-eighth Precinct, 550 Greenwich Street. Captain, Thomas Steers. 

Twenty-ninth Precinct, 34 E. Twenty-ninth Street. Acting Captain, Henry 
Burden. 

Thirtieth Precinct, Manhattanville. Captain, Thaddeus Davis. 
Thirty-first Precinct, Broadway, near W. Eighty-sixth Street. Captain, 
John Helme. 

Thirty-second Precinct, One Hundred and Fifty-second Street, corner Tenth 
Avenue. Captain, Alanson S. Wilson. 

Sanitary Stjuad, Captain, Bowen G. Lord. 

Captains, thirty-four; Sergeants, one hundred and thirty-two; Patrolmen, 
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-one; Doormen, seventy-three. Total, 
2,159- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Police and Civil Justices' Districts: 

First District — First, Second, Third and Fifth Wards. 
Second District — Fourth, Sixth and Fourteenth Wards. 
Third District— Eighth and Ninth W^'lrds. 
Fourth District — Tenth, Fifteenth and Seventeenth Wards. 
Fifth District — Seventh, Eleventh and Thirteenth Wards. 
Sixth District — Eighteenth and Twenty-first Wards. 
Seventh District — Nineteenth and Twenty-second Wards. 
Eighth District — Sixteenth and Twentieth Wards. 
Ninth District— Twelfth Ward. 

The Police force for the year ending 1869 consisted of the following: 
Captains, thirty-four; Sergeants, one hundred and thirty-one; Patrolmen, one thou- 




Juvenile Asylum. 



sand nine hundred and ninety-five ; Doormen, seventy. 'I'otal, two thousand two 
hundred and thirty. 

Amount of money lost, one million five hundred and twenty-one thousand nine 
hundred and forty dollars and eighty cents. Amount recovered, one million one 
hundred and thirty-seven thousand and twenty-eight dollars and sixtj'-five cents. 
Total loss, three hundred and eighty-four thousand nine hundred and twelve 
dollars and three cents. Amount of money taken from lodgers, and restored to 
them, five hundred and forty-fi\'e thousand and fifty-six dollars and eighty-seven 
cents. 

Lost children : males, three thousand seven hundred and twenty-five ; 
females, two thousand one hundred and ninety-eight. Total, five thousand nine 



hundred and twenty-three. 

Lodgers accommodated i35»59' 

Buildings found open and secured 4!534 

Accidents reported and persons assisted 4>855 

Fires reported ^)037 

Animals found astray, and restored to their owners 767 



(9rVv' POLICE PROTECTORS. 



-'39 



The Police Department had now entered upon another era of re-organization 
and development. On April 5, 1870, there was passed an Act to re-organize the 
local government of the city of New York. This charter is commonly known as 
the "Tweed Charter." By it, the Police Board was made to consist of four 
Commissioners, who were appointed for the respective terms of eight, seven, 
six, and five years. The Police Department consisted of a Superintendent, 
three Inspectors, Captains, Sergeants, Patrolmen, Doormen, and as many Sur- 
geons, clerks and employees as the Board of Police, from time to time, might 
determine. Members were removable only upon written charges, (except 
tiie Superintciulent). No person to be ajjjjointed who was not a citizen, who 
could not read and write understandingly tiie English language, and who did not 
reside in the State. In case of riot, etc.. Special Patrolmen might be appointed 
to ser\'e without i)ay. No member could resign without having received the 
consent of the Board, under penalty of forfeiting his salary. Unexplained ab- 
sence for five days was deemed and held to lie equivalent to a resignation. 
The Common Council was directed to jjrovide office and business ac commodations, 
station houses, etc., for the use of the Police force. The Board of Police was 
authorized to issue subpoenas for witnesses upon any proceedings sanctioned 
by its rules and regulations. All pensons holding office under the department 
were exempt from jury duty and arrest. The Common Council was ordered to 
provide accommodations for the detention of witnesses ; no witness to be 
detained longer than ten days. The Board of Police, on conviction for neglect 
of duty, violation of rules, disobedience of orders, incapacity, or absence without 
leave, might punish by reprimand, fine, withholding pay, or dismiss from the force. 
All such fines were paid to the Chamberlain for account of the Police Life In- 
surance Fund. The department was instructed to detail two Policemen to each 
polling place. The Board of Police annually, on or before the first of December, 
were called upon to make the estimates necessary for the conduct of the Board 
of Police for the next ensuing year. The Mayor, Comptroller, and President of 
the Board of Police, on or before December 15, met, and considered and 
revised said estimates, their action being binding. The Board of Sujien isors 
caused the amount of such estimates to be raised by tax. 

Mayor Mall, under the foregoing chapter, appointed the following as Police 
Commissioners : Henry Smith,. Joseph S. Bosworth, Matthew T. Brennan, 
Benjamin F. Manierre. 

The Police Department, in the name of its President and Treasurer, by Act 
ot the legislature (April 26, 1870) was authorized to bring an action at law 
against the authorities of Richmond County to compel the payment of its share 
of the Police expenses. 

The Board was empowered to increase the Patrolmen, such increase not to 
exceed one hundred in addition to the number hitherto allowed by law. The 
't reasurer was to give bonds in two sureties of twenty thousand dollars each. He 
was to receive fifteen hundred dollars in addition to t'ae amount provided by law. 
The Board appointed a P'ire Marshal and clerks. A summary of the remainder 
of the Act may be noted as follows: Special Patrolmen might be ajipointed in 
case of riot, etc., and military assistance might be demanded. Policemen were 



240 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



required to convey arrested offenders to the nearest Magistrate; the Board to 
prevent the undue detention of witnesses; all witnesses, in default of bail, to he 
committed to the House of Detention. 

John Jourdaft, who was appointed Sujjerintendent on April n, 1870, died 
October 17 of the same year. James J. Kelso was thereu{)on appointed 
Superintendent. 

Upon the death of Sperintendent Jourdan, the Board of Police adopted 
unanimously (among others) the following resolutions: 

"Resoived, That by the death of John Jourdan, Superintendent of Police in 
the Police Department of the city of New York, the department and the public 
have sustained a great and irreparable loss. He entered upon Police service as a 
Patrolman in 1855, and, excepting a brief period, has been continuously a mem- 
ber of the successive Police organizations until his death. He was appointed a 
Sergeant on the twenty-fourth of April, i860, and a Captain on the thirty-first of 
January, 1863, and Superintendent on the eleventh of April, 1870. 

" He was always active and vigilant in the performance of duty. He felt a 
warm interest in the efificiency and good character of the entire Police force, and 
laudably exerted himself to make the men and officers in his precinct a well- 
instructed and well-disciplined body. He felt an honest pride in a proper dis- 
charge of Police duties by his officers and men, as well as in the performance of 
his own. He was a model Police Captain. He knew every suspicious character 
in his precinct, his associates, and places of resort. His capacity as a detective 
officer was not surpassed, and probably not equaled, by that of any other mem- 
ber of the force. Never compromising with criminals, persistent and untiring in 
his efforts to secure their arrest and punishment, yet he was popular, and enjoyed 
unlimited general confidence. He always observed good faith, and his whole 
official life has been characterized by a uniform purpose to be right and fearless 
in the performance of duty. He was as sensitive as sensible, and ever frowned 
upon the suggestion that anything should be done or suffered to be done which, 
in his judgment, would prejudice the public weal or the proper discipline of the 
force. 

" As Superintendent, he undertook more than any man of his nervous tem- 
perament can endure. Ujider the pressure of his arduous and varied duties, and 
exhausting anxieties which he could not prevent or dispel, his health soon gave 
way, and the result is his premature death, and the loss to the department and 
the public of his marked abilities and large and valuable experience. 

"Reso/TCif, That in his death each member of the Board and of the Police 
force has lost an honest and generous friend, the department an invaluable 
officer, and the community at large an efficient and experienced Police 
protector." 

At the time the Act of April 5, 1870, "To re-organize the Local Govern- 
ment of the City of New York," went into effect, every person connected with 
the Metropolitan Police Department (with some few exceptions) was transferred 
by that Act to the Police Department created by it, and continued in the office 
which he held at the time of such transfer. On the eleventh of April the Board 
was organized by the election of Joseph S. Bosworth as President, Matthew T. 
Brennan as Treasurer, and the appointment of Seth C. Hawley as Chief Clerk. 
Mr. Brennan resigned his office on the seventh day of October, 1870, and Henry 
Smith was thereupon elected Treasurer. Thomas J. Barr was appointed to fill the 
vacancy. 

The Police force, in April, 1870, consisted of one Superintendent, three 



01' R rOI.ICF. rROTF.CTORS. 



241 



Inspectors, thirty-five Captains, one luindrtd and thirty-six Sergeants, eighty-three 
Roundsmen, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two I'atrolmen, and seventy- 
five^Doormen. Total, 2,325. 

Of the Patrolmen, one thousand seven hundred and thirty-nine were assigned 
to patrol dutv, and two hundred and fifty-three to special duty. Of these, two 
hundred and fifty-three, twenty-nine were specially detailed on the application of 
corporations and individuals, who paid for their services, as provided ])y law, 
the statutory compensation. 

On the eleventh of Ai)ril, 1870, John A. Kennedy, who had been Superin- 
tendent of the Metropolitan I'olice from the twenty-third day of May, i860, 
until he was transferred to the Police Department by the Act of April 5, 1870, 




Ludlow Street Jail. 



resigned his office. The vacancy created thereby ^vas filled by appointing as 
Superintendent John Jourdan, then Captain of the Sixth Precinct. Superinten- 
dent Jourdan died on the tenth of October, 1870. On the seventeenth day of 
October, James J. Kelso, Captain of the Detective force, was apjjointed 
Superintendent of Police. 

The new Superintendent, among numerous expressions of good wishes, was 
presented with the following set of resolutions : 

We, the Detective force of the Police Department of the city of New York, 
while heartily joining in the general ajjpreciation of the well-merited appoint- 
ment of our former official Chief, James J. Kelso, to the more elevated and 
responsible office of Superintendent of Police, while approving the judiciousness 
of the selection, cannot refrain from cxj)ressing our sense of individual loss in 
the severence of ties of long association in the most delicate and arduous 



242 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



branch of the public service. The duties of this service are most exacting, 
requiring the exercise of vigilance that knows no rest, patience to overconre ob- 
stacles, intuitive perception of character, ready and fearless action in embarrassing 
situations; these qualities, combined with great natural shrewdness, mtensified by 
experience, being possessed by our late Chief in a remarkabJt; degree, that 
insured success. Zealous and' faithful to his trust, he enforced strict discipline, 
always acting in a kindlv and gentle manner, impressed by the force of his own 
example, his high sense of honor commanded respect, and greatly added to the 
efficiency of the department. Although by his transfer to a higher position our 
late association no longer exists, it is still a source of gratification to feel that 
we still remain under his intelligent supervision, and that we shall be to some 
extent guided bv his counsel. Assured that his new duties will be performed in 
a manner which will inspire confidence to the whole community, we wish him 
the enjoyment of every prosperitv that should attend the faithful discharge of 
jj^j C. H. McDouGAL, Chairman. 





House of Refuge, Randall's Island. 
James J. Kelso joined the force in June, 1858, and was detailed for duty as 
Patrolman at the then Headquarters, at the corner of Broome and Crosby 
Streets. 

The New York County Jail (better known as Ludlow Street Jail) is situated 
at the corner of Ludlow Street and Essex Market Place, and was first occupied 
in June, 1862, taking the place of the noted Eldridge Street Jail. It is builf of 
Philadelphia brick, ornamented with New Jersey freestone trimmings. The 
building is built in the form of an L, ninety feet on each street, forty feet deep, 
and about sixtv-five feet high, leaving an angle of about fifty feet square, sur- 
rounded bv a high wall, for a yard in which the prisoners are permitted to take 
their daily exercise. The jail contains eighty-seven cells. For light and venti- 
lation it is probablv not surpassed by any prison in the United States. The class 
of prisoners confined herein consists principally of all arrests and commitments 



OUR ror.rcr. protectors. 



243 



upon civil process, with tlie few arrests made by the United States Marshal for 
this district. 

Ludlow Street Jail lias become notorious b\' the escape of William M. 
1 "weed from the custody of the Sheriff, while out driving in com|jany with the 
Warden of the jail and one of the Keepers. 

The Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delincpients (House of Refuge, 
Randall's Island , chartered in 1824, to care for and reform juvenile offen- 
ders, etc., was the first in the country organized for such a purpose. The first 
House of Refuge, under the ])rovisions of the Act of Incorporation, was opened 
January i, 1825, in the building previously occupied as a United Slates Arsenal, 
located on what is now known as Madison Square. At the opening, the inmates 
were four boys and six girls, committed by the Police Magistrates of the city; the 
provisions of the law being confined to the city and coimty of New York. Sub- 
sequent amendments extended to all parts of the State, until 1849, when the 
Western House of Refuge was established at Rochester. In 1839 the institution 
was removed to the foot of Twenty-third Street, East River, and occupied the 
buildings formerly used as the fever hnsjjital, it having outgrown the accommoda- 
tions on Madison Square. In 1S54, the constantly increasing number of inmates 
compelled the managers to move it to Randall's Island. 

The buildings are of brick, and are erected in the Italian style. The two 
principal structures front the river, and form a facade nearly a thousand feet in 
length. The larger of the two buildings is for the accommodation of the boys' 
department, the other for the girls'. Other buildings are located in the rear of 
these, and are inclosed by a stone wail twenty feet high. 



244 



OUR POT.ICE PROJECTORS. 



CHAPTER XII. 



ISri to 1876. 



CLUBS MORE TRUSTWORTHY THAN LEADEN BALLS. 



Orange Riots. — Police and Military called out. — The Streets of New 
York again the Scene of Riot and Bloodshed. — The Militia, unauthor- 
ized, Fire upon the Mob. — Eleven Killed and Thirty Wounded. — 
Cleaning of the Streets charged to the Board of Police. — Comple- 
tion OF THE Building of the House of Detention. — Tables of Arrests. 
— -Time Lost to the Deparment by Reason of Sickness. — Property 
Clerk's Returns. — Presentation of the Flag of Honor. — An Act to 
Re-organize the Local Government of New York. — The Board of 
Police to Consist of Five Members. — A Revised Manual Issued to 
THE Force. — Duties of the several Heads of the Department and 
of the Force Generally. — Regulation Uniforms. — Qualifications for 
Appointment as a Patrolman. — Measures of Economy Introduced. — 
Board of Surgeons. — Police Salaries. — The Board Made to Consist of 
Four Members. — Changes in the Board. 



NE would suppose that the terrible events narrated in the chapters devoted 



^-""^ to a sketch of the draft riots would have so impressed themselves on the 
hearts and memory of the present generation that anything like their recurrence 
would be an impossibility. Vet eight years later the streets of New York were 
again alive with riotous mobs, and the Police and military were again called out to 
disperse them. This was on the twelfth of July, 187 1. On that day the 
Orange societies of this and neighboring cities and towns had assembled to hold 
a i)arade. As might have been expected, scenes of great disorder followed, and, 
owing to the hasty action of the military, several innocent persons lost their 
lives by being shot down. 

This time the angry passions of the mob were aroused, not by any sense of 
injuries inflicted, or about to be inflicted, by the general or local government ; 
the trouble was not occasioned by any dread of hunger, persecution, or party 
politics. It was a revival of a quarrel of two hundred years standing, which^ 
year by year, had increased in bitterness, the contending forces being arrayed 
beneath the Orange and the Green. 

King James II was the reigning and lawful king of Great Britain and Ire- 
land when driven from his throne by William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, the 
decisive battle having been fought on the banks of the river Boyne, in Ireland. 
William of Orange ascended the throne, and King James went into exile. The 




OUR POr.ICF. PROTECTORS. 



245 



latter was a Catholic monarch and the toriner professed the Protestant faith. 
To commemorate this victory, Ulster Protestants in 1795 farmed a rcligio- 
politico society. Both their religion and their politics were of a very pronounced 
tvpe. They were, although numerically a handful, compared with the Catholic 
j)opulation, strong in the protection of the government, and their fanaticism and 
bigotry, from generation to generation, have kept ablaze in the north of Ireland, 
the fires of religious intolerance and political persecution. Neither has time 
diminished nor age decayed the intensity of these national prejudices, nor eradi- 
cated the memory of those party strifes. The Orange and the Green still main- 
tain the irrepressible conflict,- each side being tenacious of its principles and 
jealous of its "rights." 

When, then, the Orange anniversary came round, the Orange societies 
turned out in great force, protected by the military and Police. Acting upon in- 
structions recived from Mayor Hall, Superintendent Kelso, on the day before, 
had issued an order forbidding the parade. This, as the result proved, was but 
plaving unintentionally into the hands of the Orangemen, as it aroused public 
opinion in their favor, and Governor Hoffman hastened from Albany and issued 
a proclamation countermanding Mayor Hall's order, and giving permission to the 
Orangemen to parade, promising at the same time that a Police and military 
escort would be furnished them. Large crowds of people congref^ated at several 
points throughout the city, who, with few exceptions, were drawn thither out of 
idle, but reprehensible curiosity, to see the parade and know what was to come 
out of it. True, it was not a sympathizing, much less a friendly mob, there 
being few among them who would not cheerfully lend their personal assistance 
in wiping the thoroughfares with the bodies of the paraders. 

The line of march resolved upon was down Eighth Avenue to Twenty- 
third Street, and up that thoroughfare to Fifth Avenue, to Fourteenth Street, to 
Union Square, and down Fourth Avenue to Cooper Institute, where the proces- 
sion was to break up. Eighth Avenue, in the vicinity of ],amartine Hall, where 
the Orange societies were forming in line, was jammed with an excited throng. 
The Police advanced and swept the street, from Thirtieth to Twenty-eighth 
Street, the Police forming several deep, and only leaving room enough for the 
cars to pass. 

Police Headquarters, in the meantime, had assumed the air and bustle that 
pervaded the place during the week of the draft riots. Commissioners Manierre, 
Smith, and Barr were in their offices; General Shaler and staff were located in 
the Fire Marshal's office, while squads of soldiers and Policemen kept arriving 
and departing. The place presented a decidedly warlike appearance. Informa- 
tion was being constantly received that bands of rioters were parading certain 
sections of the city, making ready to join battle with the Orangemen. Inspector 
Jameson, with two hundred and fifty Policemen, was dispatched in stages to 
Forty-seventh Street and Eighth Avenue; Captain Allaire, of the Seventh Pre- 
cinct, was hurried off with fifty men to protect Harper's Building in Franklin 
Square, which, it was rumored, was to be attacked by the rioters ; five hundred 
Policemen were massed in Eighth Avenue ; Captain Mount, with a hundred 
Policemen, was detailed to look after a gang of rioters who had made an attack 



246 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

on the Armon-, at No. 19 Avenue A, in the hopes of securing arms ; Drill 
Captain Copeland was given five companies with which to seize Hibernia Hall, 
where he charged and dispersed the crowd. 

The Orange headquarters were, however, the focal point of excitement, to 
which converged knots of hotblooded men and women (for, as usual on such 
occasions, the weaker sex was well represented), and the maledictions that were 
breathed on the heads of the Orange societies were both loud and deep. The 
Orangemen formed in line in Twenty-ninth Street, near Eighth Avenue. A 
strong body of Police was massed in advance. Next came the Ninth Regiment, 
followed at a short interval by the Sixth Regiment ; while a bodv of Police suc- 
ceeded them. Nothing of moment happened until the head of the procession 
reached Twenty-sixth Street, when some little disorder was occasioned by an 
attempt of the Police to clear the sidewalks. A halt was ordered at Twenty- 
fourth Street. A shot was fired from a window, and in an instant the Eighty- 
fourth Regiment had the spot covered with their muskets, when, without waiting 
for orders, they discharged a volley, the Sixth and Ninth Regiments emulating 
the example of the Eighty-fourth. The next instant, as the smoke cleared off, 
eleven corpses were seen stretched on the sidewalk, with terrified men, women, 
and children, overturning and trampling on each other in maddened excitement 
to get out of the way of the slaughter. " A pause of a few minutes now 
followed," says Headley in his Sketches of the Great Riots, "while the troops 
reloaded their guns. A new attack was momentarily expected, and no one 
moved from the ranks to succor the wounded or lift up the dead. Here a dead 
woman lay across a dead man ; there a man, streaming with blood, was creeping 
painfully up a doorstep, while crouching, bleeding forms appeared in every direc- 
tion. Women from the windows looked down on the ghastly spectacle, 
gesticulating wildly. The Police now cleared the avenue and side streets, when 
the dead and wounded were attended to, and the order to move on was given. 
General Varian, indignant at the conduct of the Eighty-fourth in firing first 
without orders, sent it to the rear, and replaced it on the flank of the Orange- 
men with a portion of the Ninth. The procession, as it now resumed its march, 
and moved through Twenty-fourth Street, was a sad and mournful one. * * 

* * Two of the Police and military were killed, and twenty-four 
wounded, all, however, from the reckless discharge of the muskets of the mili- 
tary ; while of the rioters thirty-one were killed, and sixty-seven wounded, 
making in all one hundred and twenty-eight victims." 

The procession resumed its march and moved through Twenty-fourth Street. 
The windows along the route of the procession were filled with spectators, and 
crowds lined the sidewalks, but all were silent and serious. No more trouble 
took place and the Cooper Intitute was reached and the procession disbanded. 

Much indignation was expressed at the action of the troops for firing with- 
out waiting for orders, and firing so wildly as to wound and kill some of their 
own men. 

The scenes at Bellevue Hospital, where the dead and wounded were taken, 
were of a most distressing character. The ambulances kept discharging their 
bloody loads at the doors, and groans of distress and shrieks of pain filled the 



OUR I'OLICJi rROTECTORH. 



247 




24« 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



air. Long rows of cots filled with mangled forms, were stretched on every side, 
while the surgeons were kept constantly employed dressing the wounds of the 
injured. The dead lay in the morgue. 

Thus were the streets of New York again bajjtized with citizens' blood. 

TABLE SHOWING LOCATION AND CONDITION OF STATION HOUSES. 



LOCATION OF 
STATION HOOSES. 



Nos. 52 and 54 New Street. 
No. 49 Beekman Street 



No. 160 Chambers Street. 
No. 9 Oak Street 



Nos.. 19 and 21 Leonard 

Street 

No. 9 Franklin Street 



No. 247 Madison Street . . . . 
Corner Prince and Woos- 

tcr Streets 

No. 94 Charles Street 

Nos. 87 and 89 Eldridgc 

Street 

Union Market 



One Hundred and Twenty- 
fiftli Street, bet. Third 
and Fourth Avenues 

Corner Attorney and De- 
lancey Streets 



No. 53 Spring Street. . 



No. 221 Mercer Street 

No. 230 We.st Twentieth 

Street 

Corner First Avenue and 

Fifth Street 

No. 327 East Twenty-sec- 
ond Street 

No. 220 East Fifty-ninth 

Street 

No. 352 West Thirty-fifth 

Street 

No. 120 East Thirty-fifth 

Street 

Nos. 345 and 347 West 

Forty-seventh Street 



John .1. Cisco 
Citv 



City 
City 



City 
City 



CONUI- 
TION. 



KEM.\KKS. 



Fair . . 
Good . 



Good 

First class 



Good 
Bad.. 



City [Good. 



Leased for ten years, from May 1, 

1865, at $3,000 per year. 
Recently thoroughly repaired, and 

as well adapted as the insufficient 

dimensions will permit. 
Not sufficiently capacious. 
A new and commodious station 

house has just been completed, 

and will be occupied on the tenth 

April inst. 

New. 

Condemned by Superintendent of 
Unsafe Buildings; lias been tem- 
porarily repaired; a new building 
in a more healthy location is im- 
peratively needed. 



City Good. . . . 

City iGood Too small for purpo-ses requirc<l. 



City Good. 

City ' 



City.... 
City .... 
Citv . . . . 



City 
City 



Building new. 

Accommodations insufficient and 
inappropriate; a new station house 
is required for the comfort and 
health of the force. 



Fhst dasslNew. 

Fair Small and indifferent accommoda- 
tions. 

A new station house for this pre- 
cinct, and a house for detention 
of witnesses, are now in process 
of erection at Nos. 201, 203, 205, 
and 207 Mulberry Street. 

Good Building good, and in good order. 

I 

Good Building .small; recently refitted. 



City Ciood Indifferent accommodations for the 

I wants of the precinct. 
City Good Rebuilt in 1S64. 

City Had New house imperatively needed. 

t 

Citv p-ir.st cla.ss New. 

I I 

City Fair An old building retittcMl. 

I 

City Good I 



OUR porjcr. PRorr'.croRS. 



249 



TABI.K SHONVINC; LOCATION AM) CONDITION l)F STATION HOUSES. 



St 

u 



23 



24 



25 



LOCATION OF 
STATION ilOUSES. 



OWNER. 



CONDt- 
TION. 



Fourth Avenue and Eighty- 1 

sixth Street lAbram 

Wakeman. 



Bail. 



Steamer "Seneca" City 



First class 



No. 34 East Twenty-ninth 

Street Peter Golet 

I and others. 



City Hall (basement) 

Corner Liberty and Church 

Streets 

No. 550 Greenwich Street. . 



City 



Good. 



Fair. 



29'Nos. 137 and 139 West 

Thirtieth Street 

30 Corner One Hundred and 
I Twenty-eiffhth Street and 
Broadway 



Citv 

William A. 
Martin. . , 



City 



First class 
.|Bad 



William H. 
Guion . . . 



SrOne Hundredth Street, be- 
tween Ninth and Tenth 

Avenues City 

33 Corner Tenth Avenue andl 
One Hundred and Fifty- 
second Street jCity 



UKM AKKS. 



Ijcnsed for two years, from May 1. 
1870, at |2,006 per year; accom- 
modations unsatisfactory ; prem-i 
ises not adapted to station liouse 
purposes ; lots have been secured 
on East Eighty-eighth Street, 
with a view of erecting a new 
building. 

The Harbor Police are now pro- 
vided with better accommoda- 
tions than at any time sinct; the 
institution of this branch of the 
service ; the steamer " Seneca." 
bought and fitted up in 1870. is in 
all respects what is needed for 
harbor duty. 



Lea.sed for fifteen years, from .May 
1, 1870, at |1, 500" per year; prem- 
ises refitted and in excellent con- 
dition. 



New. 

Leased for one year, from May 1. 
1871, at $2,500 per year; accom- 
modations entirely inadequate ; a 
new station bouse is an impera- 
tively necessity. 



First class New. 



Bad. 



First class 



Leased for one year, from May 1, 
1870, at |1,500 per year; new 
station house indispensable. 



New. 



Arrangements have been made for 
a new and more conmiodious 
building to meet the requirements 
of the precinct. 



William Jameson joined the Crystal Palace Police in 1853 as Drill Inspector 
for two hundred men. The uniform consisted of a blue dress coat, black buttons, 
military collar. Alter the anpointment of the first Police Commissioner, In- 
spector Jameson was made Drill Master, and used to drill the men in the Old 



25© 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Arsenal in Elm Street. When the Police were withdrawn from the Crystal 
Palace, they were amalgamated with the regular Police, and Inspector Jameson 
detailed as First Drill Instructor to the Police Department. Mr. Jameson, al- 
though quite a youtig man, had seen active service in the Mexican War and Civil 
War. In 1868 he was transferred to the First Precinct, and when Inspector Leon- 
ard died, in February, 1870, he was made an Inspector, and was detailed to Police 
Headquarters. In April, 1872, after nineteen years honorable service, he was 
tried and dismissed from the dejjartment on a charge of being absent without 
leave for three hours from the office. 




\ 



Inspector Jameson. 

An Act in relation to the cleaning of streets (Chapter 677, May 14, 1872), 
charged the Board of Police with the duty of causing all streets, avenues, lan,es, 
etc., to be cleaned. The Board was vested with full i)wvcr to supervise the exe- 
cution of the agreement for cleaning the streets in the city of New York, which 
agreement was entered into on June 9, 1865, between the Mayor, Aldermen and 
commonalty of the city of New York, of the first part, and John L. Brown, Wil- 
liam H. Devoe and Shephard F. Knapp, contractors, of the second part. When- 
ever said contract was canceled, the Board of Police were to forward and do the 
work of cleaning the streets. The Board was, furthermore, authorized to con- 
tract for the sale of street manure, dirt, sweepings, ashes, etc. ; to appoint such 



O [ 'A' rOI. K 'A- PRO 7 FX ' 7 V A'S. 



officers, agents and employees to clean the streets; after exercising such 
authority for thirty days the Board was required to make an estimate of the sum 
of money necessary to defray the expenses during the year 1872, and, on or before 
the first of December, 1872, should make an estimate of the amount required for 
1873 '"^"^ subsecpient years. 

In 1872 the new building for a House of Detention of Witnesses was com- 
pleted. In this year, there were in tlie House of Detention, detained as wit- 
nesses, two hundred and eighty-two persons, who were imprisoned an aggregate 
of four thousand six hundred and eighty-eight days, and, strange to say, there was 
no fixed period to their imprisonment, and no legal process of which they could 
avail themselves (being unable to secure liail) to hasten or fix a day when thev 
might claim that personal liberty which is supposed to be the constitutional right 
of every innocent person. 

The following table shows the number of innocent persons imprisoned as 
witnesses in the House of Detention, since 1858 to 1872: 



No. persons. No, days. 



From February 


9> 


1858, 


to October 


31, 


1858 


292 


7>42i 


" November 


I, 


1858, 


" October 


31. 


1859 


419 


10,662 


" November 


I, 


1859, 


" October 


31, 


i860 


380 


6,609 


" November 


I, 


i860, 


" October 


31. 


1861 


4'i 


8,634 


" November 


I, 


1861, 


" October 


31, 


1862 


632 


9,480 


" November 


I, 


1862, 


" October 


31, 


1863 


269 


4,035 


" November 


I, 


1863, 


October 


31. 


1864 


282 


4,230 


" November 


I, 


1864, 


" October 


31. 


1865 


229 


3,436 


" November 


I. 


1865, 


" October 


31, 


1866 


410 


6,150 


" November 


I, 


1866, 


" October 


31, 


1867 


262 


4,139 


" November 


I, 


1867, 


" October 


31, 


1868 


264 


3,852 


" November 


I, 


1868, 


" October 31, 


1869 


239 


3,873 


" November 


I, 


1869, 


" April 


4, 


1870 


100 


1,347 


" April 


5, 


1870, 


" April 


4, 


1871 


283 


4,618 


" April 


5. 


1871, 


'' April 


4, 


1872 


282 


4,688 


Totals 












4,814 


83,173 



From this table it appears that the total number imprisoned was four thou- 
sand eight hundred and fourteen. The aggregate imprisonment was eightv-three 
thousand one hundred and seventy-three days; equaling an imprisonment of one 
person for a period of two hundred and twenty-seven years and three hundred 
and eighteen days. Of the two hundred and eighty-two persons thus imprisoned 
(April 5, 1871, to April 5, 1872), five were confined over one hundred days 
each; fifteen were confined less than one hundred and over fifty days each ; 
ninety- five were confined less, than fifty and over ten days each; one hundred and 
sixty-seven were confined ten days and under. 

There had occurred in the history of the House of Detention repeated 
instances of the imprisonment of innocent witnesses, while the accused person 
against whom they were held as witnesses were granted their liberty on bail. 
This, too, notwithstanding the Constitutional provision that '* Witnesses shall not 
be unreasonably detained," and the further like provision that " No person * * 
shall be deprived of * * liberty * * without due process of law." 



253 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Against this oppressive system of arbitrary and unnecessary imprisonment 
of innocent persons, the Board protested, characterizing the system as "neither 
just nor necessary," and contending that it ' aught to l)e immediately replaced 
by some process of law more in accord with the common ideas of humanity and 
justice." 

The totals of the rank and number of the force for this year are as follows: 
Captains, thirty-five ; Sergeants, one hundred and thirty-nine ; Roundsmen, one 
hundred and three ; Patrolmen, assigned to patrol duty, one thousand six hun- 
dred and twenty ; Patrolmen, assigned to special duty, two hundred and sixty- 
one ; Doormen, seventy-four. Grand total, 2,232. 

It appears that the number of arrests made by the force during the year for 
all causes was eighty-four thousand five hundred and fourteen. Males, sixty 
thousand one hundred and seventy-nine ; females, twenty-four thousand three 
hundred and thirty-five ; an excess over the number of arrests for the year last 
preceding of eight thousand eight hundred and twenty-two. 

Table of arrests for a series of years from 1859 to April 5, 1872: 

New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
New York City 

New York City 
New York City 

Total 899544 23860 38 

During the preceding year, with a total force numbering two thousand two 
hundred and thirty-two men, there occurred two thousand nine hundred and 
eighty-three cases of sickness and injury, which were treated by the Surgeons of 
the department. Four hundred and five of the above mentioned cases were 
caused by injuries, and four hundred and thirty were the result of intermittent 
fever, contracted from the opening and grading of so many new sreets and 
boulevards in the upper precincts, while the remaining two thousand one hun- 
dred and forty-six resulted from general causes. 

The time lost to the department by the above named sickness and injury 
amounted to seventeen thousand six hundred and thirty-two days, being a 
decrease over the preceding year of five thousand and eighty-three and a half days. 

The comparatively small number of casualties and cases of sickness resulting 



\ ear. 


Total. 


Patrolmen. 


per officer. 


i860 


65809 


1414 


46 


1861 


7 1 130 


1806 


39 


1862 


82072 


1783 


46 


1863 


61888 


1711 


36 


1864 


54751 


1805 


30 


1865 


68873 


1806 


38 


1866 


75630 


1789 


42 


1867 


80532 


1848 


44 


1668 


78451 


192 I 


41 


1869 


72984 


1922 


38 


From Nov. i. 


27218 


1996 


14 


'69 to Apr. 








5, '70- 








1871 


75692 


2075 


36 


1872 


84514 


1984 


42 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 253 

from the exposure of the force during the riot of July, 1871, is to be attributed 
to the efificient handling of the men by their officers, as well as to the superior 
disttijjline of the force under their command. 

Tabic of lost ciiildren for a scries of years, from i860 t(j April 5, 1872: 



NUMBER 
LOST CHILDREN. 



NUMBER 
FOUNDLINGS. 



New 
New 
New 
New 
New 
New 
New 
New 
New 
New 



York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 
York City. 



New York City. 
New York Citv. 



1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1 866 
1867 
i863 
1869 

From Nov. 1,1869 ) 
to April 5, 1870 J 
1871 
1872 



7201 
9806 
7380 
7204 

5723 
5912 

5979 
5748 
5923 

1570 

5933 
5082 



48 

153 
149 
176 
162 
90 



i6i 
37 



Total. 



73461 



1004 



Average per year 6,678. 

Table of lodgers for a series of years from 186 1 to April 5, 1872: 




New York City. 
New York City. 
New ^■ork City. 
New York City . 
New York City. 
New York City . 
New York City. 
New York City. 
New York City. 



New York City. 
New York City. 



1861 


1 19348 


1862 


70938 


IS63 


68254 


1864 


59929 


1865 


64247 


1866 


1 15324 


1867 


105460 


1868 


141070 


1869 (to Nov. I.) 


135591 


rom Nov. i, 1869, to 
April 5, 1870. 


1 82607 


1871 


141780 


1872 


147427 



NUMBER OF 
LODGERS. 



Total ' I 1251975 



Average per year 113,816. 

There was delivered l)y the several Precincts, Detective, and Court Squads, 
from April 5, 1871, to April 5, 1872, property consisting of animals, carriages, 



254 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



trucks, carts, and merchandise, and with money and valuables taken from prison- 
ers as personal property, a sum aggregating one million one hundred and ninety- 
three thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven dollars and seventy-two cents. The 
Property Clerk's returns for the same period amounts to one hundred and one 
thousand and seventy-five dollars and ninety-three cents ; making a grand total 
of one million two hundred and ninety-five thousand and sixty-three dollars and 
sixty-five cents. 

A committee, representing the business, professional and commercial 
interests of New York, desiring to pay a marked tribute to the heroism of the 
Police force, and their devotion to duty, sent the following communication to 
the Police Board : 

In Committee. 

New York, Oct. 5, 1872. 

Gentlemen : 

The commercial bodies represented by the undersigned, together with certain 
other corporations, and sundry private citizens of New York City, wishing to 
show their appreciation ot the fidelity, discipline, and gallantry shown by the 
Police force on many occasions of public disturbance, notably during the riots 
of July, 1863, and 187 1, have provided to be made an appropriate flag, and 
commissioned the undersigned to present it in their name to the Department. 

They wish it to be regarded and preserved by the Police Department as the 
"Flag of Honor," and stipulate that it shall only be carried at the annual 
parades, and at the funerals of members of the force who die in consequence 
of injuries received in the line of duty. 

The undersigned feel pleasure in being selected to perform this agreeable 
duty on behalf of the body of their fellow-citizens, for they are satisfied that 
this testimony has been earned by the good behavior of the guardians of the 
public peace in times of great peril. They feel confident that the officers and 
men under your control will in the fu'iure, as in the past, be always ready to 
respond to the call of duty, and thus continue to deserve the approbation and 
respect of their fellow-citizens of the city of New York. 

Requesting you to acknowledge receipt of this communication, and to de- 
signate a suitable time and place for the ceremony of presentation, we are 
gentlemen, 

Your obedient servants. 



To the Board of Police Commissioners 
of the City of New York. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



An Act to re-organize the local government of the city of New York was 
passed by the legislature, April 30, 1873. '^^^ most important heads of which 
are as follows : 

The Police Department to have for its head a Board, to consist of five 
persons ; the Police force to consist of a Superintendent, three Inspectors, Cap- 
tains, Sergeants, Patrolmen, Doormen, and as many clerks and employees as 
the Board might, from time to time, determine, and the funds appropriated 
allow ; the Patrolmen not to be increased in any one year more than one 
hundred. The Board might appoint twenty-two Sergeants. 

The qualifications for membership on the force were: Such Policeman should 
be a citizen of the United States, never convicted of crime, must read and write, 
and reside in the State one year. 

A Police officer could not withdraw or resign except by permission of the 
Board of Police; unexplained absence for five days was to be deemed equivalent 
to a resignation. 

The Police Department (Chapter 137, April 5, 1870) made the salaries of 
the Police Commissioners equal to the salary of the Recorder, namely, fifteen 
thousand dollars. By a subsequent Act (April 26, 1870 ; Chapter 383) the 
Treasurer of the Police Board received an additional salary of one thousand five 
hundred dollars. This lasted until the framing of the Charter (April 30, 1873), 
which designated the salaries of the Commissioners as follows : President of the 
Board, eight thousand dollars ; other Commissioners, six thousand dollars. 

The remainder of the Act simply recapitulated the leading features of pre- 
ceding bills. 

Mayor Havemeyer, in pursuance of the above, appointed the following Police 
Commissioners: Oliver Charlick, Abram Duryea, Hugh Gardner, John R. Russell, 
Henry Smith, the latter being President of the Board. 

George W. Matsell was appointed Superintendent of Police by the Board of 
Police, on the twenty-third of May, 1873, vice James J. Kelso removed. 

A subsequent Act (Chapter 755, June 13, 1873) provided for four Inspec- 
tors, the Board to fix the salaries of all clerks and employees. 

Promotions were to be made by the Board on grounds of meritorious con- 
duct and capacity; no person was to be appointed on the force who was over 
thirty years of age; the Police Department, through its Treasurer, in pursuance 
of orders of the Board, was to pay salaries, etc. 

A revised manual was promulgated in 1873, from which the following facts 
are obtained: The " Department of Police" of the City of New York, con- 
sisted of a "Board of Police composed of five " Commissioners " and the " Police 
Force,"and officers appointed by said Board. The Board of Police was the head of 
the Department of Police; governed and controled the Department, its business 
and affairs, and was invested with, and exercised all, the powers conferred by law 
upon the Department of Police. The government and discipline of the Depart- 
ment of Police were such as the Board of Police, from time to time, by rules 
and regulations, prescribed. The territorial jurisdiction and authority of the 
Board of Police, and of the Police force under their direction, were co-extensive 
with the territorial limits of the city of New York. For the purposes of Police 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



257 



government, the territory of the city of New York was divided into Inspection 
Districts, Surgeons' Districts, and Precincts, subject to alteration, from time 
to iime, by the Board of Police. Precincts were divided into patrol lieats or 
posts, by the Captains, with the approval of the Superintendent; subject to 
alteration, from time to time, by like authority. 

The territory of the city of New York was divided into two Inspection Dis- 
tricts, which were called and known respectively as the "Eastern District" and 
" Western District." "The Eastern District" consisted of the following pre- 
cincts, to wit: First, Second, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, 
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-first, 
Twenty-third, and Twenty-sixth. "The Western District" consisted of the fol- 
lowing precincts, to wit : Third, Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth. 
Twentieth, Twenty-second, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twen- 
ty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Thirty-second. 

The Board of Police assigned the Inspectors to office duty in the Central 
Department, and to district duty in the Insjjection Districts. 

The Police force of the city of New York consisted of a Superintendent, 
three Inspectors, Surgeons, Captains, Sergeants, Patrolmen and Doormen,' clerks 
and employees, to the nunilier of each rank authorized by law. 

The Police force was divided into two Divisions, known and called respect- 
ively " the Eastern Division," and " the Western Division." The members of the 
Police force assigned to duty in " the Eastern District" constituted " the Eastern 
Division " of the force. The members of the Police force assigned to duty in 
" the Western District," together with the members of the Court Squads, Sanitary 
Company, Special Service Squad, and Detective force, constituted " the Western 
Division " of the force. The Police force was further divided into as many 
Companies as there were precincts, such other Companies or Squads as the Board 
of Police might order, and the Sanitary Company in addition. A company con- 
sisted of the members of the force assigned to duty in a precinct, and in the 
Sanitary or other Company, and comprised one Captain, Sergeants, Patrolmen, 
and Doormen. A Squad consisted of members of the force assigned to duty 
as such Squad. 

Meetings of the Board of Police were held as often as any three of the Commis- 
sioners might direct; but all meetings of the Board should be private, unless a 
majority of the Commissioners should otherwise determine. The Chief Clerk or 
Deputy Clerk should be present and record its proceedings in books kept for that 
purpose. The ayes and noes were taken on all judgments dismissing members 
from the force, and on such other questions as might be required by law, or by 
the Board of Police, and formed part of the record. The Board was em[)owered 
to enact, modify and repeal, from time to time, orders, rules and regulations of 
general discipline affecting the force, provided that they did not conflict with the 
Constitution of the United States, or with the constitution or laws of the State 
of New York. The Board made all appointments, assignments to duty, transfers 
of members, and all detailments; but the Superintendent might makedetailments 
for any period not longer than three days. Certificates of appointments to office 
should be signed by the President, and countersigned by the Chief Clerk or first 



2S8 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

Deputy Clerk. The records of all judgments rendered by the Board in relation 
to members of the force were authenticated by the signature of the Chief Clerk. 
Charges preferred against any member of the Police force should be in writing, 
and verified by the oath of the complainant, except charges by a Commissioner, 
the Superintendent, Inspectors, Captains, Surgeons, or Chief Clerk, who might 
make charges in writing without oath. Charges by Sergeants and Roundsmen 
against members of the force, were in writing, signed by the officer making the 
same, and were delivered to the officer in command at the station house, who 
immediately entered the same in the blotter, and filed the original charge so made. 
It was the duty of the Captains to transmit to the Superintendent a transcript of 
each of said charges, on the day the same were entered on the blotter. When 
written charges were preferred against any member of the Police force, they were 
filed with the Chief Clerk ; whereupon specifications of the charges, with a no- 
tice of the time and place of trial, were served upon the party charged two days 
before the day of trial, the day of such service being counted as one of the two 
days. The judgments of the Board, upon charges proved true, were duly entered 
in the records of the department, and a notice thereof read to the force of the 
precinct to which the member belonged. 

The Superintendent of Police is the chief executive officer of the Police 
force, subject to the orders, rules, and regulations of the Board of Police. 

His duties, summarized, are as follows: To make quarterly reports in 
writing, to the Board of Police, on the state of the Department of Police, and of 
the Police force thereof; with such statistics and suggestions for the improve- 
ment of the Police government and discipline as he should deem advisable; to 
repair in person to all serious or extensive fires in the city of New York; also to all 
riots or tumultuous assemblages within said city, and take command of the Police 
force present; to enforce in the city of New York all the laws of the State and 
ordinances of the city of New York; and also to abate all gaming-houses, rooms 
and premises; and places kept or used for lewd or obscene purposes and amuse- 
ments; and places kept or used for the sale of lottery tickets or policies; to 
communicate to the Board of Police information of the presence of any danger- 
ous epidemic or contagious or infectious disease; and any nuisance detrimental 
to the public health in any part of the city of New York; to inspect, from time 
to time, each station house and Police prison in the city of New York, and the 
House of Detention of witnesses; and report to the Board in relation to their 
order and cleanliness; and whether the books were properly kept, and the busi- 
ness of the station house properly conducted. 

He was authorized to promulgate orders to the officers and members of the 
force not inconsistent with law, or the rules and regulations of the Board; and 
all members of the force should observe and obey them. 

The Superintendent, and each Captain within his precinct, possessed general 
Police supervision over all licensed and unlicensed pawnbrokers, venders, junk- 
shops, cartmen, intelligence office keepers, and auctioneers within the city. 
Whenever, under Section 41 of Chapter 403 of the Laws of 1864, the Superinten- 
dent should come into possession of implements of gaming, he should retain the 
same until the prosecution against the arrested parties should be finally concluded. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



259 



The full dress of the members of the Police force, excepting the Surgeons, 
was of navy blue cloth, indigo dyed, and all wool. 

For the Superintendent. — The dress was a double-breasted frock coat ; the 
waist extending to the top of the hip, and the skirt within one inch of the bend 
of tlie knee ; two rows of Police buttons on the breast, eight in each row, placed 
in pairs, the distance between each row, five and one half inches on the top, and 
three and one half inches at the bottom ; stand-up collar, rising no higher than 
to permit the chin freely to turn over it, to hook in front at the bottom ; cuffs, three 
and one-half inches deep, and buttoning with three small buttons at the under- 
seam ; two buttons on the hips, one button on the bottom of each skirt-pocket 
welt, and two buttons intermediate, so that there were six buttons on tlie back ; 
collars and cuffs of dark blue velvet ; lining of the coat, black. Tlic trousers 
plain ; black neckcloth ; white gloves and collar ; the vest single-breasted, with 
eight buttons placed at equal distances ; the cap of navy blue cloth, and of tlio 
form of the pattern in the Superintendent's office, having a band of dark blue 
velvet, with a gold embroidered wreath in front encircling a sih er star. 

For Inspectors. — The dress the same as for Superintendent, except tiial tliere 
were seven buttons in each row on the breast of the coat, placed at equal dis- 
tances, and the gold wreath on the cap enclosed the word "Ins[)ector" in silver. 

For Captains and Sergeants. — The same as for Superintendent, except that 
there were eight buttons in each row on the breast of the coat, placed at equal 
distances ; the collar rolling; the collar and cuffs of the same color and material 
as the coat ; the band of the same color and material as the body of the ca]), 
welted at the edges, and the wreath enclosing the word " Captain " or " Sergeant," 
with the number of the precinct to which the officer was attached, in gold. The 
Captain of the Harbor Police had a gold anchor, and the Sergeants silver 
anchors, enclosed in a wreath in lieu of the number of the precinct. 

For Patrolmen. — The dress was a single-breasted frock coat with rolling 
collar ; the waist extending to the top of the hip, and the skirt to within one 
inch of the bend of the knee ; nine buttons on the breast, two buttons on the 
hips, two buttons on the bottom of each pocket, and three small buttons on the 
under seam of the cuffs. Trousers having a white welt in the outer seam ; 
white shirt collar, and white gloves ; black neckcloth ; vest, single-breasted, 
with nine buttons placed at equal distances. The cap of navy blue cloth, to 
correspond with sample in the office of the Superintendent, with wreath sur- 
rounding the appropriate number in white metal. 

The Patrolmen detailed as Roundsmen, in addition had the word " Rounds- 
man " in white metal letters, in lieu of the wreath. 

For Harbor Patrolmen. — The dress was a sailor's jacket, rolling collar, 
coming down half-way between the hip-joint and knee ; five buttons on each 
side of breast, two buttons on the under seam of the cuffs, pockets inside ; 
vest, singlf-breasted, nine buttons ; trousers jjlain ; .shirt ot blue flannel; cap, 
same as other Patrolmen, with wreath and number the same as in the office of 
the Superintendent ; i)ea-jacket overcoat, three inches above the knee, five but- 
tons on each side, side pockets with flaps ; in other respects, same as other 
Patrolmen. 



26o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



For Doormen. — The dress was a double-breasted round jacket, extending 
two inches below the hip, with five Police buttons on each breast, and one on the 
inside seam of each cuff ; trousers of Cadet-mixed cloth, plain ; cap, the same 
as Patrolmen, without wreath, but with the word " Doorman " in white metal 
letters, placed in front. In other particulars, same as Patrolmen. 

The officers were permitted to wear the summer uniform while in the dis- 
charge of desk duty in the station houses. 

The overcoat was of navy blue beaver cloth, double-breasted, rolling collar, 
pocket-welts on back, outside breast pocket with flap on the right side, the waist 
extending to one inch below the hip, and the skirt to three inches below the 




New Court House. 

bend of the knee, swell edge stitched one-fourth of an inch from edge, flaps on 
pocket, swell edge stitched one-fourth of an inch from edge. Inspectors had 
seven Police buttons on each breast, and six on the back and skirt, and 
tliree on the cuffs. Captains had eight Police buttons on each breast, six on the 
back and skirt, and three on the cuffs. Patrolmen had nine Police buttons on 
each breast, four on the back and skirt, and two on the cuffs. 

Captains wore the prescribed uniform at all times, unless specially authorized 
to wear citizen's clothes by the Board or Superintendent of Police. 

Sergeants, Roundsmen, Patrolmen, and Doormen, wore the prescribed 
uniform at all times when their respective platoons were on patrol or reserve duty; 
and when the off platoon might be called on duty on extraordinary occasions. 

When either of the above enumerated members of the force attended at any 
Court, as witness or complainant; or at the regular or special drills for exercise; 



OUR POLICE PROTECIVRS. 



or at Headquarters, on any business whatever; or at the School of Instruction, he 
appeared in the prescribed uniform. 

Members of the force might, for special purposes, be relieved from wearing 
uniform by the Board or by the Superintendent of Police; but at no time, while in 
citizen's dress, was any member exempted from the performance of Police duties. 

Special Patrolmen, during the service authorized by Chapter 383 of the Laws 
of 1 870, wore a shield of white metal, with the Coat of Arms of the city of New 
York and the words " Municipal Police, Special," with serial numbers, in figures, 
impressed thereon, in the form to be prescribed by the Board of Police. 

The summer uniform consisted of blue flannel sack coat, and blue flannel 
trousers. The coat of Patrolmen was a single-breasted sack, with short turn- 
over collar, buttoning close up to the chin, and reaching half-way between the 
articulation of tlie hip-joint and the knee, with four buttons on the front, no pock- 
ets showing on the outside, and the trousers made same as in winter. 

For Harbor Patrolmen, flannel sack coat, and flannel trousers made like 
the above, and sennet hat. 

Coats for Captains, double-breasted, buttoning close up to the chin, with 
short rolling collar, two rows of buttons of five each on the front, tlic coat reach- 
ing to a point half-way between the articulation of the hip-joint and the knee; 
trousers without welt in the seams. 

For Sergeants, same as for Captains, except that there were two rows of 
buttons, of four each. 

No person should be appointed a Patrolman unless' — 

He was able to read and write the English language understandingly. 

He was a citizen of the United States. 

He had been a resident of this State during a term of one year next prior 
to his application for appointment, and had been a resident of the city of New 
York for six consecutive months immediately preceding that time. 

He had never been convicted of crime. 

He was at least five feet seven inches in height, measured in his bare feet; 
and weighed not less than one hundred and thirty-five pounds avoirdupois, with- 
out clothing. 

He was less than thirty years of age. 

He was of good health, and sound in body and mind. 

He was of good moral character and habits. 

'rhe Police force, on the last day of December, 1S73, consisted of the 
following: 

Superintendent, one; Inspectors, four; Captains, thirty-five; Sergeants, 
one hundred and forty-one; Patrolmen, twenty-two hundred; Doormen, seventy- 
two. Total force, 2453. 

On the twenty-third of May of this year, Messrs. Oliver Charlick, Hugh 
Gardner, Abraham Duryea and John R. Russell were appointed by the Mayor, 
Commissioners of Police, and, together with Henry Smith, who continued in said 
office, met at the Central office and organized as a Board of Police by continuing 
Henry Smith President, and Oliver Charlick Treasurer of the Board. The 
Standing Committees were created and composed as follows: 



262 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Committee on Street Cleaning: Messrs. Charlick, Gardner, and Dur}'ea; 
Committee on Station Houses: Messrs. Gardner, Charlick and Russell; Committee 
on Rules and Discipline: Messrs. Duryea and Russell; Committee on Finance: 
Messrs Russell, Duryea and the Treasurer. 

Two special committees were appointed, as follows i Committee on Improve- 
ment, Efficiency and Economy, Messrs. Russell and Charlick ; Committee on 
Surgeons, Messrs. Charlick, Russell and Gardner. The President was added as 
an ex-officio member of all standing committees. 




Matthew T. Brennan. 

Measures of economy were introduced on the report and recommendation of 
the Committee of Improvement, Efficiency and Economy, consisting in the dis- 
missal of employees found to be in excess of the number required for the efficient 
dispatch of business, and in the reduction of salaries — nine clerks and four tele- 
graph operators being dismissed. The reduction effected in the salaries amounted 
to eight thousand nine hundred dollars per annum. 

By the provisions of Section I, Chapter 755 of the Laws of 1873, the Police 
force was established and limited as to number and grade of office, and their 
salaries, as prescribed by law, was as follows: Superintendent,, seven thousand five 
hundred dollars; Inspectors, three thousand five hundred dollars; Captains, two 
thousand dollars; Sergeants, one thousand six hundred dollars, Surgeons, two 



OUR POLfCE PROTECTORS. 



263 



thousand two hundred and fifty dollars; Patrolmen, one thousand two hundred 
dollars; and Doormen, nine hundred dollars. 

■*At the date of the organization of the above Board of Police, tiicre were in 
office sixteen Surgeons, receiving, as above, two thousand two hundred and fifty 
dollars per annum each. These Surgeons were dismissed, and three Surgeons 
appointed on salaries established by law, to examine candidates for appointment 
on the Police force, and to have a general supervisory care of the medical and 
surgical service of the department. Thirty-seven doctors residing in the various 
precincts of the city were designated to be sent for to attend such sick Policemen 
as were adjudged to re(]uire medical or surgical treatment, and to treat cases of 
injury or illness of citizens who might he brought to the station houses. The rate 
of compensation for the services of this class of Surgeons was fixed at three dollars 
per visit to Policemen, and for calls to citizens' cases at the station houses four 
dollars in the day time, and five dollars for calls occurring in the night. 

It had become apparent to the Board of Police that the number of Patrol- 
men (two thousand one hundred) was inadequate to meet the increased and in- 
creasing demand for Patrol service of the city in every precinct (and especially in 
the uptown precincts, where the increase of population was rapid); there was a 
deficiency of force, and the constant calls from respectable citizens of all classes 
and conditions for a more complete and perfect Police protection of property and 
persons and human life, against the increasing menaces of ill-disposed and crimi- 
nal persons. 

The population of New York City was (1873) estimated at one million. The 
two thousand one hundred Patrolmen of the Police Department gave one Patrol- 
man to every four hundred and sixty-seven of the population. The population 
of London, for the same year, was estimated at three millions. The number of 
Patrolmen was nine thousand two hundred and sixty, or one to every three hun- 
dred and twenty-four of the population. The Board had decided to increase the 
force by one hundred extra Policemen, as authorized by law, but it was found 
that this increase could not be effected until financial means had been made to 
pay such an increase of the force. 

On April 30, 1874, the laws provided that the Board of Police should con- 
sist of four Commissioners, the Mayor to appoint without the confirmation of 
the Board of Aldermen, any person to fill a vacancy caused by death or resig- 
nation, or who should be removed for cause. 

Abram Disbecker was appointed a Police Commissioner to fill the vacancy 
caused by the death of Henry Smith. Commissioner Russell's term expired May i, 
1874. Messrs. Gardner and Charlick resigned in May of the same year. George 
W. Matsell and John R. Voorhis were appointed Police Commissioners July 7, 1874. 
George W. Walling was appointed Superintendent, July 23, 1S74, in i)lace of 
George W. Matsell. 

Henry Smith, President of the Board of Police, died on the twenty-third day 
of February, 1874. Upon the receipt of the tidings of his death, the Board, 
consisting of the surviving members, unanimously adopted resolutions of regret at 
his untimely death, and tendered an expression of their sympathy to the grief- 
stricken wife and afflicted kindred of the deceased. 



264 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The death of Mr. Smith created a vacancy in the office of President .of the 
Board of Police, which office, on the twelfth of March, 1874, was filled by the 
selection of Commissioner Hugh Gardner. 

On the thirty-first of December, 1874, the Police force for all grades was as 
follows: Superintendent, one; Inspectors, four; Captains, thirty-six; Sergeants, 
one hundred and thirty-five; Patrolmen, two thousand two hundred and seventy- 
two; and Doormen, eighty; making a total of 2,521. 

The total number of days lost by the whole force for the year 1874, was 
twenty-three thousand and twenty-six and one-half; of this, thirteen thousand 
nine hundred and five and three-fourth days were paid, and nine thousand one 
hundred and twenty and three-fourths unpaid, making the amount paid for sick 
time, forty-five thousand seven hundred and thirteen dollars and eighty-five 
cents. 

The total number of arrests, males and females, for the year, was ninety-two 
thousand one hundred and twelve. 

Mayor AVickham appointed William F. Smith Police Commissioner, May i, 
1875, in place of Abram Duryea, whose term had expired. 

George W. Matsell and Abram Disbecker were removed, December 31, 1875, 
and DeWitt C. Wheeler and Joel B. Erhardt appointed in their places. Sidney 
P. Nichols, on the expiration of the term of office of John R. Voorhis, was 
appointed a Police Commissioner, May i, 1876. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 265 



CHAPTER XIII. 

1875-ISSO. 

"NEW YORK SAYS. STOP!" 



New York Fast Becoming a Law-abiding City. — Proceedings and Report of 
THE Select Legislative Committee on the Causes and Increase of Crime. 
— Government of the Police Force. — Demoralization and Inefficiency. — 
All the Blame for these Evils not Attributable to the Police. — Con- 
victions Hard to Gain. — Legal Loop-holes of Retreat for Criminals. — 
Lottery and Policy. — The Detective Police not Properly Remunerated 
FOR their Services. — Salary and Duties of Patrolmen, etc. — The Board 
OF Police Commissioners. — Evil Effects of Political Intermeddling with 
the Force. — Too Few Policemen. — The Gre.\t Railroad Strikes. — Scenes 
OF Riot and Bloodshed. — The Tompkins Square Meeting. — " New York 
Says Stop." — New Rules for the Guidance of the Force. 

1\ T UCH as has been said and written about the wickedness of ''Gotham," New 
York, after all, is not so bad a city for a law-abiding citizen to live in. That 
it holds within its gates some hard citizens no one will be bold enough to gain- 
say; but that New York, on the whole, is worse than any other city of its size, 
in population and commercial importance, is an allegation which can easily be 
refuted, as the facts are at hand to do so. Perhaps in no city in the world 
of its cosmopolitan character is there such protection against the criminal 
operations of professional robbers and the machinations of all classes of thieves 
and swindlers. Indeed, from a Police point of view. New York, generally speak- 
ing, is at present an orderly, well-conducted city, where the higher grades of crime 
are remarkably few and infrequent. This change, however, has taken place within 
a comparatively short space of time. Up to a few years ago, the criminal classes 
were particularly bold and successful in their operations, but thanks to an improved 
Police system, and a Detective Department second to none in the world. New 
York has had a breathing spell; but, perhaps it would not be too much of a con- 
cession to make in deference to a pessimistic jjublic opinion, to admit that there 
is still room for improvement. 

The city, it would seem, was drifting into particularly bad habits about the 
year 1875. There was a good deal of complaining that the Police were not doing 1 
their whole duty, and that too much deference was being paid by them to the 
comfort and interests of criminals as a class, and too little to the peace of mind 
of taxpayers and citizens generally. That there was some foundation for these 
complaints is but too conclusively proven by the proceedings and report of the 



266 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Select Committee appointed by the Assembly in 1875 "to investigate the causes 
of the increase of crime in the city of New York." The resolution under which 
their authority was conferred runs as follows: 

Whereas, The steady and rapid increase of crime in the city and county of 
New York has created great alarm in the minds of all good citizens of that citv; 
and, 

Whereas, the proper authorities charged with its apprehension, prosecution 
and punishment appear to be inadequate to its speedy suppression, while the 
interest of good government require that all offences against the laws should be 
dealt with in the most summary and decisive manner, therefore, 

Resolved, that the Speaker of the Assembly be and he is hereby authorized 
to appoint a select committee of five, which committee shall have power to send 
for persons and papers, and compel the attendance of witnesses, and to inquire 
into the causes, as far as possible, of the great increase of crime in said city and 
county, by making such examination and investigation of all persons and officers 
* * * * for the purpose of ascertaining if such increase of crime 
can be charged to the negligence or connivance of any of the public officers 
whose duty it is either to arrest, detect, prosecute or punish crime in said City 
and County of New York. 

The duties so imposed on the committee naturally brought under their 
investigation the Board of Municipal Police ; the Criminal Courts, from the 
Police Justices to the Court of Oyer and Terminer ; the Coroners ; the District 
Attorney ; and all the penal institutions, public and private; and in addition to 
this, owing to the overwhelming evidence that intemperance was the chief cause 
of crime, the committee deemed it proper to inquire fully into the affairs of the 
Board of Excise. The testimony taken gives a condensed history of the Police 
Department, and throws a lurid light on the condition and management of the 
criminal classes in New York City, presenting a picture of moral degradation that 
is anything but pleasing to look upon. The report covers nearly three thousand 
printed pages. In condensed form, this report tells the following story: 

The Police force of the city is governed by a Board of four Commissioners 
of Police, appointed for terms of six years, expiring at different periods, by the 
Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Board of Aldermen. The force, un- 
der the government of the Commissioners, consisted of one Superintendent, 
four Inspectors, thirty-four Captains, one hundred and twenty-six Sergeants, one 
hundred and forty-two Roundsmen, two thousand one hundred and seventeen 
Patrolmen, and seventy-three Doormen. The city was divided into thirty terri- 
torial precincts, twenty-eight of which were commanded by Captains and two by 
Sergeants. In addition to these, there were the Sanitary Company, commanded 
by a Captain ; the Harbor Police, employing a steamboat and rowboats, ,com- 
manded by a Captain ; the Broadway Squad, designed to help people across 
Broadway in the daytime, commanded by a Captain ; while one Captain had 
charge of the drilling of the Patrolmen ; another was Superintendent of the 
Street Cleaning Department, and another one was under him in command of cer- 
tain scows attached to that department. Besides these, there were the Mounted 
Squad, consisting of fourteen men ; the Steamship Squad, of twenty-two men ; 
the Headquarter Detectives, twelve in number ; the House of Detention, com- 
manded by a Sergeant, and employing four Policemen; and five Court Squads, 




A Drunkard's Dream. 
(Drawn by C DE Grimm, by permission of Mr. Jame.s Gordon Bennett.) 



I 



OCR' POIJCF. rROTECTORS. 267 

each commanded by a Scr<;cant, and (. niplov iii^ in the aggregate forty-seven 
Policemen. 

■"The precincts were divided into four Inspection Districts, eacli of wliich was 
commanded by an Inspector, and the Sujjerintendent had power over the whole 
force. All orders from the Board were issued to him alone, and the Police force 
should receive their orders from him alone. The committee claimed that "great 
abuses had sprung up in the past from indi\ idiial C'ommissioners issuing orders to 
the Superintendent, and even to the Superintendent's subordinates, without con- 
sulting him." 

Having gone jiretty extensively into certain classes of crime that exi.sted in 
the city, the committee say: " In this connection it is proper to say that all the 
blame (for the existence of these evils) must not l)elaid upon the sliouldcrs of the 
Police. Again and again houses of prostitution that were disorderly have been 
'pulled' (a Police term, meaning arrested,) and the inmates taken before the 
Magistrates ; again and again Magistrates have dismissed such cases, eitlier from 
an honest oi)inion that the testimony was insufficient for a conviction, which was 
assuredly in most cases erroneous, or from some other less creditable motive. 
Hundreds of others have been held by Magistrates, have given bail to go to the 
deneral Sessions, have been indicted there, and nothing has ever been done with 
them. After giving bail they resumed business directly, either in the same place 
or in an immediately adjoining one." 

Referring to gambling houses, the report declares: "While very great im- 
provements in respect to the number of gambling houses has taken place, es- 
pecially since the sessions of this committee began, we cannot doubt that there is 
room forstill further amelioration in the condition of the city in this respect; and 
it will only come when the existence of a gambling house for any length of time 
in the precinct of a Captain is made adequate cause for his dismissal from the 
force. Several of the best officers have indicated their willingness to be subjected 
to a rule that shall hold their positions responsible for the continued existence of 
gambling houses within thirty days after power is given them to suppress it." 

Very interesting information concerning lottery and policy was obtained by 
the committee: "The lowest, meanest, worst form, however, which gambling 
takes in the city of New York, is what is known as policy playing." Policy was 
described by one of the witnesses, who was competent to give an opinion on 
such a subject, as "a parasite on lottery." Policy selling appears to be a betting 
by individuals with policy dealers upon the result of the daily drawing of the 
lotteries in Kentucky. It does not involve the purchase of a lottery ticket, but 
is merely a private wager upon the result of a lottery drawing. A number of 
people, estimated by some at as large a figure as eleven hundred at times, were, 
at the time in question, engaged in the business of selling policy in the 
city of New York; by far the greater portion of the purchasers were found 
among the poorest, lowest, and the most ignorant classes of the communitv. 
One of the witnesses (himself a large policy dealer) made this remarkable 
statement, as coming from him : It (policy) is a right down incorporated 
swindle from the word 'go,' right through; it ought to be stopped. To make Ji 
long story short, it makes boys steal revenue stamps and go and sell them, and 



268 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



women take the bank-book of the men, and when they want to go into business, 
where's the money ? It takes the pennies off dead men's eyes." 

A curious incident is related by the committee in their report (p. 23) of the 
power of the " Central Organization " (a body that controled the dealers of 
branch offices), and the reasons why the Police were unable to suppress these 
criminals. A curious illustration of the intense folly, to say the least, of the 
way in which Courts deal with policy, will be found in the testimony of Captain 
Hedden (p. 463). Discharging his duty efficiently and intelligently, and, indeed, 
in the only way in which it could be discharged, he sent an officer in plain 
clothes to purchase a policy slip; upon that he arrested the dealer, who was dis- 
charged by the Court on the ground that the Policeman was a party to the 
crime. 

The detective system of the city was divided into two branches, the Head- 
quarters Detectives and the Ward Detectives. The Headquarters Detective force 
consisted of about twenty-five men under the command of a Captain, up to Janu- 
ary, 1875. The Ward Detectives were about two in number in each precinct, 
although varying ; there being sometimes only one, and sometimes three or four. 
The duties of the Headquarters Detectives were the investigation of crimes as- 
signed to them for that purpose by the Superintendent- The duties of the Ward 
Detectives were also the investigation of crimes in the precincts, and in this re- 
spect they and their Captains at times clashed with the Headquarters Detectives. 

The Headquarters Detectives had continued pretty nearly unchanged for a 
good many years, saving the natural changes that arose from the passage of time, 
" and there is no doubt whatever that in shrewdness, in experience, and in capac- 
ity, many of them were abundantly equal to the duties imposed upon them." 

The pay of the detectives was precisely the same as that of the Patrolmen, 
one thousand two hundred dollars a year, and no increased compensation was 
given even to the oldest and most experienced officer among them, except when 
he was allowed by the grace of the Board to receive some portion of the reward 
paid for the recovery of stolen property. In rank and in salary the oldest detect- 
ive stood merely on a par with the newest Patrolman who walked his beat. 

A Patrolman, on his joining the force, which he did after swearing to a con- 
siderable variety of things, and after being certified to by a number of reputable 
citizens who had known him for five years, and after passing medical examination 
as to qualifications, was put in the school of instruction, under a Drill Captain, 
for a month. Upon receiving his appointment, and before entering the school of 
instruction, he became a full Patrolman, and no power existed in the Board to get 
rid of him except upon trial m the same manner as with any officer. At the jend 
of a month, or, if he proved an exceptionally stupid scholar, at the end of two 
months, he went upon the force, and from the hour that he received his appoint- 
ment he drew pay at the rate of one thousand two hundred dollars per year, the 
same not only as the oldest and most experienced Patrolman, but as any Rounds- 
man on the force. 

It was the duty of Roundsmen, who were attached to each precinct, to 
traverse the precinct from point to point, in order to see that the Patrolmen were 
discharging their duty faithfully. 



OUR POTJCF. PROTF.CTORS. 



269 



Above them in grade stand the Sergeants, who received one thousand six 
hundred dollars per year, who were appointed hy the Board at pleasure, after an 
examination was held, and four of whom were attached to each precinct, while a 
few others discharged independent duty, such as the command of Court Squads, 
etc. The Sergeants in turn presided at the desk in the station house, and kept 
the "blotter," so-called, a book in which, with great minuteness of detail, all the 
transactions of Police life are entered. The Sergeant, while presiding at the desk 
in the absence of the Captain, exercises the authority of the Captain, and their 
positions require grave judgment and very considcral)le capacity, coolness and 
courage. 

Above the Sergeants rank the Captains, who received two thousand dollars 
per annum. Those in command of the precincts were absolutelv supreme, 
under the control, of course, of their superior officer and of the law. 

In rank above the Captains were four Inspectors, whose salarv was three 
thousand five hundred dollars apiece, and who, \\\) to the sunnncr of 1875, were 
located as follows: one was in charge of the Street Cleaning Bureau, another 
acted as a sort of deputy to the Superintendent, and the other two daily in- 
spected and reported to the Superintendent. This system was done away with, 
and the city was divided into four inspection districts, of which the two most 
important, the First and Second, included the whole of the city below Forty- 
second Street, and these were commanded by the two oldest and most expe- 
rienced Inspectors. The Inspectors were also given authority, each in his dis- 
trict, over the Captains. The Captains reported daily to them, and they re- 
ported an abstract to the Superintendent. A small force, two Sergeants and a 
Roundsman, was allotted to each Inspector. 

Above the Inspectors stands the Superintendent, whose salary is six thou- 
sand dollars per annum, and who holds, perhaps, in some respects, one of the 
most important places in the United States. Beyond all question, more duties 
devolve upon the Superintendent than it is possible for any man to do well. 

The Board of Police Commissioners consists of four Commissioners, ap- 
pointed by the Mayor, one of whom, elected by his associates as President, draws 
a salary of eight thousand dollars, while the other three receive six thousand 
dollars each. They are entrusted with the absolute government of the whole 
Police force of the city of New York, subject only to such restrictions as the 
legislature has provided in its laws. All the rules and regulations of the 
department emanate from them, and in addition to that, all the appointments 
and all the promotions are made bv them. The trials of all the offenses charged 
against Policemen, from Jietty offenses against the military code, such as a dis- 
ordered button, up to the very greatest charges, are held before one or all of the 
Commissioners, and are decided by the Board, as a Board. In addition, the 
legislature imposed u[)on the Commissioners the management of the cleaning 
of the streets of the city of New York, a vast labor, which employed a 
vast number of men and carts, and which required the almost incessant 
attention of one at least of the Commissioners. The Commissioners were 
further obliged to take charge of the Bureau of Elections, which, during a large 
portion of the year, consumed a great deal of their time. They appoint all the 



270 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



inspectors of election, something over two thousand in number, and all the poll 
clerks ; they designate all the jjolling places ; in fact, the whole machinery of 
election is under their direct and immediate control. The President of the 
Board of Police is-, in addition, a member of the Health Board. 

" One of the greatest difficulties experienced in procuring an efficient Police, 
has been, the Committee find, the continual intermeddling of ])oliticians with the 
government of the force. Patrolmen have generally been appointed through 
political influence; promotions have been made on the same ground, and even 
details for duty have frequently been regulated in the same manner. * * * 
The present Board have announced to the force that any officer who procures 




inspector McDermott. 



politicians to attempt to influence the action of the Board, will receive no con- 
sideration at their hands, and it is to be hoped that the steady enforcement of this 
rule may lead to the abatement of this intolerable nuisance." * * * 

There were not enough Policemen in New York, the committee concluded. 
It appears that the total number of night posts in the city at this time was eight 
hundred and twenty. The aggregate length of the night posts was eight hundred 
and twenty-five miles, three furlongs, thirty-eight rods and five yards. The aver- 
age length of each night post was one mile and two rods. The total force of 
Patrolmen in Patrol Precincts was one thousand nine hundred and forty-six. 
Average absent from any cause, four hundred and eight. Average effective force 
on each night, seven hundred and sixty-nine. Average length of each actual night 
post, one mile, twenty-three rods and two yards. Aggregate length of day posts, 
eight hundred and twenty-five miles, three furlongs, thirty-eight rods, and five 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



271 



yards. Average effective day force, three hundred and eighty-four. Average 
length of each actual day i)OSt, two miles and four rods. A Tatrolman was 
rec{*iired while walking his beat at night to examine the door of every house on 
his post and to see whether or not it was closed securely. When the average 
length of such a post is considered, one mile and upwards of twenty-three rods, it 
may be imagined easily how long a time it takes a Patrolman to get from one end 
of his beat to the other, and how long an interval must ensue after the time at 
which he leaves any given ])oint on his beat before he returns to it again. * * * 
The committee conc:luded "that five hundred additional Policemen were abso- 
lutely essential to the safety of the lives and property of the citizens in New 
York." 

The report of Superintendent Walling, announcing the death of Inspector 
Francis C. Speight, March 20, 1877, was the occasion for the Board to pass re- 
solutions of sympathy and condolence. He was appointed a Patrolman during 
the first term as Mayor of William F. Havemeyer, and attained the rank of 
Captain in 1854 ; in 1857 he became a member of the Metropolitan Police 
force, and was promoted to the rank of Inspector on the eleventh day of August, 
1874. During an unusually extended term of office he discharged its difficult 
duties faithfuUv, vigorously, and, as appears by his record, to the evident satis- 
faction of the numerous superior officers under whom he served. 

Upon the report of Inspector Thorne announcing the death of Inspector 
John McDermott, the nineteenth of April, 1880, the Board passed the follow- 
ing: 

[Vherem, John McDermott, late an Inspector of the Police force, deceased, 
was appointed a Patrolman of Police of the city of New York, December 24, 
1859, a Roundsman January 26, 1863, a Sergeant November 15, 1865, a Cap- 
tain October 9, 1869, and an Inspector May 31, 1872, p.nd during this extended 
term of office he discharged its difificult duties faithfully, vigorously, and, as 
appears by his record, to the evident satisfaction of the numerous superior of- 
ficers under whom he served. He died on the nineteenth of A]jril, inst., in the 
forty-seventh year of his age. 

Resolved, That in the death of Inspector McDermott the Department and 
the public lose a p.ompt, efficient, courteous and faithful officer, whose record of 
official action is commended to the force as an example worthy of study and 
emulation. 

Resolved, That the sympathy of the Board is tendered to the family, 
relatives, and friends of the deceased in their deep affliction. 

The great railroad strikes which convulsed the country in 1877, leading to 
desperate encounters between the rioters and the militia, were fortunately 
brought to a sudden stop just as an attempt had been made to organize those 
dangerous forces in open mass meetings in the heart of a socialistic district in this 
city. These railroad strikes had been unprecedented in their extent. Beginning 
at Martinsburg, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the strikes and attendant 
disorders spread to all the great lines in the central and western j)art of tiie Union, 
in rapid succession. The hard times had pressed heavily on the hard worked 
masses, and the lowering of wages by railroad corporations provoked discontent 
and aroused a retaliatory spirit among the men. It is a coincidence worthy of 
note, that those scenes of disorder were also enacted, like the draft and orange 
riots, in the month of July. So serious had grown the situation in a little time, 
that the President of the United States issued a proclamation in which all good 



272 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



citizens were admonished against countenancing, abetting, or taking part in such 
unlawful proceedings, and all persons engaged in or connected with said domes- 
tic violence and obstruction of laws, were warned to disperse and retire peaceably 
to their respective abodes on or before twelve o'clock noon, of the nineteenth of 
July, instant. 

Scenes of riot and bloodshed were witnessed in the streets of Baltimore, in 
which the mob was fired upon by the military. In the conflict between thirty 
and forty of the mob were killed or wounded, and nine were killed outright. 

Pittsburg was the next city to experience the fury of the strikers, and a 
general revolt spread like a devouring flame along the line of the great railroads. 
The country had been thoroughly aroused, and no one knew where the trouble 
would end. Reading was the next point to feel the force of the storm, while 
Philadelphia and Scranton soon became the centres of similar trouble. 

While the State and general Government were thus employed in grappling 
with those serious disturbances, it was natural that public attention should be at- 
tracted to the great State of New York, to mark what effect the revolutionary 
proceedings of the strikers would produce in that quarter. The hands employed 
at Homellsville, on the Erie Railroad, had struck, and taken up arms in defiance 
of law. Governor Robinson, by proclamation, warned all persons engaged in the 
violation of law to desist therefrom, and offered a reward of five hundred dollars, 
to be paid upon the arrest and conviction of each and every striker found guilty 
of a breach of the law. Syracuse, Buffalo, and other cities and towns were deeply 
agitated by the unlawful work of the strikers. 

It was at this crisis that an event occurred in the city of New York, which, 
for weal or woe, was destined to prove of far-reaching importance. This city 
was regarded as the pivotal point of the strike ; as New York went so went 
the victory or defeat. It caused, therefore, serious alarm throughout the State 
when it was announced that a mass meeting was called to take place in Tomp- 
kins Square, under the auspices of Socialistic leaders, and, of course, in sympathy 
with the strikers. This action was regarded by the city authorities, and properly 
so, as being fraught with the possibilities of great danger to the peace and wel- 
fare of the State and entire country. The rioters had at this stage been checked 
in the several centres which they had selected as their strongholds. They had 
hoped to regain lost ground by making a diversion on this city, where the ele- 
ments of popular disorder are but too numerous. With New York strikers and 
their sympathizers up in arms, an impetus would have been given to the cause, 
which, in the inflamed and strained condition of the temper of the masses, 
would have been extremely difficult to stamp out, and what untold tales of horrors 
and atrocities might have resulted as the natural product of such a conflict! This 
truly was one of those public critical emergencies where an ounce of Police pre- 
vention was better than a pound of military cure. It was a very trying and 
anxious moment for New York City, and it is not much of an exaggeration or an 
abuse of a figure of speech to say that her fate trembled in the balance. 

The Police, true to their history, were not unmindful of the gravity of the 
situation. By their prompt and energetic measures the advancing tread of the 
strikers was brought to a halt before they had time to marshal their forces or fall 



OUR rOLICE PROTECTORS. 



into line. A morning paper, in three words, summed up the situation : " Nkw 
VoKK. sAvs sTor !" 'I'he same paper says : "The thorough and magnificent prep- 
arations made by the National Guard of the First Division and the Now York 
ToHce have checked the threatened disorder in this city at the outset, and left 
nothing whereon to hang to-day any fear or expectation of outbreak here." 

The Board of Police, by reason of disturbances and riots in other cities of 
the State, and the apprehensions of similar disorders taking place in this city, 
demanded the assistance of the Seventh, Twenty-second, Eighth and Seventy- 
first Regiments, which demand was approved by the Mayor. The regiments 
named were accordingly assembled in their respective armories, equij)ped for 




Essex Market. 



service, armed with breech-loaders, and each supplied with forty rounds of am- 
munition per man, and directed to hold themselves in readiness to respond — until 
further orders — to any demand which might be made upon them by the Board of 
Police to aid in suppressing riot, tumult, or disturbance of the public peace. 
The Police force covering Tompkins Square were distributed as follows: 
Mounted Squad and mounted Patrolmen from up-town precincts, under 
Sergeant Revell, at the Eighteenth Ward Market, foot of E^ast Seventeenth 
Street ; three hundred Patrolmen at the Seventeenth Precinct Station House, 
Fifth Street and First Avenue, under command of Inspector Murray ; two hun- 
dred Patrolmen at the Eighteenth Precinct Station House, Twenty-second Street, 
between First and Second Avenues, under Inspector Thome ; one hundred and 
sixty men at the Eleventh Precinct Station House, Sheriff and Houston Streets, 
under Captain Allaire; and one hundred men in reserve at Police Headquarters, 
under Captains Hedden and Gunner. Nearly every part of the city was covered 
by the Central Office Detectives, who made regular rejjorts. Trouble being ex- 
pected at the Thirtieth Street Depot of the Hudson River Railroad, Captain 



274 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Washburn, of the Twentieth Precinct, had his command strongly reinforced. 
The Western Steamboat Squad, under the command of Sergeant GastHn, 
guarded the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Piers Nos. i, 2, 4, 5, 38, 
and 39, North River ; that of the New York Central and Hudson River Rail- 
road, Pier No. 26, North River; that of the Starin Transportation Company, at 
Piers Nos. 14 and 15, North River, and the landings at the foot of West Twenty- 
second Street and Twenty-fourth Street. 

These preparations were too formidable for the men to cope with who 
had called the Tompkins Square meeting. Strikers and rioters were cowed, and 
the meeting broke up with no public disturbance of any consequence. The 
turning point was safely passed and the demon of discord was crushed. The 
public breathed more freely, and the press, voicing public opinion, gave emphatic 
expression to this sentiment: 

" The conduct both of the Police and of the citizen soldiery w-as simply 
admirable." 

Mayor Ely made charges for dereliction against three Police Commissioners 
of this city, viz. Messrs Erhardt, Nichols, and Wheeler. The following letter to 
one of these Commissioners embodies the nature of these charges : 

Executive Dep.a.rtment, 
City H.\ll, 

New York, Dec. 18, 1877. 

Joel B. Erhardt, Esq., 

Police Commissiotier of the City of New York : 

Sir: The management of the Police Department seems to call for official 
action on my part. 

The duty of cleaning the streets, which is devolved upon that Department, 
has been inefficiently performed. The unclean and filthy condition of the streets 
during the present year has not only been a public scandal and disgrace to the city, 
but has been recently reported by the Health Department as dangerous to the 
public health, although the sum of sixty thousand dollars has been taken each 
month from the public treasury for street cleaning purposes ; an amount in my 
judgment amply sufficient for the proper performance of that work. 

The Police Department has also assumed the right to decide when the 
statutes of the State should be enforced, and when they should be permitted to 
be ignored, and after allowing them to be disregarded for considerable periods 
of time, has then enforced them capriciously and by raids, in such manner as to 
render law odious instead of respected. 

For this inefficiency and maladministration of the Police Department, you, 
as one of the Commissioners, are in my judgment responsible. 

You are hereby notified that I will give you an opjjortunity to be heard in 
answer to the above charges on the twentieth day of December instant, at twerve 
o'clock noon, at this office, then and there to show cause, if any exist, why you 
should not be removed from office as one of the Police Commissioners of the 
city of New York. 

Smith Ely, Jr., Mayor. 

To this Mr. Erhardt made an order as follows: 
City and County of New York, jrjr. .• 

Joel B. Erhardt, being sworn, says: That the charges herein were served 
upon him late in the day on Tuesday, December 18, 1877 ; that they are so 
general in their nature, that it has been impossible for him to properly prepare 



OUR rOLfCE PROTECTORS. 



275 



his defense in the time allowed in such charge; that so far as said charges relate 
t.) street cleaning, it is, as he is advised by his counsel and verily believes, neces- 
sary*and important that he should present evidence to show not only that all 
moneys expended by the Police Department have been i)roperly and economi- 
cally expended; that the streets have been as thoroughly cleaned as the law, 
and the legal, and other instructions and com])lications permitted, and that the 
Police De])artment has not been guilty of inefficiency or maladmistration. But 
as deponent is advised by his said counsel, it is furthermore important that he 
should be ])reparcd to show that he is not responsible for any inefficiency or 
maladministration. That if a brief delay is allowed, deponent will be prepared 
with such proof. That the only reason for desiring such delay is the physical 
impossil)ility, while, by attending to the necessary duties of his office, and ex- 
amining the witnesses, or procuring their statements, and preparing the neces- 
sary statistics in the brief time permitted, especially as the absence from the 
country of one of the members of the Board has thrown increased labors upon 
the remaining meinbers. Deponent further says that the charge that the right 
to decide when the statutes of the State should be enforced and when they 
should be permitted to be ignored, has been assumed, and that the laws have 
been enforced capriciously and by raids, is so general in its nature, that, as he is 
advised by counsel and verily believes to be true, it is important and necessary 
to be prepared to show its falsity by evidence and statistics of the office during 
the two years past; and that deponent has been unable to procure the requisite 
statistics and proofs from the records in the brief period allowed. Deponent 
further says, that the said charges are each and all of them untrue, and that he 
has a good and substantial defence upon the merits, after a full statement of the 
facts, as he is advised by counsel and verily believes to be true. 

Joel B. Erhardt. 

Sworn to before me, this 20th day ) 
of Deceml)er, 1877. \ 

[l. s.] Edmund C. (Iav, 

Notary Public. 

Sidney P. Nichols, for nearly two years previously chairman of the Commit- 
tee of the Police Department on Street Cleaning, in defending himself against this 
charge of dereliction, testified that the organization of the Street Cleaning Bureau 
was made up as follows: 

The person in charge was known as Die Street Cleaning Inspector, and by 
law was required to be a Police officer. He had charge of all the operations of 
the Bureau, directed how and when ttie work should be done, and was respon- 
sible to the Commissioners of Police for the proper carrying out of the work of the 
Bureau. He was assisted by a person known as the Deputy Inspector, who as- 
sisted him in carrying out the orders of the Inspector, and had a general super- 
vision of the work of the Bureau. 

The city was divided into Street Cleaning Districts, usually Wards, of which 
one or more constituted a district, which was in charge of a foreman, who had 
the immediate charge of the work in his district, assisted by two or more gang- 
men, who were in direct charge of the laborers and cartmen, of which there were 
employed constantly a sufficient number to perform the work in each district. 
The gangmen reported all matters to the foreman, and the foreman made a daily 
report of all the men employed, the time each is entitled to, the streets cleaned, 
and the number of loads of ashes, garbage, and street sweepings gathered by the 



276 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



cartmen and delivered at the several dumping boards upon scows or barges" to be 
taken away to places of deposit. There was one district made up of Broadway and 
the principal avenues and streets that need cleaning oftener and at night, which 
district was in charge of a foreman and gangman, the same as the other districts. 
The foremen directs what streets and avenues shall be cleaned each working day, 
unless specially ordered by the Inspector to clean certain streets or parts of streets 
on specified days. 

There was a person employed at each dumping board known as a Dump In- 
' spector, who had charge of all work and workmen at the dump, and kept a tally 
of all loads delivered by the carts, specifying each cartman by name and the num- 
ber of loads each cartman delivered during the day or night. These daily returns 
of the foreman and Dump Inspectors were returned each day to the officer of the 
Street Cleaning Bureau, and there compiled and preserved. 

There was a person known as the Superintendent of Scows, or Boats, who had 
the immediate charge of all the floating property of the bureau, and directed 
(under orders from the Inspectors) where the materials shall be taken to to be 
disposed of, and has charge of the force employed in disposing of the same. 

There was a person known as the Superintendent of Stables, who had the im- 
mediate charge of the stables and repair shops. All horses, carts and machines 
owned by the bureau, except when at work in the several districts, were in charge 
of a foreman. He had charge of and kept the time of all laborers, mechanics, 
etc., employed in and about the stables. 

The Street Cleaning Department was created by statute in 1872. The 
Board of Police were required to clean the streets, and to keep them clean. In 
1873 the amount of money expended was ore million and seventy-nine thousand 
dollars; in 1874, it was eight hundred and twenty-nine thousand dollars; in 1875, 
eight hundred and one thousand dollars; in 1876 it was seven hundred and twenty- 
six thousand dollars, and in 1877 it was seven hundred and twenty-five thousand 
dollars, or five hundred and ninety-two thousand dollars to November i, 1877 ; 
and for all four years three million four hundred and fifty-four thousand dollars. 
The number of miles they cleaned in 1873 ^^^^ eleven thousand ; in 1874 twelve 
thousand ; in 1875 xvvsxq thousand, and in 1876 it was eleven thousand. 

In four years, forty-five thousand three hundred and twenty-two. The loads of 
ashes, garbage and dirt removed were as follows : In 1873 one million one hun- 
dred and forty-seven thousand ; in 1874, one million and thirty thousand ; in 
1875, one million ^ind thirty-one thousand; in 1876, one million and eleven 
thousand ; four million four hundred and twenty thousand in four years. The 
total cost per mile in the first year was ninety-eight dollars ; the second yetfr, 
1874, sixty-four dollars and eighty cents ; in 1875, it was eighty dollars and 
fifty-six cents ; in 1876, it was sixty-four dollars — making an average of seventy- 
six dollars and eighty-two cents i)er mile in each year. The cost per load of 
material — that is the only way it can be arranged — was, for the first year, ninety- 
seven cents; second year, eighty cents ; third, seventy-se\en cents ; and for the 
fourth year, seventy-one cents; making an average of eighty-three cents for four 
years ; and in 1877 it has been seventy-two cents. A million of loads and more 
was the product ; two hundred and fifty miles of streets to be cleaned, and three 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



277 



hundred miles and over to be traversed every day for the purpose of collecting 
ashes, garbage and street dirt. The material so collected had the relation of 
aboflt sixty-five to seventy per cent, of ashes ; of about — a large allowance — ten 
per cent, garbage, and the remainder street sweepings as it was collected. 

The manual at present in use in the Police Department was promulgated in 
1877. Amendments have been added thereto at several subsequent periods. 
Some of the rules and regulations of the aforesaid manual are appended in a 
condensed form. The following was the Board of Police for 1877: William Y. 
Smith, DeWitt C. Wheeler, Joel B. Erhardt, Sidney P. Nichols, Commissioners. 
Officers: William F. Smith, President; DcWitt C. Wheeler, Treasurer. 

Co.MMiTTEES.— On Rules and Discipline: Commissioner Erhardt, Cliair- 
man; Commissioners Wheeler, Smith and Nichols. On Street Cleaning: Com- 
missioners Nichols and Wheeler. On Repairs and Sup])lies: Commissioners 
Wheeler and Nichols. On Elections: Commissioners Wheeler and Nichols. On 
Clerical Force: Commissioners Wheeler and Nichols. Seth C. Hawley, Chief 
Clerk; George W. Walling, Superintendent. 

The *' Police Department " of the city of New York consists of a " Board 
of Police " composed of four " Commissioners " (appointed by the Mayor, by 
and with consent of the Board of Aldermen,) and the " Police force " and 
officers appointed by said Board. The Board is the head of the Police Depart- 
ment ; governs and controls the department, its business and affairs ; is invested 
with and exercises all the powers conferred by law upon the Police Department. 
The territorial jurisdiction and authority of the Board, and the Police force un- 
der their direction, are co-extensive with the territorial limits of the city of New 
York. For the purposes of Police government, the territory of the city of New 
York is divided into Inspection Districts, Surgeons Districts, and Precincts, 
subject to alteration, from time to time, by the Board of Police. Precincts are 
divided into patrol beats or posts by the Captains, with the approval of the 
Superintendent, subject to alteration, from time to time, by like authority. 

The territory of the city of New York was divided into four Inspection 
Districts, which are respectively named the First, Second, Third, and Fourth 
Inspection Districts. 

First District consists of Precincts Nos. 1,4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 
26, and First and Third District Court Squads. 

Second District consists of Precincts Nos. 5, 8, 9, 15, 16, 20, 25, 27, 29, and 
Second District Court Squad. 

Third District consists of Precincts Nos. 12, 19, 19 Sub., 23, 33, 34, and 
Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth District Court Squads. 

Fourth District consists of Precincts Nos. 22, 30, 31, 32, and 35. 

An Inspector of Police is assigned to each district, and has an office within 
the limits of his district, or at such places as the Board of Police may determine. 

The Superintendent, unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Police, 
assigns one Inspector, in rotation, to attend to the night duty, and one to the 
duty pertaining to the Central Department, on Sunday. 

Night duty commences at 6 p. m. and terminates at 8 .\. m. 

Sunday duty begins at 8 a. m. and ends at 6 p. m. 



278 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The Police force of the city of New York consists of a Superintendent^ four 
Inspectors, Surgeons, Captains, Sergeants, Patro^lmen and Doormen, clerks and 
employees, to the number of each rank, authorized by law. 

The Police force is divided into as many companies as there are Precincts, 
and such other companies and squads as the Board of Police may order. 

The regulation uniform is: 

For the Superintendent — The dress is a double-breasted frock coat ; the 
waist to extend to the top of the hip, and the skirt to within one inch of the 
bend of the knee; two rows of Police buttons on the breast, eight in each row, 
placed in pairs, the distance between each row five and one-half inches at the 
top, and three and one-half inches at the bottom ; stand-up collar, to rise no 
higher thai, to permit the chin to turn freely over it, to hook in front at the 




Orphan Asylum. 

bottom; cuffs, three and one-half inches deep, and to button with three small 
buttons at tlie under seam; two buttons on the hips, one button on the bottom 
of each skirt-pocket welt, and two buttons intermediate, so that there will be six 
buttons on the back; collars and cuffs to be of dark blue velvet ; lining of the 
coat, black; the pantaloons plain; black neckcloth and white collar; the waist- 
coat single-breasted, with eight buttons placed at equal distances. 

For Inspectors — The dress the same as for Superintendent, except that 
there are seven buttons in each row on the breast of the coat, placed at equal 
distances, and the gold wreath on the hat shall inclose the word " Inspector " in 
silver. 

For Captains and Sergeants — The same as for Superintendent, except that 
there are eight buttons in each row, on the breast of the coat, placed at equal 
distances; collar rolling, the collar and cuffs of the same color and material as 



OUR rorjcE protfctors. 279 

the coat; the wreath on the hat to inclose tlie word " Captain " or " Sergeant," 
with the number of the precinct to which the officer is attached in gold. The 
Captain of the Harbor Police has a gold anchor, and the Sergeants silver 
anchors, inclosed in a wreath, in lieu of the number of the precinct. 

For Patrolmen — The dress is a single-breasted frock <;oat with rolling col- 
lar; the waist to extend to the top of the hip, and the skirt to witiiin one inch 
of the bend of the knee; nine buttons on the breast, two buttons on the hips, 
two buttons on the bottom of each pocket, and three small buttons on the under 
seam of the cuffs. Trousers have a white welt in the outer seam; white shirt 
collar; black neckcloth; vest, single-breasted, with nine ljuttons placed at ecpial dis- 
tances. The hat, with wreath surrounding the approjjriate number in white metal. 

Patrolmen detailed as Roimdsmen, in addition, have the word " Rounds- 
man " in white metal letters, in lieu of the wreath. 

Roundsmen wear on each arm of the overcoat, dress coat, and blouse, a 
United States Infantry chevron of two stripes, above the point of the elbow. 

The officers of the force rank in the following order : First, Superintend- 
ent; second. Inspector; third, Captain; fourth. Sergeant; fifth. Roundsman. 

Mounted Roundsmen wear, as above mentioned, the United States cavalry 
chevron. 

For Harbor Patrolmen — The dress is a sailor's jacket, rolling collar, to come 
down half way between the hip joint and knee ; five buttons on each side of 
breast, two buttons on the under seam of the cuff ; pockets inside ; vest, single- 
breasted, nine buttons; trousers, plain; shirt of blue flannel; hat, same as other 
Patrolmen, with wreath and number ; pea-jacket overcoat, three inches above the 
knee, five buttons on each side, side pockets with flaps ; in other respects, same 
as other Patrolmen. 

The coat of Mounted Patrolmen and officers in charge is the same as pre- 
viously described, except that the skirt of the coat extends only to a point 
midway between the waist and the bend of the knee ; and is trimmed on 
collar, lappels, and cuffs with yellow cord, as per sample in the office of the " De- 
partment of Clothing and Equipment." Trousers are the same as above, 
except that the cord on them shall be yellow. The metallic ornaments on hat 
and belt are composed of yellow metal. The cord and tassel are of the style 
prescribed, except that they are yellow. 

For Doormen — The dress is a double-breasted round jacket, extending two 
inches below the hip, with five Police buttons on each breast, and one on the 
inside seam of each cuff ; trousers of Cadet-mixed cloth, plain ; hat, the same 
as Patrolmen, without wreath, but with the word " Doorman " in white metal let- 
ters, placed in front. In other jjarticulars, same as Patrolmen. 

The summer uniform consists of blue flannel sack coat, and blue flannel trou- 
sers. The coat of Patrolmen is a single-breasted sack, with short turn-over col- 
lar, to button close up to the chin, and reach to a point four inches above the 
bend of the knee, with four buttons on the front ; no pockets to show on the out- 
side, and the trousers to be made same as winter trousers. 

For Harbor Patrolmen — Flannel sack coat and flannel trousers made like 
the above. 



28o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Officers are permitted to wear the summer uniform while in the discharge of 
desk duty in the station house. 

No person will ,be appointed Patrolman of the Police force unless — 
First. — He is able to read and write the English language understandingly. 
Second. — He is a citizen of the United States. 

Third. — He has been a resident of this State during a term of one year next 
prior to his application for appointment. 

Fourth. — He has never been convicted of crime. 

Fifth. — He is at least five feet seven and a half inches in height, measured in 
his bare feet, and weighs not less than one hundred and thirty-eight pounds, avoir- 
dupois, without cloth mg. 

Sixth. — He is less than thirty years of age. 

Seventh. — He is of good health, and sound in body and mind. 

Eighth. — He is of good moral character and habits. 



SURGEON'S CERTIFICATE. 



QUESTIONS, EACH OF WHICH IS TO BE ANSWERED BY THE MEDICAL 

EXAMINERS. 

N. B. — It is understood that the Examiners will, of course, put such other questions bearing 
upon each case as they may think proper, and that the whole Examination will be thorough, 
exact and circumstantial. 



Name Age. 



. Residence. 



Has the Applicant ever been examined by the \ 
Surgeons of the Department, and if so, state > ■ 



the result? 



* State the exact Weight, A; Height B; Cir- 
cumference of Chest under Clothing, C; fig- 
ure and general appearance, D. 



Wg't 
A 



Height. 



B. ft. 



In. 



Ct 

Circumference chest in 



Under Clothing 

At Forced Expiration. . 
On Full Inspiration. 



A. Is the Respiring Murmur clear and distinct 

over both Lungs? 

B. Is the character of the Respiration Full, 

Easy and Regular? 

C. Are there any indications of Disease of the 

Organs of Respiration or their Append- 
ages? 



A 



B 



Is the Character of the Heart's Action 
Uniform, Free and Steady? 
Are its Sounds and Rhythm Regular and 
Normal? 

C. Are there any indications of Disease of this 
Organ or of the Blood Vessels? 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



281 



A. State the Rate and Quality of Respiration? "| A 

B. State the Rate and other Qualities of the 
■•Pulse. 

C. Does it Intermit, or become Irregular or 

Unsteady? 



Is th 
torat 
tation? 



e Applicant subject to Cough, Expec- \ 
ration, Difficulty of Breathing, or I'alpi- > 



B. 



Are the functions of the Brain and Nervous 
System in a Healthy State? 

Have the Brain or Spinal Cord ever been [ B. 
Diseased? J 



1 



If the Applicant has had any serious Illness 1 
or Injury, state expressly what effect, if | 
any, is perceptible in the heart, lungs, kid- \ 
neys or other abdominal organs, or the I 
skin, eyes, ears, limbs, etc. J 



Has the Applicant any predisposition, either "] 
hereditary or acquired, to any constitu- ' 
tional disease, as phthisis, scrofula, rheu- 
matism? 



Does the Applicant display any evidence of \ 
having, or having had, syphilis?^ ) 



Do the Answers to Questions in the Applica- 
tion, aiul to the Certihcates thereto at- | 
tached, give, in your opinion, a full and, \ 
in all respects, a satisfactory description of | 
the Person? J 



* The Examiners are called upon to pay 
especial attention to the annexed schedules 
in determining the fitness of the applicant for 
the duties of a patrolman. 

t There should be a difference, at least, of 
two inches at forced expiration and on full 
inspiration. 

* * Obesity must be regarded as a good 
cause for rejection, whenever it exists to the 
extent of interfering with the activity and 
usefulness demanded of a policeman under 
emergencies. 

\ Syphilitic taint in the applicant must al- 
ways be regarded as good cause of rejection. 



t Minimum Circumference 
of the Chest tolerable in ap- 
plicants. 



Circumference 
Height. of Chest, 
ft. inches. inches. 



Statuke and Weight. — 
The stature shall not be be- 
low 5 ft. 7^ in,, nor the 
weight below that marked 
as Its minimum accompani- 
ment in the subjoined table. 



Height. Min. Weight, 
ft. inches. lbs. 




REMARKS: 

We Hereby Certify, that we have this day carefully and thoroughly examined, in accord- 
ance with the above instructions and find that he is 

sound in limb and body, is able-bodied of a 

robust constitution, has good eyesight and good hearing, and in our opinion is 

physically qualified to sustain the labors and exposures, and perform the duties of a 

Patrolman, and that the above is a truthful record of the examination. 

) Surgeons 

- of 

New\ork. 1S7 ) Police. 



282 



OUR rOLICK PROTECTORS. 



Police Department, 300 Mulberry Street, N. Y. 
I Hereb\' Cektifv, that I have carefully revieived the foregoing record of ex- 
amitiatioti, and fiml the same to be in accordance with the i?istruct:cns of the 
Board. 

Chief Sun^eon. 

Dated 187.. 



A'o 



E.xamined 187.. 



S. C. Hawlev, Chief Clerk: 

Vou JC'ill cause the bearer to be E.xamined by 

the Committee of Surgeons in pursuance of the Rule. 

Commissioner. 

Signature of Applicant 

Preliminary examinations for appointments on the force of those reported 
favorably by the Surgeons are held by the chief clerk in his office, in respect to 
their eligibility and qualifications to be Patrolmen, except as to their physical 
conditions. Evidence of their naturalization and honorable discharge from the 
army or navy shall be then produced. To those who are found clearly competent 
he delivers a petition in the form, properly filled up. On such petition the can- 
didate procures the signatures of not less than ten reputable citizens, when it is 
to be returned to the chief clerk, who designates which of the petitioners shall 
verify the petition by affidavit. The chief clerk causes the confidential inquirv 
into the character, habits, and associations of the candidate to be made by the 
Captains of the precincts in which the candidate resides, and also by the Super- 
intendent, through officers specially detailed by him for that purpose. Thechijf 
clerk, upon the return of favorable character reports, causes the candidates to ap- 
pear before the full Board, when the Board decides which of the applicants shall 
be placed on the roll of candidates to be appointed Patrolmen as vacancies 
occur. 

PETrnoN. 

To the Board of Police of the J'olice P)epart?nent of the City of Atai ]'ork: 

The undersigned request the Board of Police to aj)point 

to be in the Police force of the city of New York, and in- 
dividually, and each for himself, states and represents to the Board that he has 

known the said personally, intimately, and well, for 

year last past, and is qualified to speak intelligently in relation to his character, 
habits and associations, and states and represents that he is a man of good moral 
character, correct and orderly in his deportment, and not in any respect a violator 
of law or good order. That he is of sober, temperate, and industrious habits, not 
addicted to the habitual use of intoxicating drinks, or to other hurtful excesses — 
that he has never st enhim drunk, or known or heard of his having been drunk ; 
nor of his having been guilty of or arrested for, any criminal or disorderly cofi- 
duct or act. 

And they further represent as aforsaid, that he is a man of truth and in- 
tegrity, of sound mind, good understanding, and of a temper, habits and manners 
fit to be a Policeman. The undersigned are willing and ready at any time to ap- 
pear at the Central Department and make affidavit to the truth of the above 
representation. 

N. B. — The names and residences of at least ten petitioners are required. 
Signature of Petitioners. Residence of Petitioners. 



01^ A' /'Of. /(•/■: PROTECTORS. 



283 



(Rcvcrsf side (if I'ctition as follows:) 



A I I'lD.W IT. 



State of Nkw York, 



City and County of New York, ) 

The undersigned, being duly sworn, doth depose and say, that he has read 
the foregoing petition, signed by him, knows the contents thereof, and that the 
same is true. 



iVoticc to Petitioners. — The welfare and efificiency of the Police force demands 
that all promotions be made on the ground of merit and ability, to be proved by 
thorough and faithful performance of Police duties, and thataU transfers from one 
j)recinct to another, as well as detailments to special duty, be decided quite inde- 
pendent of i)olitical or personal considerations, or influences. It is tiierefore de- 
sired that all applicants and their friends understand and remember that when a 
man is appointed a member of the force, he must submit himself to the rules, 
regulations, and orders of the department, and seek to win advancement and 
favorable positions by a faithful and thorough discharge of Police duties ; that 
petitions and solicitations in his behalf for promotion, transfer, or detailment, 
by outside parties, are regarded by the Board as subversive of discipline and 
subordination, and cannot advance the interest of the member in whose behalf 
they are made. 



Any member of the Police force may be punisiicd by the J5oard of Police, 
in their discretion, eitiier l)y reiirimand, forfeiture, and withholding pay not ex- 
ceeding thirty days for any one offense, or by dismissal from t'ne force, on con- 
viction of either of the following offenses, to wit: 

Of intoxication. 

Of any act of insubordination or disrespect towards a superior officer. 

Of any acts of ojipression or tyranny. 

Of nelgect of duty. 

Of violation of the rules. 

Of neglect or disobedience of orders. 

Of any legal offence. 

Of absence without leave. 

Of immoral conduct. 

Of conduct imbecoming an officer. 

Of conduct injurious to the public peace or welfare. 

Of incapacity, mental, physical, or educational. 

Of any breach of discipline. 

Of neglecting or refusing to pay a debt for uniform clothing. 
Of contracting a debt under false or fraudulent j)retences. 



Sworn before me this 
of 




Chief Clerk. 



By order of the Board, 



Chief Clerk. 



284 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Before being qualified as a Patrolman, the following form of statement must 
be made under oath, and subscribed to by the applicant: 

POLICE DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 

No. 300 Mulberry Street. 

New York 187 

Statement of an applicant for appointment as Patrolman 

of the Police Force of the City of New York, made for the purpose of testing his 
qualifications. 



QUESTIONS. 



ANSWERS. 



What is your name ? 

In what year, day, and month were you born? 

Where were you born ? 

If not born in the United States, have you been ) 

naturalized. When and where? \ 

Can you read and write English? 

Have you been arrested for misdemeanor, or for any \ 

crime ? \ 

Have you been convicted of any crime or misdemeanor? 
Have you resided in this State for one continuous year 

last past ? 

Where do you now reside ? 

Are you Married? 

What Family have you? 

What has been your occupation? 

Have you ever had the rheumatism ? 

Have you ever had a fit of any kind ? 

Have you ever had piles, and how long since? 

If your parents, or either of them, are dead, at what ) 

age and of what disease did they die? \ 

Have you been in any military service ? 

Were you honorably discharged? 

Have you ever been a Policeman ? 

Have you paid, or promised to pay, or given anyl 

money or other consideration to any person, directly ! 

or indirectly, for any aid or influence towards pro- [ 

curing your appointment ? J 

City and County of New York, ss. : 

being duly sworn, doth depose and say, as follows: I wrote the answers and 
signed the within statement with my own hand, and the same is true. 

Sworn and subscribed before me, this ) 

day of 187 \ 

Chief Clerk. 

Notice. — Applicants are required to fill the blanks on the other page of 
this paper in their own handwriting, without any aid, assistance, or suggestion from 
any other person. This must be done in the office of the Chief Clerk. Any 
false statement, evasion or deception in answering the within questions will be 
good grounds for rejection of the application, and of dismissal from the Force. 

All orders to the Superintendent of Police emanates from and are issued 
to him only by the Board of Police, and all orders to the Police force are issued 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



by the Superintendent to the Inspectors or Captains of Police, and by him to 
them communicated to the force, or any member or members thereof ; he is the 
< hicf executive officer of the Police force, subject to the orders, rules, and 
regulations of the Board of Police. 

Each Inspector is held responsible for tlie general good conduct and order 
of liis district, as the Captains of Police are held responsible for the good con- 
duct and order of their respective precincts; and while no rule is laid down by 
the Board of Police for his precise government, it is expected that each In- 
spector will visit portions of his district, and the station liouses therein, at un- 
certain hours of the day and night. He will diligently intpiire into every com- 
plaint made by citizens of laxity or misconduct in performance of duty by mem- 
bers of the force, and report the same lo the Superintendent. 




St. Luke's Hospital. 

Sergeants in turn, shall patrol their precincts, and see that the Roundsmen and 
Patrolmen of their platoons or sections are performing their duty properly. It 
is the duty of the Sergeant on patrol to go on patrol with his section or platoon; 
to remain out during the tour, in the vigilant performance of duty; and to return 
with the men to the station house, at the end of the tour. There are four 
Roundsmen for each precinct, two for each platoon; to be selected from the 
Patrolmen by the Board of Police, and to hold the position during the pleasure 
of the Board. The Roundsmen shall promptly obey all orders received from 
their superior officers; shall set an example of sobriety, discretion, skill, indus- 
try, and promptness to the Patrolmen under their command; and, at all times, 
appear neatly attired, and cleanly in their persons and eepiipments. Each Ser- 
geant, Roundsman, or other visiting officer, should see each Patrolman under his 
command while on post, at least once during each tour of duty. 

The prevention of crime being the most important object in view, the Pa- 
trolman's exertions must be constantly used to accomplish that end. He must 



286 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



examine and make himself perfectly acquainted by sight with every person liv- 
ing on his post; vigilantly watch every description of person passing over his 
post ; and to the utmost of his power prevent the commission of assaults, 
breaches of the peace, and all other crimes about to be committed 

On charges preferred by Mayor Cooper, Governor Robinson removed 
Commissioners Nichols and Smith. Joel B. Erhardt's term had expired. 
Charles F. MacLean was aj)pointed April i8, 1879, in place of Sidney B. Nichols. 
Stephen B. French was appointed May 20, 1879, place of Joel B. Erhardt, 
and James E. Morrison was appointed August 5, 1879, i'^ place of William F. 
Smith. Morrison resigned November 24, 1879, 'i^d John R. Voorhis was 
appointed in his place. 

Sidney P. Nichols and William F. Smith were reinstated February 7, i8?o, 
by the Court, which caused the removal of MacLean and Voorhis. Joel W. 
Mason was appointed May 25, 1880, in place of DeWitt C. Wheeler, whose term 
of ofifice had expired. 

Mayor Grace appointed James Matthews Police Commissioner on March 11, 
18S1, in place of William F. Smith, resigned. Commissioner Matthews served the 
unexpired term of William F. Smith, and Mayor Grace re-appointed Mr. Matthews 
to succeed himself. Mayor Edson re-appointed Sidney P. Nichols January 9, 
1883, to succeed himself. 

Mr. Nichols died on the twenty-eighth of October, 1884, and Fitz John 
Porter was a])pointed to fill the unexpired term. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



2R7 



CHAPTER XIV, 



PROVISIONS OF THE CONSOLIDATION ACT. 



1880— 1SS3. 



Centrai, Offick Bureau of Detectives. — Government and Discipline of 
THE Police Department. — Powers Invested in the Board of Police. — 
Bureau of Elections. — Board of Health. — Police Surgeons. — Special 
Patrolmen. — Police Life Insurance Fund. — Powers of the Police Force. 
— Pawnbrokers. — The Sanitary Company. — Duties of Captains and Sur- 
geants; of Physicians. — The Telegraph System. — An Act Amendatory of 
THE Consolid.\tion Act. — Roosevelt Co.mmittee. — Lottery and Policy. 

A N Ac:t to amend Chapter 335, Laws of 1873, ^^'lown as the Public Burdens 



Bill, was passed May 29, 1880. This placed the salaries of the Commis- 
sioners of Police, hereafter to be appointed, at five thousand dollars a year, each. 
The salary of the force, thereafter to be appointed, was as follows : Inspectors 
three thousand dollars; Captains, one thousand eight hundred dollars; Surgeons, 
one thousand five hundred dollars; Sergeants, one thousand two hundred and 
fifty dollars; Patrolmen, eight hundred dollars. After two years of service in 
the third grade, such Patrolman was advanced to the second grade and received 
nine hundred dollars per annum. After two years service in the second grade 
he was advanced — should his conduct and efficiency have been satisfactory — to 
the first grade, at an annual salary of one thousand dollars. 

An Act passed May 17, 1882, authorized the Board of Police to establish 
a Bureau, which should be called the Central Office Bureau of Detectives, not 
to exceed forty detectives, who were entitled to receive the same pay as the 
Sergeants of Police, namely, one thousand six hundred dollars per year. 

An Act to consolidate the special and local laws affecting public interests in 
the city of New York (Chapter 410, Laws of 1882), thus, with slight variations 
from the legal phraseology of the text, defines the powers and duties of the 
Police Department: 

The government and discipline of the Police Department sliould be such 
as the Board of Police may from time to time, by rules and regulations, pre- 
scribe. The Board, from time to time, in their discretion, are empowered to 
enact, modify, and repeal orders, rules and regulations of general discipline of 
the subordinates under their control, but in strict conformity to the provisions 
of the chapter. 

The Board was invested with power to issue subpoenas, attested in tlie name 




288 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



of its President, to compel the attendance of witnesses upon any proceedings 
authorized by its rules and regulations. Each Commissioner of Police, the 
Superintendent, the Chief Clerk and Deputy, are authorized and empowered to 
administer affirmations and oaths to any person summoned and appearing in 
any matter or proceeding authorized as aforesaid, and in all matters appertain- 
ing to the department or the duties of any officer, or to take any deposition 
necessary to be made under the orders, rules and regulations of the Board. 
Any person making a complaint that a felony or misdemeanor has been commit- 
ted, may be required to make affirmation or oath thereto, and, for this purpose, 
the Inspectors, Captains and Sergeants of Police shall have power to administer 
affirmations and oaths. The Board of Police shall at all times cause the ordi- 
nances of the city of New York, not in conflict with law, to be properly enforced. 
The Board shall provide suitable accommodations for the detention of witnesses 
who are unable to furnish security for their appearance in criminal proceedings, to 
be called the House for the Detention of Witnesses. And it shall be the duty 
of all Magistrates, when committing witnesses in default of bail, to commit 
them to such House of Detention. The Board of Police may, with the author- 
ity and approval of the Mayor and Common Council, from time to time, but 
with special reference to locating the same as centrally in precincts as possible, 
establish, provide, and furnish stations and station houses, or sub-stations, at 
least one to each precinct, for the accommodation of members of the Police 
force, and as places of temporary detention for persons arrested and property 
taken within th» precinct. The Board of Police shall have power to erect, 
operate, supply and maintain, all such lines of telegraph to and between such 
places in the city for the purposes and business of the Police Board as they 
shall deem necessary, the cost of which shall be chargeable to the general ex- 
penses of the Police. The Board is permitted to use the said telegraph imes to 
aid them in facilitating the operations of the Department of Health, and when so 
used, the expense thereof shall be charged to the said Department of Health. 

In the performance of Police service in any precinct or precincts comprising 
waters of the harbor, the Board of Police may procure and use and employ such 
rowboats and steamboats as shall be deemed necessary and proper. In rural or 
sparsely inhabited precincts they may establish a mounted patrol, and procure, 
and use, and employ so many horses and equipments as shall be requisite for the 
purpose ; and they may procure and cause to be used any teams and vehicles 
required to transport prisoners, supplies and property, whenever it shall be pro- 
per and economical to do so ; and may sell and dispose of, in accordance with 
law, any personal property owned or used in the department whenever it shall 
have become old and unfit, and not rec^uired for service; and they shall have 
authority to detail and employ Patrolmen in any duty or service other than pa- 
trol duty, which may be necessary and proper to enable said Board to exercise 
the powers and perform the duties and business imposed and required by law. 

It shall be the duty of the Board of Police: 

To cause some intelligent and experienced person connected with the 
Police force to attend at the Police courts in cases where there is need of 
such assistance, who shall aid in bringing the facts before the Police Justices 



OUR /'()/./(■/■: PROTECTORS. 289 

in proceedings pending in such Police courts. It is made the duty of the 
Police JJoard to jirovide for the lodging of vagrant and indigent persons. The 
Board shall have authority to offer rewards to induce all classes of persons to give 
information whicli sliall lead to the detection, arrest, and conviction of persons 
guilty of homicide, arson, or receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen; 
and to pay such rewards to such persons as shall give such information. 

To continue the bureau in the office of the Department of Police known 
and designated as the Bureau of Elections. The affairs of said bureau shall, 
under and subject to sucli rules, regulations and orders as may from time to 
time be made and adopted by said Board of Police; be managed, conducted, and 
carried on by a suitable and jjroper person, chosen and selected by the said 
Board, who shall be known as the Chief of the P>ureau of Elections; shall hold 
office for the period of three years, and whose salary shall be fixed and paid by 
the said Board at such sum as they shall deem proper, not exceeding five thou- 
sand dollars, and shall be removable by the Board of Police for cause. 

To perform all the duties imposed upon them in Sections eighteen hundred 
ami forty-five, eighteen liundred and forty-six, eighteen hundred and fortv-seven, 
eighteen hundred and fifty, eighteen hundred and fifty-two, eighteen hundred 
and fifty-three, and eighteen hundred and fifty-seven. 

To properly advise the Board of Health of all threatened danger to human 
life or health, and of all matters thought to demand its attention, and to regu- 
larly report to said Board of Health all violations of its rules and ordinances, and 
of the health laws and all useful sanitary information. Said Boards shall, so far 
as practicable and appropriate, co-operate for the promotion of the public health 
and the safety of human life in said city. 

To faithfully (by and througli its proper officers, agents and men) en- 
force and execute the sanitary rules and regulations, and the orders of the Board 
of Health, upon the same being received in writing and duly authenticated as said 
Board of Health may direct. To employ and use the appropriate persons and 
means, and to make the necessary and appropriate expenditures for the execution 
and enforcement of said rules, orders and regulations, and such expenditures, so 
far as the same may not be refunded or compensated by the means herein else- 
where provided, shall be paid as the other expenses of said Board of Health are 
])aid. In and about the execution of any order of the Board of Health, or of 
the Board of Police made pursuant thereto, Police officers and Policemen 
shall have as ample power and authority as when obeying any order of or law 
applicable to the Board of Police, or as if acting under a special warrant of a 
Justice or Judge, duly issued ; but for their conduct they shall be responsible to 
the Board of Police, and not to the Board of Health. The Board of Health may, 
with the consent of the Board of Police, impose any portion of the duties of sub- 
ordinates in said department upon subordinates in the Police Department. 

The Police Department, through its Treasurer, and in pursuance of the orders, 
rules and regulations of the Board, shall pay all salaries and wages to the offi- 
cers and members of the Police Department and force, as established by and in 
pursuance of law, and all bills, claims, and obligations lawfully incurred by, or by 
authority of said Board ; and the Comptroller shall pay over to the Treasurer of 



290 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Police, on the requisition of the Board of Police, the total amount annually esti- 
mated, levied, raised, and appropriated for the support and maintenance of the 
Police Department and force, from time to time, and in such sums as shall be 
required (not exceeding one-twelfth part of said total annual amount in any one 
month), and the Treasurer of Police, if required by the Comptroller, shall trans- 
mit to the Department of Finance, each month, duplicate vouchers for the pay- 
ment of all sums of money made on account of the Police Department during 
each month. The Board of Police shall procure and pay for all printing, books, 
blanks, paper, and other articles of stationery required for the administration and 
business of the department and each bureau thereof. Any one of the Commis- 
sioners, or any member of the Police force, who shall, after qualifying in office. 




Custom House, Wall Street. 

accept any additional place of public trust, or civil emolument, or who shall during 
his term of office be publicly nominated for any office elective by the people, and 
shall not within ten days succeeding the same publicly decline the said nomi-na- 
tion, shall be in either cas^ deemed thereby to have resigned his commission, and 
to have vacated his office, and all votes cast at any election for any person holding 
the office of Police Commissioner, or within thirty days after he shall have re- 
signed such office, shall be void. 

The Commissioners of Police shall annually, or as often as a vacancy shall 
occur, elect one of their number to act as the President of the Board of Police. 
He shall preside at the meetings of the Board. They shall select one of their 
number to be the Treasurer of Police. He shall be the fiscal officer of the Po- 
lice. He shall, on check and voucher, duly disburse, by order of the said Police 



OUR POTJCE PROTECTORS. 



291 



Board, all moneys belonging to the Police fund, and shall deposit the same, when 
paid to him, in a bank or banks designated by said Board, 'i'he Treasurer shall 
give a bond, with two sureties in the sum of twenty thousand dollars each, for 
the faithful performance of his duties ; said bond to be approved by the Comp- 
troller, and filed in his office. 

The Police force shall consist of one Superintendent of Police ; four Inspec- 
tors; Captains, not exceeding in number one to each fifty of the total number of Pa- 
trolmen ; Sergeants, not exceeding four in number to each fifty of the total 
number of Patrolmen ; Doormen, not exceeding two in number to each fifty of 
the total number of Patrolmen ; not exceeding twenty-two Surgeons, one of whom 
shall be designated as Chief Surgeon ; and Patrolmen to the number of two thou- 
sand three hundred. The Board of Police shall have power to increase the Po- 
lice force by adding to the number of Patrolmen from time to time, as far as the 
funds appropriated allow, but such increase shall not exceed one hundred in 
any one year. 

Whenever a vacancy shall occur in the office of Superintendent of Police, 
and in the absence or disability of the said Superintendent, the President shall 
possess all the powers and perform all the duties of that office, subject to the or- 
ders, rules and regulations of the Board of Police. But the Conrmissioners of 
Police may, by resolution, designate such other officer of the Police force as they 
may choose, to execute and perform the duties of the Superintendent during the 
period of such absence or disaljility. 

The duties of the Police Surgeons, and the extent and bounds of their 
districts, shall be assigned, from time to time, by the rules and regulations of the 
Board of Police. The Board of Police may, if requested by the Board of Health, 
employ their Surgeons to aid the Sanitary Inspectors in the discharge of their 
duties, under such regulations and orders as the Board of Police may make and 
issue. 

No person shall now be appointed to membership on the Police force, or 
continue to hold membership therein, who is not a citizen of the United States, 
or who has ever been convicted of crime, or who cannot read and write under- 
standingly in the English language, or who shall not have resided within the 
State one year, but skilled officers of experience may be appointed for Detec- 
tive duty who have not resided as herein required. No person shall be appointed 
Patrolman who shall be at the date of such appointment over thirty years of age, 
or who shall have been convicted of any crime, nor shall any person who shall 
have been a member of the force and resigned, or been dismissed therefrom, be 
re-appointed, except by the concurring vote of all of the Commissioners com- 
prising the Board, to be taken by yeas and nays, and recorded in the minutes. 
The name, residence and occupation of each applicant for appointment to any 
position in the Police Department, as well as the name, residence, and occupa- 
tion of each person appointed to any position, shall be jmblished; and such 
publication shall, in every instance, be made on the Saturday next succeeding 
such application or appointment, in the City Record. 

The Board may, upon an emergency or apprehension of riot, tumult, mob, 
insurrection, pes'ilence, or invasion, appoint as many Special Patrolmen, without 



292 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



pay, from among the citizens, as it may deem desirable. The Board of Police, with 
the approbation in writing of the Mayor, or, in case of their disagreement, the 
Governor, may, under similar circumstances, demand the assistance of the mili- 
tary of the First Division, and such commanding ofificer shall obey such order. 
Special Patrolmen, appointed in pursuance of law, may be dismissed by resolu- 
tion of the Board ; and while acting as such. Special Patrolmen shall possess the 
powers to perform the duties, and be subject to the orders, rules, and regulations 
of the Board, in the same manner as regular Patrolmen. Every such Special 
Patrolman shall wear a badge, to be prescribed and furnished by the Board of 
Police. 

Every member of the Police force shall have issued to him by the Board of 
Police, a proper warrant of appointment, signed by the President of said Board 
and Chief Clerk or first deputy, which warrant shall contain the day of his ap- 
pointment and his rank. Each member of the Police force shall, before enter- 
ing upon the duties of his office, take an oath of office, and subscribe the same 
before any officer of the Police Department who is empowered to administer 
an oath. 

Promotions of officers or members of the Police force shall be made bv 
the Board only on grounds of meritorious Police service and superior capacity, 
and shall be as follows: Sergeants of Police shall be selected from among Patrol- 
men assigned to duty as Roundsmen, Captains from among Sergeants, and 
Inspectors from among Captains. 

The Board shall have power, in its discretion, on conviction of a member 
of the force of any legal offense or neglect of duty, or violation of rules, or 
neglect or disobedience of orders, or absence without leave, or any conduct in- 
jurious to the public peace or welfare, or immoral conduct, or conduct unbe- 
coming an officer, or other breach of discipline, to punish the offending party by 
reprimand, forfeiting and withholding pay for a specified time, or dismissal from 
the force; but no more than thirty days' i)ay shall be forfeited for any offense. 
All such fines shall be paid forthwith to the Treasurer of the Department to the 
account of the Police Life Insurance Fund. Members of the force shall be 
removable only after written charges shall have been preferred against them, and 
after the charges have been publicly examined into, upon such reasonable notice 
to the person charged, and in such manner of examination as the rules and regu- 
lations of the Board of Police may prescribe. 

No member, under penalty of forfeiting the salary or pay which may be due 
to him, shall withdraw or resign, except by permission of the Board of Police. 
Unexplained absence, without leave, of any member of the Police force, for five 
■days, shall be deemed and held to be a resignation, and the member so absent 
shall, at the expiration of said period, cease to be a member of the Police 
force. 

Every person connected with the Police Department on the thirtieth day of 
April, eighteen hundred and seventy-three, and who remains so connfected, shall 
continue in office, and the amount of salary or compensation then legally paid 
to such person, except as in this Act otherwise provided or authorized, shall be 
the salary and compensation fixed for his office; but the Commissioners may fix 



OUR POIJCF. PROTECTORS. 



■^93 



the salary and compensation of such clerks and employees other than Police- 
mei^ whom they may be authorized by law to employ. 

No person holding office under this Department shall be liable to military 
or jury duty, and no officer or Patrolman, while actually on duty, shall be liable 
to arrest on civil process, or to ser\'ice of subpoena from Civil Courts. 

No member of the Board of Police, under any pretense whatsoever, shall, 
for his own benefit, share in any present, fee, gift, or emolument for Police 
services, additional to his regular salary or compensation. The Board, for 
meritorious and extraordinary services rendered by any member of the Police 
force in the due discharge of his duty, may permit any member of the Police 
force to retain for his own benefit any reward or present tendered him therefor; 
and it shall be cause for removal from the Police for any member thereof to 
receive any such reward or present without notice thereof to the Board of 
Police. Upon receiving said notice, the said Board may either order the said 
member to retain the same, or shall dispose of it for the benefit of the Police 
Life Insurance Fund. 

The several members of the force shall have power and authority to imme- 
diately arrest, without warrant, and to take into custody, any person who shall 
commit, or threaten, or attempt to commit, in the presence of such member, or 
within his view, any breach of the peace or offense directly prohibited by Act of 
the legislature, or by any ordinance of the city. The members of the Police force 
shall possess, in the city of New York and in every part of this State, all the com- 
mon law and statutory power of Constables, excejjt for the service of civil pro- 
cess, and any warrant for search or arrest, issued by any Magistrate of this State, 
may be executed, in any part thereof, by any member of the Police force, and all 
the provisions of Sections seven, eight and nine of Chapter two, title two, part 
four, of the revised statutes, in relation to giving and taking of bail, shall 
apply to this chapter. 

Any member, as the regulations of the said Board may provide, may arrest 
any person who shall, in view of such member, violate or do, or be engaged in 
doing or committing in said city, any act or thing forbidden by Chapter twelve 
of this Act, or by any law or ordinance, the authority conferred by which is given 
to the Board of Health, or who shall, in such presence, resist, or be engaged in 
resisting the enforcement of any of the orders of said Board, or of the Board of 
Police pursuant thereto. And any person so arrested shall be thereafter treated 
and disposed of as any other person duly arrested for a misdemeanor. 

In every case of arrest by any member of the Police force, the same shall be 
made known immediately to the superior on duty in the precinct wherein the 
arrest was made, by the person making the same ; and it shall be the duty of the 
said superior, within twenty-four hours after such notice, to make written re- 
turn thereof, according to the rules and regulations of the Board of Police, with 
the name of the party arrested, the alleged offense, the time and place of arrest, 
and the place of detention. Each member of the Police force, under the pen- 
alty of ten days' fine, or dismissal from the force, at the discretion of the Board, 
shall, immediately upon an arrest, convey in person the offender before the near- 
est sitting Magistrate, that he may be dealt with according to the law. If the 



294 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

arrest is made during the hours that the Magistrate does not regularly hold court, 
or if the Magistrate is not holding court, such offender may be detained in a 
station house, or precinct thereof, until the next regular public sitting of the 
Magistrate, and no longer, and shall then be conveyed without delay before the 
Magistrate, to be dealt with according to law. And it shall be the duty of said 
Board, from time to time, to provide suitable rules and regulations to prevent the 
undue detention of persons arrested, which rules and regulations shall be as 
operative and binding as if herein specially enacted, subject, however, to the 
order of the court committing the person arrested. 

It shall be a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary 
for no less than one year, nor exceeding two years, or by a fine of not less than 
two hundred and fifty dollars, for any person, without justifiable or excusable 
cause, to use, or to incite any other person to use, personal violence upon any 
member of the Police thereof when in the discharge of his duty, or for any mem- 
ber of the Police force to willfully neglect making any arrest for an offense against 
the law of this State, or ordinance in force in the city of New York, or for any 
person not a member of the Police force to falsely represent himself as being such 
member with a. fraudulent design upon person or property, or ujjon any day or 
time to have, use, wear, or display without authority, any shield, buttons, wreaths, 
numbers, or other insignia or emblem such as are worn by the Police. 

It shall be a misdemeanor for any person not being a regular member of the 
Police, established in any city of this State, or a member of the Police force of 
the city of New York, or a Constable of this State, or a Police Constable, or As- 
sistant Police Constable, or a Sheriff, or one of the usual general Deputies of any 
Sheriff of this State, to serve any criminal process within the said city. 

It is hereby made the duty of the Police force, at all times of day and night, 
and the members of such force are hereby thereunto empowered to especially 
preserve the public peace, prevent crime, detect and arrest offenders, suppress 
riots, mobs, and insurrections, disperse unlawful or dangerous assemblages, and 
assemblages which obstruct the free passage of public streets, sidewalks, parks 
and places ; protect the rights of persons and property, guard the public health; 
preserve order at elections and all public meetings and assemblages; prevent and 
regulate the movement of teams and vehicles in streets, and remove all nuisances 
in the public streets, parks, and highways ; arrest afl street mendicants and beg- 
gars ; provide proper Police attendance at fires ; assist, advise, and protect emi- 
grants, strangers, and travelers in public streets, at steamboat and ship landings, and 
at railroad stations ; carefully observe and inspect all places of public amusemerU, 
all places of business having excise or other licenses to carry on any business, all 
houses of ill fame or prostitution, and houses where common prostitutes resort or 
reside, all lottery offices, policy shops, and places where lottery tickets, or lottery 
policies are sold or offered for sale, all gambling houses, cock-pits, rat-pits, and 
public common dance houses, and to repress and restrain all unlawful or dis- 
orderly conduct or practices therein ; enforce and prevent the violation of all 
laws and ordinances in force in said city; and for these purposes, with or without 
warrant, to arrest all persons guilty of violating any law or ordinance for the sup- 
pression or punishment of crimes or offenses. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



295 



The Superintendent, and each Captain within his precinct, shall possess 
pojuers of general Police supervision and inspection over all licensed or un- 
licensed pawnbrokers, venders, junk-shop keepers, junk boatmen, cartmen, 
dealers in second-hand merchandise, intelligence office keepers and auctioneers, 
witliin the said city; and in the exercise of, and in furtherance of said super- 
vision, may from time to time empower members of the Police force to fulfill 
such si)Lcial duties in the aforesaid premises as may be from time to time or- 
dained by the Board. The said Superintendent, and each Captain within his 
precinct, may, by authority in writing, empower any member of the force, when- 




Seventh Regiment Armory. 



ever such member shall be in search of property feloniously obtained, or in 
search of suspected offenders, or evidence to convict any person charged with 
crime, to examine the books of any pawnbroker, or his business premises, or the 
business premises of any licensed vender, or licensed junk-shop keeper, or 
dealer in second-hand merchandise or intelligence office keeper, or auctioneer, 
or boat of any junk boatmen. Any such member, when thereto authorized in 
writing by the said Superintendent, shall be authorized to examine property 
alleged to be pawned, pledged, deposited, lost or stolen, in whosesoever posses- 
sion said property may be; but no such property shall be taken from the possessor 
thereof without due process or authority of law. Any willful interference with 



296 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



the said Superintendent or Captain, or with any member of the force, by any 
of the persons hereinbefore named in this section, whilst in official discharge of 
his duty, shall be punjshed as a misdemeanor. 

The Superintendent and Captains and persons acting by their, or by either 
of their orders, shall have power to examine the books of any pawnbroker, 
his clerk or clerks, if they deem it necessary, when in search of stolen property, 
and any person having in his possession a pawnbroker's ticket, shall, when ac- 
comjjanied by a Policeman, or by an order from the Superintendent or Captain, 
be allowed to examine the property purported to be pawned by said ticket; but 
no property shall be removed from the possession of any pawnbroker without 
the process of law required by the existing laws of this State, or the laws and 
ordinances of the city regulating pawnbrokers. A refusal or neglect to comply 
in any respect with the provisions of this section, on the part of any pawn- 
broker, his clerk or clerks, shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and be punishable as 
such. 

If any member of the force, or if any two or more householders shall 
report in writing under his or her signature, to the Superintendent, that there 
are good grounds (and stating the same) for believing any house, room, or prem- 
ises within the said city, to be kept or used as a common gaming house, common 
gaming room, or common gaming premises, for therein playing for wagers of 
money at any game or chance, or to be kept or used for lewd and obscene pur- 
poses or amusements, or the deposit or sale of lottery tickets or lottery policies, 
it shall be lawful for the Superintendent to authorize, in writing, any member or 
members of the Police force to enter the same, who may forthwith arrest all 
persons there found offending against law, but none others; and seize all imple- 
ments of gaming, or lottery tickets, or lottery policies, and convey any person so 
arrested before a Magistrate, and bring the articles so seized to the office of 
the Property Clerk. It shall be the duty of the said Superintendent to cause 
such arrested persons to be rigorously prosecuted, and such articles seized to be 
destroyed, as the orders, rules, and regulations of the Board shall direct. 

It shall be the duty of the Superintendent of* Police to detail, on each day 
of election, at least two Patrolmen to each election poll. It shall be the duty 
of the Police force, or any member thereof, to prevent any booth, or box, or 
structure, for the distribution of tickets at any election, from being erected or 
maintained within one hundred and fifty feet of any polling place within the 
city, and to summarily remove any such booth, box or structure, or close and 
prevent the use thereof. 

The annual salaries and compensation of the members of the force who 
became members of such force before May 29, 1880, shall be as follows : Of 
the Superintendent, six thousand dollars; of the Inspectors, thirty-five hun- 
dred dollars each ; of Police Surgeons, twenty-two hundred and fifty dollars 
each; of the Captains, two thousand dollars eacli; and of the Sergeants, six- 
teen hundred dollars each ; the pay of Patrolmen shall be at the yearly rate 
of twelve hundred dollars each; and that of Doorman at the rate of nine hun- 
dred dollars per year each. The salary attached to either of the following 
positions shall not exceed the sum here designated as the maximum salary of 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



such position when held by any person appointed to the said Police force on 
or -after May 29, 1880, to wit: For an Inspector, three thousand dollars ; for 
a Captain, eighteen hundred dollars; for a Surgeon, fifteen hundred dollars; 
for a Sergeant, twelve hundred and fifty dollars. The members of the uni- 
formed force of the Police Department, appointed to said force after May 
29, 1880, shall, on their appointment, become members of what shall be known 
as the third grade, at a salary of eight hundred dollars per year; after two 
years of service in such third grade they shall, if their conduct and efficiency 
have been satisfactory, be advanced to what shall be known as the second grade, 
at a salary of nine hundred dollars per year; after two years service in such 
grade, they shall, on like conditions, be advanced to what shall be known as the 
first grade, at a salary of one thousand dollars per year. But no member of 
such uniformed force shall be so advanced, as aforesaid, except after examination 
by and approval of the said Board of Police of his record, efficiency and con- 
duct. The salaries and pay aforesaid shall be i)aid monthly to each ])erson 
entitled thereto, in modes to be prescribed by the rules and regulations, subject 
to such deductions each month from the salary or pay of members of the force, 
as the Treasurer shall make (and which deductions he is hereby authorized 
to retain) to satisfy fines imposed on any member of the force by way of 
discipline or punishment, as prescribed by the rules and regulations of the 
Board. 

The Commissioners of Police may designate some person to take charge of 
all property alleged to be stolen or embezzled, and which may be brought into 
the Police office, and all property taken from the person of a prisoner, and all 
property or money alleged or supi)osed to have been feloniously obtained, or 
which shall be taken into the custody of any member of the Police force, or 
criminal court in the city of New York, or which shall come into the custody of 
any Police Justice, or officer, shall be, by such member or Justice, or by order 
of said court, given into the custody of and kept by the Property Clerk of the 
Police. All such property and money shall be particularly registered by said 
Property Clerk in a book kept for that purpose, which shall contain the name of 
the owner, if ascertained, the place where found, the name of person from whom 
taken, with the general circumstances, the date of its receipt, the name of the 
the officer recovering the same, the names of all claimants thereto, and any final 
disposition of such property or money. The said Commissioners may prescribe 
regulations in regard to the duties of the Clerk so designated, and require and 
take security for the faithful performance of the duties imposed by this section. 

Whenever property or money shall be taken from persons arrested, and 
shall be alleged to have been feloniously obtained, or to be the ])roceeds of 
crime, and whenever so brought, with such claimant and the person arrested, be- 
fore some Magistrate, for adjudication, and the Magistrate shall be then and 
there satisfied from evidence that the person arrested is innocent of the offense 
alleged, and that the property rightfully belongs to him, then said Magistrate 
may thereupon, in writing, order such property or money to be returned, and the 
Property Clerk, if he have it, to deliver such property or money to the accused 
person himself, and not to any attorney, agent, or clerk of said accused person. 



298 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



If any claim to the ownership of such property or money shall be mad€ on 
oath before the Magistrate, by or in behalf of any other person than the person 
arrested, and the said accused person shall be held for trial or examination, such 
property or money Shall remain in the custody of the Property Clei ic until the 
discharge or conviction of the person accused. 

All property or money taken on suspicion of having been feloniously ob- 
tained, or of being the proceeds of crime, and for which there is no other claim- 
ant than the person from whom such property was taken, and all lost property 
coming into the possession of any member of the said Police force, and all 
projierty and money taken from pawnbrokers as the proceeds of crime, or by any 
such member from persons supposed to be insane, intoxicated, or otherwise 
incapable of taking care of themselves, shall be transmitted as soon as practi- 
cable to the Property Clerk, to be registered and advertised in the City Record 
for the benefit of all persons interested and for the information of the public, 
as to the amount and disposition of the property so taken into custody by the 
Police. 

If property stolen or embezzled be not claimed by the owner before the ex- 
piration of six months from the conviction of person for stealing or embezzling 
it, the officer having it in his custody must, on payment of the necessary expenses 
incurred in its preservation, deliver it to the Commissioners of Charities and Cor- 
rection, to be applied for the benefit of the poor of this city. All other property 
and money that shall remain in the custody of the Property Clerk for the period 
of six months without any lawful claimant thereto, after having been advertised 
in the City Record ior the period of ten days, shall be sold at public auction in a 
suitable room to be designated for such purpose, and the proceeds of such sale 
shall be paid into the Police Life Insurance Fund. 

If any property or money placed in the custody of the Property Clerk shall 
be desired as evidence in any Police or other criminal court, such property 
shall be delivered to any officer who shall present an order to that effect from 
such court. Such property, however, shall not be retained in said court, but 
shall be returned to such Property Clerk, to be disposed of according to the pre- 
vious provisions of this chapter. 

It shall be lawful for the Police Commissioners, whenever they shall be noti- 
fied in writing by the Metropolitan Association of Amateur Oarsmen that a 
regatta is to be given under its auspices on the Hudson River, opposite Washing- 
ton Heights, New York City, to keep the course used for any such regatta free 
and clear of all boats and vessels of every description during the actual time of 
the regatta, which shall not exceed six hours in any one day ; provided that 
there shall not be more than five regattas in any one year. 2. That the course 
selected for such regattas shall be above Seventy-second Street, and far enough 
up the river so as not to interfere with any line of ferry-boats running on their 
regular course, and trii)s. 3. That said regatta course shall not exceed in breadth 
more than one-fourth the width of the river from either shore, nor shall it exceed 
more than three miles in length. 

The course selected for any such regatta shall be plainly marked out by 
buoys or boats, and anchored ; such buoys or boats shall have a flag placed upon 



01' A' rOL/CE PRO! EC TORS. 



them so that they may he readily seen. No boat, vessel, or steamboat of any 
description shall be allowed on said regatta course during the actual time of any 
regatta, except by the consent of the officers in ciiarge of such regatta. Any 
person rowing a rowboat, or pilot of a sailboat, sailing vessel or steamboat, will- 
fully going upon such regatta course, and thereby interfering with the regatta, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable to a ])enalty of not 




Post Office and United States Court Building, 
less than one hundred dollars, or inipriso-iment in the County Jail for a time not to 
exceed three months, or to both penalty and imprisonment. The fine or penalty 
to go to the Police fund. It shall be the duty of the Police Commissioners to 
furnish a sufficient number of Police to keep said regatta course clear, and they 
shall have power to arrest any person or persons going upon such regatta course 
during the time of the regatta in violation of this or the preceding section. 



300 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Nothing in this or the preceding section contained shall apply to, or be so con- 
structed as to interfere in any way with sailing vessels actually engaged in com- 
merce while proceeding on their course. 

The Board of Police, upon the requisition of the Board of Health, shall 
detail to the service of the said Board of Health, for the purpose of the enforce- 
ment of the provisions of the acts relating to tenements and lodging houses, not 
exceeding thirty suitable officers and men of experience of at least five years' 
service in the Police force, provided that the Board of Health shall pay monthly 
to the Board of Police a sum equal to the pay of all officers and men so detailed. 
These officers and men shall belong to the Sanitary Company of Police, and 
shall report to the President of the Board of Health. The Board of Health 
may report back to the Board of Police, for punishment, any member of the 
said Company guilty of any breach of orders or discipline, or of neglecting his 
duty, and thereupon the Board of Police may detail another officer or man in 
his place, and the discipline of the said members of the Sanitary Company shall 
be in the jurisdiction of the Board of Police; but at any time the Board of 
Health may object to the efficiency of any member of said Sanitary Company, 
and thereupon another officer or man may be detailed in his place. The Board 
of Police shall have the power, and it shall be their duty, to fill all vacancies in 
the Police force of the city caused by the detailing of said officers and men upon 
the requisition of the Board of Health. 

Upon the application of any person residing within the precinct, it shall be 
the duty of the Captain, or other officer at the desk, to register in a book kept 
open for that purpose, the name or address of any person desiring or needing 
medical attendance, with the name or address of the person making such appli- 
cation, and without delay to select and notify of such application one from the 
list of physicians who have registered in the said precinct as thereby pledging 
themselves to respond to any call for medical attendance, and who have been 
certified by the Registrar of Vital Statistics of the Board of Health as being in 
good and regular standing, and it shall be the duty of the Captain or other officer 
at the desk, in the absence of any expressed preference by the applicant, to select 
and notify from the list of physicians thus registered, the name of the physician 
residing nearest to the residence of the said patient in whose behalf application 
is made. 

It shall be the duty of the Captain, Sergeants, or other officer at the desk, in 
such Police precinct as before specified, upon registry of any application as 
described in the preceding section, immediately to detail an officer whose duty 
it shall be to call upon such physician without delay, and to conduct him tor the 
residence of the patient, also to verify by personal inspection or inquiry, the 
name and address of such patient as registered by his superior officer. Every 
officer thus detailed as messenger shall be furnished with a blank certificate, 
upon which the name and address of the physician responding to the call, the 
name and address of the patient attended, and the date and hour of the visit, 
shall be written by him after he has conducted the physician to the patient's 
residence and verified the genuineness of the application. Such certificate shall 
be signed by him and given to the physician, and shall specify upon its face 



OUR rOLfCE PROTECTORS. 



therein named, is entitled to the sum of three dollars from the public funds 
upoji presentation thereof to the proper officer, and indorsement thereof in 
writing with the name of the Captain of the precinct. But it shall be the duty 
of the physician making such visit to present such certificate to the patient or 
his or her agent or attendant, and to request payment of the said sum specified; 
and in case of such payment being made, said physician shall surrender such 
certificate to the person or persons making it, and it shall cease to be a claim 
upon the public treasury. In default of the immediate payment of the said 
fee specified in the said certrficate, by the patient or his or her attendant, it shall 
be the duty of the Captain of the Police Precinct in which the visit was made 
to indorse it with his name ; and thus indorsed it shall be the duty of the 
Cashier of the Board of Health to pay at sight the fee aforesaid, and to enter 
the ])avment in a l)ook provided for that pur])ose, and take up the certificate. 
And all certificates thus redeemed shall be valid debts to the amount therein 
named, against the patients therein named, or their guardians, which the said 
Board may order collected by due process of law, provided that no prosecution 
shall be instituted in cases where it is satisfactorily shown that the patient is 
without sufficient means for the payment thereof. 

It shall be the duty of every physician thus called to the medical assistance 
of any j)erson within the Police Precinct in which he is registered, to transmit 
to the Registrar of the Board of Health, within twenty-four hours after the call 
shall have been answered, a full and accurate statistical exhibit of the case; speci- 
fying therein the age and sex, and the employment, profession, or business of the 
patient, the nature of the disease, and the hour of the attack when practicable; 
the date, and the Police Precinct and Ward in which the case occurred ; the 
same shall be signed with the full name and address of the physician rendering 
it, but the name and address of the patient shall always be omitted. And it 
shall be the duty of the Board of Health to provide all physicians thus regis- 
tered for night medical service with appropriate blanks for the safe purpose on 
their application therefor. 

Any Policeman who shall be detailed as messenger according to the pro- 
visions hereinbefore specified, shall, in the absence of preference expressed in the 
application, call the physician nearest and most convenient to the patient's resi- 
dence, or, in the absence of or refusal from any cause, of the latter, the physician 
next nearest, and so on, and there shall be no delay or waiting for such physician 
to return ; and any member of the force neglecting to comply with this 
provision shall be subject to trial and fine, or dismissal from the service 
by the Board of Police in the same manner as for other offenses cognizable by 
the said body. And any physician thus registering, who sliall twice refuse or neg- 
lect, without reasonable excuse, to answer a call made according to the provisions 
of the three preceding sections, shall be subject to have his name erased from the 
list, upon proper evidence thereof submitted to an executive officer who shall be 
appointed^by the Registrar of Vital Statistics of the Board of Health, and shall 
be under his immediate supervision. 

The Captains of the several Police Precincts shall cause the names and ad- 
dresses of such physicians as have been duly certified by the Registrar of Vital 



302 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Statistics to be plainly and legibly written or printed on a bulletin provided for 
that purpose, which bulletin shall be placed at a convenient point near the Cap- 
tain's desk, and kept open to the inspection of all persons within the precinct 
desiring to see the same. They may, if in their judgment it shall be necessary to 
the public convenience, cause the bulletins of physicians herein specified to be 
posted in the hotels and district telegraph offices within their respective precincts, 
but any applicant applying at such hotels or telegraph offices, or desiring the ser- 
vices of any messenger other than a member of the Police force detailed for the 
purpose, shall employ such messenger at his own expense, and shall be liable for 
any expenses incurred in communicating with the Police Precinct. 

The period during which the aforesaid physicians shall be held to be subject 
to call shall be between the hours of ten in the evening and seven in the morning, 
from October i to March 31, inclusive, and between the hours of eleven in the 
evening and six in the morning from April i to September 30, inclusive. 

Next follows an exposition of the law in relation to the Police Pension Fund, 
which will be treated of in a separate chapter. The Act then continues to de- 
fine the duties and j^owers of the Police Department, as follows: 

Every owner of a steam boiler or boilers in use of the city of New York 
shall, annually, and at such convenient times and in such manner and such form 
as may by rules and regulations to be made therefor by the Board of Police 
be provided, report to the said Board the location of such steam boiler or boilers, 
and thereupon, or as soon thereafter as practicable, the Sanitary Company, or such 
member or members thereof as may be competent for the duty herein described, 
and may be detailed for such duty by the Board of Police, shall proceed to 
inspect such steam boiler or boilers, and all apparatus and appliances connected 
therewith; but no person shall be detailed for such duty except he is a practical 
engineer, and the strength and security of each boiler shall be tested by hydro- 
static pressure ; and every boiler or boilers so tested shall have, under the 
control of such Sanitary Company, such attachments, ajjparatus, and appliances 
as may be necessary for the limitation of pressure^lock, and secured in like 
manner as may be from time to time adopted by the United States Inspectors 
of Steam Boilers, passed July 25, 1866, and they shall limit a pressure of steam 
to be applied to or upon such boiler, certifying each inspection and such limit 
of pressure to the owner of boiler inspected, and also to the engineer in charge 
of same; and no greater amount of steam or pressure than that certified in the 
case of any boiler shall be applied thereto. In limiting the amount of pres- 
sure, wherever the boiler under test will bear the same, the limit desired by 
the owner of boiler shall be the one certified, but all steam users, manufac- 
turers, or corporations possessing the guaranteed certificates unrevoked in full 
life of any fire insurance company now incorporated or hereafter incorporated, 
or of any company organized or hereafter organized, for the purpose of making 
guaranteed steam boiler inspections, and they shall have complied with the insur- 
ance laws of the State, having duly filed a statement with the Superintendent of 
Insurance or other authorized officer, of its condition, and duly paid license fees 
and taxes, shall be exempt from such inspections. 



OUR POL /CI'. PROTECrORS. 



303 



Anv company referred to in tlie last preceding section which has com- 
plied therewith, shall, at least once in six months, make and file returns, under 
o«th, with the Board of I'olice, of all inspections made by them of steam 
boilers and of all certificates issued by them; and those at the time of making 
said return either in full force, unrevoked or canceled. Each and every com- 
pany so authorized and making insurances antl failing to make such returns as 
aforesaid, shall pay the penal sum of fifty dollars for each and every failure or 




Broadway, South from Post Office. 



neglect to make and file said returns, the same to be recovered by suit to be 
brought by the Board of Police. 

The Board of Police shall preserve in proper form a correct record of all 
inspections of steam boilers made under its direction, and of the amount of 
steam or pressure allowed in each case, and in cases where any steam boiler or 
the ajjparatus or appliances connected therewith shall be deemed by the Board, 
alter inspection, to be insecure or dangerous, the Board shall prescribe such 



0['R POLICE PROTECTORS. 



changes and alterations as may render such boilers, apparatus and appliances 
devoid of danger. And in the meantime and until such changes and alterations 
are made, and such appliances attached, such boiler, apparatus and appliances 
may be taken under the control of the Board of Police, and all persons pre- 
vented from using the same, and, in cases deemed necessary, the appliances, 
apparatus or attachments for the limitation of pressure, may be taken under the 
control of the said Board of Police. And no owner or agent of any steam 
boiler shall employ any person as engineer without having a certificate as to the 
qualification from practical engineers, to be countersigned by the Commissioners 
of Police. 

Any ])erson applying or causing to be applied, to any steam boiler, a higher 
pressure of steam llian tliat Kmitcd for the same in accordance with the jjro- 
visions of this chapter, and any person violating the provisions of the last 
preceding section, shall be guilty of misdemeanor. In case any owner of any 
steam boiler in the said city shall fail or omit to have the same reported for 
inspection as provided by law, such boiler may be taken under control of the 
Board of Police, and all persons prevented from using the same until it can be 
satisfactorily tested as hereinbefore provided for, and the owner shall, in such 
case, be charged with the expense of so testing it. 

The Board is hereby authorized, in addition to the Police force now 
authorized by law, to appoint a number of persons, not exceeding two hundred, 
who may be designated by any company which may be operating a system or 
signaling by telegraph to a central office for Police assistance, to act as Special 
Patrolmen in connection with such telegraphic system. And the person so ap- 
pointed shall in and about such service have all the powers possessed by the 
members of the regular force, except as may be limited by and subject to the 
supervision and control of the Board of Police. No person shall be appointed 
as such Special Patrolman who does not possess the qualifications which may be 
required by the Board of Police for said special service, and the person so appointed 
shall be subject in case of emergency to the duty as part of the regular Police force. 
The Board of Police shall have power to revoke any such appointment or appoint- 
ments at any time, and every person so appointed shall wear a badge and 
uniform, to be furnished by such company and ap])roved by the Board of Police. 
Such uniform shall be designated at the time of the first appointment under this 
section, and shall be the permanent imiform to be worn by the said Special 
Police. The pay of such Special Patrolmen and all expenses connected with 
their services, shall be wholly paid by such company or companies, and no ex- 
penses or liability shall at any time be incurred, or paid by the Board of PoUce 
for, or by reason of the services of the persons so as aforesaid appointed. 

An Act was passed on April 21, 1884, amendatory of the Consolidation Act, 
the leading features of which are: The Treasurer to appoint a Deputy Treasurer; 
in case of absence or inabilty to perform his duties, the Treasurer to be respon- 
sible for the acts of the Deputy; the Board of Police to deduct and withhold 
pay for absence for any cause, absence without leave, sickness, or other disal)ility, 
etc., not to exceed one-half, except incases of absence without leave. No leave of 
absence exceeding twenty days in any one year, to be granted, except that the mem- 



OUR POLICF. PROIECrORS. 



ber waived and released not less than one-half of salan . The salaries of members 
ap]_)ointed on and after January i, 1885, to be as follows: Superintendent, six 
thousand dollars; Inspectors, three thousand live hundred dollars; Surgeons, 
one thousand eight hundred dollars; Captains, two thousand dollars; Patrolmen, 
appointed on and after January i, 1885, known as third grade, one thousand 
dollars; after one year's service in such grade, if conduct and efficiency have 
been satisfactory, such Patrolman to be advanced to the second tirade, and re- 
ceive an annual salary of one thousand one hundred dollars; after one year's 
service in the second grade, on like conditions, to be advanc ed to the first grade, 
at one thousand two hundred dollars. 

Schedule of arrests made for lottery and ])olicy violations and gambling 
during the years 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883 and 1884: 



1 

PRECINCT. 


Arrests. 


Dis- 
clicir^ccl 
l>y Mag- 
istrate. 


Held 

by Mag- 
istrate. 


Tried . 


Con- 
victed. 


Acquil'd. 


Pending. 




51 


14 


37 


10 


8 


2 


27 




133 


57 


76 


35 


30 


5 


41 




16 


3 


13 


4 


4 




9 




4 


4 


13 










7 


29 


16 




7 


7 




9 


8 


27 


10 


17 


I 


I 


• t. 


16 


9 


28 


15 


13 


7 


5 


2 


6 




165 


104 


61 


6 


6 




55 




25 


8 


17 


3 


2 




14 




7 


4 


3 


. . 






4 




33 


2 1 


12 


5 


4 




7 


14 


86 


45 


41 


3 


3 




38 


15 


83 


18 


05 


14 


14 




51 




14 


5 


9 


I 


I 




8 


17 


77 


30 


47 


9 


7 




38 




13 


8 


5 


I 


I 




4 


19 


14 


6 


8 


2 


2 




6 




60 


42 


18 








18 




39 


17 


22 


I 


I 




2 1 




23 


9 


14 


I 


I 




13 


23 


4 


4 












25 


I 


I 












26 


4 


I 


3 








3 


27 


105 


64 


41 


;6 


15 




25 


28 


22 


10 


12 


2 


2 




ID 


29 


95 


39 


56 


5 


5 




5' 


30 


I 


I 












31 


3 


3 












33 


3 


3 














189 


30 


159 


69 


53 




90 




5 






I 


1 ^ 








18 


6 








\ ■ 


13 




210 


30 


1 80 


38 


1 ^« 




142 




1587 


628 


959 


241 


, 211 


30 


722 



3o6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



An Act passed April 22, 1884, declared that " On and after the first day of 
Ja/iuary, 1885, the grade and pay or compensation of members of the Police 
force who are Patrolmen in all cities of this State, having, according to the last 
census, a population exceeding eight hundred thousand, shall be as follows: All 
such members who are Patrolmen on said first day of January, 1885, and who 
shall have served three years or upwards on said force, shall be members of the 
First Grade; all such members who have served on such force for less than three 
years, and more than one year, shall be members of the Second Grade; and all 
other members who are Patrolmen then on said force shall be members of the 
Third Grade; and all persons appointed Patrolmen after said first day of January, 
1885, shall, on their appointment, become members of the Third Grade. When- 
ever any member of the Third Grade shall have done service therein for one year, 
he shall be advanced to the Second Grade; and whenever any member of the 
Second Grade shall have done service therein for one year he shall be advanced 
to the First Grade; but no such Patrolman shall be advanced as aforesaid except 
after examination by, and approval of the Board of Police or Police Commis- 
sioners, of such city, of his record, efficiency and conduct. The annual pay or 
compensation of the members of the Police force who are Patrolmen as afore- 
said, shall be as follows: For members of the First (irade at the rate of twelve 
hundred dollars each; for members of the Second Grade at the rate of eleven 
hundred dollars each; for members of the Third Grade at the rate of one thou- 
sand dollars each. The pay or compensation of aforesaid shall be paid monthly 
to each person entitled thereto, subject to such deductions for or on account of 
lost or sick time, sickness, disability, absence, fines or forfeitures, as the Board 
of Police may, by rules and regulations, from time to time, prescribe or adopt." 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER XV. 



FIRST INSPECTION DISTRICT. 

Superintendent VVii.i.iam Murray. — A JJkii.liant Record. — What a Po- 
liceman MAY Become by Honesty, Perseverance and Aiulitv. — A Model 
Police Oekicial. — Methodical, Keen, and Devoted to his Profession. — 
The First Precinct; Captain Cakfry. — "The Iron Man." — The most 
Important Police District in the World. — Fourth Precinct; Captain 
Webb. — Sixth Precinct; Captain McCullagh. — Seventh Precinct; Cap- 
tain Hedden. — Tenth Precinct; Captain Allaire. — Eleventh Precinct; 
Captain Meakim. — Thirteenth Precinct; Captain Petty. — Fourteenth 
Precinct; Captain Murphy. — Seventeenth Precinct; Captain McCul- 
lagh. — Eighteenth Precinct; Captain Clinchy.-Twenty-first Precinct; 
Captain Ryan. — Twenty-sixth Precinct; Sergeant Stewari'. 

CUPERINTENDENT WILLIAM MURRAY is an officer whose career 
^ illustrates how, by honesty, perseverance, and ability, a Patrolman may be- 
come the highest officer of the force. He is a native of New York City, and was 
born in the year 1844. In 1861 he joined the Ellsworth Zouaves (Eleventh New 
York State Volunteers), and was severely wounded at the battle of Hull Run. He 
joined the Police force in 1866, and went to the Third Precinct, which was then 
under the command of Captain James Greer. A few days after joining the force he 
made some very clever arrests, one of them being a negro named Jake Joralemon, 
who was a notorious burglar, and who had used a revolver in one of his exploits 
at Newark on a woman named Mrs. Ward, a clothier's wife in that place. The 
Governor of New Jersey and the Mayor of Newark offered a reward (the former 
six hundred dollars and the latter two hundred and fifty dollars) for his capture. 
Then followed the arrest of Worth, for blowing open the safe in Messrs. Steiner's 
tea store in Vesey Street. 

The routine of official duties is about as follows: He reaches Iiis office 
at Police Headijuarters at eight a. m. His first care is to assort the mail and 
next to examine the returns from the various precincts, noting any irregularities 
or errors that may have been made, together with the charges of serious felonies 
made against prisoners. Visitors are admitted to his office at half-past nine a. m., 
when their grievances and complaints are listened to and disposed of according 
to the nature of each case. The reports of District Inspectors are next in order. 
These reports contain an account of the operations of the force for the ])revious 
twenty-four hours. The Inspectors then are instructed in regard to Police 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



matters in their districts. The Superintendent daily refers his reports to the 
Board of Police on any Police matters which may have come before him since 
the previous meeting of the Board. A consolidated report is next prepared and 
forwarded to the Board of Police Commissioners, setting forth the work done 
by each member of the Department for the preceding twenty-four hours. This 
consolidated report contains a variety of detailed information, such as giving a 
list of sick or absent members, those who are absent from duty without leave, 
those who had their night off, etc. The remainder of the day up to five p. M. is 
occupied in listening to citizens' complaints of all kinds, in telegraphing instruc- 
tions to the precincts, and such other duties as the occasion may demand. 

The Superintendent quits work at six o'clock, and goes home to dinner. 
As a rule he spends some portion of his time visiting the Police precincts and 
station houses at night, that he may see for himself if the members of the force 
are properly performing their duty, that the laws are being enforced, and that 
business pertaining to the station houses is being transacted in accordance with 
the prescribed rules of the Department. 

After several other clever captures. Patrolman Murray was appointed 
Roundsman on the first of October, and one year later he was raised to the rank 
of Sergeant, in which capacity he served in the Eighth, Sixteenth, and Fifteenth 
Precincts. While in the latter station he arrested the men who had robbed 
Matty Dancer. Dancer always kept his money and bonds at his house, No. 50 
West Eleventh Street, and the burglars, getting scent of this, one day gained ad- 
mission during his absence, pretending that they were plumbers. Mrs. Dancer was 
gagged, and the burglars carried off an enormous quantity of bonds and green- 
backs, amounting at the time, it was said, to two hundred thousand dollars. 
Sergeant Murray recovered one hundred thousand dollars in bonds, which was 
part of this haul. For this burglary John Farrell and his wife were sentenced to 
ten years in State Prison. 

Shortly after this. Sergeant Murray, in conjunction with the late Inspector 
McDermott, made a raid on the gambling house of The. .Allen, in Bleecker 
Street, and captured all the gambling implements. 

Sergeant Murray was made Captain on the second of October, 1876, and 
was assigned for duty to the Fourth Precinct. 

The following is a portion of the testimony elicited by the Roosevelt 
Committee: 

"William Murray, being duly sworn, testified: 

By the Chairman: 

Q. What is your name ? 

A. William Murray. 

Q. What ])osition do you hold ? 

A. Inspector of Police in the Police Department of this city. 

Q. How long have you held that position ? 

A. About seven years. 

Q. How long have you been on the Police force ? 

A. Nearly eighteen years. 

By Mr Russell : 

Q. Before you became Inspector what was your position ? 



Appointed Superintendent June 9, 1885. 



OUR POr.lCE PROTECTORS. 



A. Captain. 
Q. How long ? 
• ""A. Plight months. 

Q. And before that you were a Sergeant ? 

A. Yes, sir. 

Q. How long ? 

A. Six or seven years. 

Q. And before that a Roundsman how long ? 

A. AI)out a year, I think. 

Q. And before that a Patrolman how long? 

A. Well, the remaining number of years; I think five years. 

Q. Then you have reached your present position by the strictest applica- 
tion of civil service rules ? 

A. I have, sir; I so consider it. 
By Colonel Bliss: 

Q. When you were j)romoted from Cai)tain to Inspector, do you remember 
any particular service ? 

A. For doing that that has never been done in the Police Department by an 
Inspector, by securing nearly five hundred years of convictions in the State 
prison — doing that that has never been done before or since by a Captain of 
Police. 

Q. You were promoted on your record ? 

A. Solely; I say to you, gentlemen, I was not a candidate or an- applicant 
for the position of Inspector on the Police." 

While he was Captain in the Fourth Precinct, in eight months he made 
arrests and procured convictions amounting in the aggregate to five hundred 
years. The important services which he rendered to society in hunting down 
male and female abortionists will not soon be forgotten. 

Mary Varley, a sister of the notorious "Reddy, the blacksmith," lived at 
No. 56 James Street. A number of burglars deposited their plunder in her 
house. The manoeuvres of these men did not, however, escape Captain Mur- 
ray's vigilance. He went to Mary Varley's house one day and discovered stolen 
property to the amount of ten thousand dolhirs. Mary was sent to State Prison. 

In the year 1875 the inhabitants of Long Island were in a state of the 
greatest alarm owing to the number of masked burglaries which were taking 
jilace almost every day. On the night of December 22, 1875, six masked bur- 
glars entered the houses of Mr. M. L. Hillier, a Wall Street broker, and Mr. 
Henry Green, at Astoria, and, holding pistols to the heads of the frightened in- 
mates, ransacked the premises, and carried off everything portable that they could 
lay hands on. A few days afterwards John Robert.s, John James alias Fatty " 
Farrell, Jerry McCarthy alias " Carrol," James Reilly alias "Juggy," and John 
Schmidt were arrested in New York by Capt. William Murray. One of the 
prisoners got for his share in the burglaries thirteen dollars in money and a sil- 
ver pencil case, but not being of a literary turn of mind, he pawned the pencil 
case. Half an hour afterwards the pencil case was in Capt. Murray's hands. 
With this clue the Captain went to work, and succeeded in capturing the thieves. 
I he people of Astoria, and in fact the whole community, in the vicinity of New 
York and Brooklyn, were so pleased at the capture of the burglars that a testi- 
monial was presented to Captain Murray for his energetic action. All the 
prisoners were convicted and sent to State Prison. The Police Commissioners- 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



at their meeting also passed highly complimentary resolutions to Capt. Murray 
for these arrests. 

Thomas Belton, a trusted employee of Messrs. H. B. Claflin h. Company, 
had for years been a systematic tliief. He stole about fifty thousand dollars' 
worth of needles and thread. Capt. Murray learned that a dealer in such articles 
named Hall was able to undersell other dealers at prices that made it impossible 
for them to make any profit. Capt. Murray also ascertained that Belton left 
Claflin's at dinner time, and paid visits to Hall's establishment, where he was de- 
tected delivering bundles of goods. Belton was arrested, and was sent to State 
Prison. 

Thomas Cusack murdered his wife at Rose Street on March 6, 1877. He 
escaped, but was captured an hour afterward by Capt. Murray. The prisoner, 
when placed on trial, denied all knowledge of what had occurred, but admitted 
that he was very drunk, therefore could not know what he was about. He was 
sentenced to State Prison for seven years. 

On the eighteenth of September, 1877, Superintendent Walling received a 
telegram from Boston giving a detailed list of United States and other bonds 
that had been stolen on the fifteenth of the same month from the Cambridge- 
port, Massachusetts, Bank. The bonds, in all, amounted to sixty thousand dol- 
lars. A close watch was kept by the Police in New York, as the thieves were 
supposed to have gone there to dispose of their plunder. A reward of three 
thousand dollars was offered for the return of the United States Bonds, and 
one thousand five hundred dollars for the return of the Railroad Bonds. In- 
spector Murray had for some days noticed several suspicious-looking characters 
enter and come out of a house in East Twenty-ninth Street. He accordingly 
went there and arrested George C. Briggs, Langdon W. Moore, Rebecca Moore, 
and Elizabeth Hill. On searching the premises a large collection of burglars 
tools were found. They consisted of sectional steel jimmies, ratchet drills, braces 
and bits, sledges, and several cans of powder, combination safe locks, several 
pairs of rubber overshoes, and a number of other instruments for blowing open 
bank safes. The prisoners were taken the next morning to Essex Market Police 
Court before Justice Smith, and remanded, to enable the Inspector to obtain the 
necessary evidence for their conviction. Langdon Moore alias Charley Adams, 
was afterwards recognized as one of the greatest bank robbers in the States, he 
only having been discharged a year previously for robbing a bank in New York 
State. George C. Briggs was identified as Thomas H. Leroy, a Boston bank 
burglar. Elizabeth Hill said she was Leroy's wife, and Rebecca Moore clainied 
to be Adams' wife. A sister of Charley Adams' wife had made a statement to 
the Boston Police that she saw Adams and Leroy, when they were leaving that 
city, jjacking three trunks. This clue led to their arrest in New York. The 
only evidence against the women was that they had been in the house in com- 
pany with the male prisoners, and they were discharged. Briggs, it was 
proved at his trial, had exchanged baggage checks at Worcester, Mass., and by 
that means obtained possession of a trunk containing ten thousand dollars' 
worth of jewelry, which belonged to Messrs. Ailing & Co., jewelers at Worcester 
and New York. A number of previous convictions were proved against Briggs, 



0[rR rOL/CE PROTECTORS. 



and he was sentenced to five years in State Prison, and Moore alias Adams, 
wasjsent to Boston to stand his trial there for stcalinj; eiglit thousand dollars 
\\\ Ijonds. 

On I'riday, the twenty-fifth of January, 1878, William R. Ailing, of the 
firm of Ailing Bros. & Co., jewelers, of No. 170 15roadway, antl Mr. Hayes, of 
the firiu of Wheeler, Parsons i]^ Hayes, jewelers, of No. 2 Maiden Lane, called 
on the Police Commissioners at Headquarters, and presented the following letter: 

"To THK Bo.\RI) OK POLICK. : 

" Centlkmen : The manufacturing jewelers and wholesale dealers in 
watches and jewelry of the city of New York, appreciating the service and 
fidelity of Inspector Murray, desire to present to him a gold watch and chain 
and the accom])anying testimonial, and have designated the undersigned as their 
committee to make such presentation, and to request your ])ermission for the 
Inspector to receive the same. Yours respectfullv, 

" W. R. Ai.LiN(-,, 
" Henrv H.wks, 

" Committee." 

Messrs. Ailing and Hayes had taken along witli tiiem a handsomely 
engrossed testimonial, and a gold watch and chain valued at one thousand dollars, 
which they presented to Inspector Murray. The testimonial was as follows: 

" The manufacturers of jewelry and wholesale dealers in watches and jew- 
elry in the city of New York, desiring to recognize, as a trade, the valuable and 
skillful services rendered to them and to the whole community by Inspector of 
Police ^\'illiam Murray, in the discovery and capture of criminals, and especiallv 
the robbery of Messrs. Ailing Bros. & Co., the undersigned, manufacturers of 
and wliolesale dealers in watches and jewelry, cordially and earnestly imite in 
tendering to Inspector Murray this testimonial of tlieir esteem and of their high 
appreciation of the fidelity, energy, and skill which he has at all times displayed 
in the efficient discharge of his difficult and perplexing duties." 

The testimonial was signed by forty of the most prominent watchmakers 
and jewelers of New York. 

The following is the inscription on the watch: " Presented to Ins]iector 
Willam Murrav bv manufacturers and dealers in watches and jewelry in the 
citv of New York as a testimonial of his integritv, zeal and efficiency. Januarv, 
1878." 

The Police Commissioners sanctioned the presentation of the watch and 
testimonial. 

During the labor riots in 1877, at which time millions of dollars' worth of rail- 
way property was burned, the Socialists of New \'ork con\ened a meeting to be 
held at Tompkins S([uare. They were refused permission l)y the Police to par- 
ade ; but, nevertheless, they announced their intention to do so. They formed 
in line to march to Tentii Street. Inspector Murray, at the head of five hun- 
<lred men, dispersed the crowd of ten thousand, and thus saved New York from 
the mob. 

" Wash " Geary, a brother of Ed. Goody, (who was recently sentenced to 
State Prison for a butcher cart robbery) was arrested for stealing a quantity of 
silk from H. B. Claflin & Co. Oakey Hall, who had just returned from Europe, 
defended the prisoner. Nobody being able to swear positively that they saw 



312 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS,. 



the silk in the bales from which they had been purloined, the prisoner was 
acquitted, although it was well-known that the bales were shipped as silk, and 
were so marked on, the ship's manifest. 

A man named Roberts, who was also employed by Messrs. Claflin & Co. as 
superintendent in the silk department, had stolen silks which Superintendent Mur- 
ray discovered were conveyed to the house of Jake Falkenberg, at No. i6o Riv- 
ington Street. He followed them one evening, and when they got the box into 
the house he jumped in and found seven thousand dollars' worth of silk. 
Roberts confessed to having taken fifty thousand dollars' worth of silk. He was 
sent to State Prison for five years. 

Superintendent Murray's record is a long and interesting one. Suffice it to say 
that he has unmasked more crime, and fastened the guilt on the perpetrators 
thereof, than any man in the force, with the exception of Inspector Byrnes. 

Superintendent Murray is a methodical, keen officer, and as devoted to his 
profession as he is to his family, and that is saying a great deal. He lives comfort- 
ably but unostentatiously, at Seventy-eighth Street and Lexington Avenue. 

Superintendent Murray succeeded Superintendent Walling June 9, 1885. 
By act of the legislature (Chap. 364, Sec. 307, Laws of 1885) the Board of Police 
Commissioners were empowered to retire any members of the Police force — who 
had reached the age of sixty years — u])on a pension. Under this clause Super- 
intendent Walling could be removed from office. He chose to resign. For a 
long time previously Superintendent Murray had been looked upon as the 
coming man. His distinguished services and conspicuous talents left him with- 
out a rival for the place. The Board was not behindhand in appreciating these 
facts. No other name was submitted, the claims of no other official considered, 
although the Department is not lacking in the timber out of which able super- 
intendents are fashioned; but, with prompt unanimity, the Commissioners called 
Inspector William Murray to assume the chief executive control of the Police 
force. The new Superintendent, with his accustomed energy, soon demonstrated 
that he was master of the situation, and he went about remodeling certain 
Police matters after his own ideas His first important move, three days after 
he assumed control, was to abolish the old system of District Inspection, and to 
cause the Inspectors to be aids to the Superintendent, with their offices located 
at Police Headquarters. The more the management was centralized. Super- 
intendent Murray declared, the better for the efficiency of the force. The 
change was also manifestly in the interest of economy. The new system is prac- 
tically a return to the old one which was abolished by General Smith. The 
salaries of the men detailed to Inspection District offices amounted to forty-two 
thousand four hundred dollars per year. The men who had been so emjjloyed 
were sent to do duty in the several precincts, to the dismay of the six Sergeants, 
twelve Patrolmen, and two Doormen, who liad enjoyed "soft" places under the 
old regime. His next move was to call all the Captains and the three Inspectors 
before him at Police Headquarters. There he laid down certain sensible and 
practical rules for their guidance, and issued instructions that the Captains should 
refrain from calling at Police Headquarters, and remain in their respective pre- 
cincts, except when they were specially summoned to the Central Office. He 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



313 



warned the Captains tlial thcv would he held accountable for order in their 
respective precincts, and for the efficiency of, and proper i)atroling In, the men 
under them. He also issued instructions with a view to the suppression of 
gambling and the parading of streets by women of immoral character. The 
effect of all this soon became apparent in the demeanor and efficiency of the 
force. Every man, from the humblest Doorman to the highest in command, 
was imbued with new-born energy and a more praiseworthy ambition to do his 
full duty by the public and the Department. The new Superintendent had 
imparted a portion of his own enthusiasm to the officers and men of the PolicCj 
force. They worked together for the common weal with a cheerful alacrity 
which demonstrated the fact that they knew and felt that the transfusion of new 
blood at the fountain head, as was expected, would be followed by a corres- 
])onding degree of official industry throughout the subordinate branches of the 
Department, and, as a natural consequence, the most beneficial results were made 
apparent from the beginning. Superintendent Murray, it is conceded, is nothing 
if not thorough and practical. He is every inch a Policeman of the modern 
school. He is the right man in the right place. 

THE POLICE PRECINCTS. 

The First Precinct. — The First Precinct is bounded by Battery Place, 
Bowling Green, Broadway, Fulton Street, the east track on the East River front, 
and the Castle Garden and Buttery fronts. The station house is in Old Slip, 
at Front Street. It is a model structure in every sense, and an ornament to the 
city. It is the most modern Police building; was finished in 1884, and the com- 
mand was moved in from No. 54 New Street, which was a better station house 
than some which are yet erected. It cost about eighty thousand dollars. Na- 
thaniel D. Bush was the architect, and its site is that of the old Alms House or 
P'ranklin Market, where P^ighteen Hose Company " Franklin," under Foreman 
Hallin Chesebrough, M-as stationed, the old First Precinct Station House being 
up-stairs. The staff of this command are: Captain, Charles W. Caffrey, an officer 
with twenty-six years service ; Sergeants, John J. Fitzgerald, Andrew McClin- 
tock, Patrick Gates and Arthur Rork. Fitzgerald was appointed in 1863; was 
made a Roundsman in 1869, and reached the present rank in February, 1871. 
McClintock became a Patrolman in 1862, Roundsman in 1865, and Sergeant 
in 1872. Gates was appointed in 1865, became Roundsman two years later, 
and was promoted in 1870. Rork's dates are Patrolman 1862, Roundsman 
1865, and Sergeant 1867. 

The First Precinct contains more than the usual proportion of the sub- 
stantial, representative wealth of the country, and the management of the Police 
system of a business centre such as this brings with it a considerable amount of 
responsibility. In the selection of a Captain for such an important post, the 
Commissioners have chosen the present incimibent, who is a man of experience 
and sagacity, who knows every nook and corner of the precinct like a book, and 
is familiar with the business community of that section for a long number of 
years. 

This precinct has twenty day i)osts and forty night posts, and its (ore-: ot 



3^4 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Patrolmen should be one hundred men, but sickness and men put on detailed 
duties, reduce it to about eighty men. James Oates and Charles Hagan are the 
Precinct Detectives. The detailed men are: E. A. Burgoyne^ Ordinances; 
Richard Ganly, Barge Office; Harvey S. Holly, Custom House; Francis Hagan, 
Register's Office; William Cotter, Staten Island Ferry; Daniel S. Arnold, Wall 
Street Ferry; Lawrence C. Daly, South Ferry; William Goodwin and Peter 
O'Donnell, Fulton Ferry. 

Captain Charles W. Caffry was born in Provost Street, now Franklin, in 
the year 1822. He is the son of the principal of a school remarkable for hav- 




New First Precinct Station House, Old Slip, Corner Front. 



ing taught the three R's to a number of well-known down town New York 
brokers. The Captain served his time to the carpentry business, and was very 
successful in his trade till the panic of 1857 brought about a change in his 
fortunes. While engaged in the building of a house in Abingdon Square, he, 
together with a number of others in the same business, failed. After this 
he joined the Police, not as a dernier rcssort, but because he always had 
an instinctive liking for a military or semi-military life. He was detailed for 
duty in the first place to the Si.\teenth Precinct, in the year 1858. The authori- 
ties appreciated his services so much that before the lapse of twelve months he 
was appointed, successively Roimdsman, Sergeant, and Acting Captain in the 
same year. On the twenty-eighth of April, i860, he was sent to the Broadway 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



3'5 



Squad as a Sergeant, but wishing for a change he applied for permission to j(jin 
the^Army- ' he Commissioners answered his application by again promoting him 
to a full Captaincy in the Fifteenth Precinct. In July, 1859, ^^^^ ordered to 
the Twentieth Precinct, which was one of the most notorious j)laces in the city at 
that time. Speaking of Captain Caffrey, one of the Commissioners said : " It 
is our duty to clean out the cut-tiiroats of that Ward (the Seventeenth), and 
Caffrey is the man that will do it to perfection." Captain Caffrey remained 
here until 1872, when he was assigned to the Second Precinct. The capture 
of James Buchanan, for murdering Widow Shanks in i86i, was a \ery clever 
piece of work. The bloody finger marks on the door, which had escaped the 
detectives' attention, were noted down by Captain Caffrey, and he immediately 
wrote a note for the evening papers, knowing that the news wovdd travel as fast 
as the murderer. As a consecpience of this the assassin was captured at 
Susquehanna. There was great excitement when Captain Caffrey returned to 
the city with his prisoner, and the men christened liim the " Iron ^^an," for 
displaying such courage and determination. 

This is the most important Police District in the world. No officer of 
Police commands men who have as many billions and vast commercial and 
financial interests to watch over as Captain Caffrey. Treachery on the part of 




Floor Plan, New First Precinct Station House. 

one of his Patrohnen for a couple of hours would enable criminals to possess 
themselves of booty amounting to millions. Besides the Sub-Treasury, the 
Assay Office, the Stock Exchange, the Custom House, and scores of money 
brokers and dealers in bullion, there are the following banking institutions in 
the First Precinct: American Exchange Bank, Bank of Commerce, Bank of New 
York, Bank of the Republic. Chase Bank, Chatham Bank, City Bank, Conti- 
nental Bank, First National Bank. Fourth National Bank. Fulton Bank. Gallatin 
Bank, Hanover Bank, I^eather Manufacturers' Bank. Mechanics' Bank, Mer- 
chants' Bank, Phcrnix Bank, Seventh Ward Ikmk, the Third National Bank, the 
Union Bank, and the ITnited States Bank, and National Bank, the Seamen's 
Savings Bank; and the following State Banks: Bank of America. Bank of North 
America, State of New York. Corn Exchange, German American, Manhattan 
Company, New York Produce Exchange, St. Nicholas, and Seaboard. Brokers' 
offices are numbered by the hundred, and all the exchanges from the vast and 
magnificent Produce Exchange are here. An emigrant first lands in this pre- 
cinct at Castle Garden, and within its boundaries are the Barge Office and 
Battery, the Chamber of Commerce, the termini of the Elevated Railroads, and 



3i6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



the Consulates of the Argentine RepubHc, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Columbia, 
Corea, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, 
Guatemala, Hayti, Italy, Liberia, Monaco, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, 
Peru, Portugal, Russia, St. Domingo, Salvador, Siam, Spain, Sweden, Switzer- 
land, Turkey, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Mementoes of the great fires of half a 
century ago are to be found in several parts of the district. Two sensations, 
in the Police acceptation of the term, have occurred in this precinct, but there 
have been several incidents of more than ordinary moment. Many recall with 
a shudder the horrors of the thirty-first of July, 187 1, when the boiler of the 
ferryboat "Westfield" blew up at the Staten Island pier, and how that calm and 
lovely Sunday ended in general mourning for the fate of the men, women, and 




Captain Charles W Caffry. 

children who were killed, maimed, or disfigured. This accident ended directly 
or indirectly the lives of more than eighty-five ])ersons. Another thrilling event 
occurred in Burling Slip on the fifth of April, 1877. John Jewett & Son occu- 
pied the warehouse. No. 182 Front Street, as manufacturers of white lead. 
Orville D. Jewett was a member of the firm, but there was mutual dissatisfaction, 
and the papers for his withdrawal from it had been drafted. At a quarter past 
ten o'clock in the morning a hand grenade exploded in the private office on the 
second floor in Burling Slip, and pistol shots were fired. George W. and 
Orville D. Jewett, his nephew, were killed, and Mr. Joseph A. Dean was seriously 
injured. In spite of overwhelming evidence tending to show that Orville D. 
Jewett threw the bomb, and shot himself with a pistol, the verdict of the 
Coroners's jury was vague, to say the least if it. 

Thf. Fourth Precinct.— The limits of the Fourth Precinct are : Fulton 
Street, Broadway, Park Row, Centre Street, Chambers Street, Chatham Street. 



OUR POLICK PKOIKC'rORS. 



3>7 



Chatham Square, Catharine Street, and the east railroad track on the East 
River front. The station house is at Nos. 9 and 11 Oak Street. It was l)uilt 
in 1870 on the site of one of the oldest station houses in New York, and is a 
comfortable structure; but the approaches to it are narrow, and it is weak in a 
strategical sense. The officers of the command are: Captain, Robert O. Webb; 
and Sergeants, Richard F. Magan, Peter Ryan and Jcihn Kelly. Magan was 
made a Policeman in 1870, became a Roimdsman in 1873, '^'^^ ^^"^^ promoted 
ten years later. Ryan was appointed twenty-three years ago, was made Rounds-* 
man in 1863, and obtained rank fi\ e years later. Kelly has been on the force 
twelve years; he was a])pointed Roundsman in 1882, and the ne.\t year rose to 
his present rank. 



Captain Rohekt O. Webc was appointed on the Metrojjolitan Police on 
February 7, 1861, and assigned to the Seventh Precinct. He was promoted to 
be Roundsman, and sent to the Ninth Precinct on August 28, 1862, where he 
served during the draft riots. He was serving as Roundsman in the First 
Precinct when he resigned in August, 1865. Three years later (August 3, 
1868) he was re-a])pointed on the force and assigned to the Seventh Precinct. 
He was promoted Roundsman on July 11, 1871, and transferred to the Twenty- 
eighth Precinct; made Sergeant August 21, 1873, and sent to the Tenth Pre- 
cinct. He attained his present rank on May 25, 1880. 

This precinct has nineteen day posts and thirty-eight night posts. It has 
ninety-nine Patrolmen, but details and sickness reduce the effective force to 
about eighty men. Edward Shalvey and (Gilbert Carr are precinct detectives, 
Thomas Maher is detailed to Park Row, George Logan to Hunters' Point Ferry, 





Captain Robert 0. Webb. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Mark F. Healy is at the Catharine Street Ferry, George Connor and John 
Cirennan to Roosevelt Street Ferry, Wolf Levy to Chatham and Chambers 
Streets, Edward McCabe to Fulton and Nassau Streets, Edward G. Walling to 
the Tax Office, Edmund Ryan on Corporation Ordinances, J. J. Nolan to the 
Catholic Protectory, John Kiernan to Inspector Murray's office. 

The Fourth Precinct takes under its wings the majority of the newsjjajjer 
offices, Fulton Market, the New York terminus of the Brooklyn Bridge, the 
" Swamp," where the leather merchants most do congregate, and vast mercantile 
and commercial interests. Within its limits are much squalor, misery, and ex- 
ceeding prosperity. Towards its Broadway boundary it takes in some important 
dry goods houses. The old Second Precinct Station House, at No. 49 Beek- 
man Street, still stands. It is now the office of the Corporation Attorney; and 
when the gambler Duryea was hacked by Eph. Simmons — the policy dealer in 
Liberty Street, his body riddled with knife thrusts by Simmons, who broke his 
ankle in slipping in the blood of his enemy — he was taken there. The Fourth Pre- 
cinct furnishes many a newspaper story. Dating from the fatal explosion and 
fire in Hague Street, innumerable tales of horror have been told across its 
station desk. There was the fire four years ago at No. 35 Madison Street, a 
" rookery," by which, through the carelessness of a plumber, ten persons lost 
their lives in a few minutes. On the thirty-first of January, 1882, the Potter 
Building, at Park Row and Beekman Street, was burned down, and desi)ite the 
efforts of citizens. Police and firemen, four persons lost their lives. The fatal 
crush on the Brooklyn Bridge shortly after it was opened is remembered 
with a shudder. Newspapers sometimes furnish gossip themselves, witness 
the slaying of Richardson by McFarland in the Tribune office, fifteen years 
ago. 

The Sixth Precinct. — The Sixth Precinct is bounded by Chambers Street, 
Chatham Street, Chatham Square, the Bowery, Hester Street, Centre Street, 
Howard Street, and Broadway. The station house is at Nos. 19 and 21 Eliza- 
beth Street. It is the finest in the city except the First Precinct Station House, 
and is a handsome, roomy structure, admirably adopted to Police purposes. The 
officers are: Captain John McCullough, w-ho signs his name McCullagh, although 
he says his father spelled it like the great tragedian; and Sergeants John Ryan, 
Robert Young, William Thompson, and Edward Colgrove. Ryan was a Police- 
man in 1869, a Roundsman in 1881, and a Sergeant a year later. Young joined 
the force in 1866, became Roundsman in 1873, attained rank six months later. 
Thompson's record is: Patrolman 1866, Roundsman six months later, and Ser- 
geant 1872. Colgrove, the senior Sergeant, put on the uniform in i860, became 
Roundsman in 1862, and attained his present position in 1865. 

Capt. John McCui.I-.'vgh, of the Sixth Precinct, is a young man of pleasing 
appearance and agreeable manners. By his strict attention to duty and his 
innate politeness he has made a host of friends. No stronger corroboration of 
this fact can be adduced than that he is one of the youngest, if not the youngest. 
Captain on the force, as well in jjoint of years as in point of promotion. Cap- 
tain McCullagh joined the force in 1870, and was stationed in the Fifth Precinct. 
He was appointed Roundsman in 1873 and Sergeant in 1876, and Capt;ain in 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



3'9 



July, 1883. He was engaged in llic Orange riots in 1871, and also in the 
Tompkins Square riots. 

The precinct has nineteen day posts and thirty-lour night posts, and its 
force of eighty men is reduced by sickness and details to seventy men. David 
Oerrow and Thomas J. Crystal are the Precinct Detectives. William Looney 
is detailed to Cor[)oration Ordinances. 

The "Bloody Sixth" no longer exists, and much that was written about its 
dangers and horrors was imaginary. It was mainly a slum of the city, and 
some parts of the present district need purging. In old times its polyglot and 
parti-colored population huddled together in kennels, not fit for street curs, in 
the neighborhood of the Five Points, where are now the House of Industry, the 
yard of the Disinfecting Corps of the Health Department, and Paradise Park. 




Captain John McCullagh. 



"Slumming," a cockney recreation which became fashionable last year, was 
fashionable in New York a cjuarter of a century ago. Society leaders and so- 
ciety dames went to "The Sixth " to sup on horrors and experience "sensations" 
in the gruesome squalor and naked vice they witnessed under the guidance of 
Police officers. Nearly all the " horrors " of those days were minor affairs, the 
outcome of vile rum and the most groveling passions, and in these days would 
hardly make an item for a decent newspaper. Italians, Chinamen and Hebrews are 
now, in the main, the occupants of the squalid dens in "the Bend " in Mulberry 
Street and the lower part of Baxter Street, and " elephant hunters," as "shim- 
mers" are termed by the Central Office Detectives — who act as cicerones now-a- 
days — are treated to a sight of an opium den, the " Big Flat " in Elizabeth Street, 
and the stale beer or "all sort " dives. The Thalia Theatre and Atlantic Gar- 
den are in this precinct, as well as the White Street Depot of the Vanderbilt 



320 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



railroads, and the historic Tombs Prison. On the twenty-fourth of December, 
1872, the same day that witnessed the destruction of the Hippotheatron and 
other buildings in East Fourteenth Street, fire broke out at Nos. 81, 83 and 85 
Centre Street, and a number of bookbindery girls were killed, and property 
worth one hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars was destroyed. The Sixth 




Sixth Precinct Station House, 19 Elizabeth Street. 

Precinct has an important Broadway boundary, and vast manufacturing and 
commercial interests on the Bowery, and in Canal and Centre Streets. 

The Seventh Precinct. — The Seventh Precinct's boundaries are: Catha- 
rine Street, Division Street, Scammel Street, Water Street, Gouverneur Slip, and 
the east track of the railroad on the East River front. The station hou.se at 
Nos. 245 and 247 Madison Street is an old structure that needs tearing down to 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



321 



make room for a better one. The officers are : Captain Henry Hedden; and 
Sergeants, Charles W. Woodward, Myron Allen, Charles O. Sheldon, and Corne- 
lius Weston. Woodward was appointed in 1857 ; Roundsman, 1861; and ranked 
in 1862. Allen's dates are: Patrolman, 1866; Roundsman, 1867 ; Sergeant, 1868. 
Sheldon's dates are. Patrolman, 1873; Roundsman, 1876; Sergeant, 1885. 
Weston's dates are. Patrolman, 1865; Roundsman, 1867; Sergeant, 1872. 

Captain Henry Hkddkn was born in Catharine Street in this city in 1837. 
He joined the force June 16, 1857, and was sent to the Seventeenth Precinct. 
He was made Sergeant in 1859, and transferred to the Twenty-sixth I'recinct. 
On May i, 1861, he was sent to the Fifth Precinct; and in November, 1863, he 
was transferred to the Si.\teenth Precinc t as Acting Captain, and there placed in 




Captain Henry Hedden. 

command. The following month he was made full Captain. In the fall of 1866 
he was transferred to the Twentieth Precinct. In 1870 he was sent to the Fif- 
teenth Precinct, and later he was assigned to the Twenty-first Precinct (old 
Twenty-eighth) in Greenwich Street, and subsequently placed in command of 
the Third Precinct in Beekman Street, thence alternately to the Twenty-third, 
Thirteenth, Thirty-third Precincts, Street Cleaning Department, Ninth and Thir- 
ty-second Precincts, to Police Headquarters, and finally to his present command. 
Captain Hedden first distinguished himself while a Sergeant at City Hall Station 
by breaking up a gang of ticket swindlers who robbed emigrants. While in 
command of the Fifteenth Precinct, he, with the assistance of Detective Ser- 
geant Philip Reilly, worked up the evidence which convicted Ruloff, who was 
subsequently hanged at Binghamton, this State, for the murder of a clerk while 
perpetrating a burglary in a dry goods store at Binghamton. Captain Hedden 



322 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



also, by his energy and intelligence, helped to clear up the mystery su r round mg the 
murder of a jew peddler in Lydig's Woods in the Thirty-Fourth Precinct. Cap- 
tain Hedden was then in command of the Thirty-third Precinct. The murder 
had been committed by three negroes, who were arrested and convicted. Cap- 
tain Hedden, besides these, has been connected with almost every case of im- 
portance that his Precinct Detectives had a hand in unearthing, but, with his 
characteristic modesty, he claims no merit on that score, preferring to give his 
detectives the entire benefit of such arrests, not seeking for notoriety himself. 
Captain Hedden has participated officially in the several riots that have taken 
place in the city since he joined the force, and carries with him honorable scars 
received in such hand-to-hand encounters. 

There are thirteen day and twenty-six night posts here. The effective force 
is but sixty men, although sixty-nine are on the roll. Cornelius Leary and John 
J. Creed are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed officer is Richard J. Mullen, 
Corporation Ordinances. 

The Seventh Precinct covers territory that was formerly inhabited by New 
York's staid business men, and the character of its streets is the same as it was 
thirty years ago. Some of the houses that are now occupied by artisans were 
the homes of New York's business aristocracy, and were built as few builders 
can now afford to construct dwellings. Until recently its river front was the 
most important on the East Side, but the new Third Precinct cuts it off. It is 
what may be called a quiet precinct, peopled by citizens of the lower middle 
class and petty tradesmen. In scmie of the quiet streets which run parallel to the 
East River it is Sunday every day in the week. It rarely furnishes the public 
with material for small gossip, and the most notable events of the past few 
years were the burning of Hecker's Croton Mills in Cherry Street, and the mys- 
terious burglary in a Catharine Street pawnshop which set so many detectives 
and " crooked " men by the ears. Catharine Market is within its boundaries, and 
its river front is infested with a hopelessly dishonest class, which are properly 
termed "dock rats" by the Police, and "river pirates" by sensational 
reporters. 

The Tenth Precinct. — The Tenth Precinct is included between the Bowery, 
Division Street, Norfolk Street, Rivington Street, Clinton Street, and Houston 
Street. The station house was built for station house purposes, and is yet a good 
one — after sixteen years of service. It has a separate prison. The officers are: 
Captain Anthony J. Allaire; and Sergeants Gustavus Dahlgren, George W. Warner, 
Timothy J. Creeden, and William Kass. Dahlgren's dates are Patrolman, 1866; 
Roundsman, 1874; Sergeant, 1866. Warner was appointed in 1868; became 
Roundsman 1876; and was promoted last year. Creeden joined the department 
in 1864; was made Roundsman in 1876; and attained his rank three years later. 
Kass, the Senior Sergeant, was appointed in 1859; was Roundsman in 1870; and 
was promoted in 1872. 

CAPT.^.IN Anthonv J. Allaire was born in the city of Cincinnati on the sev- 
enteenth of February, 1829, and came here while he was quite young. He served 
his time in this city as a blacksmith, and worked for two or three years at that 
trade. While so employed he joined the Firemen's Brigade, and was attached 



OUR POI.ICF. PROTKCTORS. 323 

to Engine Company 41. He was not long in this service when he was made 
foreman, as a reward for the important services he had rendered. 

Capt. Allaire joined the Police force on the twenty-fourth of August, i860, 
and was assigned for duty to the Eighteenth I'rccinct. 

In May, 1861, he was made Roundsman, and in tlirec months afterwards 
Sergeant. 

When the war broke out he joined the One Hundred and Thirty-third 
Regiment of New York Volunteers, and in August, 1862, became Captain of 
Company E. He was present at the battle of Port Hudson, Marksville Plains, 
Hisland, Cross Roads. Vermillion, and several other engagements along the Red 
River. On August 4, 1S64, he was commissioned Major, and in December of 




Captain Anthony J. Allaire. 



the same year he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel. In 1865 he rose to the 
rank of Brigadier-General by brevet for meritorious conduct in the field. 

He returned to Washington in 1864, and in a few minutes after his arrival 
there he was ordered to the front in defense of the Capitol, which was threat- 
ened by Jubal Early, whose advances Allaire helped to check. 

When peace was restored in 1865, General Allaire returned to New York, 
and resumed duty as a simple Roundsman. In five days later he was appointed 
Sergeant in the Fifteenth Precinct. On May 23, 1867. he was appointed Cap- 
tain, and assigned to the Twenty-first Precinct. On July 6, 1869, he was 
transferred to the Fourth Precinct, which was one of the dangerous localities of 
New York. 

Captain Allaire's record is a long and interesting one. He has been engaged in 



324 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

so many notable cases, and his ability is so well understood and appreciated by 
the public that a brief summary of the more important cases in which he was 
engaged \vill suffice to explain his popularity. 

He arrested Daniel McFarland for the murder, in the old Tribune office, of 
Albert D. Richardson, one of the editors of the paper. The arrest was accom- 
plished in this wise: McFarland had a brother who kept a stationery warehouse 
in Broadway. Warden Finn and Captain Allaire put their heads together, and 
hit upon a plan which proved successful. They wrote a letter to the murderer 
which purported to come from his brother, asking him for an interview. They 
imitated the stationer's handwriting so well that his brother took the bait, 
and was caught in a Union Square Hotel. McFarland, in trying to get to his 
brother, took all sorts of precautions to avoid arrest, but Warden Finn and Cap- 
tain Allaire carried out their plans successfully. 

While he was in the Fourth Precinct, Captain Allaire broke up the Slaughter 
House Gang, whose headquarters were at a gin-mill kept by Johnny Dobbs at 
the corner of Water Street and James Slip. Johnny Hope, Patsy Conroy, 
Denny Brady, and Brickley were habitues of this place. 

Captain Allaire also broke up the infamous dens that were located in 
Chatham Street. 

Joe Elliot, Charley Becker, and Clem Harrison, notorious forgers, who 
passed a worthless check for sixty thousand dollars on the New York Safe De- 
posit Bank, were also arrested by Captain Allaire. Becker turned State's 
evidence, and amused the Court during the trial by lithograj)hing a counterfeit 
sixty thousand dollar check on a piece of paper. These arrests occurred wliiie 
Allaire was in the Fourth Precinct. 

In 1877 Captain Allaire was transferred to the Eighteenth Precinct, and 
broke up the "Dutch Mob" which was composed of Johnny Irving, Sheeney 
Mike, Dutch Chris, Billy Porter, and Little Freddie. They carried on their 
depredations on Houston, Third, Fourth and Fifth Streets, east of the Bowery. 

Captain Allaire was removed to Headquartc-s in 1877, and was appointed 
Instructor to the force. He was t-ansferred to the Tenth Precinct in 1879, and 
has remained there since. 

There are fifteen day and twenty-eight night posts in this precinct. The 
quota of seventy-eight men is reduced, by details and sickness, to about sixty. 
Etienne Bayer and Richard Sullivan are the Precinct Detectives, and the detailed 
officers are: Michael Harris and George S. Smock, Corporation Ordinances; 
Frank Wilson, Grand Street traffic; Frank Hughes, Grand Street and the Bowery 
traffic ; Thomas E. Fitzpatrick to Inspector Murray's office; Frank J. Fuchs to 
the Internal Revenue office. 

German Republican politics, the Grand Street dry goods trade, and lager 
beer, may or may not be, the chief characteristics of the Tenth Precinct. Its 
population is largely composed of Teutons, while the typical Hebrew quarters — 
the Judemtrassc of New York — one that smites the nose and offends the eye, is 
in the neighborhood of Hester and Essex Streets. "Little Germany," as the 
precinct is called, is thrifty, odorous, bustling and crowded. There is less crime 
in the tenement population of this precinct than in any other, but when a real 



Oi'K rOLICE PROTECTORS. 325 

" Dutch " tragedy occurs, it is sure to be a ghastly one. Nothing more shocking 
carube imagined than some of the suicides which have occurred in this district, 
because of their deliberate planning and their circumstances, regardless of the 
, carving and perforating necessary to accomplish the end decided on. Some of 
' the crimes for gain are European in their character. Take the case of Ernest 
de Hagnicki or Uhling, who, to secure a life insurance policy of ten thou- 
sand dollars on the Merchants' Life Insurance Comi)any, in April, 1874. induced 
Louise (ierms to sham death; put her in a coffin, got her out at the time the 
coffin should have been closed, put in bricks, and buried the coffin. He paid 




Eleventh Precinct Station House, Union Market 



for his enterprise by a long term in State Prison. The most horrible tragedy 
that ever occurred in this city, one that furnished the bloodiest, most revolting 
spectacle of a murderer, who killed himself after slaying his victim, was at 
No. 194 Orchard Street, where, on the nineteenth of January, 1878, James 
Jacques or J. W. Johnson, a j)rofligate Chicagoan, hacked Mrs. Anna Surman 
with a razor, pistoled her, and then shot himself. No one who saw the room 
and the dead persons will ever forget them. Fires are frequent in this precinct, 
but are generally small affairs in crowded buildings, with the result of burning 
the inmates out precipitately. The last great fire in this precinct was the 



326 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



burning, on the twenty-ninth of November, 1883, of the old Stadt Theatre and 
other ljuildings, with a loss of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Ludlow 
Street Jail and the Essex Market Police Court and Prison are in the precinct. 

The Eleventh Precinct. — The Eleventh Precinct is included between 
Rivington Street, Clinton Street, Avenue B, Fourteenth Street, and the East 
River. The station house, or quarters, are upstairs in Union Market, corner of 
Sheriff and Houston Streets, where they have been for the past thirty years. 
The rooms have just been furbished up at a cost of twenty-five thousand dol- 
lars, and enough money has been spent on this old plac6 to build a large and 
commodious station house, as good as any in the city. The officers are: Cap- 
tain, William Meakim; and Sergeants Michael Collins, Andrew Dovle, Judson 



Golden, and John Kelly. Collins was appointed in 1870 ; was Roundsman 
nine years, and won rank last Spring. Doyle's dates are. Patrolman, 1861; 
Roundsman, 1867; and Sergeant, 1868. Ciolden's dates are. Patrolman, 1875; 
Roundsman, 1883; and Sergeant, 1885. Kelly's dates are. Patrolman, 1870; 
Roundsman, 1882; and Sergeant, 1885. 

AcTiNt; Captain Wii.ma.m Mkakim, of the Eleventh Precinct, was promoted 
to the rank of CajJtain on April 7, 1885. In 1868 he became a Patrolman in flie 
Sixth Precinct under Captain Jourdan. He resigned two years later to go into 
business, but again became a member of the force in February, 1873. In 1878 
he gained the rank of Sergeant, and was with Inspector Murray until after the 
death of Cajitain Cherry, when he was sent to take charge of the Eleventh Pre- 
cinct. Captain Meakim's ability is unquestioned. He was associated with 
Inspector Murray in a number of important criminal cases, and the detective 
instinct is strongly marked in him. 

This command has ten day and twenty night posts. Of the sixty-two men 




Captain William Meakim. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



327 



on the rolls about twelve are sick or detailed. I'he Precinct Detectives are 
John Sheridan and Patrick Brennan. The detailed officers are: James Keenan, 
Seventh Street Ferry ; George Grassick, Tenth Street Ferry ; Michael Heffer- 
man, Houston Street Ferry ; Kdward Hru( ken, St. Francis Hospital ; and 
William Dalton, Ordinances. 

This command deals almost w holly w ith the poorer classes, and it has a 
large German and Hebrew population in the streets near Clinton Street and 
Avenues C and D, and an Irish and American population along the river front. 
Within the precinct are the mooring quarters of the Harbor Police, St. Francis" 
Hospital, the Houston, Seventh and Tenth Street ferries, and large manufac- 
tories on the river front north of Houston Street. Besides these, there is St. 
Bridget's Ciuirc h, on tiie spire of which Father Mooney, on the day of the 
German jubilation over the humiliation of the French nation, caused to be 
placed French tri-colors in testimony of the valor of the vancjuished, and re- 
turned a characteristic answer when a committee from the socialistic celebrants 
in Tompkins Square waited on him and re])resented tiiat they could not be re- 
sponsible for the consecjuences if the flags remained. They did remain, and the 
priest was not molested or subjected to further bullying. Crimes of note are 
rare in this precinct. Now and then a newspaper affects to believe that the 
" Long Hairs " or "Short Hairs" or some other "gang" has the district in 
terror, and magnifies a squabble between some graceless idlers, but the Police, as 
in other precincts, have the loafing element under control. Union Market is 
under the station house. 

The Thirteenth Precinct. — The boundaries of the Thirteenth Precinct 
are Gouverneur Slip, Water Street, Scammel Street, Division Street, Norfolk 
Street, Rivington Street, and the East River. The station house is at No. 178 
Delancey Street, and may be considered, so far as some of its walls go — it has 
frequently been reconstructed — as one of the oldest, if not the oldest in the city. 
It was a watch-house long before 1848, when it is recorded as a station house; 
and Hose Company No. 4, the Volunteer Fire Department, occupied that por- 
tion now devoted to the desk and assembly room. The officers are: Captain, 
Jeremiah Petty; and Sergeants, Theron T. Thompson, Thomas Lancer, Philip M. 
Griffith and Wm. Strauss. Thompson's dates are: Patrolman 1862, Roundsman 
1886, and Sergeant 1868. Lancer joined the force ten years ago; was Rounds- 
man in 1882, and attained rank in January, 1884. Griffith's dates are: Patrol- 
man 1858, was shortly after made Roundsman, and was promoted in 1863. 
Strauss's dates are: Patrolman 1873, Roundsman 1875, and Sergeant 18S5. 

C.-vptain Petty joined the Police force in 1840. He was then what was 
called a "chance man," that is, a man who goes to the station and waits to see 
if anything will turn up upon which he may be detailed. He was then put on 
the regular Patrol force, under Captain Fenton, at the Tombs, who occupied the 
(piarters there that are now the offices of Warden Finn. Policemen, at that time, 
went on duty every alternate night at sunset, and left off at daybreak. They 
were paid one dollar and fifty cents a day. They slept in the Tombs the nights 
they were on duty, and went to their own homes the nights they were off. 
"The Police force, in my younger days," says Captain Petty, "was mostly 



328 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



composed of native Americans. Our beats did not extend above Canal Street. My 
beat was on Water Street, and Peck Slip to James' Slip — the very worst portion 
of the city. The neighborhood was then full of houses of ill-fame. The num- 
ber of men on the Police was not more than twenty-five or thirty for the lower 
part of the city. 

" One night my post was on Canal Street. I shall never forget the sight 
that I saw at the corner of Baxter Street (which was then called Orange Street). 
I heard a woman shouting ' Murder,' and I went into the house. There, in a 
cellar, was a woman half drunk; she said she had been beaten by her husband. 
He was a cripple, and was lying on some dirty straw on the cellar floor. The 
•walls were covered with the slime of lizards. I tried to get the man up, but he 




Captain Jeremiah Petty. 



could not stand without crutches. 1 examined his feet, and found that he had 
been frostbitten. The flesh had rotted off, and the bones were sticking out. 
He was half drunk. It was a sickening sight. After cautioning the man to keep 
quiet, I left the place for fear I should faint, and that the lizards would crawl 
over my body. 

"I joined the Leatherheads in 1845. During that time the legislature 
passed a bill, one of the provisions of which was, that it was optional with the 
city government to adopt it. The Common Council refused to pass it, but, in- 
stead, passed an ordinance forming the Municipal Police. I was then appointed 
Assistant Captain, with a salary of six hundred dollars a year, and was a resident 
of the Fourteenth Ward. I got the ])osition through the intercession of John 
J. Giles, who was then Treasurer of the Fire Department, and a real estate 
agent." 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



329 



Captain Petty was bom in tlic year 1S14, in the city of New York, and went 
to,»vhat was called a "pay s(iiool," that is, the scholars paid from two-and-a- 
half to five dollars a ipiarter for tuition. 'I'here were, besides these, free schools 
in New York at the time. 

During the Fernando Wood riol he was a clerk in the Registry office. In 
July, 1857, he was api)ointed Patrolman, and assigned to tiic Tenth Precinct. He 
was appointed Sergeant in 1858, and sent to the City Hall, and remained there 
until 1 86 1. He was then transferred from the First to the Fourteenth Precinct. 




Thirteenth Precinct Station House, 178 Delancey Street. 

Captain Petty has been a teetotaller for the last forty-seven years. 

During the draft riots he was stationed in the Fifth Precinct, and was the 
first to enter the .\rmory, which the rioters were pillaging. " \Ve clubbed them." 
says Captain Petty, describing the scene, "as far as the top of the stairs, and 
they went headlong down to the bottom. Some of the rioters jumped from the 
second and third stoiy windows. When we were in the streets we were sur- 
rounded by ten or fifteen thousand people. Bricks were thrown down on us, 
and I really believe if the military did not fire on the mob, the mob would have 
killed us." 



330 



OUR POLICE PROIEC'JORS. 



During the Orange riots Captain Petty was on duty in plain clothes, and 
arrested three or four persons for carrying firearms. He went on duty on a 
Monday afternoon and did not have any sleep until the Friday following. 

In 1872 Captain Petty was presented with a gold shield by some citizens in 
the Fifth Ward. The inscription on the shield was as follows: " Presented to 
Captain Jeremiah Petty, in acknowledgment of his long services, and the faith- 
ful and impartial performance of his official duties." 

Captain Petty, for his years, is one of the most vigorous and clear-headed 
men in the department. This, perhaps, is owing to the fact that, for a 
long number of years, he has been a total abstainer from all sorts of 
stimulating or intoxicating beverages, besides being very methodical in all his 
habits. 

This precinct has twelve day and twenty night posts. The quota of fifty- 
six men is reduced to about forty-five by details and sickness. John McCauley 
and Patrick English are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed men are: 
Lafay Schulum, Grand Street Ferry; and Bartholomew J. Owens, Ordinances. 

The characteristics of the Thirteenth Precinct are those of the Tenth and 
Eleventh Precincts. It takes in the "Hook" and its predatory loungers, the 
oyster trade of the East River at Grand Street, much commerce in coal and 
marble on the river point, the Grand Street Ferry, and some of the largest fur- 
niture and flour manufactories. The Hebrew jjopulation is large, and few crimes 
of note are committed. Except on Grand and Clinton Streets its mercantile 
interests are small. 

The Fourteenth Precinct. — The limits of the Fourteenth Precinct are 
Broadway, Howard Street, Centre Street, Hester Street, the Bowery, and Bleeck- 
er Street. The station house is at No. 205 Mulberry Street, next to the 
House of Detention. It is a fair, modern structure, with a separate prison, but it 
cannot be called a healthy building, as both Captain's and Sergeants' quarters 
are at times unpleasant. The officers are: Captain, Michael J. Murphy; and 
Sergeants, Thomas N. James, Marcus Horbelt, Michael Lamey and John F. 
Maloney. James, the senior Sergeant, dates back to 1858. He was Roundsman 
in 1859, and Sergeant in 1862. Horbelfs dates are: Patrolman 1859, Rounds- 
man 1871, and Sergeant 1876. Lamey was appointed in 1861, made Roundsman 
in 1869, and got rank in 1872. Maloney joined the force in 1864, became 
Roundsman three years after, and has been a Sergeant since 1869. 

The creation of the new Sixth Precinct cut from the Fourteenth Precinct 
some of the most important of the dry goods houses and manufactories In 
Broadway, Canal, and Centre Streets, but it has still to look after millions on 
millions of invested capital in the large Broadway stores, some of which carry a 
stock of one million dollars or over, and a multitude of shops on Grand Street 
and the Bowery. Its resident po])ulation is mainly the working class, and it has 
an Italian colony of the better class in Crosby Street, and one of the worst 
class in Jersey Street. Within its boundaries is Niblo's Garden Theatre. This 
precinct is remarkable for the large dry goods fires that occurred almost on the 
same ground in 1854, 1876, and 1879. The first involved Nos. 440 to 454 
Broadway on the twentieth of December, 1854, and the loss was put down at only 



33" 






Floor Hm. 



332 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



seventy thousand five hundred dollars. The next, on February 8, 1876, took 
in Nos. 440 to 458 Broadway, and houses in Grand, and Howard, and Crosby 
Streets. The loss was one million seven hundred and fifty thousand one hun- 
dred and thirty-five dollars and forty-nine cents, and several persons were 
injured. At the fire of January 14, 1879, a loss of one million three hundred 
and twenty-one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three dollars and five cents 
was sustained at Nos. 458 to 472 Broadway, and Nos. 134 to 136 Grand Street, 
and one man, a fireman, was killed. Niblo's Garden was destroyed by fire May 
6, 1872, when the loss was sixty-one thousand dollars, and the Metropolitan 
Hotel, of which it is an annex, has been on fire several times. Within its limits 
are the headquarters of the Board of Education and Centre Market, and Police 




Captain Michael J. Murphy. 



Headquarters, and the Sanitary Bureaus, and the House of Detention for Wit- 
nesses, old St. Patrick's Cathedral, the Vicar General's residence, and, the 
Houston Street Convent. At Grand and Centre Streets is the old and historic 
Odd Fellows' Hall. 

Captain Murphy was born in 1844, and in his youth was a clerk. He 
was appointed on the force in August, 1868. His dates are: 1869, a Rounds- 
man, 1870, a Sergeant; 1872, a Captain. Having attained the lattef rank, he 
was placed in command of the Seventh Precinct. He held command also suc- 
cessively in the Eleventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-first, and Thirty-first Precincts. 
Captain Murphy is a man of superior intelligence and experience, and his 
record stands A No. i. 



OUR POLICE PRO'J'ECTORS. 



333 



This precinct has twelve day and twenty-four night posts. Its force of 
sixt^-foiir men is on the average about fifty-five. John Brennan and James J. 
Hart are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed officers are: James Moran» 
, Excise; George R. Jacobs, Ordinances; Sullivan II. r.,itos, Centre Market; and 
Jacob Lay Burean, of Elections. 

The Seventeenth Precinct. — The boundaries (jf tlic Scvuntcenth Pre- 
cinct are Houston Street, Avenue B, Fourteenth Street, Fourth Avenue, and 
the Bowery. The station house is at Nos. 79 and 81 First Avenue, and dates 
back to 1853, when the command's headquarters were removed from Third 
Street and the Bowery. It is an old structure, the cells are underground, and 
the demand for a new station house must be met before many years have 
passed. Very little repairing or alteration has been done to this station house 
since it was erected. The officers are : C'aptain, John H. McC'ullagh ; and 
Sergeants, Joseph Haggerty, Jacob Welsing, George Little, and John (Gallagher. 
Haggerty joined the force in 1861, was Roundsman in two years, and was pro- 
moted the next year. Welsing's dates are: Patrolman 1870, Roundsman 1874, 
and Sergeant 1876. Little was a Patrolman from 1865 to 1877, and three 
months after he was made Roundsman he got rank. Gallagher was a Patrol- 
man in 1868, a Roundsman in 1877, and Sergeant in 1881. 

Capt.\in John H. McCui.l.agh, of the Seventeenth Precinct, was born in 
the County Tyrone, Ireland, in January, 1H42, and came to this ( ountry when he 
was only eleven years of age. His family went to reside at Irvington-on-the- 
Hudson, where the future Captain attended school. While there he was promi- 
nent in all athletic sports and games. During the draft riots, in 1863, he made 
the acquaintance of several members of the Police force, and resolved to join 
them. When McCullagh visited Headquarters with a letter of introduction, 
the Superintendent told him to wait until his beard grew, and that he was only 
yet a boy. But in a few days afterwards he received his appointment as Patrol- 
man and was assigned to the Fifth Precinct, then in charge of Captain Jere- 
miah Petty.. After two years' service in this district he was transferred to the 
Twentieth Precinct, under Captain Walling. Here McCullagh distinguished 
himself. The desperate ruffians known as the " Hell's Kitchen " gang, were 
constantly committing robberies at the Hudson River Railroad Depot, and 
were a terror to everybody. It is said even that Policemen were loath to inter- 
fere with them. One night, on the arrival of a train from the West, two hogs- 
heads of hams were stolen. McCullagh, hearing of the robbery, went cautious- 
ly down towards the depot. On the way he encountered a notorious thief, 
nicknamed " Dutch Heinrich," and two of his companions. Heinrich, with an 
oath, precipitated himself on the officer. A terrific struggle ensued, but after 
a time the thief went under. He was afterwards tried, convicted, and sent to 
State Prison for five years. McCullagh was soon afterwards promoted to the 
rank of Roundsman and transferred to the Twelfth Precinct, but his old 
Captain (Walling) requested the Police Commissioners to let him have Mc- 
Cullagh back again, and the Commissioners acceded to the request. Soon 
after this there wa.s a reckless Policeman, who. thinking he was aggrieved, 
swore that he would kill any Policeman who would have the temerity to 



334 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



report him. One night, however, McCullagh, finding him off duty, did report 
him. The Policeman was dismissed the force, and watched his opportunity to 
be avenged on McCullagh. One morning, while the latter was on duty at the 
corner of Thirty-seventh Street and Ninth Avenue, the dismissed Policeman 
fired at him and wounded him severely. For a long time McCullagh's life 
trembled in the balance, but eventually he recovered. His assailant was ar- 
rested and sent to Sing Sing for five years. 

In the Orange riots of 1871, McCullagh was shot in the leg, and was laid up 
for a month. 

Most and Wesley Allen, two notorious characters, were arrested by McCul- 
lagh in Mercer Street for the attempted robbery of Colsatt & Company's silk 
store. Both the jirisoners were sentenced to ten years in the State Prison. 




Captain John H. McCullagh. 

Captain McCullagh was also the principal means of breaking up the Panel 
House gang in the Eighth Precinct, at the head of which was " Shang " 
Draper. 

The Captain has inherited a nice house at Irvington, where he is very popu- 
lar with his neighbors. He is also a trustee of the school at that place. 

This precinct has fourteen day and twenty-six night posts. Of the full 
complement of seventy-five men, about twenty are detailed or sick. Edward 
Robinson and Michael Bissert are the Precinct Detectives. Henry Trass 
and Thomas Kiernan are detailed on Ordinances; James Kiernan and 
George E. Wood to the office of the Commissioners of Charities and Cor- 
rection; Henry Schwenck and Frank Gunn to the Cooper Institute, as Day Post 



OUR POLICE PKOTECTORS. 



33S 



No. 15; Peter Farley to Tompkins Market, as Day Post No. 16; George Marsh to 
the Eye and Ear Infirmary and Home of the Holy Family, as Day Post No. 17. 

The Seventeenth Precinct watches over a crowded tenement house popula- 
tion. It is asserted that the most populous block in the city is here. This is 
the home of the Bohemian colony, and there are many Germans in the district. 
It takes in the German part of the Bowery, and within its limits are Tompkins 
Market and the Sixty-ninth Regiment Armory, Cooper Institute, the Bi])Ie 
House, Grace Chapel, Theiss's Alhambra, the headquarters of the Commission- 
ers of Charities and Corrections, Tompkins Square, the Eye and Ear Infirmary, 
Turn Halle, and other Teutonic resorts, the Marble Cemetery, and the buildings 
of the New York Historical Society. No occurrence ever created such a stir as 
the stealing of A. T. Stewart's body from the vault in the churchyard of St. 
Mark's Church at Ninth, Tenth, and Stuyvesant Streets and Second Avenue, on 
the seventh of November, 1878. One of the fiercest fires on record was at the 
Hippotheatron, in East Fourteenth Street, on the morning of December 24, 
1872, when Nos. 114 to 134 East Fourteenth Street were more or less damaged, 
and the loss over two hundred and seventy thousand dollars. On the fifth 
of January, 1880, a fire at Turn Halle ended the lives of five i)ersons, but the 
damage done was small. On the twenty-fifth of July, 1876, Sergeant James Mc- 
Gloin, of the Fifteenth Precinct, pursued Harry King, who had committed a 
robbery, to Second Avenue and Eighth Street, and there received his death 
wound. King is serving a life sentence. 

The Eighteenth Precinct. — The Eighteenth Precinct comprises the dis- 
trict between Fourteenth Street, Union Square, Fourth Avenue, Twenty-seventh 
Street, First Avenue, Twenty-sixth Street, and the East River. The station 
house is at Nos. 325 and 327 East Twenty-second Street. It is on the site of 
the one burned down by the mob in the draft riots of 1863. It is a third-class 
structure when compared with more modern station houses, but it has a separate 
prison. The officers are: Captain, William H. Clinchy; and Sergeants Thomas 
H. Mangin, Michael Fanning, Hugh Clark, and William T. Coffey. Mangin 
was a Patrolman in 1870, a Roundsman in 1874, a Sergeant in 1879. Fanning's 
dates are: Patrolman 1864, Roundsman 1869, and Sergeant 1872. Hugh Clark 
joined the force in 1861, waited more than seventeen years to be Roundsman 
and got his rank last June. Coffey was appointed in 1869, and ten years later 
was made a Roundsman. In May last he was promoted. 

Captain Clinchv was born in this city in 1844, and when quite a boy 
he went to the far West, acting as a scout and hunter there for several years. 
He became a Patrolman in 1865, and was assigned to the Sixth Precinct for 
duty. In 1867 he was promoted to be a Roundsman, and was advanced a step 
higher in 1869, when he was made Sergeant. The following year he reached his 
present rank, and was sent to the Twenty-first Precinct; thence to the Twenty- 
fifth Precinct, to the Broadway Squad, the Fourteenth, the Thirteenth, and 
finally to the Eighteenth Precinct. Captain Clinchy is a man of solid literary 
attainments, is a good linguist, and is self-educated. 

This precinct has eighteen day and thirty-seven night posts. The full com- 
plement of men, ninety-six, is reduced by sickness and details to about ninety- 



336 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



seven. The Precinct Detective is J. V. B. Corey. The detailed officers are: John 
O'Neill, Fourteenth Street; Thomas Gibbons and Thomas O'Reilly, Ordinances; 
George Clinchy, Stuyvesant Park; VV. P. Leaman, Gramercy Park; Patrick Flan- 
agan, Twenty-third Street Ferry; George F. Lewis, Inspector Murray's Office; 
Jacob B. Kern, Gramercy Park, and M. C. Yaeger, Twenty-third Street Railroads. 

The responsibilities of the Police of the Eighteenth Precinct are divided 
among the slums of the east side and the rich residents of such 
quarters as Gramercy Park, Stuyvesant Square, and the lower end 
of Madison Avenue. This precinct takes care of Tammany Hall, the 
Academy of Music, Steinway Hall, Irving Hall, the headquarters of the 
Department of Parks, Tony Pastor's Theatre, and the East Twenty-third 




Captain William H. Clinchy. 

Street Ferry, the Ashland House, the Hotel Dam, the Clarendon Hotel, the 
Westminster Hotel, the Florence Apartment House, Trinity Church, St. George^s 
Church, All Souls' Church, and the College of the City of New York. Last yea'r 
the St. George's Flats, in East Seventeenth Street, near Stuyvesant Park, were de- 
stroyed by fire with a loss of seventy thousand dollars. The fire was remarkable 
because the house was advertised as positively and absolutely fire-proof, and was 
barely tenanted. In December, 1869, Florence Scannell, an Alderman, was 
wounded in an election row in a liquor saloon at Twenty-third Street and Second 
Avenue, and he died in Bellevue Hospital. John Scannell, his brother, made 
John Donohue responsible for his brother's death, and after trying to kill him 
in the street, deliberately .slew him in the pool rooms in front of the Brower 
House. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



337 



The Twenty-first Precinct. — The Twenty-first Precinct's boundaries 
are Twenty-sixth Street, First Avenue, Twenty-seventh Street, Fourth Avenue, 
Park Avenue, Forty-second Street, and the East River. The station house is 
at No. i6o East Thirty-fifth Street, and has been much tinkered since 1855. 
In 1864 a building in its rear was added to it ; the cells are underground ; the 
quarters are cramped, and it is, on the whole, a fourth-class structure. The 
officers are: Captain, Thomas M. Ryan; and Sergeants, John Fitzgerald, Philip 
Cassidy, Frederick W. Martens and George P. Osborne. Fitzgerald's dates 
are Patrolman 1865, Roundsman 1874, and Sergeant 1876. Cassidy was 
Patrolman in 1870, Roundsman in 1877, and Serg'^ant in 1881. Martens, in 




Twenty-First Precinct Station House, 160 East Thirty-Fifth Street. 

1883, when he was made Roundsman, had been nine years on the force. Last 
April he was promoted. Osborne was appointed in 1870, became Roundsman 
in 1876, and got his rank last January. 

Captain Thomas Meagher Ryan, of the Twenty-first Precinct, has done 
good service in his time. Previous to his appointment to the district which 
he now commands, breaches of the law were numerous, and gangs of young 
" toughs " made themselves a terror to the peaceably disposed inhabitants ; but 
Captain Ryan's advent struck terror into those ruffians when he assumed the 
Captaincy of the Twenty-first Ward. He came to this country from Ireland 
about twenty-eight years ago, and obtained a situation with the Adams Ex- 
press Company. Here his punctuality and faithful performance of duty 



338 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

attracted the attention of his employers, and through the President of the Com- 
pany, Mr. William B. Dinsmore, who took a great interest in the young man, 
Ryan was appointed a Policeman on November 12, 1863. He was assigned to 
the Eighteenth Precinct, and, after several years of steady attention to duty, he 
was appointed Roundsman on December 16, 1870, in the same precinct in 
which he served as Patrolman. He was appointed Captain on September 13, 
1878, and assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Precinct. After two or 
three changes, he was finally located in his present precinct. 
The following are some of the arrests made by him : 

Peter Fenrich, arrested December 15, 1880, for the celebrated diamond 
robbery. Sentenced to Sing Sing for five years. 




Captain Thomas Meagher Ryan. 



Thomas Foster, for presenting a pistol at a druggist's wife. Sentenced to 
fifteen years imprisonment. 

On the night of September 24, 1881, Thomas Kennealy, Michael Mc- 
Guirk, James Nolan, Peter Henry, and Edward Gates stopped an old laborirfg 
man named Felix Smith at Fourteenth Street, near First Avenue, and forcibly 
took from him his hard-earned wages. Each of them was sentenced to five 
years in State Prison. 

John McManus, for the killing of Michael Kerwin in a saloon, on the 
sixteenth of ]une, 1873. McManus was sentenced to imprisonment for life. 

William Burke, James McKcon, Thomas Roberts, and William Walpole, for 
robbing a gentleman named Walter Cook, in Twenty-seventh Street, on Novem- 
ber 25, 1882. They were arrested twelve hours afterwards from description, 
and sentenced to State Prison for five years. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



339 



This command has fourteen day and twenty-eight night posts. Of its seventy- 
one men about a dozen are sick or detailed. George Connor and Bernard Ma- 
larkey are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed men are: Richard Cahill, 
Ordinances; John Spencer, Bellevue Hospital; Patrick Nealis, Dock of Commis- 
sioners of Charities and Correction; Terence Gallagher, Thirty-fourth Street 
Ferry; Michael C. Donohue, St. John's College, Fordham. 

The Twenty-first Precinct runs to aristocracy on its western border, and to 
S(iualor and petty crime as the East River is approached. 'I"hc Police here have 
to deal with a ruffianly element east of Third Avenue, and a uniformed officer 
is fire game for the young thugs who infest the district. It is not exaggeration 
to say that on some posts a Patrolman's safety lies in his ability to handle his 
locust and pistol in cases of emergency, and there arc endless records in the sta- 
tion house of minor brawls with more or less serious results to the unruly, and 
sometimes to the members of the force. West of Third Avenue, on Murray 
II ill, are aristocratic residences, and there are some of the most luxurious man- 
sions in the city along Park Avenue. In the precinct are St. Stei)hen's Roman 
Catholic Church, the Cirand Union Hotel, Pottier &: Stymus' furniture manufac- 
tory, and the houses in the vicinity of Prospect Place of some of the best and 
most worthy Hebrew families. This precinct guards the principal ferry to the 
Long Island Railroads, and Bellevue and the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospitals, 
and the Dock of the Commissioners of Charities and Correction. An event 
remembered to this day was the killing of Police Officer Smedick by John Real 
fifteen years ago. Real, despite strenuous efforts to save him, was hung August 5, 
1870. On the tenth of October, 1881, the Fourth Avenue car stable, at Thirty- 
third Street and Fourth Avenue, and a storage warehouse and other buildings, 
were destroyed by fire. The loss was eight hundred and two thousand dollars. 

The Twenty-sixth Precinct. — The territory of the Twenty-sixth Precinct 
is bounded by Mail Street, Broadway, Chambers Street, Centre Street, and Park 
Row. This is the City Hall Squad, and its quarters are in the south-east cor- 
ner of the City Hall. Formerly it was the Railroad and Steamboat Squad, 
until Col. Joel B. Erhardt, in 1876, organized the Steamboat Squad, and placed 
Roundsman James K. Fuller in command. Before the Nineteenth Sub-Precinct 
was organized, a detail of officers from this precinct did duty where the Grand 
Central Depot now stands, and at the Harlem and New Haven Depots at Fourth 
Avenue and Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Streets, where is now the 
Madison Square Garden. Nearly all the members of this command do only 
day duty, so that there is but one day post and two night posts to a force of 
fifty-six men, reduced by sickness and details to about forty-eight men. The 
officers of the command are : Sergeant Stewart ; and Sergeants, Edward 
Carpenter, appointed 1869, made Roundsman 1872, and promoted 1876; 
George P. Kass, appointed 1862, made Roundsman 1866, and promoted 
1869; and James Gaynor, appointed 1862, made Roundsman wSjo, and pro- 
moted 1872. 

Sergeant Joseph Stewart, upon the promotion of Captain Steers to an 
Inspectorship, was transferred from Tremont Police Station to take command of 
the Twenty-sixth Precinct in the City Hall. 



340 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 




Inspector Henry V. 



Steers, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



34' 



Inspector Henry V. Steers was born in Sing Sing in 1832, and came to 
N(?V York City when he was only seven years old. He served his api)renticesliip to 
the ship building trade, and worked at this business for years. He joined the force 
in 1857 and went to the Thirteenth Precinct. He was promoted Roundsman 
in i860, and assigned for duty to the Seventeenth; in 1865 he was made 
Sergeant, and in 1874 Captain of the Twenty-ninth Precinct, and was transferred 
to the Thirty-second in 1878. During the riots of 1863 and 187 i Captain Steers 
took a prominent part, and, witii a few Policemen, cleared the boulevards of 
riotous mobs. Gangs of desperadoes, previous to Captain Steers going there, 
made night hideous by their depredations. Steers singled out the leader of this 
gang — who was a desperate bully — and thrashed him. This struck terror into the 
group, and peaceful citizens hailed his advent with delight. They presented 
him with a shield, bearing the following inscription: 

" Presented to Captain Steers, in acknowledgment of his ability and zeal 
as an officer, by the citizens of the late town of West Farms, now the Thirty- 
fourth Precinct. New York City, December 4, 1874." 

Shortly after this Captain Steers was presented with a gold watch. He 
was a member of the Knickerbocker Club, and was the recipient of a handsome 
club from the members. The club is made of black ebony, tipped at tlic bottom 
with ivory, and mounted at the top with an exquisitely worked ivory eagle, and 
near tlie handle is a wide circle of gold with this inscription: 

" Presented to Captain Steers by the Knickerbocker Club of West Farms. 
May 2, 1872." 

When the change took place from the Metropolitan to tiic Municipal, 
Steers was the last Sergeant of the Metropolitan Police. While he was a Pa- 
trolman, Captain Steers saved seven persons from drowning, and on one occasion 
nearly lost his life. 

He was made Inspector on the twenty-fourth of March, 1885, in place of 
the late Inspector Thorne. Sergeant Joseph Stewart was transferred from 
Tremont to command the City Hall Squad. 

The detailed officers are: Peter Groden and Ignatz Baumgarten, Castle 
Garden; John B. Wood, Comptroller's office; George Davis, City Paymaster's 
office; David Harvey, Police Headquarters; William Sims, Superior Court; 
Roundsman Charles O. Sheldon, Telegraph office, Police Headquarters; and 
Robert Quackenbush, Special Detective. The force is on duty daily, Sundays 
excepted, as follows: Caslle Garden, seven men; Carts, four; Hacks, two; Junk- 
shops, two; Pawnshops, one; Runners, one; Express, one; Venders, two; 
Brooklyn Bridge entrance, one; Reserve Force, two; Intelligence Offices, one; 
License Office, two; Permit Office, one; Post-office, one; Court House, one; 
Vestibule, City Hall, one; Chamber of Board of Aldermen, cne; Blasting, one; 
House Duty, two; Park Patrol, four. 



342 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



SECOND INSPECTION DISTRICT. 



The Late Inspector Thorne. — A Veteran Officer whose Experience was 
Coeval With the Existen ce of the Police Department. — Intelligence, 
Energy and Zeal.— A Notable Record. — Fifth Precinct; Captain 
Eakins. — Eighth Precinct; Captain McDonnell. — Ninth Precinct; Cap- 
tain CoPELAND. — Fifteenth Precinct; Captain Brogan. — Sixteenth Pre- 
cinct; Captain McElwain. — Twentieth Precinct; Captain Washburn. — 
Twenty-fifth Precinct; Captain Garland. — Twenty-seventh Precinct; 
Captain Berghold. — Twenty-ninth Precinct; Captain Williams. 

nPHE Second Inspection District includes the Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, 



Sixteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-ninth 
Precincts, and the Jefferson Market Police Court, known as the Second District 
Court. Until recently it was under the command of a veteran officer, the late 
Inspector Thomas W. Thorne. 



The late Inspector Thorne was born in Ulster County, in the town of 
Malborough, this State, on June lo, 1823. He came to New York when he was a 
boy, and remained in this city until 1837, when he went to Newburgh, Orange 
County, this State. He there learned the trade of a carpenter, and re- 
turned to New York in 1840. He gained the position of master carpenter at 
the Arsenal under the late General John Stewart during the time the arsenal 
was being built in Central Park. He was appointed on the Police by the first 
Commissioners, to wit: Mayor Westervelt, Recorder Tillou, and City Judge 
Beebe. In 1853 he was made Sergeant, in 1857 Captain, and in 1861 In- 
spector. On April 20, 1872, he was admitted to the bar at General Term of 
the Supreme Court. He did duty in the following precincts: Patrolman, 
Roundsman, and Sergeant in the Thirteenth ; Sergeant in the Seventh and 
Eleventh ; Captain in the Fourth, Sixteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-sixth ; In- 
spector in the First, Second, Third and Fourth Districts. He was made 
Inspector in 1872, and had charge of the Street Cleaning Department for two 
years and a half. During his whole time on the force he shows but two 
days sick time. During the Astor Place riots he had charge of the magazine 
used there. He was in the dead rabbit riots, the draft riots, and also had 
charge of the force that went to assist Superintendent Walling during the Orange 
riots. He commanded the force of the Fourteenth Precinct to intercept the 
Communists' gathering at Tompkins Square. 

The identity of the murderers of the peddler in Lydeck's Woods, near West 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



343 



Farms Village, in 1875, would in all probability have never been revealed but 
for the active services rendered by Inspector Thorne, who, at the time, was Dis- 
trict Inspector in the Twenty-third Ward. His handling of the case led to the 
arrest of three negroes who were, in lime, convicted of the murder, and hanged. 

Inspector Thorne was only two or three days on the force when his Cajjlain 
detailed him on a watch stealing case. He recovered the property, and tiie C aj)- 
tain, who was highly gratified, said: "You have done enough of work for one 
day, and you had better go home and rest yourself." 

He was made Captain just at the beginning of the war, and was stationed at 
the Fourth Precinct, and continued tliere for one year. He was then sent to the 
Twenty-sixth Precinct (City Hall) and was there during tlie draft riots, and was 
on duty the night that the mob made a demonstration to sack the Tribune office. 
He had only fifty men under his command, and with these he dispersed a mob 
of seven thousand who had collected on the City Hall Square. The mob was 
armed with hay-sticks and pistols; the Police had only their clubs. 

In 1853 there was a gang of thieves' known as the butcher cart or hog 
thieves, who had their headquarters at the corner of Tompkins and Rivington 
streets. Their business was to steal from stores or trucks anything that could be 
carried by two persons — such as a tub of butter, put it into a cart and go off 
with it. They changed from that to assaulting paymasters and clerks in banks, 
and robbing them. The original gang consisted of Warmsby, Ingram, Burke, 
Goody, Mannix, Cosgrove, Purcell and McDonnell. They pretended to be 
butchers, and sold what is called, in butchers' parlance, small meat, around the 
streets. Inspector Thorne had cause to arrest these thieves several times. One 
night, being on post in Grand Street at the corner of Columbia, and not being 
observed, he saw five of the gang place themselves near by, and heard them hold 
a conversation about twelve tubs of butter they had stolen, and how they had to 
dispose of them. The next morning the Inspector proceeded to the place where 
he suspected the butter was concealed, found it, and arrested the five thieves, who 
were completely surprised, as they could form no idea how their secret had 
leaked out. The prisoners were bailed, but after the owners of the butter were 
found, Judge Walsh, who was then Police Magistrate, ordered the Inspector to 
re-arrest the prisoners. 

He found them in a slaughter house in Tompkins Street, and took them to 
the court in their own cart, by making them believe it was for the purpose of 
closing the case. When they got there and were arraigned, one of their num- 
ber said: "Thorne, this is a shame. The idea of bringing us in our own cart 
to the station house and charging us with robbery !" They were all sent to 
State Prison. 

The depredations of thieves on the North River created great consternation 
among the inhabitants who lived on the river front. Officer Smith and In- 
spector Thorne were detailed to look after them. The task was a most dan- 
gerous one. Five men had broken open the cabin of a vessel lying at a North 
River pier, and stolen money and other property. When discovered, they took 
to a boat, followed in like manner by the Police, who chased them over to the 
Brooklyn side, the fugitives firing on their pursuers several times. In the morning 



344 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



they were in the middle of the river, and the Police boat was at the side of the 
wharves, a circumstance not known to the thieves, who were again chased, this 
time to the foot of Third Street, East River, where they were captured. 

While Inspector Thorne was Captain in the Fourth Precinct there was 
there a notorious gang, all of them having done time. They were the brothers 

Dobbs (two), Harry Craven, Barclay, the man who was supposed to have 

killed Gefferts in Sing Sing; Sam Madden, Big Brady, Dan Kelly, Aleck Har- 
rington, English Harry, and " Big Doyle," who were committing at that time 
all the burglaries in warehouses in New York. 

Dan Kelly and young Jack Wright, in company with another, entered the 
offices of the New Haven Steamboat Company, and after breaking open the safe, 
succeeded in getting twenty thousand dollars. They were captured, and upon 
examination Wright told Inspector Thorne, that on the third floor, counting off 
so many bales, he would find the stolen money secreted in that bale. This led 
to the recovery of the money. Kelly was sent to State Prison for three years. 
Jack Wright jumped his bail. Four years later the Inspector arrested Dan 
Kelly, Aleck Hampden, Big Harry, Pete Doyle, and others. Dan Kelly was 
again sent to State Prison, Aleck Hampden and Big Harry* got bailed. Pete 
Doyle had judgment suspended, and about two years afterwards he picked 
pockets and got two years in State Prison. 

In the year 1867 a young man named James Brown complained to Inspector 
Thorne that he had been robbed of his valise and some other property by a man 
who had got into his good graces at the ferry. The man who had robbed 
Brown was arrested. Brown remained at the station in the night time because he 
had no home. On being sent back the next night to the station house, he de- 
posited some Government bonds with the Inspector. Brown was put in a back 
room to sleep. About three o'clock in the morning he came out in the ofnce and 
complained that he had been robbed of his pocketbook and some four hundred 
dollars in money. The Sergeant told him that he must be mistaken. Previous to 
this, a seafaring man of apparently respectable appearance had come into the 
station house for lodging, and was given permission to remain in the sitting- 
room till morning. On Brown's complaint that he had been robbed, the Ser-. 
geant went back, searched the seafaring man and the room, and not finding 
anything, the Sergeant made up his mind that Brown had made a mistake. 
Shortly after this the sailor came out and thanked the Sergeant for his night's 
lodging, and said that as it was now daylight he would go. The Sergeant jumped 
over the railings, searched him again, and found Brown's pocketbook, contain- 
ing four hundred dollars. The question then came into the Inspector's mind, 
" How did Brown come by so much money and property ?" He, thereupon, 
began to look over the papers, and by this means found that two months pre- 
viously a house at Saddle River had been robbed of bonds of the denomination 
of one hundred dollars each, giving the numbers of the bonds. On examination, 
it was further discovered that these numbers corresponded with the numbers on 
the bonds taken from Brown. Without making any further bother in the affair, 
the two men who had robbed Brown were convicted and sent to State Prison. 
The following morning the Inspector took Brown along, and started, as he 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



345 



(Brown) supposed, for the German steamer in Hoboken, but, in reality, to Sad- 
dle River, N. J. About three miles up the mountain they came to the house 
that had been robbed, and the inmates immediately recognized Brown as the 
thief. Brown had treated them with base ingratitude. 'I'hey had taken him 
into the house out of pity, for he said he was destitute. During their absence 
at a festival the young scoundrel robbed them. The last the Inspector saw of 
Brown was when that worthy was tied to an ox cart, which was followed by a 
Constable, with a heavy club swinging in his hand. 

One afternoon a young fellow came to the station house and said liiat tlic 
second mate of the ship Lady Bohn had stolen some three hundred dollars 
worth of nautical instruments from him. This was on Friday night. The 
vessel was to sail at one o'clock on Saturday. The boy had some one hundred 
and fifty pounds sterling due to him as apprentice, and as the vessel was going 
to sail, he had either to abandon his money or his property. The Inspector 
took the case before Judge Hogan, and asked him to give the prisoner an ex- 
amination, and he did it right then and there. It was now nine o'clock in the 
morning. The case was immediately explained at the District Attorney's office. 
That official ordered an officer to go to the Tombs and bring down the prisoner. 
The indictment was drawn; the Inspector took the prisoner before the Grand 
Jury; he was indicted, tried and convicted, and as the clock struck twelve, was 
sentenced to three years in State Prison. The boy got his property, and sailed 
in the good ship Lady Bohn on the same day. 

Inspector Thorne arrested two thieves one afternoon at the corner of 
Chambers and Chatham Streets, with an officer who had been wounded and was 
considerably under the influence of liquor, and took the two thieves to the 
station on suspicion that they were trying to rob the officer. On examining the 
prisoners at the station house there were found on one of them a watch valued 
at four hundred and fifty dollars, and a gold chain with Masonic emblems 
on it. The property was advertised very largely, but no owner could be 
found, and it was suspected that the man to whom the watch and chain had 
belonged had probably been made away with. Meantime it was ascertained 
that one of the emblems attached to the chain belonged to a Masonic society. 
There being no evidence against the prisoners, they were then discharged. The 
day that they were discharged a naval officer appeared in front of the Police 
desk, and said that the Inspector had his watch, and the man described it. He 
said he had been off on a China station; on the night of his return home he went 
to the Bowery Theatre, came out between the acts, and remembered nothing 
after that until he awoke the next morning, and found himself sitting in a 
doorway with his property and money all gone. When, on his return, he went 
to visit his Chapter at Philadelphia, they told him he had lost his mark and 
his watch, and that Inspector Thorne had the property. The man got his 
watch and chain, and the thieves were re-arrested, and were sent to State Prison 
for five years. 

While Inspector Thorne was Captain in the Fourth Precinct, in the early 
part of 1863, a sailor came in and threw down a handkerchief containing twelve 
hundred dollars in gold on the desk, and said: "I want you to keep that for 



346 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



me." The Inspector took the money and gave the owner a receipt for it, and 
told him to come when he was sober and he would return it to him. The sailor 
left, and not returning, a search was made by the Police for the olJ fellow. He 
was found at the end of a week in a dance house, having had what he called a 
good time of it. When he returned to the station house he said: " I am going 
home; I live in Sullivan County. The last fime I was in New York I had seven 
hundred dollars, and I was cleaned out in one night. I have had all the fun I 
wanted now, and I will go home to my poor old mother and give her my money." 
The Inspector advised him to get a leather belt and put his money into it. He 
did so and went on his way rejoicing. About a fortnight afterwards a man was 
brought into the station house so drunk that it was thought that he was dead. 
On looking at him the Inspector recognized his old friend, the sailor. Upon 
opening his clothes the leather belt was found on him with some four hundred 
dollars in it. He had given all the money to his mother with the exception of 
that sum. 

When the leading agitators of the trades unions called a mass meeting to 
convene at the hall of the Cooper Institute shortly after the bloody Cincinnati 
riots, to pass resolutions of sympathy with those rioters, Inspector Thorne, who, 
in, the absence of Superintendent Walling, was the acting Superintendent, took 
such prudent precautions in suppressing any riotous demonstrations, that the 
meeting passed over without any breach of the public peace. 

Inspector Thome's death took place unexpectedly on March 21, 1885. He 
had been, as usual, attending to his official duties, when he was taken suddenly 
ill, and, before his wife could liave been summoned, he breathed his last. His 
funeral was largely attended by contingents from the Police force, private per- 
sonal friends, and his grief-stricken family and sorrowing relatives. 



The vacancy caused by his death was filled the day after his interment by 
the appointment of Captain Steers as Inspector. This appointment was made 
solely on the ground of merit, in recognition of the services of a brave and 
efficient officer. Inspector Steers' appointment was made provisional, pending 
the decision of the question whether the Civil Service rules required that he 
should be subjected to an examination, which he subsequently passed. 

The Fifth Precinct. — The Fifth Precinct is bounded by Warren Street, 
west track of the West Street Railroad, Canal Street, and Broadway. The sta- 
tion house is at Nos. 19 and 21 Leonard Street. It is one of the oldest in the 
city, and was originally dwelling houses. The chief officers of the command are: 
Captain, Joseph B. Eakins ; and Sergeants, Miles DeShays, Patrick H. Doran, 
Edward R. Delamater and A. J. Thompson. De Shays became a Policeman in 
1862, a Roundsman four years later, and was made Sergeant next year. Doran's 
dates are: Patrolman 1864, Roundsman 1869, and Sergeant 1873. Delamater 
came on the force in 1862, was made Roundsman in 1864, and obtained rank in 
1868. Thompson is the senior Sergeant. He donned the uniform in 1859, was 
made Roundsman in 1864, and was promoted to his present rank in 1866. 



OUR PO/./CF, PROTECTORS. 



347 



Captain Joseph B. Eakins is less heard of in public or in the newsjjapers 
thaif any Captain on the force, notwithstanding the fact that he is in command 
of one of the most important precincts in the city, which includes the greater part 
of "the dry goods district." This is because Captain Eakins is a very modest 
man. He is popular, energetic, and stands high in the estimation of his official 
superiors. His dates are: Appointed on the force, March i, 1866; made 
Roundsman, December 6, 1868 ; a Sergeant, March 21, 1872 ; and was promoted 
Captain October 19, 1876. 

This precinct has nineteen day posts and thirty-eight night posts. Its full 
complement is ninety-seven men, but details and sickness reduce it to eighty men. 
Edward Handy and James Dunn are the Precinct Detectives. Thomas P'oley 



is detailed to special night duty ; Dcrmott Farley to Ordinances ; Thomas Gar- 
land, Frederick Gilbert, and George A. Phillips to the Chambers Street Ferry; 
T. A. Moore to the Desbrosses Street Ferry ; Cornelius Sullivan to West Broad- 
way and Chambers Street, one of the worst crossings in New York ; Charles S. 
Pike to the Laight Street Depot; Dennis McCarthy to the West Street cars, to 
prevent blockades and regulate the enormous stream of traffic there ; Thomas 
Carlin to squad duty ; and Antonio Perazzo to the Central Office on confidential 
duty as Italian interpreter and detective. 

As an illustration of what a fire, getting headway in this command, can 
do in the way of depleting the pockets of underwriters, take the remarkable 
conflagration of the seventeenth of January, 1879, when business interests in 
Worth, Thomas, Duane, Church, and Leonard Streets suffered to the extent of 




Captain Joseph B. Eakins. 



348 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



one million nine hundred and seventy-six thousand seven hundred and thirty- 
four dollars and seventy-eight cents. Another fire, on the eleventh of April, 1875, 
at Nos. 57 and 59'Worth Street, swept away property worth two hundred and 
forty-seven thousand dollars. 

In a mercantile sense, the Fifth Precinct is almost as important as the 
First Precinct. It embraces nearly all the dry goods district — the quarter so 
dreaded by firemen — the southern terminus and depot of the Hudson River 
Railroad, the large grocery houses, the public stores. Chambers Street Hospital, 
much of the produce business, and several bonded warehouses. At one time 
no precinct was so overrun with burglars as this, and some of the depredations 
were serious, but Captain Eakins has been singularly fortunate since he has 
been here, and a burglary is a rare occurrence. The annals of crime in this 
command furnish the example of the miserable, hopeless sot, thief and vaga- 
bond, Jack Reynolds, and his idle boast " Hanging is played out." Thanks to 
Father Duranquet, before Reynolds, on the sixth of April, 1870, met his fate 
for murdering the poor shoemaker in West Broadway, he saw his error and died 
a repentant sinner. 

The Eighth Precinct. — The Eighth Precinct is bounded by Canal 
Street, Broadway, Houston Street, and the west track of the railroad in West 
Street. The station house at No. 128 Prince Street covers historical ground, 
and the walls enclose old structures. One was a watch-house, and the other 
the quarters of Engine Company No. 11, Volunteer Fire Department, of which 
" Jack " Wildey was foreman. The building has never been a healthy one, and 
a more substantial and better built house is sorely needed. The cells under- 
ground are dungeons, both damp and noisome. The officers are : Captain, 
Charles McDonnell ; and Sergeants, Thomas H. B. Carpenter, William H. 
Chrystie, Patrick McNally and Frank W. Robb. Carpenter joined the force in 
1 86 1, was Roundsman in 1864, and was promoted next year. Chrystie has 
been a Policeman more than twenty years; he became Roundsman in 1864, and 
Sergeant in 1867. McNally was appointed in 1864, waited six years to be 
a Roundsman, and some years later attained rank. Robb's dates are: Patrol- 
man 1866, Roundsman 1869, and Sergeant 1870. 

Captain McDonnell — "Lightning Charley," of the Eighth Precinct, 
was born at No. 130 Anthony (now Worth Street), and went to school in City 
Hall Place. At a very early age he tried to earn his own living by selling news- 
papers. The late sheriff, Matthew T. Brennan, Judge Dowling, and other promi- 
nent Democrats, look a great interest in the young lad when they saw that' he 
was so industrious and bright, and he was appointed to the Police force in 
January, 1863. He was detailed for duty to the old Twenty-eighth Precinct 
(now part of the Eighth), under Captain Steers, where he remained for two 
years. In 1870 he was appointed Captain to the Eighth Precinct, and was 
shortly afterwards transferred to the Twenty-eighth Precinct. While here a 
man named Sheridan killed a German in a mysterious manner, at the corner of 
Thirty-seventh Street and Second Avenue, and within two hours he was cap- 
tured by "Lightning Charley." 

He also was instrumental in the arrest and conviction of the three negroes, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



349 



Thompson, Ellis and Weston, who murdered a peddler named VVeisberg, in 
Westc hester County. The three negroes were hanged. 

A man named Hamilton murdered his mistress in Centre Street by inflict- 
ing several horrible stab wounds on her head and body. He was arrested the 
same evening by Captain McDonnell. 

When he returned to the Eighth Prec:inct, Capt. McDonnell made a vigorous 
war on the several dens of infamy in that locality, and made a great clearance 
of them. He also arrested Hester Jane Haskins, a notorious abductor of girls 
for infamous purposes. 

Charles Augustus Manning. Henry Williams, and George Williams, who 
burglarized the residence of Mr. SewcU, a lawyer of West Forty-fifth Street, 




Captain Charles McDonnell. 



were hunted down by Captain McDonnell after a four days' search. He had 
them arraigned the next day, and the day after they were each of them sen- 
tenced to eighteen years in State Prison. 

One afternoon a poor woman, who lived in South Fifth Avenue, was 
discovered murdered and lying in a pool of blood in her miserable garret. The 
Captain put his wits to work, and that very night arrested her unnatural son, 
who was proved afterwards to be the murderer. 

A free fight, in which razors, daggers, and pistols were used, occurred one 
Saturday night between rival negro clubs. After great difficulty Capt. McDonnell 
quelled the disturbance. He made several arrests, and among others, a negro 
named Saunders, who was sent to State Prison. After his release he met Capt. 
McDonnell in the street, and, with an oath, attacked that officer. Several other 



35° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



negroes joined in the assault on Capt. McDonnell, but he managed to keep them 
at bay with his club until some white men came to his rescue. 

A few nights after the shooting of Ned O'Ealdwin, the Irisn giant and 
pugilist, a man came to the Police station, and delivered himself up to Capt. 
McDonnell, saying that it was no use to conceal anything from him, as he (the 
Captain) would be sure to find the murderer out. 

A very amusing occurrence took place one evening while the Captain was 
sitting in his office. The door was suddenly opened, and a big black bear 
sauntered slowly in. He stood on his hind legs, and looked wistfully at the 
Captain. The bear belonged to an Italian who was under arrest, and the 




Eighth Precinct Station House, 128 Prince Street. 

animal had, by a strange coincidence, strayed in as if in search of his master. The 
bear was locked up in the cell with his master, to the great delight of both. 

During a drunken quarrel at 57 Thompson Street, a negro named "Jim" 
Jackson killed two white women. He was arrested and convicted. After his 
release from prison he opened a disreputable saloon in the same street. Capt. 
McDonnell made a raid on the place. Jackson resisted his arrest so savagely 
that he had to be clubbed into submission. He was subsequently convicted, 
and sent a second time to prison. 

This precinct has nineteen day posts and thirty-six night posts. The quota 
of men, eighty-seven, is reduced by details and average sickness to seventy-five. 



OUR POLICE J'ROI'ECTORS. 



35' 



Thomas Moran and John A. Savercool arc the Precinct Detectives. Augustus 
Brbwning is detailed to ordinance duty, and Louis McCord to Inspector Mur- 
ray's office. 

The Eighth Precinct takes in a most important Broadway front, necessitat- 
ing unceasing vigilance to jjrevent burglaries; hardly less important interests in 
Mercer, Greene, Wooster, and Canal Streets, and South Fifth Avenue, the French 
colony, the bulk of the colored i)opulation, the Spring Street Market, mercan- 
tile marine interests on West Street, some squalor, less iniquity and vice than in 
former years, and the homes of many of the better class which are in the streets 
that run east from ^'arick Street. It is not many years since that the mantle of 
the " Bloody Si.\th " appeared to have fallen on the Eighth Precinct for mighty 
risks, immoral resorts which made one street a by-name for vicious negroes, and 
resorts for sporting men and i)oliticians, notably Mitchell's at the corner of 
Broadway and Houston Street, furnished many a story that set tongues wagging. 
Now nearly all has changed. The district has been so far as is possible or can 
be reasonably expected, ])urged of the vicious classes, the resorts have moved 
up-town, and the colored element is under control. It is rare that any event 
which might not occur in the best regulated jjrecinct crops u]), ami the conuner- 
cial and mercantile importance of the district is increasing daily. The dry 
goods district is spreading north from the Fifth Precinct, and at no time within 
the past few years have not builders been at work erecting substantial rtores 
where once stood frame houses, which, in nine cases out of ten, were immoral 
resorts. One of the stirring incidents of late years was the fall of the old 
" rookeries " at Nos. 53 and 55 Grand Street, and the killing of eight jjersons. 
On the first of February, 1883, Pier No. 36, North River, used by the Inman 
Line, was burned, with a loss of two hundred and twenty thousand dollars. A 
substantial structure replaces it. Fireman's Hail, in Mercer Street, is in this 
precinct. 

The Ninth Precinxt. — The boundaries of the Ninth Precinct are 
Houston Street, Hancock Street, Bleecker Street, Carmine Street, Sixth Avenue, 
Fourteenth Street, and the centre line of Thirteenth Avenue and Eleventh 
Street, and the west track of the railroad in West Street. The station house is 
at No. 94 Charles Street. It was built for station house purposes, but it has 
been altered and repaired, and is cramped and unhealthy, and the cells are 
underground. The officers are: Captain, Theron S. Copeland; and Sergeants, 
John A. Croker, John Kellaher, William Porcher, and James B. Wilson. Cro- 
ker was a Policeman in 1862, a Roundsman four years later, and a Sergeant in 
1872. Kellaher joined the force in 1861, became Roundsman in 1874, and attained 
his rank in 1876. Porcher has been in the department twenty-six years. He 
became Roundsman in 1865, and has worn a Sergeant's uniform fourteen years. 
Wilson is Porcher's senior, so far as Police duty goes, nine months. In 1862 he 
became Roundsman, and three years later was promoted. 

Captain Theron S. Copeland was born in Albany, this State, in i83i,and 
moved to New York City in 1835. He was appointed a Patrolman in 1855, and 
was made Roundsman in July, 1857; was promoted to the next rank in March, 
1858, and went a step higher in October, 1862. He has performed duty in the 



352 



OUR POLICE PKOTKCTORS. 



Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh, 'I'hirteenth, Twenty-second and Twenty-fifth 
Precincts. By reason of Captain Copeland's superior knowledge of military 
tactics, gained by serving in the National Guard and at a military school, he was 
detailed by the Police Board to instruct the force in military tactics. For this 
purpose he was assigned to the Central Ofifice, were he remained for a period of 
sixteen years, five of which he was at the head of the class of instruction, and 
for two years aid to the Superintendent. He succeeded so well in this branch 
of the service that when the draft riots occurred in July, 1863, the Police force 
I of this city, by their knowledge of military tactics and discipline, were able to 
meet and overcome the rioters, who outnumbered them a hundred to one, and 
earned for themselves a world-wide renown. Captain Copeland has participated 




Captain Thereon S. Copeland. 



in nearly all of the prominent Police events that have taken place since he joined 
the force. In recognition of his services in the draft riots the Police Board 
awarded him special honorable mention, a like distinction being bestowed on 1iini 
by the Board for the part he took in the Orange riots of 187 1. In 1862 he was 
sent in command of three hundred and fifty officers and men to Riker's Island, 
to quell a mutiny that had broken out among a large crowd of men who were 
quartered there. He was also sent in command of fifty men to (juell a similar 
disturbance at Camp Washington, Staten Island, and subsequently to Tarrytown 
to suppress rioting while men were being drafted for the war. On the application 
of General Bowen, Captain Copeland was mustered into the United States mili- 
tary service as Adjutant, for the purpose of organizing the Second Metropolitan 
Regiment (One Hundred and Thirty-third New York Volunteers), a duty which 



OUR ro /./(•/■: PRorECTOR^i. 



353 



was performed in thirty days. The regiment proved to he one of the best in the 
h^vice, many of the ex-members of the Police force serving in its ranks. Cap- 
tain Copeland has made a number of important arrests, and has been several 
times injured in the discharge of his duty. 

There are seventeen day and thirty-four night posts in this precinct. The 
force is eighty-seven men, reduced to about sixty-eight by sickness and details. 
John Flanagan and James B. Ayers are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed 
men are: A. M. De Nyse, Christopher Street Ferry; Charles E. Bush, Jefferson 
Market; Robert W. Pitcairn, Corporation Ordinances ; and Robert Kelly, 
Special Duty. 

The Ninth Precinct was at one time the stronghokl of the native .Ameri- 
cans. To-day more people of the middle class own or occupy their own houses, 
tlespite the tendency to coalesce, or herd in flat, apartment or tenement houses, 
than in any other precinct. Its streets are cpiiet, cobble-stoned; and its inicjui- 
ties, according to the Police record, few. It guanls the Jefferson Market, 
Police Court and Prison, which are of the few architectural ornaments of the 
city. Gansevoort Market, which within a year will be one of the most im])ort- 
ant markets for provisions in the city, Sl Vincent's Hospital, and a section of 
upper-tendom in West Fourteenth Street. Its West Street front embraces im- 
portant interests, and within its boundaries are the walls of the old State 
Prison. Few events of magnitude occur here. 

The Fifteenth Precin'ct. — The P"ifteenth Precinct's boundaries are : 
the Bowery, Fourth Avenue, Fourteenth Street, Si.xth Avenue, Carmine Street, 
Bleecker Street, Hancock Street, Houston Street, Broadway and Bleecker 
Street. The station house is at Nos. 251 and 253 Mercer Street, which were 
dwelling houses turned into a station house, when the station house was in 
.\mbrose H. Kingsland's stable opposite. This stable was the quarters of 
Engine Company No. 4, of which Excise Commissioner John J. Morris was 
foreman; and it afterwards became the quarters of Engine Company No. 33, 
afterwards moved to Great Jones Street. The building is in fair order, and 
has a separate prison. The officers are : Captain, John J. Brogan ; and Ser- 
geants, Donald Grant, James J. Brophy, Joseph Douglas, and John J. Thomp- 
son. Grant's dates are: Patrolman 1876, Roundsman 1877, and Sergeant 1880. 
Brophy went on the force in 187 1, was Roundsman in 1876, and he got his 
rank two years later. Douglas became Patrolman 1868, Roundsman 1870, and 
Sergeant the same year. Thompson, the senior Sergeant, was appointed in 
i860, and waited seventeen years to be Roundsman; four years after this he 
was promoted. 

Captain John J. Brogan, of the Fifteenth Precinct, is a New Yorker, and 
was born in the year 1844. While at school he generally occupied himself with 
drawing on the black board deeds of chivalry and heroism, for which breach of 
discipline he often received a flogging from his schoolmaster. He was appren- 
ticed at an early age to the theatrical scene painting trade, but he disliked the 
business, his physical organization demanding a more active occupation. Ac- 
cordingly, when he was twenty-one years of age, he joined the Police force, and 
was sent to the Second Precinct. 



354 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Captain Brogan was only a fortnight on the force when he made his first 
arrest, or rather arrests, for there were two burglars engaged in the robbery. As 
he was on his beat in Maiden Lane, he noticed the door of a f>ir store open. 
He waited and watched. Soon two desperadoes made their appearance, loaded 
with goods. One of them, as soon as he saw Brogan, laid down his plunder 
and struck at him with a jimmy. Brogan put up his arm to guard the blow, 
but the jimmy broke one of his fingers. He, however, secured his men. They 
were Tom Harris and Michael Galvin. They were convicted, and sent to 
State Prison. 

Soon after this, while the remains of the murdered President Lincoln were 
lying in City Hall, Brogan observed a well-known thief named Williams picking 




Captain John J. Brogan. 

pockets in the crowd. Brogan approached the ruffian, who fled and was 
followed by the officer as far as the corner of C:hatham and William Streets. 
There Brogan shot him in the leg, and the thief, not being able to go any further, 
was arrested. 

In 1867, while Officer Brogan was doing Detective duty at Staten Island, a 
society called the Ancient Order of Good Fellows gave a pic-nic on a Sunday 
in that place, and insisted on having all the refreshments they required. On 
some of the saloon keepers refusing to supply them, a riot ensued, but was very 
(juickly (juelled, owing to the foresight and determination of Detective Brogan. 

While in the Sixth Precinct Captain Brogan made the arrest of a very 
tough character named "Country" Nolan, who was trying to rob an old gentle- 
man in Donovan's Lane, behind Ba.\ter Street. A desperate encounter took 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



355 



place between Nolan and the offic er, hut the robber at last was overcome. He 
was sent to Sing Sing. 

(leorge Smith, a negro, shot and killed his paramour, a while woman, in 
r 1879. .After the murder Smith tried to conceal himself among the colored folks 
in the Eighth Ward, and afterwards went on board of a vessel bound south. He, 




Fifteenth Precinct Station House, 251 Mercer Street. 



however, could not escape Captain Brogan's vigilance. As the vessel was about 
to sail, that officer went quietly on board and arrested his man. 

He was made Captain in September, 1878, and was ])laced in charge of the 
Fourteenth Precinct. He was shortly afterwards transferred to the Fifteenth, 
where he is at present stationed. 

Towards the end of the year 1880 Captain Brogan and Detective Crowley 
saw four men enter the store of James McCreery Company, at the corner of 



356 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Eleventh Street and Broadway. The Captain and Detective followed them; and 
a regular fiisilade was opened on both sides. Two of the burglars were wounded. 
Their names were Tommy Fay, Dutch Fred, Tom Maypother, and John Brown 
alias Turk. They were sent to State Prison for five years each. 

Soon after this a Sergeant of the regular army shot and killed a boy at 
Albany. The Sergeant fled, but Capt. Brogan succeeded in finding him in this 
city. 

But the most important achievement of Capt. Brogan's Police service was 
the capture and conviction of the notorious Mrs. Johnson, a Swede, who used 
to induce young girls to emigrate, and when they landed at Castle Garden, she 
took possession of them body and soul. 

This precinct has sixteen day and thirty-two night posts. Eighty-one men are 
on the roll, but about sixty-seven do duty, sickness and details reducing the 
effective force. The Precinct Detectives are William Warren and Thomas 
Reynolds. The detailed men are Manuel A. White, Juvenile Asylum; Edward 
Gilgar, Ordinances; John J. Farley. Clinton Place and Sixth Avenue; John Fogarty 
Fifth Avenue and Fourteenth Street; John Cunningham, St. Joseph's Home; 
James McAdam, Fourteenth Street and University Place; and Benjamin Tesaro, 
Detective and Interpreter's duty at Police Headquarters' Detective Bureau. 

People of every condition are under the protection or serveillance of the 
Fifteenth Precinct. Wooster Street has its dissolute negroes, Fifth Avenue its 
aristocrats, Minetta Lane and Bleecker Street their negroes, Waverley Place 
and Clinton Place their boarding houses, Broadway, Fourteenth Street and Sixth 
Avenue their tradesmen. There is a little of everything in this precinct, but it is 
principally occupied by either the respectable or the wealthy classes. In 
this command are the Star Theatre and the Union Square Theatre, 
Washington Park, and Grace Church, some of the finest stores in the city, 
among them the Stewart Building, the University Building, the Excise Office, the 
Bleecker Street Savings Bank — one of the richest institutions of the kind in the 
world, the Astor and Mercantile Libraries, the Mission of the Immaculate 
Virgin, the Brevoort House, Grand Central, New York and other hotels, and 
Society Library. Such a precinct requires and possesses a circumspect body of 
Police, equal to any emergency, and it is daily mentioned in the press as having 
furnished at the Jefferson Market, or Police Headquarters, or the Coroner's office, 
some tale of interest. The most stirring incidents of the past few years are the 
killing of James Fisk, Jr., by Edward S. Stokes at the Grand Central Hotel twelve 
years ago; the burglary on the twenty-seventh of October, 1878, by which the 
Manhattan Savings Institution lost two million seven hundred and forty-seven 
thousand seven hundred dollars, in money and securities, and the burning, on the 
sixth of March, 1877, of Jewelers Hall, Nos. 1,3 and 5 Bond Street, where six hun- 
dred thousand dollars' worth of property was destroyed. Inspectors Byrnes, 
Murray and Dilks were graduated from this command. 

The Sixtkknth Precinct. — The Sixteenth Precinct is almost a parallelo- 
gram, whose sides are Fourteenth Street, Seventh Avenue, Twenty-seventh Street, 
and the North River. The station house, at No. 230 West Twentieth Street, is a 
very old one, constructed out of a dwelling house. It is snug and healthy, but 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



357 



the cells are underground, and an extra story was added to the building seventeen 
years ago. The officers are: Captain, John McEhvain; and Sergeants, Daniel 
Pofhanius, William Blair, James Lonsdale and Oliver H. Tims. Folhanuis 
was a Patrolman in 1861, a Roundsman in 1865, and a Sergeant in 1867. Blair, 
the senior Sergeant, joined the force in 1858, was made Roundsman in 1863, anti 
was promoted the next year. Lonsdale was appointed in 1862, became Rounds- 
man six years later, and got rank in 1869. The dates of Tims are: Patrol- 
man 1866, Roundsman 1870, and Sergeant 1872. 

Cap I AIN John McElvvain, of the Sixteenth Precinct, was born in New York 
in November, 1831. His parents were well off, and he received a thoroughly 
good education. He served his time to the jewelry business, and worked in one 
employment for several years. He joincil the force on the second of Septem- 
ber, 1872, and was assigned to the Fifteenth Precinct. During his stay here the 
draft riots broke out, and he took an active part in (pielling the disturbance. 
l'"()r his conduct in these riots he was promoted to the rank of Roundsman, and 
was transferred to the Twenty-first, and afterwards to the Seventeenth. While 
here he was made Sergeant, and transferred to the Eleventh. He was after- 
wards successively stationed at the Twenty-third, Eighteenth, and Twenty-ninth. 
He was made Captain in September, 1872, and went to the Twenty-first. He 
was then transferred to the Twentieth, then returned to the Twenty-first, then to 
the Twenty-third. He went back again to the Twenty-first, then to the Seventh, 
and finally to the Sixteenth. 

C'aptain McElwain is an experienced, slircwd officer. It is said that he can 
toll a thief at the first glance. 

He arrested Scannel for the murder of Thomas Donoghue, at Apollo Hall, 
November 29, 1872, for which he was presented with an elegant gold medal by 
the Commissioners. The medal is inscribed with the names of B. F. Manierre, 
Thomas Bosworth, Thomas J. Barr, and A. Oakey Hall. 

During his Captaincy of the Twentieth Precinct he was instrumental in 
obtaining convictions which amounted in the aggregate to three hundred and 
twenty-three years. 

Minnie Davis, the notorious fire bug, was also arrested by him, as also 
George West alias Davis, who, four days after his capture, was amusing himself 
breaking stones in Sing Sing Prison. 

Captain McElwain was complimented by Commissioner Acton, in his annual 
report to the legislature, for his action in quelling a disturbance raised by the 
Live Oak Volunteers, who were on an excursion to Astoria. The Volunteers 
went about that town ransacking it, and terrifying the inhabitants. There were 
only a few men at the station house when this intelligence arrived, but Captain 
McElwain decided on at once going to Astoria. He concealed himself and his 
men in the ferryboat until its arrival at that place. He then suddenly 
precipitated himself on the rioters, and, after a severe struggle, arrested the 
ringleaders. 

While Captain McElwain was one day pursuing the notorious cart thief, Wil- 
son, he was attacked by W'ilson, and both fell to the ground. After a fearful 
struggle, Wilson, however, went under, and was taken to the Police station. 



358 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



During his Captaincy of the Twentieth Precinct,the citizens presented Cap- 
tain McElwain with a very complimentary testimonial. 

Galvin and McGinn, who knocked down and robbed Mr. Hanks, the 
jeweler, were also arrested by Captain McElwain. This was considered a very 
clever capture, as there was no clue whatever at the time to the perpetrators of 
the outrage. The Captain, for this, w-as publicly complimented by Recorder 
Hackett from the Bench. 

" Fagan," whose proper name is Isaac Lycres, was a notorious receiver of 
stolen goods. He was so adroit at his work that it was very difificult for the 
Police to get at him. Captain McElwain worked up the case so well that he 
managed to secure "Fagan " and recover thousands of dollars' worth of goods. 




Captain John McElwain. 

This precinct has eighteen day and twenty-eight night posts. Its full force 
is seventy-three men, but the average of them doing full duty is sixty-two. 
Adolph Schmidt and Richard Wilson are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed 
officers are: John Ferguson, Truancy; Richard Flynn, Ordinances; Patrick'W. 
Vallely, Twenty-third Street Ferry. 

The Sixteenth Precinct Police have to deal with both rich and poor, from 
those who inhabit the fine residences in West Fourteenth Street to those who 
lounge about the lumber yards of the North River front, which represents 
three-quarters of the lumber interest of New York. It has the Twenty-third 
Street Ferry, the Grand Opera House, the baths and flat houses in 
West Twenty-third Street, and the tradesmen of Seventh and Eighth 
Avenues. The most stirring event of late years within its boundaries was the 



OUR POIJCF PROTECTORS. 



359 



Orange riots of 1873, and the firing of the military in Eighth Avenue, near 
Twenty-third Street. A score of persons were killed outright, and it is esti- 
mated that as many more died afterwards. The bodies of those that fell in 
the streets were transported to the station house, and laid out in the basement. 
Old officers of the command yet remember the wails that were uttered by those 
who came to claim their dead. Another tragic event was the shooting, at the 
Vienna Flats, No. 341 West Twenty-third Street, of W. H. Haverstick by 
(ieorge W. Conkling, brother of Mrs. Uhler, with whom Haverstick jived in 
defiance of decency. This occurred March 19, 1883. Since then Conkling died 
out West, and Mrs. Uhler poisoned herself. Another mysterious occurrence 
was the killing, in the grounds of the Protestant Epi.scopal General Theological 
Seminary, at Twentieth Street and Ninth Avenue, on the morning of July 4, 
1879, of John F. Seymour, of Bishop Seymour's family. He was walking in 




Twentieth Precinct Police Station, 434 West Thirty-seventh Street, 
the grounds and was, it is supposed, killed by a small bullet discharged from a 
boy's toy pistol or rifle. 

The Twentieth Precinct. — The Twentieth Precinct begins at Twenty- 
seventh Street, goes along Seventh Avenue, and runs to Forty-second Street and 
the North River. The station house is at Nos. 434 and 436 West Thirty- 
seventh Street. When it was built, fourteen years ago, it was considered a vast 
improvement on any other that e.xisted. It has a separate prison, and is so well 
looked after as to be always wholesome and healthy. The officers are: Captain, 
George Washburn; and Sergeants, Andrew J. Thomas, William F. Devery, George 
H. Havens and Stephen E. Brown. Thomas has been on the force twelve 
years. He was made Sergeant last year after doing seven months' duty as 
Roundsman. Devery's dates are: Patrolman 1878, Roundsman 1881, and 
Sergeant 1884. Havens' are: Patrolman in 1861, Roundsman in 1863, and 
Sergeant in 1866. Brown was appointed in 1868, was made Roundsman in 
1870, and three years later obtained promotion. 



360 



OlIR POLfCF. I'RO'J'ECTORS. 



Captain Washburn was born on the ninth of June, 1826, in the city of 
New York. At the age of four years his parents moved to Sing Sing, where lie 
resided until he was- fifteen years old. He traveled round the world for four 
years, having served alternately as sailor and soldier. In February, 1858, he 
was appointed on the Police, where he served until August, 1862, when he joined 
the Metropolitan Regiment as First Lieutenant. After one year's service he 
was promoted Captain, and fifteen months later he rose to the rank of Major, 
which position he retained until the end of the war. He served under General 
Banks and General Sheridan. Upon returning from the war he was re-appoint- 
ed a Patrolman, and five days later he was promoted Roundsman, and within 
a week from that date he was mad ■ a Sergeant, that btringhis rank on the Police 




Captain George Washburn. 

force when he resigned to go to the w;.r. After serving as a Sergeant for three 
years he was raised to the rank of Captain. He took part in the Orange riot, 
and was on that day second in command, under Capiain Walling. 

This precinct has thirteen d:iy and twenty-eight night posts. Its full force 
is seventy-eight men, from which an nverage of seventeen should be deducted 
for sickness and details. Stey)hen Carmirk and Matthew McConnell are the 
Precinct Detectives. John W. King on Ordinances; and john Mur])hv to the 
Offal Dock. 

In the Twentieth Precinct there are few j)ublic buildings of any note. It has a 
busy water front, crowded with repulsive industries, such as hog and cattle abat- 
toirs. The offal dock, and the terminus of the Hudson River Railroad Depot make 
constant traffic along grimy Eleventh Avenue. Within the precinct limits are the 



(H'R rOIJCE PROIFx rORS. 



361 



Institution for the Blind, Manhattan Market, the West Shore depot and ferry, 
lafge gasworks, " Battle Row " and " Hell's Kitchen," the resort of the depraved 
adults of both sexes, and a hundred other dwelling places of the New York 
hoodlum, who only exists in this district. The " Tenth Avenue Gang " is what they 
are wrongly called. They belong to all parts of the city, but this is their stronghold, 
and their plunder is from the freight cars of the Hudson River Railroad. This 
precinct has furnished more frightful examples of juvenile depravity than all the 
other precincts together since 1870. One of the leaders of the gang was 
"Dutch" Harmon, a Clerman freight car thief. On the sixth of February, 1874, 
he was planning a depredation, when he was surprised by Roimdsman Stejihen 
Carmick, and escaped after firing at the officer. On the eighteenth of that month 
Nicholas Schweich, a Hudson River Railroad watchman, was murdered at his 
post because he interfered with thieves who were rol)l)ing a freight car. The 
police say positively that the murder was committed by Harmon, or an associate 
named Dougherty. Harmon was sought for, and Officer Patrick Lahcy, on the 
twenty-second of February, 1874, believed that he had cornered Harmon at No. 
530 West Twenty-ninth Street, and fired a shot though the door, supposing Har- 
mon had his back to it. The shot killed an innocent man named McNamara, 
and Harmon was not in the house. He was caught nine days later, but could 
not be convicted for the murder of the watchman. Since then he has served 
two terms in prison, and broke his leg in this city while escaping out of a hack at 
Fulton Street. In the hack were silks stolen from a factory at Union Hill, N. J. 

The Twenty-fifth Precinct. — The Twenty-fifth Precinct or Broadway 
Squad's daily territory is Broadway from Bowling Green to Thirty-fourth 
Street. The station house is at No. 34 East Twenty-ninth Street, where are 
the quarters of the Second Inspection District. The building is private prop- 
erty, owned by the Goelet estate, and was not erected for Police purposes, but 
transformed into a station house thirty-seven years ago, when the Eighteenth 
Precinct had its headquarters there. It was aftenvards the Twenty-first Pre- 
cinct Station House and the Twenty-ninth Precinct Station House. .\ 
prison was added in 1877. The officers are: Captain, Ira S. Garland; Sergeants, 
Washington T. Devoe whose dates are: Patrolman 1861, Roundsman 1872, and 
Sergeant 1873, William H. Lefferts, who was a Patrolman prior to 1857, and 
passing the grade of Roundsman, was promoted in 1858. 

Captain Ira S. Garland, in command of the Twenty-fifth Precinct, was 
born in the city of Utica, N. Y., October 7, 1830. AVhen a small boy his 
parents removed to Sherburne, Chenango County, N. Y., when the boy was 
placed in the public school. Having arrived at man's estate, he came to this 
city, and shipped in the Merchant Marine service. He followed the sea for 
eight years, and rose to the rank of mate. 

On April 21, 1858, he was appointed a Patrolman of the Metropolitan Po- 
lice, and was assigned to the Harbor Police on May 22, i860. Six days after- 
wards he distinguished himself by an act of bravery which gained for him 
honorable mention by the Board of Police, "for gallant conduct in repressing a 
mutiny on board of the ship R. F. Starer." 

Captain Garland was promoted to the grade of Roundsman in i860, aixd to 



362 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Sergeant in 1862. He was then assigned to the Fifth Precinct, and was sub- 
sequently transferred to the Second Precinct (Jefferson Market Police Court), 
where he was placed in command, and there remained until he was promoted to 
the rank of Captain, on March 4, 1867, when he was assigned to the command 
of the Fourteenth Precinct. He served alternately in the following precincts: 
First, Seventh, Eleventh, Twelfth, Eighteenth, old Twenty-eighth, and Thirtieth. 
He was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Precinct on October 3, 1876, where he is 
at present in command. 

While in command of the old Twenty-eighth, Captain Garland arrested 
William J. Sharkey for the murder of Robert Dunn alias "Bob" Isaacs. Shar- 
key, who was convicted, escaped from the Tombs while under sentence of death, 




Captain Ira S. Garland. 



aided by Maggie Jourdan, in whose clothes he had concealed his identity, and 
so eluded the vigilance of his keepers. 

Aided by Detective Sergeant Von Gerichten, he arrested Hugh Bogan, 
and William and Nellie Wilsey, for the bold robbery in the day time of Mrs. 
Hardy, in her house at Varick and Broome Street-s, whom they tortured by burn- 
ing her feet with a hot iron to make her divulge the place where she had her 
jewelry concealed. They were convicted and sentenced to State Prison. He 
also arrested, on December 22, 1883, at Thirty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue, 
a German named Frederick A. Hartman, who had shot and wounded Augustus 
Gardiner, a watchman at the A. T. Stewart mansion. Hartman resisted arrest, 
and acted like a man bereft of his reason. He committed suicide on January 
8, 1884, in the Tombs Prison, by hanging himself in his cell. 



OUR rOl.lCF. rROTECTORS. 



This precinct has forty day posts. No night duty is done l)y its members, 
wfio are required to he tall and stalwart. The muster roll of the command is 
forty-five, but there are generally four or five men sick. The Precinct Detective 
is Thomas McCormack. The duty of the Patrolmen of the Broadway Scpiad 
lies along the line of Broadway. At night their posts are covered by the officers 
of the precincts which Broadway passes through or divides. 

The Twkntv-Seventh Precinct. — The Twenty-seventli Precinct is 
bounded by Warren Street, Broadway, Battery Place, Pier i North River, and 
the west track of the railroad in West Street. The station house is at No. 35 
New Church Street. Formerly the building faced on Liberty Street, bu-t th< 
extension of Church Street cut a good lot off the station house, and, in 1870, 



Architect Bush reconstructed the station house, and made it almost a modern one. 
The cells for prisoners are partly underground. The officers are: Ca])tain, 
William C. F. Berghold; and Sergeants, Thomas E. Wiilard, Richard Welch, 
Edward Muret, and Thomas ReiHy. Wiilard was a Patrolman in 1866, a 
Roundsman in 1875, ^"^^ ^ Sergeant in 1876. Welch's dates are: Patrolman 
1858, Roundsman 1869, and Sergeant 1870. Muret joined the force in 1873, 
became Roundsman 1876, and was promoted in 1880. Reilly was api)ointed 
in 1866, waited five years to be a Roundsman, and won rank in 1872. 

Capt.ain William C. F. Berghold was born in the year 1838. Rejoined the 
Police force in 1864, and was made a Roundsman five years later. In 1870 he 
was made Sergeant, and Captain in 1878. While he served in the Eleventh Pre- 
cinct he had a number of criminals arrested and sent to State Prison. He was 




Captain William C. F. Berghold. 



364 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



sent to Staten Island in 1866, when a disturbance was expected in consequence 
of a factory having been seized and turned into an hospital. In 1868, when there 
was some misunderstanding between the German and Irish emigrants on Ward's 
Island, he was sent to that place, and his coolness and determination of charac- 
ter won for him the respect and confidence of the two nationalities who were 
inclined to be mutinous. 

This precinct has eighteen day and thirty-si.x night posts. Its quota of 
ninety-two men is reduced about twenty by sickness and details. The Precinct 
Detectives are Thomas Mulvey and William Flynn. The detailed officers are: 
Michael J. Hockey, Ordinances; Thomas Fay, West Street; Matthew Looram, 
Vesey Street ; Thomas Dennin, Courtlandt Street Ferry; George Archer, 
Liberty Street Ferry; Frank D. Weber, Barclay Street Ferry; Frederick Probst, 
Washington Market. 

This command looks after vastly important interests. Within its limits are 
Trinity Church and graveyard, St. Paul's Church, St. Peter's Roman Catholic 
Church, the Astor House, Washington Market, the Coal and Real Estate Ex- 
changes, nearly all the west side emigrant boarding houses, several large cotton 
warehouses, the Western Union Telegraph Company's building, thousands of 
offices in Broadway, the Graphic and Frank Leslie buildings, the crockery, 
fireworks and glass trades, much of the produce trade, and some squalor in 
Greenwich and Washington Streets. In it end the surface cars of the Seventh 
Avenue, Sixth Avenue, Eighth Avenue and Broadway Railroads. The most 
memorable fire in it of recent years was that on the twentieth of December, 
1877, when saccharine dust exploded in Gieenfield's candy factory in Barclay 
Street, and ten persons lost their lives. The fire did one hundred and twenty 
thousand dollars damage. 

The Twenty-ninth Precinct. — The Twenty-ninth Precinct is included 
between Seventh Avenue, Forty-second Street, Park Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 
Union Square, and Fourteenth Street. The station house is at Nos. 137 and 
139 West Thirtieth Street. It is not such a structure as the importance of the 
command warrants. It has a separate prison, but the office is so small that at 
muster the men have to form three sides of a square, and some of them are 
invisible to the officer at the desk. It has often been planned to make two 
precincts out of this one, and the sooner it is done the better for the men who 
have the outposts at Fourteenth and Forty-second Streets. The officers are: 
Captain, Alexander S. Williams; and Sergeants, Josiah A. Westervelt, Adam A. 
Cross, James M. King, and Max F. Schmittberger. Westervelt was a Policeman 
in 1867, Roundsman next year, and Sergeant in 1870. Cross joined the force 
seven years ago, became Roundsman in 1882, and was promoted last January. 
King has the record of being appointed in 1874, and three years later he passed 
the grade of Roundsman and won rank. Schmittberger's dates are: Patrolman 
1874, Roundsman 1880, and Sergeant 1883. 

Captain Alexander S. Williams, of the Twenty-ninth Precinct, is well 
known throughout the States as one of the most efficient and determined Police 
officers in New York. Captain Williams was born in 1839 in Nova Scotia. 
When he came to New York he learned the trade of a ship carpenter, and was 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



365 



placed in charge of a portion of the docks of the well known shipbuilders, 
\C. H. Webb cV Co. He afterwards visited Japan, Mexico, and other countries. 
He was the first white man to build a ship in Japan. After his return to Amer- 
ica, he was engaged by the Government to raise a sunken vessel off the coast of 
Key West, Florida. He was then connected with the navy yard for a time. 
Having succeeded in accumulating some money, he went into partnership with a 
shipbuilder, but a strike occurring, W^illiams was obliged to dissolve partnershi]j 
with his colleague. He applied for a position on the Police, and was appointed 
Patrolman in August, 1866, and was assigned to the Forty-seventh Precinct, 
Brooklyn. He remained thereuntil 1868, when he was transferred to the Broad- 
way (New York) Squad. While here he was Roundsman and Acting Sergeant, 




Captain Alexander S Williams. 



and was then sent to the Mounted Squad. In July, 1871, he was made Sergeant, 
and on the twenty-fifth of September, 187 1, he was promoted to the rank of 
Captain, and assigned for duty to the Twenty-first Precinct. He was transferred 
from there to the Eighth Precinct, then in 1874 to the Fourth^ and in 1876 to the 
Twenty-ninth. He served four years in the Street Cleaning Department, and 
finally went back to his present precinct, the Twenty-ninth. As a result of the 
energy and vigilance which he displayed while in the Eighth Precinct, he arrested 
no less than nine murderers. 

Lockwood alias Cully, a desperate burglar, was also captured by Captain 
Williams, and over one hundred burglars' tools were found in his possession. 

The Florence Saloon, which was at the corner of Broadway and Houston 
Street, was the rendezvous for all classes of criminals. While he was yet a 



366 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Patrolman, Captain Williams succeeded in having this notorious establishment 
closed. 

Houses of ill-fame and the meeting places of dens of thieves have been 
raided and closed up by the score by this undaunted officer. He is not a 
favorite, by any means, with the criminal classes. 

There was a place at No. 115 Broome Street which was not inaptly called 
" Milligan's Hell." At all hours of the night the boisterous tongues of roughs 
could be heard, their conversation interspersed with the most horrible oaths and 
blasphemy. The place was considered so dangerous that Policemen, it was said, 




Twenty-Ninth Police Precinct, 137 West Thirtieth Street. 



were loathe to enter the place. Captain Williams made a raid one night on the 
den and cleaned out the place. Once he has made up his mind to accomplish 
a tiling, he will do it at any risk. 

The amount of stolen property recovered by Captain Williams wouid foot 
up a fabulous sum. Pie returned over six thousand- dollars' worth of stolen 
laces to Herman, I\ ans & Co., of Broadway, and about five thousand dollars' 
worth of silks to Richards, of Broadway. 

During his Captaincy in the Fourth Ward he broke up several of the low 
dives in Chatham, Water and Pearl Streets. 

Jewelry and diamonds to the amount of seven thousand dollars were stolen 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 367 

yi South America by two Swedes. The vessel on which they traveled had 
scarcely arrived at the port of New York when the two thieves were in the 
clutches of Captain Williams. 

During his command of the Twenty-first Precinct, Captain Williams was 
presented with a handsome gold shield, bearing the following inscription: 

" Presented to CajHain Alexander S. Williams, in acknowledgment of his 
valuable aid in suppressing the roughs and defending his officers in the discharge 
of their duties. New York, September 16, 1872." 

In his examination, before the Roosevelt Committee, to interrogatories, 
Captain Williams gave the following responses: 

By the Chairman: Q. What is your name? A. Alexander S. Williams. Q. 
What position do you hold ? A. Captain of Police. Q. How long have you 
been on the Police ? A. Nearly eighteen years. Q. How long have you been 
Captain ? A. Nearly thirteen — thirteen past. 

By Mr Russell: Q. You have been on the force how long. Captain ? A. 
Nearly eighteen years. Q. And how old are you now ? A. Forty-four. Q. 
And what was the name of the force when you went on ? A. The Metropolitan. 
Q. And in what capacity did you first go on ? A. As Patrolman. Q. Where ? 
A. Forth-seventh Precinct, Brooklyn, now the Seventh. Q. How long did you 
remain a Patrolman ? A. Less than five years. Q. Then what? A. Sergeant; 
I was made Roundsman first off. Q. How long? A. About ten minutes. 
I was made Sergeant and put in charge of the Thirty-third Precinct, which was 
the Mounted Police. Q. How long did you remain in charge of the Mounted 
Police? A. Eleven months. Q. Was that under the old Metropolitan system ? 
A. Metropolitan. Q. Where was the Thirty-third Precinct ? A. I had a stable 
fitted up in Forty-first Street and Seventh Avenue, 154 West Seventh Avenue, 
part of Sixth Avenue, and Fourteenth Street, and Lexington Avenue was then 
wooden pavement — and it was to prevent fast driving on those streets. Q. Who 
were the Commissioners then? A. Bosworth, Manierre, Barr, and Smith. Q. 
When did you become a Captain? A. May 31, 1871, I think, or 1872. Q. 
How long have you been in your present precinct ? A. I went there the latter 
part of October, 1876, and remained there until the nineteenth of December, 
1879, and returned there on the sixteenth of June, 1881, and have been there 
until now. Q. From 1879 until 1881 you were employed elsewhere? A. Super- 
intendent of the Bureau of Street Cleaning. 

This important precinct has twenty-seven day and fifty night posts. Its full 
force is one hundred and sixteen men, of whom about eighteen are sick or de- 
tailed. James K. Price and John Dunlap are the Precinct Detectives. The 
detailed officers are: John Neylan, Tax Office ; John Mangam, Ordinances. 

What the First Precinct is, commercially and financially, the Twenty-ninth 
or "Tenderloin Precinct " is socially, and — if the term may be coined — cosmo- 
politanly. No other command approaches it in importance as the centre of 
civilization and all that makes Nineteenth Century city life agreeable. It em- 
braces nearly all the great caravansaries, parks, clubs, theatres and stores. With- 
in it are the most frequented streets and avenues, and at night city life for the 



368 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



" upper ten " alone exists within its boundaries. It takes in the Union Square, 
Madison Square and Reservoir Parks. Its principal hotels are the St. Cloud, 
Rossmore, Grand, ' Gilsey House, Albermarle, Hoffman House, Leland, Fifth 
Avenue, Glenham, Brunswick, Park Avenue, Everett House, St. James, Sturte- 
vant, and the Parker House. Its hospital, the New York, is by far the best in 
the city. Its clubs are the American Jockey, the American Yacht, the Blossom, 
the Calumet, the Carlton, the Columbia, the Coney Island Jockey, the Crescent, 
the German, the Grolier, the Knickerbocker, the Lotos, the Manhattan, the New 
York, the New York Racquet, the New York Yacht, the Owl, the Republic, 
the St. Nicholas, the Lamli, the Union, the Union League, and the University. 
Of the public buildings it has the Academy of Design, the Masonic Temple, 
and the Young Men's Christian Association. Its theatres and places of amuse- 
ment are the Metropolitan Opera House, the Bijou Opera House, the Casino, 
Chickering Hall, Daly's Theatre, the Fifth Avenue Theatre, the Fourteenth Street 
Theatre, Madison Square Garden, the Park Theatre, the Standard, the Star, Wal- 
lack's, the Comedy, Eden Musee, Koster & Bial's, and the Metropolitan Concert 
Hall. The famous restaurants of Delmonico, Pinard and Clark are here. And its 
stores? first: Tiffany and Starr's countless attractions in jewelry, watches, gold 
and silverware, bricabrac and art objects; W. & J. Sloane's carpet store; Lord & 
Taylor's, Arnold & Constable's, Sypher& Co.'s, theGorham Manufacturing Co.'s, 
C. G. Gunther's Sons, Park &Tilford's, CoUamore & Co.'s, and Brooks Brothers'. 
Then there are the armories of the Twenty-second and Seventy-first Regiments of 
the National Guard; the Fifth, Garfield, Lincoln and Sixth National Banks; the 
Excelsior and Union Dime Savings Banks; the Metropolis and Madison Square 
State Banks; Calvary, Messiah, Tabernacle, Madison Avenue, Brick, Fourth 
Avenue, Twenty-third Street, St. Ann's, Dr. Ormiston's, St. Francis Xavier's, St. 
Vincent de Paul, Holy Trinity, St. Paul's Lutheran, St. Luke's, St. Mark's, St. 
Paul's Methodist, Covenant, Fourth Presbyterian, Madison Square, Rutger's, 
Scotch, Shiloh, Westminster, West Twenty-fifth Street, Annunciation, Christ, Du 
St. Esprit, Holy Communion, Incarnation, St. Ignatius, Trinity Chapel, Zion, Fifth 
Avenue Reformed, Holy Innocents, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Leo's, Taber- 
nacle of Twenty-third Street and Union Tabernacle Churches, and Shearith 
Israel Synagogue. Its population is, mainly, the "upper ten," and those who 
serve them. It has a negro colony, and is infested with people who live viciously; 
but the law, not the Police, is at fault. The problem how to deal with this class 
is probably such a serious, and at the same time such a delicate one, that before 
it is solved we shall have to elect a special legislature to deal with it. Yet, wifh 
all its hideousness, this feature of New York is not by any means as black as the 
night haunts of London or the principal European cities, where vice, if not 
licensed, is under surveillance. 

As may be expected, this command has furnished many thrilling and scandal- 
ous stories to the public. Hardly a week passes but something interesting is 
told over the desk in the Thirtieth Street Station House. In fires its specialty is 
in theatres. The Fifth Avenue Theatre went up in clouds of smoke and showers 
of sparks and brands January i, 1873, with a loss of one hundred and ten thou- 
sand dollars. On the thirtieth of October, 1882, a few hours before the time that 



OUR POIJCK PRO 7 EC TORS. 



Mrs. Langtry was to make her debut in America, there was a fatal fire that de- 
stroyed the Park Theatre, and the loss was eighty thousand dollars; and on the 
fourteenth of December, 1883, the Standard 'I'heatre was destroyed, with a loss 
of sixty thousand dollars. On the tenth of December, 1872, a number of ser- 
vant girls lost their lives by a fire which cut off escape from their quarters 
on the roof of the Fifth Avenue Hotel. March 8, 1877, witnessed a terrible 
I)anic in St. Francis Xavier's church. No. 36 West Sixteenth Street. Father 
Fangcake was preaching a sermon on " Hell and the Horrors of the Damned," 
and his audience were worked up to a supreme degree of interest, when a boy, 
either through devilish inspiration or from a belief that he was doing well, cried 
"Fire." In the stampede that ensued six women and a boy were trampled to 
death at the foot of a corkscrew stairway. The murder of Benjamin Nathan, on 
the twenty-ninth of July, 1870, in his mansion opposite the south side of the 
Fifth Avenue Hotel, is one of themvsteries of the age. The true story of what 
occurrctl in tliat second tloor room on that bright summer morning has not yet 
been told. I'he murder of Mrs. Jane F. De Forest Hull, wife of Dr. Alonzo 
Grandison Hull, at No. 140 West Forty-second Street, on the eleventh of June, 
1879, by the negro, Chastine Cox, was the talk of all America for months. Cox 
was captured in Boston through a reporter named Balch, and was hanged July 
16, 1880. It is almost certain he did not intend to kill Mrs. Hull, but simply to 
silence her. He did his work, however, so surely, tiiat she died, and lie was exe- 
cuted because he took life while committing a felony. A bloodier ending of a 
feud was probably never witnessed than that by which, in " Shang " Draper's 
saloon, No. 466 Sixth Avenue, on the sixteenth of October, 1883, "Johnny" 
Walsh alias "Johnny the Mick," and "Johnny" Irving, two noted thieves, lost 
their lives. An associate, William O'Brien alias "Billy" Porter, strongly sus- 
pected of shooting Walsh, who was to have been killed for Porter by Irving, was. 
arrested, but he escaped conviction. Another celebrated case was the murder, 
at No. 144 West Twenty-sixth Street, on the twenty-fourth of December, i88i, 
of Fouis Hanier, an inoffensive French saloon keeper, by Michael McGloin, 
whose capture, by Inspector Byrnes, was one of the finest pieces of detective 
work ever done in any city. McGloin, on the ninth of March, 1883, went to the gib- 
bet. One of the saddest accidents that ever occurred in this city was the falling, 
on the twenty-first of April, 1880, of the west wall and part of the ball-room of the 
Madison Square Garden. A church fair was in progress, and a number of ladies 
and gentlemen were dancing in the ball-room, when the wall gave way and four 
persons were killed. One of the unpunished murders of this district is that of 
Charles P. Miller, "king of the bunko men," who, on the first of November 
1881, was killed in "Dick" Darling's saloon. No. 1 2 1 7 Broadway, by " Bill " 
Tracy, who was tried and acquitted. 



370 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



THIRD AND FOURTH INSPECTION DISTRICTS. 



Inspector Dilks. — Enjoying a rare Privilege, namely, reading his 
OWN Obituary. — An Officer who has Distinguished Himself by his 
Bravery and Vigilance. — A Veteran with a highly honorable 
Record. — Second Precinct ; Captain Conlin. — Twelfth Precinct ; 
Captain Hooker. — Nineteenth Precinct; Captain Mount. — Nineteenth 
Sub-precinct ; Captain Schultz. — Twenty-second Precinct ; Captain 
KiLLiLEA. — Twenty-third Precinct; Captain Sanders. — Twenty-eighth 
Precinct; Captain Gunner. — Thirtieth Precinct; Captain Siebert. — 
Thirty-first Precinct ; Captain Leary. — Thirty-second Precinct; 
Captain Cortright. — Thirty-third Precinct ; Captain Bennett. — 
Thirty-fourth Precinct ; Captain Robbins. — Thirty-fifth Precinct, 
Captain Yule. 

' I ^ HESE Districts cover about four times as much territory as the First and 



Second Inspection Districts, but they are, as a rule, sparsely settled. The 
commands are reached by wagon or rail, the emergencies are few and of minor 
importance, all things being considertd, and the communication by telegraph is 
unsurpassed. The districts include the Nineteenth. Twenty-eighth, Twenty- 
third, Twelfth, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Second, Thirty-second, 
Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Twenty-second Precincts, and the Yorkville, Harlem, 
and Morrisania Police Courts, which are known as the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Dis- 
trict Courts respectively. The districts, which were consolidated, are under the 
command of Inspector George W. Dilks, the senior Inspector of the force. 

Inspector George Washington Dilks, of the Third Inspection District, 
was born on the twenty-sixth of December, 1816, at New Brunswick, N. J. In 
1829 his parents moved to New York, and settled there for good. In 1848, Mr. 
Dilks was ai)pointed on the force as Assistant Captnin. In 1853 he was made 
Captain of the Fifteenth Ward, where he soon distinguished himself by his 
l)ravery and vigilance. While engaged in this Ward, the City Hall riot occurred, 
and, while he was leading a force of men against Wood's partisans, a Sergeant 
named Sebring was killed by a blow from a locust which had been thrown at 
him. There was an extraordinary likeness between Sebring and Dilks, and the 
rumor spread as quick as lightning that the intrepid Dilks had been killed. 
Dilks had the rare privilege that night, while he was at supper, of reading his own 
obituarv notice in the Evening Post. Ned Davenport, an actor, and an old-time 
friend of Captain Dilks, who was then playing at Boston, hearing the news of 




OUR ror.icE rROTEcroKs. 



37' 



the latter's alleged death the next night, dcli\crccl speeches all over IJoston 
on file "death" of his friend. 

In i860 Captain Dilks was made lns|)e( tor, he being the first Inspector in the 
Dei)artnient. He had the whole city, Brooklyn, and a part of Westchester for a 
field of operation. The Inspector, in his rounds, was not long in discovering that 
there were many evils that could he remedied and abuses that could be corrected ; 
but his territory was too extensive and scattered for one man to attend to all. 
I'hen the district was split into two, and Captain Leonard was appointed to the 
Second District. After the organization of the present Municipal force, con- 
fined to New York City alone, the two districts continued, but in 1874, the late 
Superintendent and Commissioner, C.eorge W. Matsell, and Commissioner Jolm 
R. Voorhees, laid out the city into the i)resent four districts. 

There is no doubt Matsell, who had lost his old-time snap and vigor, would 
have made a terril)le mess of things while lie was Sujicrintendtnt, only In- 
si)ector Dilks was in the ofifice with liim acting as Deputy Superintendent, which 
position he held for about five years. 

Insjjector Dilks has been a conspicuous figure in all the great riots tiiat 
occurred "in New York since 1848. 

One morning during the longshoremen's strike, when these men sallied forth 
with everything in the shape of a weapon that they could lay their iiands on, 
Inspector Dilks succeeded, after three days' hard struggle, in restoring peace and 
(piiet. 

During one of the davs of the draft riots, while the mob was howling for 
the arms which were stored in the armory, a bullet whizzed past the Inspector's 
head. 

" Mr. Dilks," said one of the Police Commissioners on a well-known occa- 
sion, "you can have the position of Superintendent if you desire it." 

" I never looked for the place of any man," replied Mr. Dilks, "and never 
will. Were the office vacant, I might consider the offer, but as there is another 
there I don't want it." 

In 1849 there occurred the great Astor Place riot. Macready, the actor, was 
playing at the Astor Place Opera House. It seems that he became obnoxious to 
the friends of Mr. Forest, who was playing at the old Broadway Theatre, between 
Pearl and Worth Streets. One night Forest's friends drove Macready off the 
stage. -After this outrage a body of citizens waited on Macready and requested 
him to continue playing, at the same time promising him protection from the 
mob. Macreadv acceded to their request, and, on the night of his re-appearance, 
the riot began inside and outside the theatre. Assistant Captain Dilks was in 
charge of a posse of Police, and. with the help of the military, succeeded in at 
once restoring comparative quiet. Several persons were arrested and confined 
in one of the lower rooms of the theatre, to whic h they attempted to set fire, 
but the activitv of the Police saved the place from destruction. Nine persons 
were killed in this riot, and hundreds were severely wounded, the military having 
fired on the crowd. 

During the longshoremen's riots, in 1857. Captain Dilks was in the 
Fifteenth Precinct. He, in conjunction with the officers drawn from the various 



372 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



precincts, had a terrible fight, which lasted for four days, with the mob, who used 
hay-sticks, cart-rungs, clubs, etc. 

During the Orange riots Inspector Dilks was one of the officers who 
had to protect the procession down as far as Bleecker Street and the Bowery, and 
from thence to Astor Place. 

Inspector Dilks is a thoroughly honorable, efficient and painstaking officer. 

This clean-shaven, clerical-looking gentleman lives at No. 34 West Ninth 
Street. He leaves home between seven and eight o'clock in the morning, and 
goes through the routine of the other Inspectors at his office in Parepa Hall. 
The extent of this command does not permit of his making regular visits 
to Police Headquarters. He goes there when his presence is required. He 
visits his precincts by rail, car, or wagon, and it is almost a day's journey to 
go to some of the outlying districts. Generally, the Inspector lunches in his 
office, and starts on his \ isits at one p. m., to return at half-past five o'clock, when 
he settles what business awaits him and goes home to dinner. His movements 
in the evening are regulated by events. If a large fire occurs beyond the river 
he has a long journey before him. Every fourth night he is booked for duty 
at Police Headquarters. 

The Second Precinct. — The boundaries of the Second Precinct are 
Cromwell's Creek, Jerome or Central Avenue, tiie Kingsbridge Road to Farmer's 
Bridge, and the Harlem River. The station house is at Highbridgeville. It 
was formerly known as Mike O'Brien's Undercliff Hotel, and it was altered for 
the W. B. Ogden estate into a station house by the Hon. Andrew H. Green. 
This is known as a Mounted Police Precinct, and there are accommodations for 
thirty-six mounted and foot officers, and stables for horses. There are five day 
jjosts and eight night posts. Two of the day posts and four of the night posts 
are covered by horsemen. Signals can be sent to the station house from nearly 
every part of the precinct from signal boxes. The officers of the command 
are: Captain, Peter Conlin; and Sergeants, W. A. Revell, Edward Lucas and 
John McNamara. Revell was appointed eighteen years ago, became Rounds- 
man 1872, and Sergeant in 1876. He for some time commanded the First 
Mounted Squad. Lucas was appointed in 1874, became Roundsman in 1877, 
and attained his rank in 1880. McNamara was appointed in 1876, was for a 
long time Special Detective at Police Headquarters, and was promoted late in 
1883 and in May, 1884. John McGowan and Francis Smith are the Precinct 
Detectives. John Breen, Martin Bruns, Thomas B. Holland, William J. Huston, 
William A. Nevin, and William Nelson are the centaurs who do day duty on 
horseback, and perform feats of intrepidity almost daily on the avenues below 
Harlem Bridge. Their horses are trained to stop runaways, and are the pick of 
the stable. 

Peter Conlin is a native of liiis city, and was born in 1841. He is a 
brother of William J. Florence, the actor. He graduated from Grammar School 
No. 34, and enlisted as a private in the Twelfth New York Regiment during the 
war. Afterwards he joined the Irish Brigade, as Lieutenant, and eventually was 
made Cajjtain. His dates are: Joined the force July 29, 1869; Roundsman, 
December 6, 1872; Sergeant, July 19, 1876; and Captain, February 8, 1884. In 



OUR rof./cE PRO'rr.croRs. 



373 



his long years of service no cli.irge of misconduct or breach of discipline was 
et er made against him. 

I'rom early sj)ring to late in autumn tlie Police of the Second I'recinct are 
nearly at all times during the day busy with the thousands who, on foot or in 
vehicles, come from the city to get a breath of fresh air by boats or on the rail- 
roads, and Central, High and Farmers' Bridges. I'Or the wealthy and sporting 
classes are the hostelries of Judge Smith, Gus Sibberns and (iabe Case, and they 
are patronized all the season round. The terminus of the aqueduct has to be 
guarded here, and the avenues to Jerome Park and I'leetwood Park are princi- 
pally through this |)recinct for those who go to them by vehicle. Highbridge- 
ville, like all the desirable suburbs, is cropping out with fine villa residences, 




Captain Peter Conlin. 



among which are the Mali estate, the residences of the Devoes, Baileys, Fitz- 
patricks and Fairchilds, the Ogden estate, the Lee estate, the H. B. Morris 
estate, the Eastman estate, and the homes of Hugh N. Camp, Col. E. T. Wood, 
Franklin Edson. and L. G. Morris. Some day it will be an aristocratic quarter, 
because of its elevation. The precinct furnishes few events beyond a run- 
away horse, a boating accident, or a stray suicide occasionally. 

The Twelfth Precinxt. — The Twelfth Precinct comprises the territory 
bounded by One Hundred and Tenth Street, Seventh Avenue, One Hundred and 
Forty-fifth Street, and the Harlem River. The station house is on the site of a 
very ancient one, formerly a watch-house and lock-up, Nos. 146 and 148 East 
One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street. Although constructed fourteen years ago. 
it is equal in many respects to more modern ones, and has a sei)arate j)rison. 



374 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The officers are: Captain Henry D. Hooker; and Sergeants, De Los Reynolds, 
William W. Sullivan, C. C. Buddington and Matthew Tuck. Reynolds' record 
is: Patrolman 1867, Roundsman 1870, and Sergeant 1872. SuUi^-an became 
a Policeman in 187 1, was Roundsman in 1872, and got rank next year. Bud- 
dington, the senior Sergeant, joined the force in 1864, was Roundsman four years 
later, and was promoted in 1871. Tuck's dates are: Patrolman 1865, Rounds- 
man 1867, and Sergeant 1870. 




Twelfth Precinct Police Station, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Street, Near Third Avenue. 

Henry D. Hooker is a native of the United States, and was born in 1830. 
He was formerly a seafaring man. He joined the force in January, 186 1 ; was pro- 
moted to be Roundsman in 1864, became a Sergeant in 1879, and ^vhen the 
Twenty-eighth Precinct was divided in two, he was made Captain of the Nine- 
teenth Sub-Prccinct, with the station house in the Grand Central Railroad Depot. 

This precinct has fourteen day and twenty-eight night posts, all too long ; 



OCR POLICE PKOlECrORS. 



375 



some of them cannot be f:iiililully covered. Of the seventy-eight men on the 
roll, about fifteen are detailed or incapacitated by sickness. John Irving 
and Bernard C. Tompson are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed men are: 
Theophilus Holmes, Inspector Dilks' office; Henry C. Van Orden, Harlem 
Bridge; J. N. Morey, Ordinances; \V. H. Lake and C. D. Allaire, Corjjoration 
Counsel's office; Charles R. Blis.s, Randall's Island. 

The Twelfth Precinct grows daily. More third and fourtli-rate houses have 
been put up here within the past five years than in any other command. It has 
the most important part of the New York City proper, Harlem River front, and 
the monopoly almost of boating recreation. Little of its population is other than 
rc;)Utal)le and law-abiding, and at present manv families occupv their own 




Captain Henry D. Hooker. 

houses, and there are pretentious and well-a])pointed mansions along the river 
front and on some of the avenues. Within its limits are Mount Morris Park, with 
its cordon of aristocratic villa residences, the Harlem Police Court, the Mount 
Morris Theatre, the termini of the Second and Third Avenue Elevated Rail- 
roads, and the approaches to the Vanderbilt Railroad Bridge, and the Harlem 
River Swing Bridge. The precinct takes in Randall's and Ward's Islands, and 
the most memoralile e\ ents of late years are the burning of the steamer Sea- 
wanhaka, off Sunken Meadow, June 28, 1880, when more than fifty persons 
perished; and more recently the partial destruction of the Insane Asylum on 
Ward's Island. 

Thk Nineteenth Precinct. — The Nineteenth Precinct lies between Forty- 
second Street, Lexington Avenue, Forty-ninth Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifty- 
eighth Street, and the East River. The station house is at No. 163 East Fifty- 



376 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



first Street. It is a narrow, but deep and very comfortable building, with a sepa- 
rate prison. The officers are: Captain, John J. Mount; and Sergeants, Henry 
K. Woodruff, Michael M. Rooney, Walter Norris, and John Delar^ey. Wood- 
ruff was a Policeman in 1867, a Roundsman next year, and he has been a Ser- 
geant more than thirteen years. Rooney was appointed in 1867, became a 




Nineteenth Precinct Police Station, 163 East Fifty-first Street. 



Roundsman in 1870, and next year was promoted. Norris' dates are: Pa- 
trolman 1870, Roundsman 1875, and Sergeant 1878. Delaney did his first 
tour of duty in 1878, was made Roundsman in 1877, and has been a Sergeant 
since February, 1884. 

Captain John J. Mount, of the Nineteenth Precinct, joined the Municipal 
Police in 1850, in the Eighth Ward. He was made a Roundsman in March, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 377 

1^51, was detailed as Dock Master 1853, and remained in that capacity until 
1857, when the Metropolitan Police was organized. He was ap[)ointcd Ser- 
geant in 1858, and Captain in April, 1861, and assigned to the Third Precinct. 
Captain Mount was afterwards successively transferred to the Eleventh, Seven- 
teenth, Fourteenth, Seventh, and finally to the Nineteenth Precinct, of which 
he is now the respected Captain. Captain Mount, like all the old-timers, took 
an active part in (juelling the dead rabbit, draft, and Orange riots. 

'i'his precinct has fourteen day and twenty-eight night posts. Its full force 
is seventy-eight, reduced to about sixty on an average. Michael Shelly and 
John T. Cuff are the Precinct Detectives. The detailed officers are: Henry O. 
Corbitt, Central Office ; John McDermott, Fifty-ninth Street hacks ; Harrison 
Wilson, Ordinances; Daniel O'Conner, Orphan Asylum. 




Captain John J. Mount. 

This precinct deals with the extremes of society. The palaces are on the 
west side ar.d north of it, and the hovels and nuisances on the east side. Be- 
ginning at Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Street, and going north, there are in 
succession the Temple Emanuel, the Church of the Divine Paternity, the 
Church of the Heavenly Rest, the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, the Windsor 
Hotel, Dr. Vermilye's Church, the Buckingham Hotel, St. Patrick's Cathedral, 
the Vanderbilt mansions, St. Thomas' Church, St. Luke's Hospital, the Fifth 
Avenue Presbyterian Church, and scores of millionaires' dwellings. There are 
also in the precinct the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, Columbia College, 
the Women's Hospital, the Nursery and Child's Hospital, the First Reformed 
Church, the mansions of Madison Avenue, and the little less pretentious dwellings 



378 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



on Lexington Avenue and the cross streets. On the river front are col- 
lected the nuisances in the shape of slaughter-houses and rendering establish- 
ments, which, with an east wind and Hunter's Point chiming in, are a curse to the 
greater part of Murray Hill. The Police are not responsible for the existence 
of these malodorous industries. 

The Nineteenth Sub-Precinct. — The Nineteenth Sub-Precinct, or Grand 
Central Depot command, has for its boundary Forty-second Street, Lexington 
Avenue, Forty-ninth Street, and Madison Avenue., The station house is in the 
basement on the west side of the depot, and the cells are underground. The 
officers are: Captain, William Schultz; and acting Sergeants, George R. Bevans 
and Enoch A. Goodell. There are six day posts and eight night posts, covered 




Captain William Schultz. 



by an effective force of about twenty-two men, out of the quota of twenty- 
four men. Zabriskie H. Mullin is the Precinct Detective. 

Captain William Schultz, ex-Commander of the Police Boat "Patrol," 
for years did active service on the North and East Rivers. For a long time the 
depredations committed by river thieves and other criminals were a great source 
of annoyance to merchants and owners of vessels, but when Captain Schultz 
took command of the Police Boat " Patrol," things were entirely changed. He 
is quite' familiar with the ways of those river pirates who lie in wait for unsus- 
pecting sailors, and rob them and their vessels. Captain Schultz was born in 
this countrv, of German parents. He joined the Police force on the twenty- 
fourth of July, 1867, and, on September i, 1870, was promoted to the rank of 
Sergeant. He was appointed Captain September 13, 1878. 



OUR rOLICE PROTECTORS. 



379 



, Thk Twenty-Second Precinct. — I he Twenty-second Precinct is included 
between Forty-second Street, Sixth Avenue, Fifty -ninth Street, tii^hth Avenue, 
Sixty-third Street and the North River. The station house is at Nos. 345 and 
347 West Forty-seventh Street. It is a superior, airy structure, although built 
nearly a quarter of a century. The officers are: Captain, Thomas Killilea; and 
Sergeants, Charles U. Combs, Patrick H. Pickett, John Dunn and John T. 
Stephenson. Combs' dates are: Patrolman 1867, Roundsman seven months 
later, and Sergeant 1870. Pickett was Patrolman in 1865, Roundsman in 1868, 
and Sergeant in 1870. Dunn joined the force in 1872, and became Roundsman 
in 1881, and Sergeant in 1883. Steplienson was ap])ointt'd in 1877, was Rounds- 
man in four years, and got rank last January. 




Captain Thomas Killilea. 



Thom.-\s Kili.ii,e.\ w.is born in 1838, and was appointed a Patrolman in 
1866, was promoted Roundsman the following year. Sergeant in 1868, and Cap- 
tain in 1870. After serving in tiic Central Office, the Steamboat Squad, and in 
other precincts, he was placed in command of the Twenty-second Precinct, 
where he has done good service. 

This precinct has seventeen dav and thirty-six night posts. It has a nomi- 
nal force of ninety-four men, but the average effective force is seventy-seven. 
James H. Riley and Charles L. Bockhorn are the Precinct Detectives. The de- 
tailed men are: George W. Class and Lotin B. Hildreth, Ordinances; James 
Thompson and Matthias Bruen, Forty-second Street Ferry; and Thomas M. 
Clifford, the Leakp and Watts Orphan Asylum. 

The character of this command has vastly improved of late, what with the 



38o 



OUR POrJCE /'h'OTECVORS. 



march of building operations and the activity of the Police in stamping out what 
amounted to flat defiance on the part of the unruly and worthless inhal)itants of 
the houses bordering on the Hudson River Railroad. Some of the most important 
carrying interests of this corporation lie in this district, such as the grain elevators 
and the shipping and cattle yards. There are also the Roosevelt Hospital, and 
several of the largest and best appointed apartment houses in the city; among 
them the Navarro Flats in Fifty-ninth Street, the quaint, old, and massive new 
church of the Paulist Fathers, thriving stores on Eighth Avenue, and the stables 
of the Eighth, Belt Line, and Seventh Avenue and Broadway Railroads, and 
several vast manufactories such as the Elm Flax Mills. The most remarkable 
event of late years was the attempted suicide of Miss Hattie J. Hull at the 
Fiftieth Street station of the Sixth Avenue Elevated Railroad, on the twenty- 
fourth of May, 1881. The young lady had been betrayed by a Custom House 
official, and, finding he was married, threw herself, while in his company, in 
front of an approaching train, and although frightfully injured, recovered, and 
lived to see her betrayer get his deserts. 

The Twenty-Third Precinct. — The Twenty-third Precinct is between 
Seventy-ninth Street, Fifth Avenue, One Hundred and Tenth Street, and the East 
River. The station house is at Nos. 432 and 434 East Eighty-eighth Street. It 
is singularly well situated, and is a medium structure, having been built eleven 
years ago with the quarters of the First Mounted Squad, which no longer exists, 
it having been incorporated with the Second Precinct. The officers are: Cap- 
tain, John Sanders; and Sergeants, William R. Haughey, Imer D. Luerssen, 
Michael Sheehan, and Nel son Haraden. Haughey's record is; Patrolman, 1872, 
Roundsman 1881, and Sergeant 1883. Luerssen joined the Department in 
1876, in three years he was Roundsman, and a month later he was promoted. 
Sheehan was Patrolman in 1868, Roundsman in 1873, and Sergeant in 1876. 
Haraden was appointed in 1864, was Roundsman in 1877, and got his rank in 
1880. 

Captain John Sanders, of the Twenty-third Precinct, who has such a 
creditable record as a life-saver, was born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1844. He 
served with distinction in the army for four years during the late war. He was 
appointed on the Police force in May, 1866, and was made a Roundsman in the 
same year. In 1868 he was promoted to a Sergeantcy, and in 1872 was made 
Captain. During the last year he saved no less that seven persons from 
drowning. The Board of Police, at a meeting held on the twenty-third of De- 
cember, 1883, passed the following resolutions: 

" Resolved, That highly honorable mention be made in the records of this 
department of the gallant and courageous conduct of Captain John Sanders, of 
the Twenty-third Precinct, who, at the risk of his life on each occasion, fear- 
lessly plunged into the East River and succeeded in saving the lives of five 
persons, two of whom were little girls, aged respectively, fourteen and seven, a 
lady, and two young men." 

The Board further resolved that Captain Sanders " be awarded the Medal 
of Honor of this Department for his commendable action; and that this resolu- 
tion be suitably engrossed, and with the medal, presented to Captain Sanders." 

This is a precinct of long and dreary posts. There are fifteen day posts and 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



thirty night posts. Of the quota of seventy-six men, an average of eight are 
sidk or detailed. John J. Donovan and Samuel G. Sheldon are the Precinct De- 
tectives. The detailed officers are: John Phelan, House of the Good Slupherd; 
and Edward O'Hara, Central Office. 

This is a i)recinct that is being built up, and there is yet unbuilt territory on 
which to erect homes for thousands. Within five years one-quarter of what was 
hare ground has been covered with comfortable houses of superior construction. 
Tliis district has an Italian colony, of which it is not verv proud, House of the 
Good Shepherd, a shanty district, the repair shops of the Third Avenue Ele- 
vated Railroad, a neat little park opposite the Blackwell's Island lighthouse, and 
some elegant villas near by, the Astoria Ferry, the boat ferry to Blackwell's 




Captain John Sanders. 



Island, and some mansions of stately magnificence on Fifth Avenue, opposite the 
park. There are also the Harlem Flats, with the Harlem Gas Works, and the 
stables of the Second Avenue Railroad Company. 

The Twenty-eighth Precinct. — The Twenty-eighth Precinct's limits are 
Fifty-eighth Street, Fifth Avenue, Seventy-ninth Street, and the East River. 
The station house is at No. 220 East Fifty-ninth Street. Although it has a sepa- 
rate prison it is the unhealthiest and most antiquated structure in the city. It 
was built by the native Americans in 1852. In a few months a magnificent 
station house for this command is to be built on the north side of Sixty-seventh 
Street, one hundred and twenty feet west of Third Avenue, by Architect Na- 
thaniel D. Bush. The lot is 50 x ioo'5, feet, the main building will be 50 x 68 
feet, and four stories high, and the prison 50 x 23 feet, and three stories high. 



382 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The cost will exceed eighty thousand dollars. The officers of the command are : 
Captain, John Gunner; and Sergeants, John Hamilton, William B. McMillen, 
Henry Roberts, and William J. Linden. Hamilton's dates are: Patrolman 1866, 
Roundsman, 1871, and Sergeant next year. McMillan was appointed 1869, was 
Roundsman 1874, and got rank last May. Roberts was appointed in 1865, be- 
came Roundsman in 1866, and six months later was promoted. Linden was Pa- 
trolman in 1861, Roundsman two years later, and Sergeant in 1872. 

Captain John Gunner was born in London, England, and came to this 
country when he was seven years old. He was apprenticed in the same shop, at 




Twonty-eighth Precinct Police Station, 220 East Fifty-ninth Street 

No. 17 John Street, in which Daniel Carpenter, who was afterwards Inspector and 
Superintendent under John A. Kennedy, worked. 

Captain Gunner joined ihe Police on the sixth of April, 1861, and was as- 
signed to duty in the Twenty-ninth Precinct under Captain Frank Speight. He 
remained there for eight years, during which time he served in the capacity of 
Patrolman, Roundsman, ' and Ward Detective. He was then transferred with 
Speight to the Twenty-seventh Precinct. On June i, 1870, he was made Cap- 
tain,^and took charge of the Nineteenth Precinct up to 1875, when he was ap- 
pointed to the Street Cleaning Bureau. At his own request he was removed 
from this place, and was sent to the Twenty-eighth Precinct. 



OUR POIJCF. PROTECTORS. 



383 



In 1863, a young Russian noljleman, Eugene Count Mcdewitzk, came to this 
dbuntry and put up at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. He mixed among the best 
society, and insinuated himself into the good graces of everybody with wlioni he 
came in contact. .\ Russian war vessel happened to arrive at the port of New 
York during the Count's visit here. The officers belonging to the ship gave a 
grand ball at the Academy of Music, and Eugene Count Medewitzk was invited. 
He was there introduced to a young lady who resided in West Thirty-fifth Street, 
near Park Avenue. At the conclusion of the ball he escorted her home. The 
young lady was engaged to be married to a wholesale flour merchant, who had 
given her a diamond solitaire ring, which cost one thousand one hundred dollars. 
After seeing her home the Count called .so see her several times. He asked her 
for the loan of the ring, and she acceded. A few days afterwards the lady's 




Captain John Gunner. 



intended asked her what she iiad done with the ring. She commenced crying, 
and said that the Ru.ssian Count admired the ring and asked to look at it. Three 
letters were written to the Count, but the ring was not returned. The lady's 
intended then made a complaint at the Twenty-ninth Street Station House, and 
Captain Gunner proceeded to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, where he arrested the dis- 
tinguished foreigner at two a. m., on his returning from a fashionable soiree. The 
Count was dressed regardless of expense. He was taken to the station house, and 
charged with larceny. Captain Gunner discovered that the thief had abstracted 
the diamond from the ring, and sold it to Bishop Ryan, jewelers, under the 
Fifth Avenue Hotel. When taken before Judge Kelly, at the Tombs, he admitted 
his guilt. He was confined for four or five months. He was not tried in conse- 
quence of some parties not wishing to have their names miied up in the case. "During 



384 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



the time he was committed for trial he was placed under my charge for two days. 
He asked me to accompany him to a broker's for the purpose of borrowing three 
thousand dollars. • I consented. I knew the broker, and the Ccunt went in 
ahead of me. He had letters of introduction to the broker, which stated that he, 
the Count, was a first-class, reliable and honorable gentleman. The Russian had 
also borrowed a ring from a lady, a resident of Syracuse, who was stopping at the 
Fifth Avenue Hotel. The ring was worth one thousand five hundred dollars. All 
the diamonds were taken out and paste put in. She refused to prosecute, and he 
was discharged and went to Europe," said Captain Gunner. 

His father, at one time, it was said, was Governor of Poland. 

This command has fourteen day and twenty-eight night posts. Its quota 
of seventy-two men is reduced by sickness and details to an effective of sixty- 
two men. The Precinct Detectives are Samuel J. Campbell and Hugh Martin. 
The detailed officers are: Henry McCadden, Foundling Asylum; Edward O. 
Tyler, Normal College; James Quigley, Ordinances; and James Curry, to In- 
spector Murray's office. 

The Twenty-eighth Precinct has witliin its wing some important charitable, 
social, and public institutions. There are the Mount Sinai, Hahnemann and Pres- 
byterian Hospitals, the Foundling A sylum, the Lenox Library, the Normal College, 
the Seventh Regiment Armory, the Liederkranz and Arion buildings, the Third 
Avenue Railroad Depot, Terrace Garden, Jones' Woods, and other places of 
summer recreation, the repair shops of the Second Avenue Elevated Railroad, 
and the American Institute building. East of Third Avenue the popu- 
lation is mixed and troublesome, and west of it the citizens range from respect- 
able to wealthy, and the dwellings are those of the middle class to millionaires,- 
especially along Fifth Avenue. This precinct has furnished some remarkable 
stories, in which the public took great interest. One was the attempted abduc- 
tion in April, 1881, of the daughter of Louis Strassburger, a wealthy diamond 
merchant, and on the seventh of April of that year Detective Campbell, in self- 
defense, shot and killed one of her intending abductors, Edward H. J. Sagert. 
On the twelfth of February, 1884, Jenny Avery shot Victor Andre at the down- 
town station of the Elevated Railroad at Third Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, 
and then shot herself dead. Andre recovered and is now in Europe. The dis- 
ajjpearance of Ida Swartz, on November 22, 1882, was the talk of the city for 
months, and the affair has never been fully explained, although it is known th -t 
after hiding in the city for some time, friends enabled her to leave and enter an 
educational institution far away. 

The Thirtieth Precinct. — The Thirtieth Precinct is bounded by One 
Hundred and Tenth Street, Seventh Avenue, One Hundred and Forty-fifth 
Street, and the North River. The station house is in West One Hundred and 
Twenty-sixth Street, near Eighth Avenue. It was a dwelling house, belongs to 
the Cortlandt Often estate, and was reconstructed by Architect Nathaniel D. 
Bush. The prison cells are underground. The officers are: Captain, Jacob 
Siebert; and Sergeants, Charles R. AVilson, Cornelius Weston, Christopher 
Boehme, and Thomas L. Heape. Wilson s dates are: Patrolman 1866, Rounds- 
man 1867, and Sergeant 1870. Weston was Patrolman 1865, Roundsman 



OUR POLICE PROTKCrORS. 



385 



1867, and Sergeant 1872. Boehme was appointed in 1862, Ijecame Rounds- 
man in eight years, and in 187 1 was promoted. Ile.ipe joined tlie force in 1859, 
was Roundsman in 1870, and next year wow rank. 

Cai'TAIN Jacob Sifbert, of the Thirtieth Precine t, was born November 
27, 1836, in Germany, and came to this country in 1853. He was appointed on 
the force February 4, 1861. He was made Sergeant, and was promoted 
Captain August 21, 1873. He has served at different times in the Thirty- 
second, Twenty-fourth, Seventh, Seventeenth, Thirty-first, and Thirtietii Pre- 
cincts. Captain Siebert is one of the most vigilant Captains in the Depart- 
ment, and has on all occasions displayed good judgment, executive ability, and 




Captain Jacob Siebert. 



has been a terror to the criminal classes in the several precincts where he has 
served. 

There are ten dav and seventeen niglit posts in tliis precinct, of magnificent 
but weary distances. To cover this vast territory there is an effective force of 
forty-five out of fifty-three men, and they need to be good travelers and inured 
to hardship in winter and wet weather. Matthew McSherry is the Precinct De- 
tective. The detailed officers are: H. W. Gilliland, Ordinances; Adam Meyer, 
Convent of the Sacre Coer; James Moody, African Asylum; Charles Miner, 
Fort Lee Ferry; Thomas O'Brien, Sheltering Arms. 

The Tliirtieth Precinct covers some of the higliest ground in the city, and 
over the ridge which runs south from One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street, rode 
Aaron Burr the morning that he went to fight his duel with Hamilton. The district 
is a growing one, and there is everything in the way of a dwelling on it, from a 
shanty to a mansion. Part of the best driving ground in New York runs through 



386 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



it, and it protects the Morningside and Riverside Parks, the Convent of the 
Sacred Heart, the Leake and Watts Orphan Asylum, the Association for the 
Benefit of Colored Orphans, Manhattan College, Bloomingdale Asylum for the 
Insane, and the Fort Lee Ferry. 

The Thirty-First Precinct. — The Thirty-first Precinct's limits are Sixty- 
third Street, Eighth Avenue, One Hundred and Tenth Street, and the North River. 
The station house, a new one of the second class, with a separate prison, is at 
Nos. 432 and 434 West One Hundredth Street, in the rear of the Ninety-ninth 
Street Hospital. The officers are: Captain, James M. Leary; and Sergeants, 
Patrick Walsh, John Fitzgerald, Richard Coffy and Frank B. Randall. Walsh 
was a Patrolman in 1866, Roundsman 1875, and Sergeant next year. Fitz- 




Captain James Madison Leary. 

gerald's dates are: Patrolman 1862, Roundsman 1864, and Sergeant 1865. 
Coffy was appointed in 1873, became Roundsman in 1877, and three years later 
Sergeant. Randall joined the force in 1865, was Roundsman in four years, and 
in 1870 won rank. 

CAPTAIN J.-vMES Madison Leary was born in Oswego, N. Y., on the twenty- 
sixth of February, 1833. Wlicn (]uite young his father died, and the future 
Captain was put to work to learn the trade of printer. In those days type was 
cast by hand-moulds, and the apprentice boys used to be sent out to blacksmith 
shops to buy horse nails, which were pounded into spoons, with which the lead 
was lifted and cast into the moulds. In those early days, young Leary and a 
bright lad named Conlin, worked together in the same shop, and were great 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



387 



"chums." The boys had never been to a theatre, and at the suggestion of 
young Leary, both of an evening " took in " the old Cliatham Street Theatre, 
(afterwards known as the National Theatre). Coiilin was infatuated with the 
play, and regularly after that he used to spend his spare dimes in patronizing the 
drama. Conlin, the young type-setter, became famous in after years as a his- 
trionic star, having adopted the stage name of Billy Florence. Young Leary soon 
got tired of type-setting, and learned the trade of jeweler. At the breaking out 
of the war he enlisted in the Eleventh New York Volunteers, immediately after 
the first gun was fired on Fort Sumter. He was severely wounded at the first 
battle of Bull Run, having been shot through the thigh. He was taken prisoner 
and immured in Libby Prison. He, on his release, on the recommendation of 
his Colonel, was promoted to First Lieutenant for bravery on the battlefield. He 
jomcd the Police force in 1863, was made Roundsman in 1S64, Sergeant in 
1867, and Captain in August, 187 1. He served as Patrolman in the Fourtli Pre- 
cinct, as Roundsman in the Eighteenth Precinct, as Sergeant in the Second and 
Eighteenth Precincts, and as Captain in the Twenty-first, Twenty-sixth, 'I hirtieth, 
Thirteenth and Tliirty-first Precincts, he being in command of tiie latter pre- 
cinct at tlie present time. 

This i)recinct has thirteen day and twenty-six night posts, all long. Its 
quota of sixty-four men is reduced by sickness and details to fifty-two men. 
Herman Wagner is the Precinct Detective. The detailed officers are: Lancelot 
J. Tierney, Ordinances; and William Holmes, House of Mercy. 

Territorially, and in respect of ])Opulation, the Thirty-first Precinct is sim- 
ilar to its neighbor, the Thirtieth Precinct. The face of this district is being 
constantly changed by builders, and, it being high ground, it cannot fail of some 
day being the home of many of the better class. Its shanty ];o)nilation is being 
fast crowded out. It has within its boundaries the House of Mercy, the Ameri- 
can Museum of Natural History, and the Dakota Flats — the largest apartment 
house in the city. The Riverside Drive begins here. At Seventy-ninth Street 
and Western Boulevard are to 1 e found cells in which British prisoners were kept 
at the time of the Revolutionarv War, and there is the house where Washington's 
officers were quartered. Elm Park, a summer pic-nic ground, was the scene, 
fourteen years ago, of the rough handling of a number of Orangemen. 

The Thirty-Second Precinct. — The Thirty-second Precinct is confined 
between One Hundred and Forty-fifth Street, the Harlem River, Sherman's 
Creek, Dyckman's, Norwood Street, and ti'ie North River. The station house is 
at the southwest corner of One Hundred and P"ifty-second Street and Tenth Ave- 
nue. Built twelve years ago, it was so well constructed, and has been so admirably 
kept, that it equals, in every respect, the most modern station house. It is snug 
in the winter, and a charming, breezy resort in summer. In spite of the arduous 
duty required of its Patrolmen, few are ever sick, and a sick man sent tliere quits 
it a sanitarian. The officers are: Captain, Moses W. Cortright; and Sergeants 
Thomas F. Mc.\voy, William F. Kirchner, John R. Groo and Eugene T. Wood- 
ward. McAvoy was Patrolman in 1870, Roundsman in 187 1, and Sergeant in 
1877. Kirchner's dates are: Patrolm;in 1870, Roundsman 1873, Sergeant, 
1880. Groo was appointed in 1868, became Roundsman in 1869, and two years 



388 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



later was promoted. Woodward joined the Department in 1862, was Rounds- 
man in three years, and won rank in 187 1. 

Moses W. C6rtright is a native of this State. He was born in 1839, and 
joined the force as Patrolman on January 7, 1867. He was made Roundsman 
March 19, 1875 ; Sergeant, July 19, 1876; and Captain, February 8, 1884. He 
served with credit in the Twentieth and Twenty-second Precincts. 

This is a Mounted Police Precinct, and even the horsemen are aided by 
boxes from which they can send necessary signals to the station house; no foot- 
men could ever cover the posts. There are thirteen day and twenty-four night 
posts. Of the day posts mounted officers cover four, and of the night posts seven 
are covered by horsemen. The ninnv details, and rot sickness, reduce the effec- 




Captain Moses W. Cortright. 



tive force from seventy-one men to fifty-six. Josejjh H. Thayer is the Precinct 
Detective. The detailed men are Roundsman H. Wagner to stable; John C. 
Moore, Juvenile Asylum; James Crosby. Ordinances; Charles H. Francis, Cen- 
tral Bridge; and Michael Kirby, Telegraph Office. 

The most delightful command in the summer. A district of villa residences, 
a population of well-to-do citizens, who have business in New York. High in 
elevation, and remote from the city, it is luxurious rusticity within its walls. A 
zephyr down-town is found to be a breeze here. In winter it is pleasant in this 
neighborhood, and few of its villa residents find it necessary to move to the city. 
It protects the Juvenile Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, the Trinity 
Cemetery, the Institution for the Blind, the High Bridge Park and Reservoir 
High Bridge and its approaches, the termini of the Ninth Avenue and New 



OUR roTJcr. protectors. 389 

York City and Northern Railro:id. Audubon Park, with the magnificent resi- 
dences there of George B. Grinnell, Charles H. Kerner, Edward P. Griffin, Charles 
Shaw, Sheppard F. Knapj), Andrew L. Soulard, William Forster, Jr., Eugene 
M. Jerome, John Dalley, Charles Miller, and Wellington Clap]), and the houses 
of Leopold Scliipp, Nelson Chase, Riciiard C. Combs, J. Hootl Wright, Robert 




Thirty-second Precinct Police Station, Tenth Avenue, cor. One Hundred and 
Fifty-second Street. 

C. Rathbone, Charles A. Tatum, Louis F. Martin, Isaac P. >Lartin, E. R Whit- 
ing, Douglas Hollister, Frederick Sherman, John M. Hopkins, Mrs. Seth C. 
Hawlev, John Haven, Hosea B. Perkins, Arthur V. Briesen, Charles S. Fitc h, 
John B. Havs, LL.D., George F. McCandless, James G. Mitchell, William 
Libbey, William H. Hays, James G. Bennett, Warren H. Ward, and hundreds of 



39W 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



others. In this villa district in summer time the scene at night is fairy-like, with 
the lights from brilliantly illuminated dwellings falling on cleverly mowed lawns, 
shrubberies, trees'and flowers. Little, if any, crime is chronicled in this precinct. 

The Thirty-third Precinct. — The Thirty-third Precinct's limits are the 
Bronx River, Long Island Sound, the Bronx Hills, the Harlem River, Cromwell's 
Creek, Central Avenue, the Town Line of Morrisania, Horton Street, Broadway, 
Boston Road, Union Avenue, One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Street, an imaginary 
line to the West Farms Road, Lyons Street, and We.-,tchcster Avenue. The 
station house is the old Morrisania Town Hall, a structure of somewhat preten- 
tious architecture, at Third and Washington Avenues, Morrisania. It stands 
back on an irregular plot, and the grounds are lovely in summer, rank and file 
taking an interest in the flower garden, pastures and lawns. The accommoda- 
tions are wretched, but the place is comfortable. The cells are in the basement. 
The time is not far distant when two first-class modern station houses will be 




63 FT -■ " 27". 

One Hundred and Fifty-second Street. 



Thirty-second Precinct Police Station — Floor Plans. 

required in this precinct. The officers are, the senior Captain of the force, 
Theron R. Bennett, and Sergeants Patrick Connor, Stephen Keating, Bernard 
McEveety, and Robert J. Wallace. Connor was a Westchester County Sergeant, 
and annexation transferred him to New^ York County. Keating was a Patrolman 
in 1868, a Roundsman in 1870, and a Sergeant in 1873. McEveety's dates are: 
Patrolman 1873, Roundsman 1875, and Sergeant 1880. Wallace was ap- 
pointed in 1865, was made Roundsman in 1874, and got rank 1882. 

Captain Theron R. Bennett was born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., July 8, 
1813, and, while he was yet quite young, came to this city and took a position 
as clerk, at the corner of Greenwich and Perry Streets. He afterwards worked 
as a baker; was boss on the building of the Ramapo Railroad, and held the same 
position in the making of the Hudson River Railroad. He also served as stew- 
ard and mate on a line of steamers to Boston, after which he returned to the 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



39> 



bakery trade, and was L'nii)loyed at the Almshouse at the foot of Twcnty- 
sixtli Street, East River. He was appointed Assistant Police Captain by Mayor 
Caleb J. VVoodhull, in 1849, and was assigned to the Eighteenth Ward. He was 
made Captain of the same Ward in 1857. 

Captain Bennett has had a remarkable career during his long connection 
with the Police force. He particularly distinguished himself during the Ward's 
Island riot in 1868, when he, with only six men, stood gallantly before six hun- 
dred wild rioters, and (picUed the disturbance. It appears that a feeling of 
hatred had sprung up between the Irish and the Germans, who were then housed 
on Ward's Island, and on the morni:!g of the fifth of March, 1868, the war at 
length opened in real earnest. While the (lermnns were waiting for their break- 
fast, they gesticulated wildly, spoke in loud tones, and it was apparent that they 




Captain Theron R. Bennett. 

were bent on mischief. The Irishmen at this time were in the basement of the 
building, and as the Germans were passing through the hall on their way to 
breakfast they made a savage onslaught on them with clubs, stones, pitchforks, 
shovels, and anything they could lay their iiands on. The Irishmen were taken 
by surprise, and beat a hasty retreat, vowing vengeance against the Germans. 
After a while the Irish returned, armed with bars, long poles, ice breakers, clubs 
and knives, and one of their number, placing a green veil on the top of a flag- 
staff, called out: "That's your flag, boys; now rally round it." A vociferous 
cheer greeted these words, and a headlong rush was made towards the basement, 
where the Germans had taken up their quarters. Superintendent Hinck, when he 
saw the affair would be likely to lead to bloodshed, and being unable to quell the 
riot, dispatched a messenger for Captain Bennett, who was then at the Twelfth Pre- 
cinct, asking for assistance. Meantime, the Irish had broken down the basement 



392 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



door, and were furiously attacking the Germans. When the fight was at 
its heighth, and as the Germans were gradually giving way, Captain Bennett, with 
eleven men, arrived on the scene. He ordered them to stop fighting, and on their 
refusal to do so, he ordered his men to draw their revolvers. This action infuri- 
ated the Irishmen, and they flung themselves on the small body of officers, who 
fired on them, and severely wounded four of them. This made the rioters hesi- 
tate. At this moment an additional force of men was seen hastening to the aid 
of Captain Bennett. The rioters immediately desisted, and went out into the 
grounds to await the arrival of the Police. On the arrival of reinforcements, the 
rioters on both sides were made to walk through a lane of Policemen with dra%vn 
clubs. They were afterwards searched, and ail dangerous weapons were taken 




Thirty-third Precinct Police Station, Town Hail, Morrisania. 



from them. The most ])rominent leaders in the riots were arrested, but the man 
who carried the green emblem could nowhere be found, and it was thought that 
he escaped. Neither the Germans nor the Irish ever again attempted a similar 
exploit on Ward's Island. 

The partisans of Fernando Wood in 1857 inten:lcd to hold a meeting at the 
Academy of Music, but when the crowd got there the owners of the hall 
refused to admit them. There was a good deal of shouting, and a riot was 
threatened. Captain Bennett, with a force of only eight men, arrived on the 
scene, and, by his coolness and foresight, gradually got the crowd of seven 
thousand persons to quietly disperse, and thus saved the Academy of Music from 
destruction. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



393 



* During the draft riots Captain Benne'.t had command of the Seventh Pre- 
cinct, and on several occasions dispersed crowds of the rioters. 

This is a horse patrol precinct. Of the eight day posts, three are covered 
by horsemen, as are five of the sixteen night posts. The ([uota of forty-nine men 
has an effective force of about forty-two. There are three telegraph boxes in the 
precinct, from which it is jjossible to send communications by signal to the 
station house. One is at Harlem Bridge, another on the Eastern Boulevard, 
near Arcularius' Hotel, and the other on the Eastern Boulevard, near One Hun- 
dred and. Seventy-fifth Street, the upper end of the precinct. The Precinct De- 
tectives are William Clark and Joseph Schirmer. The detailed men are: James 
E. Conklin, Ordinances; James A. McCauley, Madison .\venue Bridge. 




Thirty-fojrth Precinct Police Station, Tremont. 



The Thirty-third Precinct takes care of the lines of the Vanderbilt 
railroads which trend eastward, the Portchester Railroad, Fleetwood Park, 
dozens of breweries, Jordan L. Mott's foundries. North and South Brothers 
Islands, Riker's Island, the wreck of the Hussar, the coalesced villages of North 
New York, Mott Haven, Melrose, Inwood, Port Morris, and Woodstock, and 
many manufactories. Its population is as much mixed as in any Police district. 
It has villas of greater or less pretensions on the Sound, and negro shanties bound 
avenues bordered with homes for all classes, and country lanes, tenement house 
localities, and wastes, rocky knolls, and fetid swamps. It is a district of great 
promise, but sanitarians and engineers will have to do all that science can suggest 
before one-third of what is now bare ground can be covered with habitable 



394 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



houses. One of the greatest problems of the age for this district is the sewerage 
question and the treatment of the Bronx River banks. 

The Thirty-fourth Precinct. — The Thirty-fourth Precinct is mapped 
out as follows: Central Avenue, Kingsbridge Road, Van Cortlandt Avenue, 
Williamsbridge Road, Bronx River, Westchester Avenue, Lyons Street, West 
Farms Road, an imaginary line to One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Street, Union 
Avenue, Boston Road, Broadway, Horton Street, and town line of Morrisania. 
The station house is at No. 1925 Barthgate Avenue. It was originally Tremont 
Town Hall, and afterwards a schoolhouse, and is among the most curious Police 
buildings in the country. It has one story and an attic, and is perched upon 
rocks which are covered with turf so that it has the appearance of a fortification. 




Captain John M. Robbins. 



The cells are underground. It was once a sub-station under tlie Metropolitan 
Police. Plans have been prepared to have boxes at the end of remote posts to 
send telegraphic signals to the station house. It is a mounted Police precinct, 
and the stables are in the rear of the station house. The officers are: Captain, 
John M. Robbins; and Sergeants, Thomas Huff, James S. Mead, Joseph Stewart, 
and William H. Webb. Huff dates from 1858; he was Roundsman in i860; 
and three years later was promoted. Mead was Patrolman in 1869, Rounds- 
man in 1874, and Sergeant in 1876. Stewart's dates are: Patrolman 1866, 
Roundsman 1871, and Sergeant, 1876. Webb was appointed in 1867, became 
Roundsman in 1871, and was promoted in 1876. 

John M. Robiuns was born in this country in 1830. He joined the force 
during the early stages of the organization of the Municipal Police, and, at the 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



395 



time of the re-organization of the Police Department in 1857, he was appointed a 
Patrolman of the Metropolitan Police. Cajjtain Robbins is a man of sound 
judgment, ([iiick intelligence, and as a Captain he has done some very clever 
work in arresting criminals. 

The Thirty-fourth Precinct is a more rural district than the Thirty-third 
Precinct, but ground is daily cleared for dwellings. It takes in the villages of 
Tremont, Adamsville, Belmont, Fordham, and St. John's College and West 
Farms. Five years from now its population will be trebled. Crime is almost 
a curiosity in this precinct, but Lydig's woods are yet shunned because of the 
murder in them, on the se\enteenth of December, 1875, of a poor Jew peddler 
by William Thompson, William Ellis and Charles Weston, negroes, who were 




Captain Peter Yule. 



captured by Inspector Thorne and Captain McDonnell, and were executed at 
the Tombs. 

The Thirty-Fifth Precinct. — The Tiiirty-fiftii Precinct's boundaries are: 
Inwood Street, Dyckman Street, Sherman's Creek, Harlem River, Farmer's 
Bridge, Kingsliridge Road, Central Avenue, Van Cortlandt Avenue, Williams- 
bridge Road, Bronx River, northern boundary of New York and North River. 
The station house is at No. 6 Kingsbridge Road. It is an irregular, comfortable 
structure, with a separate prison, and was turned into a station house by the 
owner, Joseph H. Godwin. The precinct is a mounted one, with boxes for sig- 
nals from far-off posts. The officers are: Captain, Peter Yule; and Sergeants, 
A. W. McDonald, John T. Wright and William M. Taylor. McDonald was 
Patrolman in 1876, Roundsman next year, and Sergeant in 1878. Wright's 



396 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



dates are: Patrolman 1858, and Sergeant 1868. Taylor was appointed in 
1875, was Roundsman in 1876, and was promoted in 1884. 

Captain Peter Yule was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 12, 
1830, and was brought to this country by his parents when he was three years old. 
He was appointed a Patrolman on the Metropolitan Police on February 27, 1858, 
and was assigned to the Fifth Precinct, and did patrol duty for ten years. On 
March 12, 1868, he was detailed to Commissioner Brennan's Office. He was 
made a Sergeant on May 4, 1870, and detailed to the Detective office. Subse- 
quently he was transferred to take charge of the Sanitary Company, as acting 
Capcain. In November following he attained his present rank. He remained 
in charge of the Sanitary Company until December, 1876, when he was sent to 




Captain Elbert O. Smith. 



the Street Cleaning Bureau, under Captain Gunner. In July, 1877, he was 
placed in command of the Sixteentli Precinct, and in November following he 
was transferred to the Nineteenth Precinct, where he remained until the orgini- 
zation of the Twenty-eighth Precinct, in January, 1878. On August 4, 1879, 
he was given command of the Thirty-fifth Precinct, at Kingsbridge, where he 
has remained up to the present time. 

Of the seven day posts three are mounted, and horsemen cover six of the 
twelve night posts. The effective force is thirty-two, out of thirty-four men. 
W. H. Dakin is the Precinct Detective. 

This command takes in a vast stretch of promising but, in part, uninhabited 
territory, clean from the Hud.son River to the Bronx River, which is here almost 
a pellucid brook. Within the boundaries of this district are Mount St. Vincent 



o UR J'oi. 1 L K J 'ay; '/ 'i-:cj ors. 



397 



Academy, Jerome Park, Riverchilc, Sfjii) ten Duyvil, Kingsbridge, Oloff, Mosholu, 
Van Cortlandt Lake, Edge Hill Park, Woodlawn Village and Cemeterj', Wil- 
lianisbridge, and many splendid villa residences, especially along Riverdale Avenue. 
The country parts of tiie ])recinct are wooded in many places, and the boom of 
the gun, the whirr of the quail, the whistling flight of the woodcock, the bound 
of the rabbit, and the scurry of the scjuirrcl are by no means rare sounds and 
sights, and the irresisti])le teinj)tation to cockney nimrods to wage war on the 
farmers here mak^s Si;ndays and holidays unbearable, in spite of ordinances and 
Policemen. 

Captain Elbert O. Smith, of the Harbor Police Boat " Patrol," was made 
Captain on the twenty-seventh of February, 1885. He has an excellent record. 
He was born on Long Island in 1S44, and, when a boy, enlisted in the United 




Captain James Kealy (deceased). 



States Navy. Afterwards he was employed by W. H. Webb as engineer on the 
steamship Arago, plying between New York and Bremen. Later he was a Lieu- 
tenant-Engineer in the Peruvian Navy on the Pachita and Unione. Then he 
returned to Mr. Webb's service, and was engineer of the Keystone State of the 
Bermuda Line. He became a Policeman in 1873, was made a Roundsman in a 
year, and was promoted to a Sergeantcy in 1876. 

The late Captain Jamks Kfaly was born in Massachusetts in 1S41. He 
was only in his twenty-second year when he was appointed on tlie Police force, 
October 30, 1863. He was detailed for duty in the Eighth Precinct. On the 
eighth of December, 1868, he was detailed as Special Detective at the St. 
Nicholas Hotel on Broadway, and here it was that he was called upon to arrest 



398 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Charles J. Guiteau, since then so infamous as the assassin of President Garfield. 
Guiteau paid his bill with a bogus check, and Detective Kealy took him into 
custody. 

On the fourteenth of March, 1875, Detective Kealy was transferred from the 
Steamboat Squad to the Detective office, and on the twenty-fourth of March of 
the following year he was promoted Roundsman, and on the nineteenth of May 
he was made Sergeant. He was placed in command of the Detective Squad. 
On the thirteenth of September, 1878, Sergeant Kealy was raised to the rank of 
Captain. He did much to improve the Detective force under his command, and 
was a most upright and zealous ofificer. Later he was transferred to the 
command of the Fourteenth Precinct. His death took place on January 4, 1884. 



The late Captain Edward Tynan was born in Hudson, N. Y., Novem- 
ber 30, 1843, where he went to school until the breaking out of the war, when 
he volunteered in the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment, and became a member 
of Company A. On April 14, 1863, at the Irish Bend, near Port Hudson, he was 
wounded, and was confined to the hospital until February of the following year. 
He then returned home in order to recuperate his health. He remained in Hud- 
son until August 6, 1864, when he joined General Sheridan's command in the Shen- 
andoah Valley. Young Tynan, at the time he was wounded, had been promoted 
to the rank of Sergeant. He was now raised to the rank of First Lieutenant, 
and afterwards placed on General Molineux's staff. At the termination of the 
war Tynan was appointed a Provost Marshal, and assigned to duty at Madison, 
Georgia, where he remained until November, 1865 




Captain Edward Tynan (deceased). 



OUR POLICE PROJECTORS. 



^ 'Captain Tynan joined the Police force as Patrolman in March, 1^67, and 
was assigned to duty in the Fifth Precinct. In one year he was promoted to the 
rank of Koundsman, and on August 3, 1870, he was promoted Sergeant in tlic 
Twelfth Precinct. On March 2, 1872, he was made Captain of the 'J'enth Pre- 
cinct. While here he broke up several gangs of thieves, who, in the night time 
had almost complete possession of the Third Avenue Railroad. He was also 
instrumental in the arrest and conviction of Albert Baker and R()l)i.Tt (">rey, 
noted criminals, who were sentenced to five years at Sing Sing. 

After two other changes, Captain Tynan was finally located in the Fourtli 
Precinct, which is considered to be one of the touglicst in the city, and where 
the services of a vigorous man like Captain Edward Tynan were recjuired. His 
death took place in this city. He was regretted and beloved by all. 

The city of New York owns the First, I*"ourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, 
Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, 
Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, 
Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth (the Harbor Police boat " Patrol "), Twenty-sixth 
(the City Hall), Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, 
Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Steamboat Squad (Police Head- 
quarters) Precinct Station Houses. The Nineteenth Sub-Precinct (Grand Cen- 
tral Depot) and sub-stations of the Steamboat Squad are stations owned by 
corporations, companies, and the United States Government, and are rent free. 
The Second Precinct Station House is owned by the W. B. Ogden estate, and a 
rental of one thousand two hundred dollars per annum is paid for it. The 
Goelet estate owns the Twenty-fifth Precinct Station House and office of the 
Second Inspection Distrit:t, and receives a rental of one tliousand five hundred 
dollars per annum. The estate of Cortlandt-Otten owns the station house 
of the Thirtieth Precinct, and the rent is eight hundred dollars. Joseph H. 
Goodwin owns the Thirty-fifth Precinct Station House, and receives one thou- 
sand seven hundred dollars per annum for it. Charles E. Quackenbush owns 
Parepa Hall, Eighty-sixth Street and Third Avenue, where are the offices of the 
Third and Fourth Inspection Districts, and the rent is four hundred and eighty 
dollars per annum. 



400 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



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402 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



DETECTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Its Origin, Progress and Development. — Detectives Called "Shadows" 
IN Chief Matsell's Time. — Inspector Thomas Byrnes. — A Record that 
Reads Like a Romance. — His Reorganization of the Detective Force. 
— The Wall Street Bureau. — Detective Sergeants. — Inspector Byrnes' 
Methods. — How Detectives Detect Criminals. — Inspector Byrnes 
AND "The Crook." — Their Chance Meeting in the Street. — How In- 
spector Byrnes Reasons out a Case. — Decrease of Crime Among Pro- 
fessional Criminals. — Criminals and Their Methods.— New York a 
Difficult City to Protect against Thieves. — Forgers, Pickpockets, 
Sneak Thieves, Bank Thieves, Bunco Steerers, Etc. 

TN Chief Matsell's time Detectives were called "shadows." After Sergeant 
Lefferts, who was appointed to the command of the Detective Squad in 
1857, and who served for one year. Captain George W. Walling, of the City 
Hall Station, was placed in charge. He alternated between the station house 
and the Detective office, which was in the basement of the then Headquarters, 
in Broome Street. He remained in command from 1858 to i860. Next came 
John Young, who served from i860 to 1867. He was succeeded by James J. 
Kelso, who was in charge from 1867 to 1870, and who retired to make room for 
James Irving. Irving's term extended from 1870 to 1875. Captain James Kealy was 
the next commandant, and remained as such from 1876 to 1880. Then the 
present incumbent. Inspector Thomas Byrnes, took charge. This really marked 
the first serious and successful attempt to give New York City a Detective De- 
partment worthy of the name. 

In the latter part of 1857 the Board of Police adopted a resolution giving to 
the Deputy Superintendent the power to detail to his office twenty Policemen, to 
be designated "Detectives." This resolution was carried into effect by Deputy 
Superintendent Carpenter, by selecting those whose peculiar talents adapted 
them for such important service. Some of those men had for years belonged 
to the old force, and were attached to the office of George W. Matsell. Others 
were highly recommended by their respective Captains. And others, newly aj)- 
pointed members, but whose character for integrity and experience of life in 
New York, rendered them valuable acquisitions to the Detective force. 

This force was divided into squads, each squad having particular cognizance 
of a certain class of crimes. Their instructions were to make themselves 
thoroughly conversant with the mode and manner by which each species 
of crime was committed, and the class of persons engaged in its commission. 



OUR J 'O LICK J'ROrECrORS. 



' Besides looking after these particular duties, they were directed to attend 
at night ill large assemblies, and to arrest or drive away all known pickpockets, 
or others whose actions led them to suppose they were pickpockets, or thieves 
of any kind. Also, to arrest any known pickpockets they might see in a crowd, 
and carefully to watch all known shoplifters, and to take such measures as 
they might deem expedient to prevent their committing any depredations. 

Sergeant William H. T.cfferts was appointed a special aid, and placed in 
command of this stjuad. 

At the suggestion of Mr. Lefferts, there was established in the Detective 
office an ambrotype gallery, composed of pickpockets, shoplifters, watch-stuffers, 
etc., as well as those who were arrested for crime of a higher grade. This 
gallery was open to the view of the public, particularly those who had suffered 
by the loss of their property, or been otherwise imposed upon. 

In 1859 the Detective force of New York and Brooklyn consisted of such 
number of Patrolmen, not exceeding forty, as the General Superintendent might 
detail for that service. The Detective force of Brooklyn was under the immediate 
command of the Deputy Superintendent; but the Detective force of New York, 
because of its larger number, was under the command of a Captain of the Police, 
and constituted a company corresponding to that of a precinct, and was subject 
to the general rules and regulations governing the company of a precinct. The 
members of the force in the different precincts assigned to Detective duties (if 
any) should report to the Captain of the Twenty-fifth Precinct (Detective force), 
as well as to the Captain of their respective precincts, at or before nine o'clock 
each morning. 

In 1866 other rules were adopted. Each member of the Detective Squad 
was obliged to make daily report to the Superintendent of the business 
transactions submitted to his care, the progress made therein, and the disposi- 
tion and results in each case, and such report was certified to by the Captain in 
command of said squad. The likeness of persons collected for the use of the 
Detective Squad should not be exhibited to any person, unless such person was 
accompanied by an officer of the Department. 

Other rules and regulations for the government of the Detective Squad 
were promulgated in the years 1873 ^^'^ ^^77, some of which may be referred 
to briefly as follows: 

A book of records, of complaints, and applications, calling for the services 
or attention of the Detective Squad, was kept in the Detective Office under the 
supervision of the Superintendent; and the Superintendent, and in his absence, 
the Office Inspector, had supervision of all Detective business in general and in 
detail; and it was the duty oC the Superintendent, or in his absence, the Office 
Inspector, to give special attention to the business, and see that all proper 
Detective cases were diligently and properly attended to and worked up. The 
Captain and each member of the Detective Sc|uad should report to the Super- 
intendent, or in his absence, to the Office Inspector, r.ll complaints and applications 
requiring the services of the Detective Squad, and have a proper record made 
thereof; and the Superintendent or his representative were authorized to assign 
officers to the investigation of all Detective cases; and each member of the 



40} 



OUR POLICE PRO'JEC'JOKS. 



Detective Squad should report to the Superintendent or Office Inspector con- 
cerning his action in each case assigned, from time to time, to his charge, and 
as often as required; such reports should be verified by the Captain. A record 
of arrests, by the Detective Squad, of all persons imprisoned at the Central 
Department, was kept in the Detective office, in which were entered the name 
of the person arrested, with a full description of such person, the time and 
cause of arrest, and the disposition made of each prisoner arrested. The Super- 
intendent should, on the first of each month, make a report in writing to the 
Board of Police for the month ])receding such report, of all arrests by the 
Detective Squad, and of all persons held in custody at the Central Department, 
setting forth the time and cause of arrest in each case, and how and when each 
case was disposed of. 

The officer commanding the Detective force should keep a blotter and 
record of all the Police transactions of the " Special Service Squad," with the 
lost time of all the members thereof, and make a morning return to the Super- 
intendent, under the rules and regulations applicable to precincts, and make out 
and attend to the settlement of the pay-roll, and pay off the members of the 
Squad. He possessed the same powers, and performed the same duties relating 
to the discipline of the Squad as were conferred and enjoined on the Captains of 
precincts. 

On May 25, 1882, the Detective Bureau was created by an Act of the 
legislature. This was done at the urgent solicitation of Inspector Byrnes. 
Forty Detective Sergeants were then appointed, with an increased salary of 
one thousand six hundred dollars per annum. 

On May 8, 1883, all the Ward Detectives were consolidated under one 
head, and placed under Inspector Byrne's jurisdiction, he believing that united 
action was necessary in order to cope more successfully with existing evils. 
Most of the Ward Detectives were sent on post duty, and their places filled by 
younger men from the various precincts. Subsequently, this arrangement was 
dispensed with, and the Ward Detectives were sent back to do service as before 
under the direct command of the Captain of their respective precincts. 

Inspector Thomas Byrnes came to this country from Ireland when he 
was quite a child. In 1863 he was appointed Patrolman in the Fifteenth Pre- 
cinct, and after five years of Patrol duty he was appointed Roundsman in the 
Third Precinct. In 1869 he was made Sergeant, and in 1870 attained the rank 
of Captain, when he was assigned to the Twxnty-third Precinct. He was then 
successively transferred to the Twenty-third, Twenty-first and Fifteenth Pre- 
cinct, thence to the Broadway Squad. He then returned to the Fifteenth, and 
remained there until he was sent to Headquarters and took charge of the De- 
tective Bureau. He was raised to the rank of Inspector in 1880. 

When interrogated by the Roosevelt Committee as to his official pedigree, 
Inspector Byrnes gave the following responses: 

By Mr. Russell: Q. How old are you? A. Forty-three, going on forty- 
four. Q. You are now Inspector of Police, are you ? A. Yes, sir. Q. How 
long have you been Inspector ? A. Four years. Q. Of what Bureau are you 
the head ? A. The Detective Bureau. Q. Have you been the head of that 



OL 'R POL K 7-; PRO / /■'.C/ ORS. 



Hureau ever since you were appointed Inspector? A. Before that, while I was 
under Captain. Q. How long have you been on the Police force? A. Nearly 
twenty-one years. Q. What is the date of your first appointment ? A. Decem- 
ber lo, 1863. Q. As Patrolman ? .\. Yes, sir. Q. How long did you remain 
a Patrolman? A. About four years. Q. And then you became what? A. Rounds- 
man, Sergeant and Captain. (,). When did you become a Roundsman ? \. Latter 
part of 1868. Q. How long were you Roundsman? A. Ten or twelve months? 
Q. And then you were a])pointed Sergeant ? .\. Yes, sir. Q. How long a 
Sergeant ? .\. .About a year. Q. .\nd was apjiointed Captain when ? A. I think 
it was in 1870; July i, 1870. Q. And you remained a Captain until what date? 
A. April 23, 1880. Q. You were in what ])recin( t as Cai)tain ? A. Twenty- 
tliird. Twenty-first, Fifteentii and Twenty-fifth. (). What istlic niinii)cr of the 
precinct where you were when you first came here ? A. The Fifteenth. Q. And 
it was in your precinct that the Manhattan Bank burglary occurred ? A. Yes, 
sir. Q. And you got a good share of tiie burglars ? A. 1 did; we became in- 
timate; you were Assistant District Attorney at the time in the prosecution of 
those cases. Q. When you became Inspector of Police, or when you took 
charge of the Detective Bureau, what was done ? A. The Commissioners sent 
forme. Q. What Commissioners? A. Mr. French; he was President of the 
Board, and I assume he was very desirous of making a change in that Bureau; 
he thought it was inefficient in some respects, and wanted to have it re- 
organized; I was transferred there on the twelfth of March, 1880. I found 
there some twenty-eight or thirty men, some of whom had been there for very 
many years; the place was in a state of disorganization; there did not appear 
to be any head to it at all, and I came to the conclusion that morning, after 
calling the roll and looking the men over, that if there was any Detective talent 
in the Police Department it should be used during the daytime in the lower 
part of the city. On that day, the twelfth of March, I went down to Wall 
Street and hired an office. No. 17, and stationed ten men there, from nine and 
a half in the morning until four in the afternoon. \ day or two after that Mr. 
Brayton Ives had an interview with me and asked what I intended to do. I 
told him that I intended, if possible, to jjrotect those gentlemen from thieves, 
as there had been a great deal of money for the last four or five vears stolen 
there, amounting jjrobably to one or two million dollars; he asked me how he 
could assist me in any way. I said if anything occurs in your office vou would 
have to send to Police Headcjuarters, over two miles. In establishing this 
Bureau I intend to connect it, with telephone, to every bank and banking house 
in every part of New York, and yon ought to have an officer from the time vou 
ask for him by telephone, in any part of the lower section of the citv. in anv 
of those banks or banking houses, in the course of from one to five minutes. 
He thought it was a very good thing and called a meeting of the Committee 
of the Stock Exchange, and I was called before them, and made that state- 
ment to them. I said: "If I come here and do your work, and do it for noth- 
ing, and be able to do it better than anybody else (and what I do I am respon- 
sible for), you will give me your work after awhile quicker than to a man that is 
responsible to nobody." Q. (live us the result? A. They gave me an office in 



OUR POLICE PKOTECTORS. 



the Stock Exchange; they connected that office by telephone with every bank 
.'fnd banking house in the lower part of New York, so that if any of those bank- 
ing houses want an officer, in about five minutes I can have a Detective in any 
bank in the lower part of New York. Q. Was it the wish on the part of the 
Police Commissioners that you should take charge of that work ? A. The Police 
Commissioners expressed the wish through Mr. French. Q. You are at liberty 
to express to this committee what the result has been ? A. Immediately after 
that — if you will pardon me and let me go back, the twelfth of March, 1880, I 
think it was, twenty-one men out of twenty-eight were transferred from the 
office — and their places substituted by new men whom I selected from various 
parts of the city, and educated them to do Detective duty. From the twelfth of 
March, 1880, until to-day, they have not lost a ten cent stamp in Wall Street 
by a professional thief; not a penny, not a cent. Q. Have you in your posses- 
sion the statistics of the arrests made through your Bureau ? A. I think I 
gave it to you. Q. You may state, if you will, the work of your Bureau for the 
last few years? A. I would like to state here that from the twelfth of March, 
1876, to the twelfth of March, 1880, there were one thousand nine hundred and 
forty-three arrests made by the Detective force for the four years previous to my 
going to that office; they got five hundred and five years of conviction; for the 
four years that I have been there, ending on the twelfth of last month, there were 
three thousand three hundred and twenty-four persons arrested, and they got 
two thousand four hundred and eighty-eight years, two months and three days 
of conviction; we have recovered nearly six hundred thousand dollars' worth of 
property. Q. State in detail; take each of those cases that you have tabulated? 

A. I have them marked down here as follows: " Misdemeanors " Q. State 

them in detail ? A. There were one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four fel- 
onies, eight hundred and thirty-six misdemeanors, six hundred and thirty-four 
suspicious persons; arrested for insanity, fifteen; truancy, forty-six; for violating 
the poor law, twenty-nine; gambling, twenty-five; felonies, and delivered to the 
authorities in other cities, two hundred and eighteen; sent to the State Prison, 
three hundred and fifty-eight; to the Penitentiary, two hundred and ninety- 
one; to the City Prison, fifty-nine; to House of Refuge, twenty-seven; Elmira, 
ninety-four; hanged, one; arrested for murder, thirty-five." 

When Inspector Byrnes accepted his present trust, and was transferred to 
Police Headquarters, on the twelfth of March, 1880, he found, after he had assumed 
control, thirty-one men classified as Detectives, a clerk who was not a member of 
the Police force, and who simply kept the books of the office without any 
responsibility being imposed on him other than that of an ordinary employee. 
These Detectives had been at Police Headquarters for several years, had 
grown old in the service, and a great many of them were unfit to perform their 
duties satisfactorily. There were also some young men among them who had 
not the slightest conception of their duty as Detective officers, who used to loll 
around in the morning until the roll was called. Nobody had the remotest idea 
where these men kept themselves from the time they left the office in the morn- 
ing until roll-call on the following morning. Inspector Byrnes, from his inti- 
mate knowledge of the Police Department, having risen from the ranks, and 



4o8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS 




I. nark Lantern, Jimmy, Part Sectional Jimmy, Skeleton Keys, Pistol with which Mrs. Eliza Coleman shot 
ticket agent at Harry Miner's Theatre. 2. Combination Dirk and Revolver, Dirk. i. Dark Lantern, Brace and 
Kit. 4. Rogues' Gallery. 5. Rope and Black Cap, tChastine Coxl. 6. Burglar's Maflet, Dirk. 7. Burglar's Bag 
and Broken Jimmy. 

The Rogues' Gallery and Some Curiosities of Crime. 



OUR rOl.lCI'] PRO'lEflORS. 



409 



having had charge of a precinct adjoining Police Headquarters for a number of 
years, had a thorough knowledge of the ability and shortcomings of almost 
every man in the office. 

When the Inspector took command at Headciuarters, had called the roll, 
and had looked the men over, lie came to the conclusion that there must be a 
radic al c iiangc, and that tlie wortldess members should be ])r()mptly weeded out. 
'I'his was no easy task. The duties and responsibilities of his office were of the 
most trying and onerous nature, but Inspector Byrnes, with his characteristic 
energy, overcame them all. He soon fashioned the raw material of his office 
into shape, and under his manipulation the Detective Department, from being 
a very unpretentious and not over useful arm of the Police service, suddenly 
blazed into national importance, earning in an incon( ci\al)l\' siiort space of 
time a world wide reputation. 

In the neighborhood of Wall Street, where a great portion of the linancial 
business of the country is transacted, gangs of thieves of the better class — such 
as bank sneaks, forgers, and adroit j)i(:kpockets, had for years been carrying on 
their depredations. The disajjpearance of tin boxes containing money, bonds, 
and valuable papers, was almost of monthly occurrence, and complaints were 
very frecpient. The Inspector thought that the men engaged in Wall Street and 
that neighborhood, who were doing a business of millions and millions every 
day, were entitled tcj sj)e<"ial Police protection. About eleven o'clock on tlie 
same day that he had been aj)i)ointed to take charge of the Detecti\e Bureau, 
he went down town and hired a room at his own expense at No. 17 Wall Street. 
He returned to his office, and the next morning selected nine of his best men 
and sent them down to the new office to cover that section of the city bounded 
by Fulton Street on the north, Greenwich on the west, down to the Battery, 
and across to the East River. He at once gave positive orders to his men to 
arrest any thief that might be found within the specified district who could not 
give a good account of himself as being there for legitimate purposes. On the 
afternoon of the thirteenth of March, 1880, Brayton Ives, who was President of 
the Stock Exchange, sent for the Inspector, and asked hiin what he intended 
doing in that locality relative to the protection of business interests. Inspector 
Byrnes said that he intended to establish a special Detective bureau in Wall 
Street, and that he would succeed in protecting business people from the machina- 
tions of thieves. The Inspector further explained to Mr. Ives that the New 
York Police Detectives were a responsible body, and that the private Detectives, 
who were often employed by financiers, were in a great many cases not over 
scru])ulous in their official dealings. The result of the interview was, that the 
President of the Stock Exchange invited Inspector Byrnes to take possession of. 
and establish his business in, a room of the Stock Exchange. This invitation 
was accepted, and ten or twelve Detectives are now constantly on hand in that 
building. So complete is the system thus establislied that, on receipt of a call, 
a Detective can be sent to almost any ])lace in the lower part of the city in two 
or three minutes. There is, in fact, no more perfect system of Detective super- 
vision in any part of the world, and, as a consequence, thieves have given Wall Street 
and its vicinity a wide berth, whereas previously thousands had been stolen. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



While stationed in the Twenty-third Precinct, Inspector Byrnes saved a 
number of lives at a fire. 

In the Twenty-third Precinct he broke up gangs of thieves, and sent a large 
number of them to prison. 

In the Fifteenth he convicted the burglars who robbed Van Tine & Co., 
silk merchants. He also arrested Paul E. Law, son of the ex-Governor of 
Maryland, who was trying to escape to his native State after shooting four men 
in Neilson Place , and Vanderbilt Crawford after he had shot Henderson. This 
arrest was highly commended at the time, and reflected great credit on the force 
generally. Murray, the assassin of Merril, who hid himself in Brooklyn, also 
fell into Inspector Byrnes' hands. 

But any attempt to enumerate the distinguished achievements of Inspector 




A Bashful Burglar. 

(Taking His Picture for the Rogues' Galley.) 

Byrnes within ordinary limits would be futile. Such a task would more than 
fill the space allotted to this entire volume. Therefore, the task cannot be 
attempted at all, as the subject is too vast, and is, besides, beyond the scope of 
this history. 

Inspector Byrnes' methods are not new. But like all bright and successful 
men, the very common jjlaces of his profession assume the witchery of origi- 
nality when manipulated by his practiced hand. Like the few really clever 
men who, by their astuteness and sagacity, have lifted the prosaic and plodding 
life of a Detective into the realms of romance, Inspector Byrnes is a consummate 
judge of human nature, and can " size a man for all he's worth " with an unerr- 
ing judgment that is intuitive. His manners, too, are adapted to the profession 
which he adorns. He can be "all things to all men," as circumstances de- 
mand. However, a psychological study of Inspector Byrnes is not aimed at 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



411 



here. It is enough to say that in his official capacity as the head and guiding 
spirit of the Detective Department, he fills the bill in every particular. 

In this city, criminals, as a rule, are quickly detected, but it does not follow 
that their punishment is equally prompt and salutary. Had criminals the same 
dread of the judiciary as they have of the Detective, they would give New York 
a very wide berth. But as matters now stand, a crook " fmds comfort in the 
reflection that the vigilance of the Detective Department will, in all probability, 
be counteracted by the lack of promptness and the absence of severity in tiie 
subsequent stages of his experience with the officers of the law; at all events he 
feels certain that expiation is not swift or certain. 

No man has been more constantly or prominently before the public as the 
Nemesis of the law than Inspector Byrnes. In this respect no man in this 
country, or in Europe, holds so commanding a position. His name as a success- 
ful chief of Detectives will for all time be associated with Vidocq, Coco-Lacour, 
and M. Mace, whose fame is world-wide. 

" But how do Detectives o])erate ?" is a question frequently propounded by 
the uninitiated. A proper answer to this tjuery would make a very interesting 
book in itself. There is no manual, no set rule, to control or guide a Detective. 
It is safe to say that a Detective, unlike a poet, is made, not born. If he be a 
man of average astuteness, alertness and physical activity, in time the ex- 
periences of his calling and the i;ircumstances with which he has to struggle, 
will fully educate him up to the projjer standard in his warfare on the criminal 
classes. Our Detectives are men who have been admirably trained, who have 
seen active service, who are veterans but still retain the ardor and enthusiasm 
of novices, directed and controlled by good judgment and a wise discretion. 
The corps consists of forty Detective Sergeants, who, animated by their chief, 
keep in check the whole criminal population of this city, a fact which speaks 
for itself. They follow the chase with the zest of hunters; and when they run 
down their quarry, their countenan':es flush with real delight. Such men must 
possess nerves of steel, and the highest courage — the true courage, that fmds 
itself alone and in the dark in the presence of a constant danger, but a dan- 
ger of an unknown kind, which may suddenly assume the least expected shape. 

The devotion of these men is not always understood, even in New York, 
though many instances of this quality is recorded. The sagacity with which the 
red Indian follows the trail of his enemies, in Fenimore Cooper's works, is not 
greater than the eager keenness with which a New York Detective scents his 
prey. Sometimes he watches under the shadow of a wall a whole winter night, 
under heavy snow, cutting sleet, drenching rain, or piercing wind; or stands for 
a day before one of our many fashionable hotels, theatres, or big dry goods, or 
banking houses; wherever his duty calls him, waiting and watching for the 
favorable opportunity to lay a firm and relentless hand on the shoulder of the 
transgressor, who, desperado as he generally is, and armed, finds himself over- 
matched and overreached at the game at which he has played in his warfare on 
society. The perseverance born of such experiences is extraordinary, and only 
equals their sagacity and penetration. It happens with some mental talents as it 
happens with the muscles of the body; through continual exercise they become 



412 



OUR POLICE PROTECJORS. 



developed beyond measure. Habitual close observation, and great experi- 
ence, enable them, from the most insignificant signs, to construct a complete 
theory, which is seldom incorrect; just as the practiced physician sees at a glance 




Inspector Byrnes in His Private Office. 

the nature of a patient's malady. It is related of Cauler (a celebrated French 
Detective) that, from four words written on a piece of pajjer in which some but- 
ter was wrapped up, he discovered the clue to a murder. This is characteristic 
of Detectives as a class. They, in time, acquire a wonderful memory, and they 



OCA' POfJCE PRO'/ECrORS. 



413 



never fail to recognise a face they have once seen, however altered or disguised 
ifniay be. A single instance of this may be cited. One day Inspector Byrnes 
and the writer left the public thoroughfare of Broadway, in the vicinity of Police 
Head(iuarters, and strolled into the less fre(iuented by-ways, while the Inspector, 
who was on his way home, was explaining the facts in the case of a recent arrest 
of some im[)orlancc, llic writer !)ein<; tlu n attached to \.\\c Uerald Police Bureau 
as a reporter. The Inspector is an inveterate smoker. As usual, he was enjoy- 
ing the weed, and in his jjcculiarly earnest way he wa.s, while talking, seemingly ab- 
sorbed in liis subject, and apparently oblivious to all things else. Without 
raising his eyes, altering his tone, or changing his gait, he remarked: "See that 
fellow on the other side of the street; isn't he a dandy? I'll bet five dollars I 
know him." The reporter looked and bclield a " solitary figure," a nobby young 
man with a silk "tile," a silk-lined overcoat, and carrying a cane. His face was 
not within view, as he was walking in the same direction, but faster, and he 
was some yards in aihance. " One of your friends, eh ?" (juericd the reporter, 
languidly and mechanically, the interruption not being relished. There was a 
(jueer twinkle in the Inspector's eye. Removing his cigar, he uttered a low but 
penetrating sybilant sound with his half-closed lil)s. 'i"he man heard it, started, 
looked back over his shoulder, turned pale, and stood still. " 1 told you so," 
said the Inspector, with a quiet and amused smile, addressing himself to the 
reporter, who was now wide-awake and interestetl. " Sam," said the Inspector, 
still moving ahead in a half-abstracted manner, as before. The ])etrified statue 
again heard, and regaining animation, he slowly crossed the street diagonally and 
stood by the side of the Inspector and reporter, looking nervous, but remaining 
silent. "You are looking splendid, Sam; times must be good," said the In- 
spector, with a chilling sarcasm in his tone. The man's teeth were chattering 
now; his tongue refused to give utterance to his thoughts, and the change that 
had come over him in a brief moment was both radical and remarkable. From 
being the rakish-looking, light-hearted sjjort, he was metamorphosed into a 
cringing, frightened, abject creature, with pallid cheeks, downcast eyes, and cow- 
ering form. The three men were standing still now. The Inspector, critical and 
austere, the stranger cringing and frightened, and the reporter curious and ob- 
5.ervant. " It is a long time since I saw you Sam; I thought you dead or — " 

"Sam" at last found his tongue. "I know what you want to add, In- 
spector. The latter supposition is the correct one. I have been in a tight snap; 
did my bit and have been out a few months. For God's sake don't run me in. 
I swear to you I have been keeping straight." 

The man's knees shook under him, and his voice was husky with emotion. 

" Sam," said the Inspector, very quietly and almost gently, only for the 
frigidness of the tone. " It is a long time since we've met. You did not look 
([uite so dapper then; and there have been times since when I would have given 
a linger nail to have found you. How long is it since the night you shot at the 
otiticer and escaped over the house-tops? " "Six years, going on seven. Inspec- 
tor," said the man thus interrogated. 

Call at my offif-eat ten o'clock to-morrow morning, Sam," said the Inspec- 
tor, moving a step forward, " I want to have a word with you privately." 



414 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The man bent his head, stood still a second, and then darted forward in a 
rapid walk, never once looking back. 

" This is the second time I have ever met or seen that man in my life," said 
the Inspector, in a reminiscent way and reflectively. " The first time, he and 
two other men were arrested on suspicion of being concerned in a butcher 
wagon highway robbery case. Proof of guilt could not be brought home to Sam, 
and he was let go; but he was a marked man. Some months after a Broadwav 
store was broken into, the burglars surprised, two of them captured, the third 
making his way to the roof, and, when pursued, emptying his pistol at the officer, 
none of the balls taking effect, however. I always suspected Sam of being that 
man, and, in his fright, now he has confessed to it." "Will he not get away 
out of the city ? " " Not a bit of it; he is too much scared for that; besides, he 
is shadowed. Look there !" 

At that moment Sam disappeared around the corner of a street, and a man 
in a long overcoat, with collar turned uj) (it was in winter) came into view, 
stood still a brief second, threw a salute in the direction of the Inspector, which 
was returned, accompanied by a low chuckle on the part of the Inspector, and 
the mysterious figure in the flowing ulster ra])id]y disappeared in the direction 
" Sam " had taken. 

One more incident may be narrated. 

The case of the Frenchman, Louis Hanier, who was shot dead on his own 
stairway, at midnight, by the young "tough" McGloin, who, with others, 
had broken into Hauler's liquor store for the purpose of robbery, will readily be 
recalled. For some time the murder remained a deep mystery. Inspector 
Byrnes dispatched one of his trustiest men to investigate the circumstances of 
the case. This man was sent on no novel or untried mission. Having made an 
exhaustive study of the scene of the murder, and familiarized himself with such 
facts in connection therewith as were obtainable, he returned to report jjrogress 
to his chief. Practically he had accomplished but very little, if anything at all; 
theoretically he had, in his own estimation, achieved wonders. From these be- 
wildering theories and fancies. Inspector Byrnes, by a process of inductive 
reasoning, sifted the very small grains of fact, and on this established his case. 
Three glasses had been found on the counter, each containing a small quantity 
of brandy. The Inspector fastened on this one central clue. His first excla- 
mation was: " It was Hanier's rum that killed him." This remark was unintel- 
ligible to the Detective to whom it had been made. "I mean," said the Inspec- 
tor, to his puzzled subordinate, " that three men (young men, most probably) 
were engaged in the murder. They broke into Hanier's saloon more with the 
expectation of finding rum than money. They drank deeply, and the brandy 
crazed their brain. They became noisy, and Hanier, arming himself, came to 
the stair-landing, when one of the half-drunken rowdies let fire at him, wound- 
ing him fatally. Terrified at their bloody work, all three escaped." 

The Inspector could reason the case thus far, but there, in the absence of 
more specific data, he was stopped. But he had come to one highly important 
conclusion. He had settled it in his mind that the murderer was to be found 
among the young rowdy element (and there was a superabundance of the 



OUR /'O/JCF. PROTKCTORS. 4,5 
^naterial) in the neif^hhorhood. A. the autopsy the hullet was found. Now then 
this was a tan.Ml.le due. Cail.ng a dozen of his best men, the Inspector in- 
structed them suigly, giving each to understand that he was the only man on the 
case, and pledging him to strict secrecy, to make a tour of all the gun shops 
pawnbrokers shops etc., of the city, and f.nd out if cartridges of the calibre 
ound .n the body of the nu.rdered man. or a revolver carrying that calibre bu t 
had been sold w.thm a reasonable period. A week or ten davs previous to the' 
shootmg several such sales had been made. All these were investigated without 
arnvmg at tangible results. A box of cartridges, it had been learned, was o d 




Inspector Byrnes Receiving Reports. 



to a youth about a week previous to the murder. Thev were of the calibre 
sought a ter. Th.s clue was followed up, and this was the beginning of the solv- 
ing of the n.vstery of the murder of Louis Hanier. Inspector Byrnes had 
arm ed at just conclusions; his handling of the case was marked bv great Detect- 
ue sagacity, and the subsequent steps taken by him to fasten guilt on the beard- 
ess murderer, who had boasted of being a "tough." and ^gloried in having 
knocked out his man, were characterized by good Judgment, sagacitv. penetration 
and energj^-qual.ties which Inspector Byrnes possesses in an eminent degree 

To unravel plots, unmask falsehoods, and extort the truth, is singularlv inter- 
estmg to those practiced in the arts of mental warfare. The members of the Detec 
t.ve force are so accustomed to the study of human physiognomy that an in voluntas" 



4i6 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



change of countenance may reveal a weak sijot, whence confession may- 
be extracted from the criminal. Stern, harsh language, or threats, only harden 
the criminal, and reiider him more impenetrable; words of kindness are the only 
means of unlocking his tongue. No man understands this better than Inspector 
Byrnes himself. Even the greatest ruffians are amenable to the influences of a 
friendly address, and no man is so utterly depraved or lost as not to possess a 
soft chord in his heart. The question is how to strike upon it. None but a 
master hand can play upon this chord. Inspector Byrnes' imperturbable tem- 
per and his keenness of intellect enable him to subdue the most obstinate and 
tenacious prisoner; and it is possible that some of his remarkable success may 
have been achieved by valuable hints furnished him by grateful criminals, as no 
man knows better how to be just and at the same time merciful than Inspector 
Byrnes. Such hints, doubtless, have, on occasions, assisted him in unraveling 
many an entangled skein. 

During the last four years crime has perceptibly decreased among profes- 
sional thieves to almost nothing. The people who steal now-a-days are the 
rising generation of young people. All the old thieves, who have been looked 
upon as experts in that business, have been driven from post to pillar, and have 
finally disappeared altogether. The reason of that is because of the great power 
Detective officers have over thieves, and the intricate knowledge they possess of 
their ways. Another great secret of success is discipline among the men, and, as 
far as practicable, not to let one man know what another is doing. Thi<, at 
least, has been Inspector Byrnes' experience. His control over thieves is also to 
be traced to the thorough knowledge he possesses of their haunts and methods. 
He sjjcnds a great deal of his time amongst them, and it is his belief that when 
thefts are perpetrated, the place to get information is among thieves. When a 
burglary, for instance, is committed, it is necessary to reflect, who could have 
done it, for every thief has his specialty and his own peculiar branch of busi- 
ness. Take a first-class burglar, for instance; his hobby may consist in opening 
a safe, and after a while he becomes a great man in the estimation of the fra- 
ternity. By studying these little details, and by keeping a record as thieves 
disappear and others take their place, a pretty accurate knowledge of their ])lans 
and operations can be arrived at. There is not a robbery committed through- 
out the State that the Inspector does not try to find out who bossed the job, and 
who executed it, in order that he may keej) posted on what is going on about 
him among criminals. This is a very necessary pBoceeding. ,\ good Police 
officer wants to find out where the thieves are, who they are, and who they are 
working for. The moment a Detective officer sees a thief accompanied by a 
stranger, it is the duty of the Detective to follow the thief and find out who his 
companion is, for it is fair to assume that anyone who accompanies a thief in the 
public street must himself be a thief. One of the best ways to find out these 
people is through their women. A thief has three weaknesses — women, gam- 
bling and drink. 

Forgers are a very peculiar class. Some of them possess a great deal of 
ability. The men who lay down the counterfeit i)aper, as a rule, never see the 
forger himself, who sometimes lives lu.xuriously, and does his business through 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



417 



an agent who gets a percentage. These forgers, sometimes for months and years 
even, study on one series of counterfeits. They are often < onsidered to be very 
rejjutable citizens li\ people who do not kncju their calling. 

.\s a general thing, men who commit highway robbery do not belong to a 
particular class. They are men who have become desperate from various causes. 
This is a class of crime where every man performs his part, and it is really one 
of the most difficult things in the world to get at them, because the robbery is 
the work of a moment, and the robbers are generally disguised so that they can- 
not afterwards be recognized. 

Pickpockets generally work in gangs of four or five. The " tool " is the one 
who steals, while the others do the jostling. 

Sneak thie\es are a numerous class. It is a low, mean, contemptible grade 
of crime. But bank sneaks are a different class of men. There are probably 
from twenty-five to thirty of them in this country. They are generally Amer- 
icans, with some few exceptions. They are men of education, fine appearance, 
and good address, who walk up to the paying or receiving teller in the bank, 
and liold him in conversation on a subject that will positively interest him, while 
somebody else will steal stealthilv in l)eiiind witii rublier shoes on, and rob the 
safe. That has been "worked" very successfully. They have another system 
in country banks. A sneak thief will drive up to the bank door, alight, go 
inside, and tell the cashier that a certain gentleman who has hurt his leg, and is 
unable to get out, wishes to speak with him. The unsuspecting bank official 
goes out to sjjeak to the injured gentleman, and, during his absence, the bank 
is robbed. 

At the present time some of the most e.xpert thieves that ever lived in this 
country are located in England and France. 

Bunco-steerers are a class of young men who are well educated, as a general 
thing, and who, in the main, have come from good families. In their younger 
davs their parents had not been able to sui)ply them with the amount of money 
thev were willing to spend. Tliey had become infatuated with women or gam- 
bling, and at last were either driven from their home or had voluntarily left it. 
I hev are a class who generally live in furnished rooms in the better part of 
cities, and change their quarters frequently so as to disarm susjjicion. What 
they win in gambling is generally ])aid by check by tlieir victim. Then there is 
some convenient lawyer who positively knows the bunco-steerer's business, and 
who, for a ccmsideration, will bully their victims into paying tlie amount of these 
checks. The victims are, as a rule, men who occupy prominent j)ul)lic i)Ositions, 
and would not ex])ose themselves in a court of law as defendants in an action 
for the recovery of a gambling del^t. 

" I never met a thief in mv life, ])rovided he could benefit by peaching on 
his confederates, from whom I could not find out anything I was desirous to 
know. There is no such thing as honor among thieves," is one of Inspector 
Byrnes' maxims. 

New York is the most difficult citv in the world to protect against thieves — 
for this reason: in the first place, thieves from abroad are constantly introduc- 
ing crimes with which our Police are not familiar. The only way to find these 



4i8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



criminals out is to hunt for them among some of their own countrymen. When 
these foreigners come here they generally have somebody to meet them who 
will take them in charge, and, in spite of themselves, they are obliged to show 
themselves on the streets sometimes. 

The facilities for getting out of New York to neighboring cities make it dif- 
ficult also to capture criminals. 

During the draft riots the duties imposed on the Detectives were of a higher 
role than the work ordinarily imposed upon them. They were kept employed 
day and night obtaining useful information concerning the plans and move- 
ments of the rioters, supplying Police Headquarters and the precinct commands 
with the information so obtained, and in this way doing much towards frustrat- 
ing the cowardly aims of the rioters. While so occupied they ran great risks, 
and not a few of them had hairbreadth escapes from death at the hands of the 
mob. Whenever one of them was recognized, the startling cry went up,"There 
goes Kennedy's spies," and then the officer was lucky indeed if his self-posses- 
sion and presence of mind extricated him from the dangerous dilemma. The 
Detective force acted throughout with great discretion, bravery and zeal. 



OUK I'OI.Ii K PRO I I'X • 7 ORS. 



419 



CHAPTER XTX. 



INSPECTOR BYRNES' COMMAND. 



The Men who Protect the Citv from the Depredations of Knaves of 
High and Low Degree. — Forty Quick-witthi, Wiue-awake Detectives. 
— Their History and Record of Arrests. — How they Make the City a 
Safe Abiding-place for Honest People. — Interesting Tales of Some 
Celebrated Cases. — The Romance and Reality of Crime. — Truth 
Stranger than Fiction. — A Devoted Band of Police Officers. — Their 
Struggles and Triumphs. — The Men who Make it Possible for Inspector 
Byrnes to Retain his Well-earned Laurels. 

"\ T O jealousy will be felt by any member of Inspector Byrnes' staff at promi- 



nence being given to one of the oldest officers on the force, and one of its 
shrewdest and most successful Detectives, Timothy Golden. As far back as 
1859 — a (juarter of a century ago — he was detailed as Detective in the Si.xth 
Precinct, and five years later he went to Police Headquarters. His career has 
been distinguished and useful. Among his many arrests may be cited the fol- 
lowing: September, 1859, William Jones, for the murder of a stranger in an un- 
occupied room in Crown's Rookery at Worth and Little Water Streets. The 
murderer got six cents for his bloody work, and left no clue. Several months 
after Golden captured him on an oyster boat at Philadelj^hia, and he was sen- 
tenced for life. The same year he arrested John McCue for the murder of an 
express driver in a grocery store at Elm and Grand Streets, and convicted him. 
A recommendation to mercy by the jury limited his sentence to nineteen 
years and six months. In May of i860 Golden convicted eleven porters at H. 
B. Claflin & Co.'s, who had conspired to swindle the firm, and recovered 
fifteen thousand dollars' worth of goods. Five months later he arrested Fred- 
erick Schacht for the murder of Thomas Kaveny at Pearl Street and City Hall 
Place. Schacht was a grocer, and a large fund was raised for his defense, which 
was so ably conducted by James T. Brady, who afterwards said he would never 
again defend a criminal, and kept his word, that Schacht escaped with 
a short sentence. Golden spent three years to collect evidence to 
justify him in arresting Peter and Mary Hefferman alias James and Ellen 
Johnson, expert shoplifters, who had accumulated a quarter of a million of 
dollars. The wife pleaded coverture and was discharged. He forfeited his 
bail and fled to Canada, but was arrested again in the States, and served 
one year. His arrest cost him. in all, fifteen thousand dollars. In August, 
1864, he brought to book George F". Howe, the accomplice of Smith and Stev- 
enson the bogus bonded warehouse keepers, who, on spurious warehouse 




420 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

receipts, borrowed two hundred and eighty thousand dollars. The arrest was 
made in Rochester, after a chase through Wisconsin. All the rascals escaped, 
in a measure, by making restitution. Mark Shinburn, the bank burglar who 
became a German Baron, and who is now serving a sentence for bank burglary at 
Viviers, Belgium, was arrested by Golden in August, 1865, for the burglary at 
the Savings Bank at Walpole, New Hampshire, on the twenty-fifth of April of 
that year, when eighty-six thousand dollars was stolen. Shinburn escaped 
while serving a ten years' sentence at the Concord Prison. He also arrested 
George White, Shinborne's accomplice, who broke jail while awaiting a second 
trial, and he is now serving a fourteen years' sentence for the Barre, Vt., bank 

robbery. In July, 1874, 
he arrested a man who 
had hypothecated twenty- 
five thousand dollars in 
Buffalo, New York and 
Erie Railroad Bonds, 
from George Ripley, the 
banker, and recovered 
twenty thousand dollars. 
The same year he arrested 
another man for obtaining 
l)y burglary, at the office 
of the Commissioners of 
Internal Revenue at Wash- 
ington, D. C, twelve thou- 
sand dollars, eleven thou- 
sand dollars of which were 
recovered. Then, in 1867, 
1877, and 1878, came the 
arrests of Charles R. Beck- 
with, Thomas R. Lewis, 
and Charles H. Ketchum, 
who, by conspiracy, for- 
gery, embezzlement, and 

falsification of accounts. 
Detective Sergeant Reporting. . 1 ^ i a a a ■ 

^ ^ Stole two hundred and six 

thousand dollars from B. T. Babbitt, the soap manufacturer and Ellen E. 
Peck. Beckwith was sent to prison for ten years; Lewis was followed 
to London by Golden and arrested, disgorged thirty thousand dollars; and 
Ketchum made restitution of fifteen thousand dollars. Ellen E. Peck, the 
alleged " confidence " woman, who, it is asserted, obtained nineteen thousand 
dollars from Babbitt by pretending to be able to disclose where Beck- 
with had put his money, is now in the Tombs awaiting trial on twelve 
indictments, viz.: five for grand larceny, one for ])eriury, and six for for- 
gery. Then came, in 1879, the capital arrest of J. R. Robinson, who had ob- 
tained two hundred and eighty-seven thousand dollars by forgery, in Pennsylvania. 




OCA' rOlJCF. PRO'I'I'-CIORS. 



Ije fled to London, thence to Spain, thence to Lisbon, and had set sail for C'allao 
when Clolden started after him. He never lost trace of him; from I'eru, up the west 
coast of South America, through Smith's C'hannel and the Straits of Magellan to 
Montevideo, lUienos A\ res, and Rio de Janeiro, where he was arrested and sur- * 
rendered by Doni Pedro. His case was compromised. In December, 1879. 
James 'J'ounky and R()l)crl May lied to Washington after being foiled in an at- 
tempt to obtain one thousand l'i\e hundred dollars from the Hank of .America, 
by forging the name of Mrs. Jones, of No. 625 Fifth Avenue. May was the 
lady's butler, andC.oUlen lra|)pcd him i)y inserting an advertisement for a butler 
in a Washington paper. 'I'ounley's arrest followed. Both were convicted. 
Detective Sergeant Golden is, notwithstanding his long service, still hale, and 
able to do first-class duty, ha\ ing recovered from a serious illness which for 
two years threatened to in\alidate him permanently. 

The old side partners, Holly Lyon and Richard King, ha\ e been, and are, 
terrors lo e\ il doers. Lyon became a Policeman in 1848, and elev en years later 
began to do duty as a Detective in the Seventh Precinct. King was a Detective 
in 1865, and went to the Central Office in 1873. Their arrests are numbered bv 
the hundred. In February, 1870, they caught the notorious thieves, "Wash" 
and " Ed " Goodrich or Goody, for stealing seven thousand dollars' worth of silk 
from the truck of Dean Albertson, and recovered the i)roperty. "Wash" 
was sent to prison for five years and " Kd " was discharged. In March, 1870, 
Daniel Ritner and Francis Degan entered the loan office No. 5 Amity Street, now 
Third Street, stunned the proprietor, Joseph Jackson, and stole diamonds, jew- 
elry, and money. The Detectives caught the thieves, and recovered the property. 
Judge Bedford sent the ])risoners to Sing Sing for nineteen years and six months. 
King and Lyon were the captors of the banker and brains of the Masked Bur- 
glars, George Millard alias Miller. They caught him in his saloon in West 
Broadway, January 5, 1874, and secured his conviction and sentence for five 
years by Recorder Hackett. The same year they captured " Patsey " Conroy, one 
of the masked burglars who robbed Judge Emott's house at New Rochelle, and 
obtained for him a twenty vears' sentence at White Plains. " Danny " Kelly, 
John Reilly, "Larry" Griffin, James Campbell, " Denny " Brady, and John 
Burns, confederates of Conroy, were also brought to justice by these officers. 
They secured a twenty years' sentence for Michael Wawhee for robbery and felo- 
nious assault on George F. Feely, of Saugerties, N. Y. This, in 1874, as well as 
the capture and conviction of John Green, William Reed. Thomas Anguly, and 
" Cockney " Jones, for a one thousand five hundred dollar burglary at Edward 
Ridley's, at Gravesend, L. I., and the arrest and conviction of John Durkin, 
Louis Forside, and John Henrv. who robbed Jacob Vanderbilt's house on 
Staten Island. In February, 1875, they arrested the lads Daniel Horey and 
James Sweeny, who stole an Adams Express wagon and safe, in which was thirty- 
one thousand dollars in bonds and twentv-five thousand three hundred and sixty 
dollars in currency. The money, etc., were recovered from their grave in a 
Nassau Street cellar, and Horey was convicted. Sweenv escaped by turning 
State's evidence. 

Inspector Byrnes' judgment was correct when he secured the transfer from 



422 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



the Twenty-fifth Precinct to the Detective Squad, of Sergeant Isaac Bird, now 
Deputy Chief Detective, and in charge of the squad in the absence of Inspector 
Byrnes. Sergeant* Bird was a Patrohnan in l- ebruary, 1859, Roundsman in 1861, 
and promoted to his present rank in August, 1862. He is now keen, far-seeing 
and prompt, and, while he disclaims any title to a record, he could lay claim to 
much credit for his intelligent and far-sighted management of many cases which 
have been brought to a successful issue. 

Francis Mangin, Jr., had his start in life in the newspaper business at 
Police Headquarters, and his fidelity and ability induced his employers, when 
he had outgrown his usefulness, and, when as a matter of justice, his services 
demanded fuller recognition, to obtain for him employment in the office of 
the late Sidney P. Nichols. He was advanced to the position of confidential 




I. Gag. 2. Sectional Jimmy. 3. Sectional Jimmv. 4. Copper Sledge, s- l ead Sledee. 6. Diamond Drill. 

k Diamond Drill. 8. Kev Nippers. 9. Improved Safe-opener. 10. Glim. it. Used to Obtain a Leverage. 12. 
niickles. i^. Skeleton Keys. 14. Wedge. 15. Wedge. 16. Powder Blower. 17. Slung Shot. 18. PiJwder 
Funnel. 19. Dummy Pistol. 20. Fuse. 

A Burglar's Outfit. 

clerk, and afterwards was made a Policeman, and in time became a De- 
tective Sergeant. His record of arrests is a good one. The following are 
among the best of them: May, 1883, George Gunsett, receiving stolen goods, 
sent to the Elmira Reformatory; August, 1883, W. D. Biglow, larceny at the 
Grand Union Hotel, sentenced to three years; April, 1883, Edward Kelly, high- 
way robbery on a woman, sentenced to five years; T^muary, 1883, Ella Bonk 
alias Ada Forrester, shoplifting; May, 1885, F. B. Tults, E. J. Foster, Gordon 



OUR POLICE PROTECIORS. 



423 



R. Ciimmings, W. McKeon, Matthew Shaw and David Davis, clerks at LeBou- 
tillTer Bros., all convicted for robbing their employers; December, 1883, J. J. 
Wilkins, arrested at Havana for forging checks on Brown Bros. In September, 
18S4, he caught Charles Stepsic for stealing two thousand five hundred dollars' 
worth of jewelry from William Schwensen's store, No. 254 Third Avenue, 
where he was employed as salesman, recovered the property, and convicted the 
prisoner. 

Jacoi! Tookkr, who is as brave and competent an officer as any on tlie force, 
was made a Detective in the Nineteenth Precinct, January 12, 1877. His pre- 
cinct career was an exemplary one, and at Police Headcpiarters he has proved 
himself trustworthy. In January, 1877, he arrested John Ford for shooting 
James Burnham at the " Burnt Rag" in West Seventeenth Street, on the ninth of 
November, 1876, and Kate Donnelly at Seventy-second Street and .\vcnue A a 
week later. Ford received a sentence of seven years. On the fourteenth of Feb- 
ruary, 1882, Tooker came near being murdered by Thomas alias '"Hump" 
Hennessy. He was " wanted " for robbery with violence, and when Tooker 
arrested him, Hennessy shot him in the head. Tooker refrained from taking the 
felon's life, and, though grievoi^ly injured, held on to his prisoner until aid came. 
Hennessy was sent to prison for eight years and a half. In July, 1883, he 
arrested the confidence woman. Bertha Heyman alias Schlesinger alias Edwards, 
at Paterson, N. J., for swindling, among others, Edward Saunders, of No. 43 
Second Avenue, and was sent to prison for five years. 

John, or " J.\ck " W.\ue, as he is affectionately called, was made a Detective 
in May, 1875, and for years did his full duty in the Tenth Precinct. In Ai)ril, 
1876, he arrested Gedrge Wilson, Patrick Boyle, William Roberts, and Martin Mc- 
Gowan, who drove to Brooklyn in a wagon, entered a jewelry store in Hicks 
Street, presented revolvers at the proprietor and his wife, and beat them after 
robbing the place. Each went to prison for twenty years. In November, 1876, 
Patrick Connors enticed James Colligan, a "sport," into a coach, and took a ride 
to Central Park, where he and a confederate robbed Colligan, Connors drawing 
with his teeth a diamond ring off the man's finger so that the flesh came with it. 
Connors went to Sing Sing for twenty years, thanks to Wade's persistent hunt 
for him. He was instrumental in securing the arrest, in November, 1879, of 
Joseph and Mary Volkmar, who poisoned Charles Blair at No. 114 Essex Street, 
and both were sentenced to twelve years imprisonment each. In October of this 
year he arrested the notorious "Billv" Porter or O'Brien, who broke jail in Ray- 
mond Street, Brooklyn, with "Johnny" Irving, afterwards killed by "Johnny, 
the Mick," in " Shang" Draper's Sixth Avenue saloon. In July, 1883, he cap- 
tured James Quigley and James Ryan, who stole a trunk and two thousand dol- 
lars' worth of silk belonging to Roger.s. Peet cK: Co., and four months later 
captured the notorious hotel thief " Gus " Gregory, who had set the Police of 
New York by the ears because of his persistent depredations and his evasion of 
arrest. 

Thomas W. Mulrv, Wade's partner, was aj)pointed a Detective in the 
Eighteenth Precinct in March, 1877, and he has a clean and creditable record. 
His chief arrests were: April, 1877, Patrick Lynch, burglary, sentenced for five 



424 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



years; May, 1878, James Creegan, grand larceny, sentenced to five years; Oc- 
tober, 1879, James McCabe, robbery, sentenced to twenty years; August, 1880, 
Annie Riley, grand larceny, sentenced to three years and a half; March, 1881, 
John Fain, burglary, sentenced to five years; March, 1884, Arthur Price, forgery, 
sentenced to five years; and November 3, 1884, " Gus " Gregory, burglary, sen- 
tenced to ten years. 

James J. Lancan, a thoroughly efficient member of the Detective Squad, 
was appointed a Detective Sergeant in May, 1882. In February, 1883, he 
arrested and convicted the tramp thief, William Barlow, who took a pocketbook 
from Miss Christina Sherwood on the steps of the Fourth Avenue tunnel, and 
left no clue to his identity. In November of that year he caught William E. 
Brockway and L. R. Martin, who had forged fifty-two thousand dollars in bonds 
of tlie Morris and Essex Railroad Company, and both were convicted. In 



alias " Slugger," and Paul Dewitt alias " Big Peter," and W. H. Livingstone, 
burglary, all convicted; April, 1883, Joseph H. Thompson alias '"Doc," Titus C. 
Frank Morris alias Robert Langdon, forgery, each sentenced to five years; 
David C. Bliss alias "Doc," April, 1883, larceny of twenty-eight thousdnd 
dollars in bonds, sent to State Prison for two years; February, 1884, Frank 
Donohue, Frank Thomas, and George Raymond, burglary, sentenced to four 
years each; August, 1884, Leonard C. Davis, bigamy, sentenced to one year. 

George Radi-ord has handled more " gilt-edged " cases than any Detective 
ever in the Department. He came to the Detective Office in 1859, and is still 
doing excellent service. Some of his cases are as follows: In November, 1862, 
a box containing three hundred thousand dollars was stolen from Riggs tS: Co.'s 
deposit vault in the 15nnk of North .\merica. Radford had no clue, but he 
arrested Charles Kingsbury and Robert Taylor, and made matters so warm for 




August, 1882, he arrested and con\ icted 
Terence McQuade, the dog catcher, who 
wantonly murdered a boy named Doyle 
who clamored for the release of his pet clog 
at One Hundred and Tenth Street and 
Tenth Avenue. In August, 1883, he suc- 
ceeded in bringing to justice Patrick Carroll 
and John Talbot, who blew open two safes 
at No. 10 Burling Slip; and in July, 1884, 
sent to prison William Parks and George 
Johnson, who knocked down and robbed 
William Kruskopp, of No. 112 Elizabeth 
Street. 



Captain's Shield. 



James McQuirk was taken to the Cen- 
tral Office in i88i, and he has a record of 
arrests that demonstrates his aptitude for 
his profession. Some of his best arrests 
were: November, 1882, Edward Farring- 
ton, grand larceny, sentenced to two years 
and a half; same year, Michael Dempsey 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



425 



the thieves that they sent the box and its contents intact to Radford, at the Fifth 
Avenue Hotel. The prisoners were discharged, it being next to impossible to 
identify them. In January, 1877, Cyrus C. Clark was caught by Radford try- 
ing to negotiate a loan of twelve thousand dollars on twenty-one excellent 
forgeries of the one thousand dollar bonds of the Central Pacific Railroad, and 
was sent to prison for five years. In March, 1866, John P. Moore's residence, No. 
1 10 Madison Avenue, was entered by a "second story" thief, who stole sixty- 
four thousand dollars in Government bonds and money. After several weeks 
of investigation, and with only a small steel jimmy as a clue, Radford arrested 
two "second story" men, " Troy" Dennis and Hugh Carr, and recovered forty- 
seven thousand dollars of the bonds, but the prisoners were released because 
the evidence against them, although positive to the officer, was insufifi< ient for a 
jury. Carr afterwards committed 
suicide. Dennis was killed in 1876 
at No. 64 West Fiftieth Street while 
committing a "second story" rob- 
bery, by a coping stone falling with 
.md on him. In September, 1878, 
Charles Baker alias Walter Whelphy 
went to Morton Bliss & Co.'s banking 
house. No. 25 Nassau Street, with a 
forged bill of lading and drew a bill of 
exchange for two thousand one hun- 
dred and fifty-nine pounds sterling. 
He received a check for ten thousand 
four hundred and twenty-seven dol- 
lars, and when the forgeries were dis- 
covered, Radford hunted up Baker 
and recovered the checks. Baker was 
sent to prison for three years. He also 
arrested and sent to prison for twenty 
years, Joseph Murray, one of several 
desperados who, at the Central Park 
Savings Bank, on the third of April, Sergeant's Shield. 

187 1, knocked the cashier down, and grabbed four hundred and forty-five dollars in 
a package. In June, 1879, he arrested and convicted George H. Clark alias " Phila- 
delphia Pearsall " for stealing an envelope containing a United States one thou- 
sand dollar bond at Kountze Bros., No. 12 Wall Street, and recovered the bond. 

One of the shrewdest and most trustworthy men on the staff is Philip 
Reilly, who became a Headquarters Detective in August, 1866. .\ full account 
of his arrests would, like those of many of Inspector Byrnes' staff, fdl this book. 
The following is a summary of the most important or singularly creditable ones: 
December, 1866, Sam Moody and William Sewell for burglary, convicted and 
sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment. August, 1870, Edward Howard 
Ruloff, hung for muider seven months later. October, 1874. arrested Robert 
Murray alias " Bobby, the Milkman," for burglary; he was sentenced to ten 




42 G OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

years' imprisonment. December 30, 1874, arrest of George alias "Rat" Riley 
for burglary; he served a term of ten years. February, 1875, James G. Twiss, 
highway robbery; sent to jail for eighteen years by Judge Sutherland. May 31, 
1876, Jacob Schinholz, burglar; sent to prison for ten years by Judge Gilder- 
sleeve. February 10, 1877, arrest of William Veltman and William H. Leitch, 
for forgery on the Merchants' Exchange Bank ; they were sent to prison each 
for ten years by Judge Sutherland. 

Patrick Doi.an and Chaki.ks Hkidklhkrc;, old, experienced, and successful 
Detectives, merit special mention as intelligent partners and useful public ser- 
vants. Dolan was a])pointed a Detective in the Sixth Precinct, in March, 1869, 
and Heidelberg has been a Detective fifteen years. Much of their work of late 
years has ])een deterrent, or their labors have been with other Detectives, all of 
whom have shared with them and Inspector Byrnes the honor of the success. 
Dolan, in May, 1874, arrested Joseph Callamon and Joseph Frechton for swind- 
ling John Riche out of a satchel of 
gold coin, recovered the money, and 
convicted the rascals. Three years 
later, he convicted Charles F. Clark 
and Charles AVirgasen of highway rob- 
bery, and the next year sent Amber 
Jourdan to Sing Sing for five years, 
for grand larceny at the residence of 
M. Curtis, No 27 Washington Street. 
Next year he convicted Jeremiah 
Manky and John Keenan of a large 
dry goods robbery. 

Heidelberg, in 1881, made scores 
of good arrests, among which were 
the following: Joseph W. Milne, who 
stole one thousand two hundred dol- 
lars from the First National Bank of 
Patrolman's Shield. Fall River ; David Butler, a negro, 

charged with burglary at Elizabeth, N. J.; Henry Rodley, a negro, charged with 
forgery; William 1). Batchelder, the blackmailer. Next year he sent to prison Fred- 
erick Fischer, James Mannard and Charles Peters, charged with burglary at Al- 
bany; Morris A. Schwab and Henrv Williams, charged with stealing five hundred 
dollars from Mrs. Helen M. Lewis, of Charleston, S. C, and Frank Talcott'and 
William Brown, who stole two cases of velvet from Lord &: Taylor's. In 1883 
he convicted a private Detective who had been swindling credulous and ambi- 
tious Germans out of sums varying from ten to two hundred dollars, by 
pretending to appoint them Detectives, and giving them an elaborately engraved 
commission. 

A bright and highly interesting record is that of Josf.ph M. Dorcv, who 
was a])pointcd a Detective in the Tenth Precinct in January, 1872. Barely two 
months later he arrested Michael De Rosa, an Italian, who. on account of jeal- 
ousy, murdered Giovanni Pabricco in the rear of No. 37 Mulberry Street, with 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



427 



a dirk. De Rosa was caught under a heap of rags at No. 41 Mulberry Street, 
and went to prison for three years. His very brilliant arrest of John Dolan 
for the murder of James H. Noe, the brush maker, al No. 275 Greenwich 
Street, on the twenty-second of August, 1875. is yet remembered. Noe was 
fatally injured by Dolan on a Sunday morning while he visited liis store to 
see if everything was in order. Dolan was robbing the place, and attat ked 
when surprised. The only clues was a monkey-headed slung-shot left behind 
and Mr. Noe's watch, which was pawned in Chatham Street. The crime was 
brought home to Dolan, and he was executed March 15, 1876. Dorcy also 
arrested and secured the judicial taking away of Edward Reinhardt, who mur- 
dered his wife, Mary Ann, on Staten Island, July 19, 1878, and buried her body 
at Silver Lake. On the twenty-second of June, 1883, at Grand Rapids, Mich- 
igan, he arrested Dirck ('. Horseling. who embezzled two thousand five hundred 
dollars while tax collector in the Nethe.lands, and Marshal Erhardt sent him to 
Holland. 'J'hree weeks later on he arrested Pietro Edwardo Martiningo, 
charged with forgery and embezzlement to the e.xtent of one hundred andsixtv 
thousand dollars on the Banca Subaepina, of Turin, Italy. The culprit decided 
to go bac k without extradition jiroceedings. The most stirring of his adven- 
tures was the arrest, on the twenty-first of June, 1882, of Canon Leon L. ]. 
I5ernard, who embezzled one million four hundred thousand dollars of the See 
of 'I'ournai, lielgiiun. The ciiase after the rc\ crend scoundrel began tlirough the 
jjrincipal south-western cities, then to Mexico, and finally at Vera Cruz. Dorcv 
secured Bernard's arrest at the Hotel Telegrafo, at Havana, by a telegraphic 
message which arrived in the nick of time. Dorcy secured information which 
enabled the See of Tournai to recover one million two hundred thousand 
dollars. 

Thomas Hickev, who became a Central Office Detective in April, 1880, is 
one of the most unassuming, and, at the same time, one of the bravest 
and most trustworthy officers of the Detective liureau. He has been chiefly 
engaged in looking after the interests of Mammon in Wall Street, and how 
well he and his associates have done their duty is seen by the absence 
of reports of depredations in the financial centre. Hickey has found time 
to do some excellent Detective work. In November, 1880. he arrested and 
convicted Henry Freeman for stealing three thousand dollars from a safe at the 
New York Post-office. In February, 1881, a tray of diamond rings was stolen 
from the show window of Alexander Newburger, No. 531 Sixth Avenue. Hickey 
soon had the thieves, James Murphv, John Dunn, John Leonard, and "Milky," 
McDonald, under arrest, and their conviction followed. A month later, three 
thousand five hundred dollars' worth of laces were stolen from the truck of 
Lahey <S: Dubard, No. 110 Grand Street, and the thieves, Henry Lissee, Henry 
Hart, August Hartrott and Marcus Raymond, were soon on their way to prison. 
In September, 1882, he secured the conviction, and sentences of fifteen years 
each, of George Earle and Ambrose Schlag, for burglary at the residences of 
Percy L. Pine and Colgate Hoyt, on the banks of the Hudson. The same year 
he arrested Henr\ Hart and Marcus Raymond for stealing twelve thousand 
dollars' worth of baggage from a Dodd's express wagon. In February, 



428 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



1883, he convicted David Kidney and John Carmody of robbing Adolph 
C.oldsmith and his messenger, in Greenwich Street, of a cash box containing one 
thousand five hundred dollars ; and the same year he caught Albert Yiloeky, who 
is now serving a life sentence for beating out the brains of a countryman near 
Pittsl)urg, Pa. 

Michael Ckowlev was taken from the Fifteenth Precinct to Police Head- 
(luarters in March, 1881. He had made an enviable reputation long before, and 
has continued to be shrewd and energetic. The record of his arrests are: W. C. 
Rhinelander, of No. 243 Schermerhorn Street, Brooklyn, for attempting to kill 
John Drake, at No. 79 Cedar Street; Frank Frisbie, for stealing five thousand 
dollars from the Bank of Portland, Oregon; H. F. Gray bill, for forgeries on 
Miller & Bro., Philadelphia, and the Savannah Steamship Company; Bernard 
Rose alias Russell, for a five thousand dollar burglary at Hammerslough Bros.', 

at 724 Broadway and William Mei- 
neck, for the murder of Katie Brader- 
hoff, at Elmira. 

RicH.\RD O'Connor, Sergeant of 
Detectives, was detailed as a Central 
Office Detective at the District Attor- 
ney's office, in October, 1873. He is 
accounted as not only having a com- 
plete knowledge of all criminals worth 
knowing, but with having a better 
knowledge of criminal law and pro- 
ceedings than many practicing lawyers. 
He, in June, 1874, caught John H. 
Short, who was sent to prison for twenty years for robbing Jacob Vanderbilt's 
house', on Staten Island. He convicted George Miles alias Bliss, for the Barre, 
Vt., bank robbery, in September, 1875. November, 9, 1875, he arrested John 
Green for a burglary at Oxford Furnace, N. J., and secured his conviction. In 
August, 1876, he caught David Jones alias Peyton, who had committed a burglary 
at Baltimore, Md., and he was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment. Attilla 
Beyer, who robbed District Attorney Phelps' house, was arrested by O'Connor 
in August, 1876, and was sent to Sing Sing for ten years. In September of that 
year he arrested Daniel O'Brien, alias Captain Sparks, for stealing three thousand 
dollars' worth of diamonds from a Long Branch hotel, and he was sent to Trenton 
Prison for ten years. 

Owen Halev, who was detailed as a Detective in May, 1873. has had an 
active, honorable and memorable career. He began well, for in July, 1873, he 
received honorable mention by the Board of Police for arresting and convicting 
seventeen shoplifters and pickpockets in twenty-eight days. His industr>' is pro- 
verbial, and he has made as good an average of arrests as any of his colleagues. 
Some of the most important were in April, 1875. Charles D. Thompson, em- 
bezzlement of eleven thousand dollars at the Core Iron Works of Providence. R. 
I., who shot himself in the head on the steamer Idaho, but was sent to Provi- 
dence; June, 1876, William Leith, forger on Bryer & Smith, sentenced to ten 




Model Cell. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



429 



years; March 31, 1877, Joseph I5ald\vin alias Peijperniint Joe, Joseph F. Adams 
alid^ Joe Butts, and "Bill" Voshurgh, for robbing Gracie, King <S: Co. of a 
box containing one hundred and eighty thousand dollars in bonds; May, 1877, 
John Price alias James Munroe, for stealing five thousand dollars in Boston; 
March, 1878, William Smith alias Shaw alias McGuin, and Frank Dwyer, 
for obtaining goods on forged orders from John Osborne & Co.; June, 1878, 
Vincent McGee, alias "Red" the "stage fiend," who so long collected fares 
and evaded arrest ; August, 1878, William Howard, burglar, caught through 
imprisoning of his hands in the fanlight of a door. He charged W. T. Van 
Zandt, a millionaire, with arson; Ajjril, 1879, T. McDonald and Joseph Stern, 
who in three years had robbed IC. C. Denning & Co., No. 177 Broadway, of 
twenty thousand dollars' worth of goods, McDonald being an employee, and 
Stern the receiver. Haley was honorably mentioned for these arrests by the 
Board of Police, as he was the first to inform the firm that they were being robbed; 
June, 1881, James J. Rooney, the barrel thief, who was convicted after being 
twenty years in the business of receiving casks and barrels stolen from brewers; 
October, 1881, Mark Koshofskie alias Michael, the forger of forty checks; a 
month later John W. Oliver, embezzler of eight thousand dollars at Americus, 
Ga., money recovered; March, 1882, George Hendrix, the blower up of the 
Andre Monument at Tappan, N. Y.; April, 1882, Manuel Montana alias 
Gonzalez, the forger of one hundred and thirty checks; September, 1882, Wil- 
liam Rogers, George Smith, W. H. Burke, Louis Briggs, and W. G. Abbott, 
charged with the murder, at a pic-nic row at Elizabethport, N. J. of Thomas Mc- 
Keon; December, 1882, Charles E. Boucher, forger of one hundred checks in 
New York and Syracuse; December, 1882, George James Rice, president of the 
Elmira and Ithaca Railroad, charged with embezzling one hunded and fifty 
thousand dollars; January, 1883, William Harrison alias Hewitt, the black- 
mailer of Mrs. Rich, whose husband so mysteriously disappeared; W. H. Mc- 
Cabe, W. H. Hughes, Richard C. Swift, Michael O'Donnell, John Conlon, 
Edward O'Keefe, Horatio S. Courtney, Richard O'Keefe, the "false fire alarm 
fiends," who had driven the Fire Department distracted with their malicious mis- 
chief, for which all paid dearly; October, 1883, John B. O'Reilly and Margaret 
Nash, for incarcerating their aunt in a lunatic asylum and possessing themselves 
of her money, five thousand dollars; February, 1884, John Britton and Thomas 
Feeney alias Freund, the blackmailer of A. E. G. Oelrichs; October, 1884, 
Rollins M. Strang, charged with embezzlement of four thousand five hundred 
dollars by Jones & Co. of the New York Flour Mills; November, 1884, Alexander 
C. Branscom, for forging to the amount of fifty-two thousand two hundred and 
fifty-two dollars on a number of publishing houses. 

John J. Dunn, a veteran officer, first did Detective duty in the Eighth 
Precinct in 1869. He is so thoroughly trustworthy and possessed of such good 
judgment that he has had charge of the Wall Street Sub-Detective Bureau since 
it opened. His chief arrests as a Detective are: John Avery for murder at 
Creskill, N. J., who was hung at Hackensack, June 8, 1872; C. H. Madan, bur- 
glar, sentenced to twenty years by Recorder Hackett September 28, 1875; 
Abraham Bernstein sentenced for life for arson, and Charles Bernstein and A. 



43° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



D. Freeman, sentenced for the same crime to the same punishment; and Henry 
D. Reno sentenced for ten years for arson. 

Robert McNaught has been a Central Office Detective since December, 
1877, and he has done a vast amount of first-class duty. In September, 1878, 
he arrested the notorious forger, Julius Columbani, and secured his conviction. 
Columbani was afterwards arrested by him in February, 1884, at the instance of 
the swindler, Mrs. Peck, for negotiating bonds, stolen by burglars from E. 
McSorley, of Richmond, Staten Island. Samuel Kane alias ''Slocum," and 
John Norton alias "the Kid" were stealing a valise in which were twenty-seven 
thousand dollars in bonds, from No. 29 Broadway, in September, 1878. A couple 
of weeks later he arrested Clinton Ainsworth alias Smith alias "Broker Dick," 
who had in his possession one thousand of four thousand unsigned ten dollar 
notes of the Consolidated Bank of Canada, which had been stolen from the 
bank. In March, 1881, McNaught arrested Samuel Hawthorn on a telegraphic 

description from Vicksburg 
Mississippi, on a charge of 
murder. He was sentenced to 
ninety-nine years' imprison- 
ment. Augustus D. Wheelock, 
who forged two checks for ten 
thousand dollars each, and stole 
forty-five thousand dollars, was, 
in November, 1881, traced to 
London through McNaught, and 
was brought back by Detective 
Sergeant Cosgrove. 

Alvan H. Williamson was 
made a Detective in November, 
1873, and has done excellent 
service. In October, 1874, he 
arrested George alias " Rat " 
Riley, and Robert Murray alias 
Sergeant Isaac Bird. « gobby, the Milkman," for rob- 

bing the Messrs. Luther Bryant of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars 
and other property. Each was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. He also 
convicted George Anderson of burglary at W. R. Lear's. No. 5 West Twenty- 
fourth Street; Thomas Hamilton for robbing L. Valentine, of No. 19 f'ifth 
Avenue; James G. Twess for highway robbery on Ewald Bolemius, of No. 207 
East Houston Street; Julius Bloom, the famous shoplifter: John Anderson alias 
"Jimmy, the Kid," the pickpocket; and Jacob Shenholz, who burglarized the 
store of Harris Philips at No. 107 Hester Street. 

John Ruland became the Detective of the Fifteenth Precinct in February, 
1877, and he kept the command clear of felons, and rarely missed catching 
those who committed depredations or crimes. A very important arrest was 
made by him in June, 1881, in the i)erson of the king of scoundrels in the con- 
fidence fraternity, " Plin " White, who so mercilessly fleeced poor Major W. L. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



H^l. He was associated with Haley in the arrest of the " false fire-alarm 
fiends," and in other arrests made by that officer. Ruland has recovered from 
an affection of the eyes which, for several years, menaced him with blindness. 

Edw ard Slevin, Sergeant in the Detective Bureau, was made Ward Detec- 
tive in the Fifteenth Precinct in August, 1873, and came to Police Headquarters 
to receive later on, well merited promotion, in March, 1880. Sergeant Slevin is 
Inspector Byrne's right hand man, and his confidence in him is fully warranted. 
One of the most genial of men in jirivatc life, he is, in his profession, keen, 
indefatigable, and successful. It is hardly fair to give a history of his personal 
arrests, for some of the most successful and extraordinary cases in New York 
have been brought to the point when an arrest was necessary, and another 
officer stepped in to make it. In September, 1876, he convicted Henry Bruner, 
a sneak thief, for robbing Angelina Ambrogetti, of No. 106 Clinton Place, of 
jewelry and money. The same year he convicted John Absender, for stealing a 
trunk from the City Hotel, and Mary Mitchell alias Busby, for robbing Mrs. A. 
L. Roberts. Next year he disposed of " Sam " Bergen and " Jack " Conroy, 
for stealing three thousand dollars' worth of clothes from W. D. AVoods, at No. 
667 Broadway. Passing by hundreds of arrests by him as a Ward Detective, 
we come to November 21, 1883, when he arrested Richard O. Davis and Edward 
Darlington for a forgery of one thousand four hundred dollars on the Conti- 
nental National Bank of New York, and convicted both. The same year he 
made one of the cleverest arrests ever accomplished by an officer, that of the 
notorious forger " Steve " Raymond alias Marshall, for altering stolen coupons 
of the Union Pacific Railroad Company. Raymond was captured at the Bank 
of Commerce while cashing a check for some of the coupons which he had 
cashed at the office of the Union Pacific Railroad Company. He was sentenced 
to State Prison for life. ■ 

Much of the most important clerical work of the Detective Bureau is 
done by Sergeant William W. McLaughlin, who was a Patrolman in 1868, a 
Roundsman in 1874, and won his rank in 1882. He has a clean record, and 
often finds time to do the best of Detective work. In 1883, William C. Bullard 
alias Russell alias Maltby, was combining forgery with bigamy, and was crimi- 
nally successful in each, but he tried his pen on the Fifth Avenue Bank, and 
fell into McLaughlin's clutches after much hunting up. He is serving a five 
years' sentence. In May, 1882, Henry Wood picked the pocket of a bank 
messenger of a wallet containing fifty thousand dollars in money, drafts, etc., 
and was convicted by McLaughlin. He caught the confidence operators, 
Maurice Schwab and Robert Rummels, who, in the Spring of 1882, after de- 
frauding many persons, swindled the actress, Helen Morris Lewis, out of five 
hundred dollars. Samuel B. Sinclair and W. H. Holliday were, in April, 1S83, 
bookkeeper and salesman, respectively, with Lang &: Robinson, of No. 2 South 
Street. They, by forgery and embezzlement, obtained seventeen thousand five 
hundred dollars and fled to Cuba. McLaughlin was instrumental in securing 
their arrest at Nuevitas, and went to Cuba and brought them back to be tried 
and convicted. For the gigantic scheme to get a cool million from the Elevated 
Railroads by forging tickets, McLaughlin arrested Joseph B. Cole, the planner 



432 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



of the affair; W. H. Pindar, tlie confederate; and A. C. Speth, the lithographer; 
Cole was convicted, Pindar was discharged, and Speth's case is pending. 

Frank Cosgrove, who dates from the time of the Hon. De Witt CHnton 
Wheeler, has done some splendid Detective work. He owes much to his match- 
less aplomb and good education. He was associated, in 1881, in the arrest of the 
Vicksburg murderer, Samuel Hawthorne, who received a sentence of ninety-nine 
years' imprisonment. In September, 1880, he captured and convicted John 
Stanford and William Chrystie, for burglary at the residence of A. T. Albro, 
at White Plains. In July, 1881, he ran down Antonio Stadt, who, at the resi- 
dence of Colgate Hoyt, at Yonker.s, obtained by burglary three thousand dollars' 
worth of silverware and other property, and sent him to State Prison for fifteen 
years. He also arrested his confederate, George Ewell, who received a sen- 
tence of ten years. Cosgrove gets a great many delicate cases, when a man 
who has a nice discrimination, in apparel is an acquisition, and not a few times 
has he mingled with the crane de la cretne of upper-tendom while investigating 
matters that disturbed the peace of high-toned families. 

William E. Frink is another of Inspector Byrnes' suave, well-mannered, 
handsome and stylishly attired officers. He went to the Detective Bureau in 
February, 1882, and very soon had Franklin J. Moses, ex-Governor of South 
Carolina, and the profligate and swindling son of a scrupulously honest jurist, in 
jail. The fellow had swindled hundreds of persons, but the complaint in this 
case was made by E. W. Crowell, of No. 195 Broadway. Moses was sent to the 
penitentiary for six months. A short time after, Frink run down Jacob Weil, 
who had embezzled three thousand dollars from Withers Brothers & Owens, No. 
32 Bond Street. Weil was traced by the officer to Liverpool, and he was 
brought here and convicted. Richard Gerner, who swindled a letter carrier, 
Richard O'Connor, out of three thousand dollars, was arrested by Frink in May, 
1882, and the money was disgorged. In June, 1883, he arrested Harry Moore 
alias Howard, for robbing a freight car of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company 
of ten thousand dollars' worth of silks, and recovered the property. Louis 
Wilkins, who had swindled many through the medium of messenger boys, was 
caught by Frink in September, 1883. In November, 1884, he arrested Walter 
Cortwright alias " Big Walter," a notorious shoplifter, for a robbery of feathers 
at R. M. Morton & Co.'s, at Eleventh Street and University Place, and on Jan- 
uary 2, 1885, he captured Frank King and Patrick Hughes, who stole a jeweler's 
trunk from the baggage room of the Westcott Express Company's office at^ the 
Grand Central Depot. Frink recovered the jewelry, which was worth three 
thousai;d dollars. 

Charles O'Connor was appointed a Detective in the Eleventh Precinct 
in November, 1871. His record is unexcelled. In 1S72 he arrested Samuel 
Maloney, who threw red pepper in the eyes of William Feldman and stole four 
thousand dollars from him at Rivington and Mangin Streets. Maloney ser\-ed 
ten years in prison for the offense. In July, 1876, Julius Azeroff, Jonas Gold- 
smith and Daniel Warner entered Jacob Fieber's residence, No. 712 East Sixth 
Street, and Warner knocked Fieber senseless, while his confederates rifled a 
trunk and stole six hundred dollars. O'Connor ferretted out the criminals, and 



OUR POLICE rK0TEC70RS. 



433 



thSy were duly convicted. In March, 1877, O'Connor arrested John Dailey, 
Francis McCormack, John Doherty and James Lynch for murdering Frank 
Reilly at Stanton and Goerck Streets. Dailey received a life sentence, and the 
others went to prison for four years. The same year he convicted Peter De- 
laney and Cleorge Lewis for stabbing William Pulver at Rivington and Lewis 
Streets, so that he had lifteen wounds, and robbing him. Each received heavy 
but well merited punishment. He enabled justice to settle an account with 
John Burns, Edward Harrison and Joseph Smith, who, early in 1878, entered the 
jewelry store of Jacob Ling, at No. 453 Hlast Ninth Street, awed Mrs. Ling, who 
was alone, by pointing a pistol at her, and robbed the place. In February, 1874, 
he caught Edward (learing alias Goodrich alias Morris alias Goody, the 
"butcher cart" thief, who, witli a confederate, robbed William R. Church of 




Convicts' Boat Going to the Island. 

two thousand dollars at the One Hundred and Eleventh Street station of the 
Second Avenue Elevated Railroad. Gearing was sent to prison for twenty years. 

George H. Dilks, son of the veteran Inspector, became a Detective in 
March, 1872. Next year he made a verv brilliant arrest. The notorious 
"Jimmy" Brady alias Oscar Peterson, was negotiating the sale of forty thou- 
sand dollars in stolen bonds, when Dilks and Detective Tully surprised him, and 
Brady fled. Dilks pursued him through Carmine. Bedford and Leroy Streets, 
and here fired at him, wounding him in the hip. Brady ])lunged into a window, 
and Dilks fired through the window again, wounding him in the hip. Brady was 
tugging at his ])istol, but the hammer had caught in the lining of his pocket, 
and Dilks had time to get in the window and compel a surrender under the muz- 
zle of his weapon. The bonds were found where Brady was trying to sell them. 
He was sent to Sing Sing for ten years, and is now serving a sentence of seven- 
teen years and a half for a petty robbery of silk underclothing in a Broadway 



434 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



store, when he was drunk from a carouse which celebrated the division of forty- 
thousand dollars, the proceeds of several bank robberies; and for the shooting at 
and wounding of Officer Paddock, of the Broadway Squad, who pursued him. 
Dilks was associated with Detective Haley in the arrest of "Peppermint Joe " 
and "Joe Butts," for the Charlestown robbery in 1877. This year Dilks arrested 
and convicted John Price alias James Monroe, for stealing five thousand dollars 
in bonds from a hair store in Washington Street, Boston; and in 1876 he ran to 
earth the scoundrelly and ferocious Italian confidence operator, Andrea Bres- 
sant, and his confederate, Pietro Valgoe, who had robbed a compatriot in Boston 
of one thousand nine hundred dollars. Going to Boston, Bressant, although 
handcuffed, leaped from a train going at full speed. He was not seriously in- 
jured, and was recaptured and landed in Boston. He also arrested the skilled 
trickster and diamond thief, Claude Burroughs, who, by dodging out of a room 
at the Grand Central Hotel, swindled John R. Greason & Co., the jewelers, out 
of gems worth four thousand six hundred dollars. Burroughs was sent to the 
Elmira Reformatory. In 1884, he, with Detective Sergeant Cosgrove, convicted 
Catherine Murray, the expert English thief, who had robbed Mrs. H. B. Hatch, 
of No. 531 Fifth Avenue, of three thousand dollars' worth of property; and 
with the same officer ended temporarily the career of Ralph Newton, who 
had embezzled seven thousand dollars from A. H. Wheeler &: Co., No. 30 New 
Street. They caught him by a ruse. He was a musical amateur, and when they 
found that he would not be " in " at his lodgings, they personated minstrels, pro- 
cured a violin, and soon enticed him out of his retirement. 

George Lanthier was appointed a Detective in July, 1879. He is, perhaps, 
the best dressed member of Inspector Byrnes' staff, and very frequently does 
duty in a "swallow tail." He is generally one of the favored ones who are se- 
lected to attend grand receptions and entertainments to look out for light- 
fingered gentry. His record of arrests is a capital one. He, in February, 1880, 
captured Langdon W. Moore alias Charley Adams, for the burglary at the War- 
ren Savings Bank, Boston, who is completing a term of sixteen years in the 
Massachusetts State Prison. That month he caught Ernestine Smith, who stole 
five thousand dollars' worth of diamonds at No. 54 West Fifty-sixth Street; and 
the same year brought to book John Anderson alias " Little Andy," for obtain- 
ing five thousand five hundred dollars' worth of jewelry by a burglary at a 
Third Avenue pawnbroker's. In December, 1880, he arrested and convicted 
the blackmailer, Jacob Isleton; and in March, 1881, ran down, at Denver, Col., 
James Orr, who had embezzled sixty-five thousand dollars from Jackson S. 
Schultz. 

Edgar S. Slauson, a pupil of Richard King, became a Detective in Oc- 
tober, 1882, and he is an efficient, quiet and painstaking member of the Detec- 
tive force. A few days after he went to the Central Office he arrested Archi- 
bald Adams and William Johnson, for robbing the pawnbroker, Thomas Green, 
of No. 171 Bowery, of three thousand five hundred dollars by "ringing the 
changes " on the tickets. The prisoners were sent to the Elmira Reformatory. 
In August, 1883, he locked up John Jenning alias "Liverpool Jack," a profes- 
sional safe blower, for a burglary at No. 29 Frankfort Street, and convicted him. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



435 



In'june, 1884, he convicted Michael and Thomas CaUahan and Carroll F. Rich- 
ards, for stealing four trunks containing property worth three thousand five hun- 
dred dollars, from the office of Dodd's Exjjress Co. 

Silas W. Rogers was made a Detective in the Twenty-ninth Precinct in 
1874, and is au fait in anything that concerns his duties. His early arrests 
show a long list of burglars, hotel thieves, and sneaks. In April, 1882, he 
arrested and convicted James Lee, the bogus Custom House officer, and the 
next month checked the career of James J. Courtney, the forger, who passed a 
check for three thousand three hundred and ten dollars and fifty cents on the 
Marine Bank. The same year he convicted Michael Martin, the East River 
National Bank forger. Next May he caught and convicted Timothy J. Gilmore, 
who forged on C. T. Gorham, the First Street flour merchant; and in June, 1884, 
secjuestered Michael Koshofski, who passed worthless checks on Mitchell, Vance 
& Co. and R. H. Mary «S; Co. Last December he aided in the capture of 
" Tom " Connors, William R. Hibone and John McKeon, the King's County 
Penitentiary burglars. 

George W. McCi-usrv was made a Detective in October, 1883, and two 
months later arrested David Lowenthal alias " Sheeny Dave," for stealing a 
diamond bracelet at the jewelry store of Thomas Kirkpatrick &: Co., Twenty- 
second Street and Broadway. He was put under bail, and left his bondsman in 
tlie lurch. In January, 1884, he arrested and convicted Thomas P. Ryan alias 
" Tim Simon," for robbing a man of a gold watch in Madison Scpiare Ciarden; and 
next month he captured and convicted the professional bill dropper, Robert 
Hawthorne alias Hartshorn; James McGuire alias Jesse James, and Patrick 
McGrath alias " Blind Patsey," for robbing an Italian of six hundred dollars in 
Crosby Street. 

Albertis Wood was made a Detective in 1881, and has done his full share 
of duty. His principal arrests are: April, 1882, John Fogarty, burglar, sentenced 
to two years; October 3, 1882, George Morton, burglar, one year; October 6, 
John McMahon, grand larceny, five years; March, 1883, Charles Raymond, grand 
larceny, five years; June, 1884, George Miller, grand larceny, three years and a 
half; and January, 1885, Charles H. Webb, forgery, one year. 

Thomas Doyle was appointed a Detective in the First Precinct in April, 1864. 
His career has been an honorable and useful one. He aided, in July, 1875, in 
arresting John H. Short for the burglary at Jacob Vanderbilt's, on Staten Island, 
and in February, 1 87 1 , sent G. W. Lambert to Sing Sing for receiving stolen goods. 
He aided in the arrest of Edward J. Courtney for the three thousand three 
hundred dollar forgery on the Marine Bank in 1882, and in November of that 
year convicted Michael Martin for a forgery on the East River Bank. In 
February, 1884, he arrested and convicted the forger, Timothy Gilmore, who had 
done a rushing business in small checks. 

Dennis J. Fogartv was made a Ward Detective in the Fifth Precinct in 
1877, and has had an honorable and busy career. He shares his credit with 
his partner, Martin Handy, who was made a Detective in the Eighteenth Pre- 
cinct in 1876. In August, 1877, Fogarty and Handy arrested the sneak thief, 
Daniel Brown alias French Louis, for breaking into Scott Brothers' store, 120 



436 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS, 



White Street, and convicted him. In November, 1878, they captured Francisco 
De Jeane, who murdered William Pease in York Street, and was sentenced for 
life. In November, 1877, they ran down Edward Edgar alias E. E. Hemingway, 
who, with others, cut into Patterson & Towers' bonded warehouse. They were 
surprised by a watchman when they had thirty thousand dollars' worth of silk 
prepared for removal. In January, 1885, they arrested and convicted the 
Italian confidence operators, Giovanni Rocco and Adolfo Pardinni, who swin- 
dled Felix Luigi out of one thousand six hundred dollars, part of which was 
recovered. 

Charles Kush went to the Central Office in June, 1881, and has done the 
best of quiet and thorough service. Among his many arrests are: April, 1882, 
"Red" Fogarty, burglary, sentenced to two years; December, 1882, John 
McMahon, grand larceny, sentenced to five years; March, 1883, Charles Ray- 
mond, grand larceny, sentenced to five years; February, 1884, " Fred" Herbert, 
blackmailing, sentenced to two years. 

James F. Vallelv is the latest addition to the Chief Detective's staff. If 
he continues to do as well as he did in the Twentieth Precinct, where he was 
appointed Ward Detective in October, 1883, he will make his mark. His chief 
arrests are: November, 1883, Thomas Porter, the robber of Jessie Waldron at 
No. 407 East Seventy-eighth Street, sent to prison for twenty years; March, 
1884, William Messner, arson, sent to prison for two and a half years; October, 
1883, William McKenna alias Dick Duffy, grand larceny, sentenced to five 
years; January, 1885, Patrick Hughe? alias Frank King, for stealing a jeweler's 
trunk at the Grand Central Depot, sent to prison for six and a half years. 

The Detective Officers. — With the Detective Sergeants are ten Patrol- 
men, classed as Detective officers, who, under Inspector Byrnes' system, have 
more than a fair chance of becoming Detective Sergeants. They are James R. 
Kelsey, Edward H. Doyle, Thomas Ferris, Charles A. Hanley, John Killilea, 
John L. Langon, James E. Liston, Stephen O'Brien, Joseph C. Gehegan and 
Joseph D. Wooldridge. Kelsey was graduated in the Tenth Precinct, and has 
been a valuable aid in many cases. Doyle and Langon are partners, and have 
done work that has advanced them in the estimation of the Chief. Thomas 
Ferris is an old Detective, having been appointed in 1875. In 1877 he arrested 
Edward Dorse)', who committed a murder in Frederick County, Md., and was 
executed. Hanley was one of the best officers in the Fifteenth Precinct before 
he was promoted to the Central Office. His partner, Killilea, has an equally 
enviable reputation. Liston, two days after last Christmas Day. ferreted out 
the bogus messenger boys, John Cunningham and John Burns, who had reaped a 
holiday harvest out of Wall Street brokers at the expense of the legitimate mes- 
sengers of the various companies. O'Brien has been under Inspector Byrnes 
nine months, and promises well. Gehegan, in December last, run down Fran- 
cisco Damato, for murder in New Haven, who was sentenced to ten years 
imprisonment. Wooldridge is a chip of the old block. His father was a famous 
Central Office Detective. 

Jacob Von Gerichten maybe called a young veteran. He has done fifteen 
years of excellent service, first in the Eighth Ward, and then in the Central 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 437 

Office Detective Bureau, and he is now in Europe on official business. He is 
side partner to Philip Reilly. Von Gerichten is a linguist, and has traveled 
many thousands of miles in this country and in Europe on Police business. 
He was associated with Detective Sergeant Reilly in the following cases : 
February, 1882, P. K. Post, Alexander Ross, forgery, sent to prison for ten 
years each; July, 1882, Jacob Weil, forgery, extradited from England, sent to 
prison for five years; Edward Kelly, straw bondsman, sent to prison for five 
years in October, 1882 ; Herman David, May, 1883, robbery, sent to State 
Prison for five years. 

John Hkard and Thom.^s Murray have not been long at Police Head- 
quarters, but they promise to make as good a reputation as any under the 
Chief Detective. Heard distinguished himself in August, 1883, by arresting 
the notorious " Mart " Allen, John Moore, Edward Thomas and Walter Allen, 
"Mart's" son, for flat robberies in Harlem. "Mart" trained his offspring 
to be a thief, and in these robberies, which were many and important, sent him 
ahead to ring bells and reconnoitre. " Mart " got ten years, Moore five years, 
and Thomas three years. Young Allen was discharged. 

Thomas F. Adams, an old and skilled officer, has been incapacitated by 
ill health from doing very active duty for several years. He is now in New 
Orleans doing Special Detective duty for the management of the Exposition. 
He invented the mechanical i)art of the present Rogues' Gallery, and has ar- 
ranged and classified it. 



438 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



CHAPTER XX. 



POLICE CENTRAL OFFICE. 

The Centre of a System which affords Police Protection to the City. 
— Headquarters of the Police Department. — Telegraph Office ; 
Superintendent Crowley. — Third Precinct; Captain Gastlin. — The 
Harbor Police. — Superintendent's Chief Clerk Hopcroft. — Bureau 
of Inquiry for Missing People. — Commissioner French. — Commissioner 
FiTZ John Porter. — Com.missioner Matthews. — Lost Children. — Chief 
Clerk Kipp. — Property Clerk's Office. — The Sanitary Company. — Ten- 
ement House Squad. 

r)OLICE HEADQUARTERS, at No. 300 Mulberry Street, is a solid, massive 
structure, extending back to Mott Street. Here are centred the clerical 
force of the Department, the offices of the Superintendent, First Inspection Dis- 
trict, Detective Department, 
Property Clerk, the head- 
quarters of the Third Pre- 
cinct (formerly Steamboat 
Squad), Telegraph Bureau, 
Matron Webb's rooms for 
lost children, the Election 
Bureau, and several other 
offices of minor importance. 
The Police Commissioners 
also have their offices here, 
and, altogether, it is the most 
important building of its kind 
in America. Police Head- 
quarters attracts a great many 
visitors. Its portals open wide 
to receive alike the beggar 
and the merchant prince, the 
swindler and the philan- 
thropist, the journalist and the politician; all meet and mingle here in true demo- 
cratic fashion; while the great wheels of the visible machinery of the law keep 
revolving in their tireless course. This is the heart and centre of the elaborate 
system which affords Police protection to a great city. The entire Police force 
consists of two thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine men, sub-divided, accord- 
ing to rank, as follows: one Superintendent, four Inspectors, thirty-six Captains, 




OUR rOLICK PROTECTORS. 439 

forty Detective Sergeants, one hundred and fifty-two Sergeants, eight Acting 
Sergeants, one hundred and seventy-eight Roundsmen, two thousand three hun- 
dred and seventy-four Patrolmen, and eighty Doormen. 'I hereare, in addition, 
eighteen Surgeons. 

Telegraph Office. — In the basement. Rooms i and 2 are occupied by tlie 
telegraph office. The Superintendent of this Bureau is Mr. James Crowley, a most 
competent official, who has held his present important position for over twenty-five 
years. The operators are: Michael R. Brennan, George F. Stevens, Charles Wylie, 
Richard Battin, Robert Y). Ferguson. William S. Fraser, lineman; Francis 

H. Haggerty, battery boy. 

T ii e importance of the 
Police telegraph cannot be 
overestimated. It is acknowl- 
edged to be the right arm of 
the service. Without it the 
J'olice would be powerless to 
cope with crime and crimi- 
nals. What a compass and 
rudder are to a ship the tele- 
graph is to the Police De- 
jiartment. And this branch 
of the Police system is for- 
tunate in having at its head a 
man of tried cajjacity and in- 
tegrity. The Superintendent, 
seated at his desk at Police 
Headquarters, knows almost 
in an instant what is taking 
))lace at the furthest Police 
point of the city. He is in 
constant communication with 
his subordinate officers, and 
through him, orders are al- 
most instantaneously trans- 
mitted to every Police commandant in the city, and through them to the 
two thousand eight hundred members of the force. 

This Bureau, during the riot week, materially assisted in saving the city 
from being sacked and burned. The staff then consisted of the present 
Superintendent, James Crowley; Eldred Polhamus, Deputy Superintendent; 
Charles L. Chapin, John A. K. Duvall and James A. Lucas, Operators. 

There were then thirty-two telegraphic stations in the city, all centralizing 
at Police Headquarters, which were divided into five sections — the North, East, 
South, West and Central. 

The week after the riots the Police Commissioners issued an address to the 
force, in which reference was made to the efficient services of the telegraph 
corps, as follows: 




Police Telegraph Office. 



440 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



" Mr. Crowley, the Superintendent of the Police Telegraph, and the at- 
taches of his Department, by untiring and sleepless vigilance in transmitting 
information by telegraph unceasingly through more than ten days and nights, 
have more than sustained the high reputation they have always possessed." 

The ofifice is connected by wire with the various station houses, the Fire 
Department, hospitals, Elevated Railroad stations, the river fronts and islands, 
the arsenals and armories, etc. 

Third Precinct. — Rooms 3 and 4, in the basement, are occupied by the 
new Third Precinct Station (formerly the Steamboat Squad). This is in charge 
of Captain George W. Gastlin. The old Steamboat Squad was organized on the 
ninth of June, 1876, and Captain Gastlin, who was then Sergeant in the Tenth 
Precinct, assigned to the command. The Steamboat Squad insures very com- 
plete protection to the river front, wharves and piers, and gives more direct and 



efficient protection to travelers. On December 15, 1876, the command was 
divided into two squads, the Eastern and Western Steamboat Squads, the form^er 
doing duty in the First Inspection District, the latter in the Second Inspection 
District. 

The Third Precinct is bounded on the west side of New York by low 
water mark on the North River, Fourteenth Street, the centre line of Thirteenth 
Avenue, the centre line of Eleventh Street, and the west car track in West 
Street, to Battery Place and the south side of Pier i. On the east side of the 
city it is bounded by low water mark in the East River, Gouverneur Slip, and 
the east car track, to the Barge office. It has one central station at Police Head- 
quarters, and two sub-stations, one in the United States Barge office and one in 
the building of the Albany Day Line of steamers, at Pier No. 39, North River. Its 




Superintendent Crowley. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



44' 



officers are: Sergeant Watson Vreetlenburgh, who became a Policeman in 1865, 
was made Roundsman in 1867, and was promoted in September, 1870; Ser- 
geant John J. Taylor, who joined the force in May, 1864, was made Rounds- 
man three years later, and gained rank in November 1869; and Sergeant Charles 
H. Reinisch, whose dates are: Patrolman, August, 1868; Roundsman, July, 
1876; and Sergeant, September, 1877. This precinct is commanded by Captain 
George W. Gastlin. 

The command was organized in June, 1876, by Commissioner Joel H. 
Erhardt; and Roundsman (now Sergeant) James K. Fuller, first commanded it. 
Sergeant (now Captain) Gastlin, succeeded hini. The force was known as the 
Eastern and Western Steamboat Squads at one time, then it was amalgamated 
into the Steamboat Squad, and in January, 1885, the precinct scheme, devised 
by Chief Clerk Ki|>p, wont into force. 




Captain George W. Gastlin. 

Captain George W. Gastlin, of the Steamboat Squad, has done more than 
any other officer to free the river front from thieves and bunco men. At the 
time of the formation of the Squad the wharves along the river were in the 
charge of rowdies of all descriptions. Hundreds of confidence operators and 
swindlers of every description had, up to the time of his appointment, preyed on 
unsuspecting emigrants and peo])le wlio, by the hardest kind of labor and 
pinching economy, had amassed a little money and wished to return to the old 
country. 

When the Squad was first organized there were two Italian swindlers who 
passed themselves off as priests, and in this manner won the confidence of 
several emigrants. One morning Captain Gastlin produced these rascals at the 
Tombs. Their names were Vivaldo Michele and Lorenzo Mazin. A short time 



442 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



before their arrest these two men had met an Italian at Bowling Green who was 
going to Europe. ■ Mazin, " the priest," got into conversation with his unsophis- 
ticated countryman, whom he told that he was going to Italy, and required an 
interpreter; Mazin at the same time showed Mono a satchel which he said 
contained thousands of dollars. Mono agreed to take the situation of interpreter, 
and gave his money to the priest for safe keeping. The clerical imposter then 
sent Mono for some fine cigars, but when he returned with the cigars " the 
priest " had vanished along with his confrere Michele. Both were sent to State 
Prison. 

John Goss, a well-known confidence operator, who used to lie in wait for 
the Troy boats and swindle 
the passengers, was the next 
victim of the Captain's vigi- 
lance. 

Aleck Anderson alias W. 
Odell,,met a grey-haired old 
gentleman named Samuel 
Fraud, of Blackstone, Mass., 
on board the Newport boat, 
and told him that he (Ander- 
son) had to pay the freight 
on some goods which had 
just come on board, and 
would Mr. Fraud oblige him 
with the loan of one hundred 
dollars against a gold check 
for eight hundred dollars on 
Messrs. Reilly & May. Of 
course the check was worth- Arresting Mutineers, 

less. Anderson was arrested by Captain Gastlin, taken before Justice Wheeler 
at the Tombs, convicted, and sent to State Prison. 

A very clever piece of Police work was the arrest of Walter Williams alias 
Roberts alias Slip Corcoran, and William Foster alias Fitzgerald. These two 
sharks had operated on a poor Irishman who was returning by a White Star 
steamer to take out his mother from the old country. They had taken every 
penny he had from him — one hundred and fifty pounds sterling — and de- 
camped. Captain Gastlin just then arrived on the scene. In order to avoid 
being recognized as an officer, he told the unfortunate victim that he would lose 
his passage if he did not get on board at once. With the assistance of a Police- 
man, Captain Gastlin hustled the man down on board the steamer and put him 
down among the steerage passengers. A short time afterwards Captain Gastlin 
removed the man from the steamer to Castle Garden. This ruse completely threw 
the confidence men off their guard — of course, there would be no complainant 
against them, now that Henry had sailed for Ireland. Captain Gastlin, a week after- 
wards, captured the swindlers, and great was their surprise when Henry was pro- 
duced in court as a witness against them. The prisoners were sent to State Prison. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



443 



' John Leonard, a passenger by the steamship Pennsylvania from Liverpool, 
robbed several of his fellow-travelers of sums varying from three to eighty-five 
pounds sterling. One of the passengers recognized a four-penny bit which was 
found on Leonard's person, and this was really the only thing by which the thefts 
could be fastened on him. Captain (iastlin worked up the case. Leonard was 
arrested and sent to State Prison. 

IlilzaVon Zarcn alias Le ^L1rquis O'Neill de Lassantas, was employed 
as a waiter in the summer at Newport. \\\ the evening he used to dress as a 
woman, and became the rage among the young bloods spending the season at 
Newport. After the Newport season closed, he came to New York, where he 
was employed at a house on Fifth Avenue as a waiter. He plundered the house 
and fled. He was afterwards employed in a West Forty-eighth Street house, 




Boarding a Mutinous Vessel. 

which he also plundered. His arrest in New York, by Captain Gastlin, created 
a great sensation and scandal. He was sent to Sing Sing. 

Captain Gastlin, who is the son of a Policeman is, in a double sense, a born 
Policeman. 

The Special Duty Ofificers of this precinct are: Eubo Hey, Janus Mallen, 
William Thomas, and R. J. Vail on the North River; and E. Grady and H. E. 
Van Ranst on the East River; and Nathan Sanford detailed to the Corporation 
Attorney's office. There are forty-one day jiosts on the North River, and nine- 
teen day posts on the East River; and nine night posts on the North River, and 
nine night posts on the East River. The effective force is about ninty-four 
Patrolmen and six Roundsmen. 

The day Posts on the North River are: Post i, new Pier i to old Pier i; 



444 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Post 2, Pier 2 to Pier 3; Post 3, Pier 4 to half of Pier 5; Post 4, Pier 5 to half of 
Pier 6; Post 5, Pi«r 6 to Pier 7; Post 6, half of Pier 7 to Pier 8; Post 7, Pier 9 
to Pier 10; Post 8, Pief 11 to Pier 12; Post 9, Pier 12 to Pier 14; Post 10, Pier 14 
to Pier 16; Post 11, Pier 18 to Pier 19; Post 12, Pier 20 to Pier 21; Post 13, Pier 

22 to Pier 23; Post 14, Pier 26; Post 15, Pier 27; Post 16, Pier 28; Post 17, Pier 
29; Post 18, Pier 30 to Pier 32; Post 19, Pier 33; Post 20, Pier 34 to Pier 35; 
Post 21, Pier 36; Post 22, Pier 37; Post 23, Pier 38 to Pier 38^; Post 24, Pier 
39; Post 25, Pier 40; Post 26, Pier 41; Post 27, Pier 41^^ to Pier 45; Post 28, 
Pier 43; Post 29, Pier 44 to half of Pier 45; Post 30, Pier 45 to Pier 46; Post 31, 
Pier 47; Post 32, Pier 48; Post 33, Pier 50; Post 34, Pier 50^ to Pier 51; Post 
35, Pier 52; Post 36, Pier 53 to Pier 54; Post 37, West Tenth Street to Perry 
Street; Post 38, Perry Street to Horatio Street; Post 39, Horatio Street to West 
Fourteenth Street; Posts 40 and 41, West Washington Market. 

Night Posts, North River: Post i, Pier i to Liberty Street ferry; Post 2, 
Liberty Street ferry to Pier 23; Post 3, Pier 23 to Pier 29; Post 4, Pier 29 to 
Pier 36; Post 5, Pier 36 to Desbrosses Street ferry; Post 6, Desbrosses Street 
ferry to Pier 44; Post 7, Pier 44 to Pier 53; Post 8, Pier 53 to Perry Street; Post 
9, Perry Street to West Fourteenth Street. 

Day Posts, East River: Post i. Pier 2 to Pier 6; Post 2, Pier 6 to Pier 9; Post 
3, Pier 9 to Pier 15; Post 4, Pier 16 to Pier 17; Post 5, Pier 17 to Pier 19; Post 
6, Pier 20 to Pier 21; Post 7, Pier 22 to Pie:' 23; Post 8, Pier 24; Post 9, Piers 
25 and 25^; Post 10, Pier 27 to Pier 29; Post 11, Pier 33 to Pier 34; Post 12, 
Piers 35 and 35^; Post 13, Piers 36 and 37; Post 14, Piers 38 and 39; Post 15, 
Pier 40 to Pier 43; Post 16, Pier 44 to Pier 46; Post 17, Pier 46 to Pier 49; Post 
18, Pier 49 to Pier 53; Post 19, Barge Office. 

Night Posts, East River: Post i, Staten Island ferry to Pier 6; Post 2, Pier 
6 to Pier 12; Post 3, Pier 12 to Pier 18; Post 4, Pier 18 to Pier 23; Post 5, Pier 

23 to Pier 29; Post 6, Pier 29 to James Street ferry; Post 7, James Street ferry 
to Pier 36; Post 8, Pier 36 to Pier 45; Post 9, Pier 45 to Pier 52. 

This precinct has a peculiar system. One section goes on day duty at seven 
A. M., and is relieved at six p. m. by a section which is relieved at midnight by a 
section which remains on duty until seven a. m. The day duty men are day 
duty men all the time. The night duty men change off every Sunday, that is to 
say, those who have been doing duty from midnight to seven a. m. take the place 
of those who have been doing duty from six p. M. to midnight. 

Captain Gastlin has vast commercial interests and the traveling public 'to 
guard. Hitherto he looked simply after the river fronts during the day 
time. Now he takes care of nearly every pier and ferry day and night. The 
principal piers and ferries are: 

North River: Quebec Steamship Company, Anchor Line, White Star Line, 
Citizens' Troy Line, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad piers, Trans- 
atlantic Company, Cunard Line, National Line, Guion Line, Inman Line, Ocean 
Steamship Company, State Line, Pacific Mail Steamship Company, Fort Lee 
boats, People's Line to Albany, Norwich Line, Albany Day Line, Merchants' 
Line, Pennsylvania Railroad, Star, Union, and Empire Freight Lines, Old Do- 
minion Line, Morgan Line, Hudson River boats, Stonington Line, Erie Railroad, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS 



445 




446 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Desbrosses Street Ferry, Pavonia Ferry, Providence Line, Fall River Line, 
Clyde's Charleston Line, New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, Barclay 
Street Ferry, Jersey City Ferry, Mediterranean boats, New Haven Transportation 
Company, Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, Metropol- 
itan Line, Cromwell Line, Long Branch boats, Baltimore Transportation 
Company, New York, Havana and Mexico Steamers, Lehigh Valley Railroad, 
Iron Steamboat Company, and Communipaw Ferry. 

East River: Staten Island Ferry, North Shore Ferry, Bay Ridge route. 
Governor's Island Ferry, South Ferry, Hamilton Ferry, New York Central and 

Hudson River Railroad 
Freight Pier, Electro Line, 
Ward's Havana Line, Mor- 
gan's Bristol Line, San 
Francisco Packets, Mal- 
lory's Texas Line, Wall 
Street Ferry, Fulton Fer- 
ry, Hartford and Glen 
Cove boats, New Haven 
Line, Sag Harbor and 
Greenport boats, Clyde 
Line, Bridgeport boats, 
Central Vermont Railroad, 
Long Island Railroad, 
Catharine Street Ferry, 
Portland steamers, New 
Bedford propellers, Medi- 
terranean steamers. New 
York, New Haven and 
Hartford Railroad, Hun- 
ter's Point Ferry, and 
Roosevelt Street Ferry. 

One of the most nota- 
ble members of the Steam- 
boat Squad is Philip C. 
Bleil, whose services as a saviour of human life have given him a world-wide 
reputation, and who has been the recipient of a dozen medals from different 
humane societies in recognition of his self-sacrifice and bravery. 

Long before Bleil became a member of the Steamboat Police his coolness 
and courage in a desperate emergency had won him a reputation. He 
rescued more than a score of fellow-beings from a watery death. Many of 
these were cases of accident, but the majority belonged to the class of un- 
fortunate women who seek surcease for their sorrow in the cold waters of the ' 
river. 

Following is a list of work done by the members of the Third Precinct 
Police for the month of January, 1885: 

Seven persons rescued from drowning after six p. m. 




Superintendent Murray's Roonn. 



OUR POLICE PROTKCTORS. 



447 



M Two persons found drowned. 
Fourteen accidents occurring to men employed on the piers, and cjj-ed for 

by the Police. 

Three arrests for felonious assault and l)attery. 
Three arrests for i)etit larceny. 
One arrest for grand larceny. 

Two men, brought to tiiis city dead, sent to Morgue. 
One arrest for cruelty to animals. 
One arrest for mutiny. 

Twenty-six arrests for intoxication, assault and battery, and small crimes. 
Two boys arrested 
for truancy, and re- 
stored to parents 
from other cities. 

One large fire dis- 
covered by men 
from Third Precinct, 
and five lives saved. 

One fire on East 
River. 

Property taken 
from prisoners,found 
and taken from 
thieves, and restored 
to owners, two thou- 
sand one hundred 
and thirty-five dol- 
lars and eighty-two 
cents. 

Honorable men- 
tion was made by 
the Board of Police 

of the meritorious 

. ^ , T) A Watchingr for River Thieves, 

conduct of Rounds- ^ 

man Thos. Riley and Patrolman Timothy Crogan for saving five lives at the 
burning of the steamboat St. John, Januarj', 1885. 

Previous to the organization of the Steamboat Squad another body of 
men representing the law was in existence, and still remains an efficient co- 
adjutor of the Steamboat Squad in repressing crime and bringing violators of 
the law to justice. 

The H.arbor Police. — At first the force consisted of but a few men, whose 
duty it was to patrol the river front (then much less in extent than at present) in 
rowboats. As the commerce of the port increased, and the wharves and piers 
extended northward, it was found that more rapid means of transportation were 
necessary, and a small steamboat, which was named the " Seneca," was built for 
the especial service required. This boat caught fire in some unknown manner 




448 



OUR POIJCE PROTECTORS. 



about four years ago, and was totally destroyed. So furious and rapid was the 
jirogress of the flames that it was found impossible to save the records of the 
force, which extended over a period of many years, and were, consequently, of 
much interest and value. 

A new boat was built immediately, and christened the "Patrol." When 
not actively engaged, it lies at the foot of Third Street. East River, and serves 
as the Headquarters of the River Police. 

The duties of the Harbor Police are similar to those of the Steamboat 
Squad, with the exception that the services performed by the former are en- 
tirely upon the water. The Police boat is called into requisition whenever a 
fire breaks out upon the wharves or amongst the shipping, or in any of the 




Steamboat " Patrol." 

Streets lying adjacent to the water front. The crew are also called upon to 
quell mutinies, to arrest quarrelsome or insubordinate sailors, and preserve 
order generally amongst the vessels lying in the harbor. 

The Harbor Police force was brought into existence on the fifteenth of 
February, 1858, but the service boats were not ready for use until the third of 
March following, the men being employed in the meantime doing patrol duty 
along the wharves. The river was so full of ice that it was impossible to use 
the boats with safety until the fifteenth of March. The number of arrests for 
actual crime was at first small, yet the services rendered the shipping interests, 
intercepting smuggled goods, etc., from the start proved the great utility of the 
scheme. The boats were directed to overhaul and examine all boats found on 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



449 



thc'Tivers after night; and in numerous instances the observance of this order 
proved useful. The Harbor PoUce, in a very short time, became an indispensa- 
ble auxiliary to the land force. Tiie Harbor Police (Twenty-fourth Precinct) 
was then in command of Captain A. J. Gilson. 

The steamboat and boat's crew are under the command of the Boat Ca];- 
tain, who is responsible for the navigation, management, safe keeping, condition, 
and the perfect and complete cleaning of the steamboat, engine, boiler, fire- 
pump and hose, crew's quarters, tackle, apparel, and furniture; and also for 
the action and conduct of the boat's crew. 




George Hopcroft. 

The boat's crew, in addition to the Pioat Captain, is made up as follows, 
to wit: 

I Pilot, at a compensation at the rate of $ioo per month. 
I Engineer, *' " loo " 

1 Assistant Engineer, " " 85 

2 Fiiemen, " " " 65 

3 Deckmen, " " 60 " 

The Boat Captain is authorized to employ the pilot, engineers, deckmen, 
and firemen, subject to the approval of the Board of Police. 

Captain E. O. S.mith, formerly of the Twenty-eighth Precinct, succeeded 
Captain Schultz in the command of the Harbor Police. 

Room 4 is Superintendent Walling's office. 

Mr. George Hopcroft, Chief Clerk to the Superintendent, has his office in 
an adjoining room. Mr. Hopcroft became attached to Police Headquarters in 
i860. On May i of the following year he was made a Policeman, and attached 



45° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



to Superintendent Kennedy's office as Chief Clerk, a position which he has 
worthily filled under five successive Superintendents, namely: Jourdan, Kelso, 
Matsell, Walling and Murray. 

Sergeant Nicholas Brooks' office is in the same apartment as Mr. Hop- 
croft's. Sergeant Brooks is in charge of the Bureau of Inquiry for Missing 
People. He was appointed a Patrolman May 15, 1867, and assigned to the 
Thirteenth Precinct. He was in the Orange riot of 1871. On November 29, 
1878, he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant. His assistant is Roundsman 
Joseph A. Saul. 

To those who are conversant with the working of this Bureau, with the tales 
of misery and despair that are daily reported, it becomes a matter of the greatest 
surprise how such things can be. and only overcome us like a summer cloud. The 




Sergeant Nicholas Brooks 

records of the books kept by Sergeant Brooks contain food and reflection for 
the moralist and the dramatist, contain material for tragedies deeper than 
Eschylus ever wrote. But in the majority of instances, family pride, or a regard 
for the good name of the lost one, or a feeling prompted by hope that in the 
course of time he or she may "turn up " all right, seals the lips of afflicted affec- 
tion. However, the present writer, not being a moralist or a dramatist, but a 
plain reporter of unvarnished facts, must not indulge in such speculative philos- 
ophy. It is enough to say that we are dealing strictly with facts, and facts, too, 
that are stranger than the strangest fiction. 

Sergeant Brooks estimates that on an average six hundred persons are 
reported as missing at Police Headquarters every year. Of this number it is 
safe to say that fully four hundred either voluntarily return to their homes, or 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



451 



ait; accounted for in some other manner. A certain percentage of the remain- 
der, for reasons best known to themselves, bury themselves forever beyond the 
reach or knowledge of kith and kin, while the rest receive sepulture in unknown 
graves. The morgue gathers up the mutilated and unrecognizable forms of some 
of these. Whether they are the victims of foul play, had died by their own 
hand or from accidental causes, except in rare cases, there is no means of de- 
termining. Many of the bodies found floating with the tide are, from time to 
time, identified by some peculiar mark, the texture of the garments, or contents of 
the pockets, which, but for these, the bodies would be placed among the unknown 
and pauper dead in Potter's Field. But the clearing up of this mystery in a 
great many instances only serves to create another and a more inscrutable mys- 
tery, by provoking the inquiry how such a one came by such a death. But this 
is a secret closely guarded by lips sealed in death, and conseciuently never to be 
revealed. Various and suf- 
ficient reasons are assigned 
for a large class of cases of 
mysterious disappearances. 
Generally domestic troubles, 
mental alienation, financial 
difficulties, blighted affec- 
tions, or dissipated habits, 
are at the bottom of it all. 
Young persons, too, of both 
sexes, who are dissatisfied 
with parental restraints, run 
away from home, and are 
numbered among the lost and 
missing. The following com- 
parative statement of the 
ages of this shadowy six 
hundred has been gleaned 
from an official source: between fourteen and twenty years, one hundred; between 
twenty and thirty years, two hundred; between thirty and forty years, one hun- 
dred; between forty and fifty years, one hundred; fifty years and upwards, one 
hundred. 

When a missing person is reported at Police Headquarters, the method or 
routine adopted is this: 

The name and general description of the missing one are telegraphed from 
Police Headquarters to the several Police stations, notifying members of the 
force to institute a search for the person named and described in the dispatch. 
This is called a general alarm. The books containing the records of arrests and 
accidents are scrutinized; a slip containing a history of the case is given to the 
press reporters stationed at Police Headquarters, and they supply their papers 
with the news. If the case is deemed of sufficient importance, that is, if there 
are suspicions of foul play, or that the missing one has absconded, the matter is 
placed in the hands of the Detective office. 




452 



OUR POLICE rROTECrORS. 



The Superintendent of Police also sends printed forms, with a list of the 
names of missing persons, to each of the Captains, instructing them to "ascertain 
whether the following named persons, reported as missing, have returned home 
or been heard from." This memorandum is made monthly, and is to be returned, 
with a report made opposite each name. 

A description of the missing person is also furnished to the Superintendent 
of the Morgue. 

In Rooms 5 and 6 are located the Detective offices. 

Architect Nathaniel D. Bush has his office in a room adjoining. He has 
been Architect to the Department since 1862. He built, reconstructed or re- 
paired the north end of Police Headquarters, and the First, Fourth, Eighth, 
Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, 




Architect Nathaniel D. Bush. 

Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth (" Hroadway Squad,") Twenty-seventh, Twenty- 
ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, and Thirty-third Precinct Station 
Houses, as they now st:.nd, and he is now engaged on plans for the new Twenty- 
eighth Precinct Station House. He is nothing if not thorough. 

At the time that Mr. Bush came into the Department as architect, in 1863, 
he found the Police station houses in a very crude condition. But little had 
been done in the line of "modern improvements," and they had been run up, 
so to speak, to meet pressing emergencies, and without much, if any, regard for 
the comfort of the men, or the sanitary or architectural advantage of the houses. 
Mr. Bush went to work at once with characteristic energy, and in a few years 
our station houses began to put on very different appearances. The old ones 
were repaired and remodeled, and new ones designed; and thus the work went 



OUR ror.rcE protectors. 



45.1 



•«n, until to-day these station houses are models for ail others over the United 
States. Mr. Bush, in his day, designed and built all the new station houses, 
and rebuilt the old ones. Some of the best specimens of his work are illus- 
trated in this book, for instance, the First Precinct, Thirty-second Precinct, 
Fourteenth Precinct, Sixth Precinct, Twenty-ninth Precinct, Twelfth Precinct, 
etc., etc. 

Ja.mes Matthews was appointed Police Commissioner March ii, 1881, to 
succeed General William F. Smith, resigned. 




James Matthews, 



On May i, 1882, he was re-appointed for a full term, that being the date 
when General Smith's term expired. General Smith's resignation gave Mayor 
Grace an opportunity to appoint his successor without confirmation by the 
Board of Aldermen. General Smith was originally appointed Police Commis- 
sioner by Mayor Wickham, May i, 1875. He was removed by Mayor Cooper 
and Governor Robinson, August 5, 1879, under charges, and James E. Morrison 
was appointed by Mayor Cooper to succeed him. Mr. Morrison resigned 
November 24, 1879, and John R. Voorhis was made his successor. In the 



454 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



meantime General Smith appealed to the courts for reinstatement, and, on the 
tenth of June, 1880, his appeal was granted by the Supreme Court, thus ousting 
Mr. Voorhis. Mr. Matthews was, therefore, the fourth man who had held a 
Police Commissionership during a single term. Resigned May 9, 1885. 

Commissioner Stephen B. French, President of the Police Board, has his 
ofifices in Rooms 3 and 4. 

The following interesting sketch of Commissioner Stephen B. French is 
taken from a publication, the " History of Suffolk County:" 

" Stephen B. French was born in the town of Riverhead, Suffolk County, 
N. Y., January 16, 1829. His father, Peter French, was born in Montreal, Can- 
ada, and was of French Huguenot descent. His mother was a descendant of 
one of the original Dutch families who first settled in Orange County, N. Y. 

"The parents of S. B. French removed in 1831 from Riverhead to Sag Har- 
bor, where, until his thirteenth year, he attended school. He then entered the 
office of Captain John Budd, who was actively engaged in the whaling business, 
and with whom he remained some eighteen months. Afterwards he entered the 
employ of Thomas Brown, a very energetic merchant, who pursued the like 
business. 

"The bewitching desire to sail on the sea impelled him to ship for a whaling 
voyage, which continued three years. On this voyage he visited Brazil, Chili, 
the Sandwich Islands, and many other islands of the South Pacific. Returning 
home in June, 1847, in the ship "Aeasta," of Sag Harbor, he had resolved to 
follow whaling as the business of his life. His father died while he was on this 
voyage. An elder brother was following the sea. The urgent entreaties of his 
mother, and his reverence for her, constrained him to remain at home and en- 
gage in mercantile pursuits. 

Within eighteen months came the startling news of the gold findings in Cal- 
ifornia. On the eighth of February, 1849, Mr. French sailed in the ship 
" Sabina," in a company of ninety, from Sag Harbor, bound for San Francisco. 
Rounding Cape Horn, they reached that port August 8, 1849. Then commenced 
a life full of adventure, arduous and changing fortune : working on Denison's 
exchange, ascending to the mines in a whaleboat, digging for gold, returning to 
San Francisco and keeping a hotel there, running a vessel thence to the Sand- 
wich Islands, projecting an express to the northern mines, starting a store in 
Marysville, making and losing in five years two or three moderate fortunes. He 
sailed for the Sandwich Islands, and found there, as shipmaster, his brother, 
whom he had not seen for eight years; and returned home in the same ship, 
reaching Sag Harbor in June, 1854. 

As might be anticipated, the visit home strangely lengthened out from week 
to week, until his marriage with a young lady, pure, beautiful, true and accom- 
plished, whom the angel of death early summoned to the land of the blessed. 
During these years Mr. French was engaged in mercantile life as one of the firm 
of H. & S. B. French. 

After the death of his wife, in 1865, he sought to forget his grief by inter- 
esting himself in politics and public affairs. He had been a Whig, and always 
afterwards a Republican. In 1868, on the resignation of Joseph H. Goldsmith, 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 455 

as treasurer of Suffolk County, he was appointed to fill the position thus vacated. 
He was elected to this office in November, 1869, and re-elected in 1872, running 
hundreds ahead of his ticket. In 1874, as a candidate for Congress, he was de- 
feated, although carrying the district outside of the vote in I.ong Island City. 
In 1875, as a candidate for County Treasurer, he was carried down, in the over- 
whelming defeat of the Republican party, by the meagre majority of twelve 
votes, running nearly six hundred ahead of his ticket. In February, 1876, he 
was appointed Appraiser at the Port of New York by President Grant. He re- 
moved to New York in March, 1877; was appointed Police Commissioner of 
that city in May, 1879; was elected President of the Board in the year following, 
and still holds the position. 

Trained in the hard school of adversity, and subjected to conditions fluctua- 
ting and varied, tried in the perils of sea and land, on the shores of the Pacific 
and Atlantic coasts, few men have gained the large experience in a long lifetime 
which has been crowded into the few years of the early life of this man. .Mr. 
French has great rapidity of perception, strong i)owers of concentration, large 
capacity of endurance, and almost intuitive knowledge of the material and imma- 
terial facts of a case. He has extraordinary executive capacity, is well versed in 
human nature, with rare tact to adapt himself to changing circumstances in 
human affairs. He never forgets a favor or forsakes a friend. His sympathies 
are with the masses of mankind and their aspirations for freedom, education and 
mental culture; his character is positive; his convictions are decided; his action 
is prompt and resolute, and sometimes impulsive; his great generosity and kind 
heart are best known to his intimate friends. 

He is short in stature, well knit in frame, athletic in physical development. 
The dark, luminous eyes, that gleam under a capacious forehead, tell of the 
thought, penetration, energy and daring he is so well known to possess. There 
is great magnetism to his friends in his very presence, with something like uncon- 
scious defiance to foes. His positiveness is as attractive to the one as repellant 
to the other. As an organizer, his capacity to master a multiplicity of details, 
to judge of men as agents to execute or obstruct, his tenacity of purpose, powers 
of endurance and clearness of conception, conjoin to fit him admirably for the 
position he now occupies as chief of the Commissioners of Police in the empire 
city of this continent, and as a power in any political party to which he may 
belong." 

The term for which Mr. Henry Smith was appointed a Police Commissioner 
expired on the first day of May, 1877; he died before the expiration of that time, 
and Mr. Joel B. Erhardt was appointed to fill the vacancy thus created. Had 
Mr. Smith lived, his term of office would have expired on the first day of May, 
1877. Under the provisions of Section 25, Chapter 335, Laws of 1873, the suc- 
cessor of Mr, Smith or of Mr. Erhardt was entitled to the office for six years 
from the first day of May, 1877, or until the first day of May, 1883, Mr. Stephen 
B. French was appointed a Police Commissioner on the twenty-sixth day of May, 
1879, succeeding Mr. Exhardt, who, up to this date, had continued to act under 
no other appointment than that by virtue of which he was to serve the unexpired 
term of Mr. Smith. Mr. Erhardt continued so to hold over until Mr. French's 



456 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

appointment, thereby holding into the term of his successor. On November 24, 
1884, Stephen B. French was appointed for the term of six years from the 
first day of May, 1883, to succeed himself. Mr. McClave's certificate was 
for the balance of the unexpired term, beginning with May i, 1884, and ending 
May I, 1890. The certificates had been duly entered on the minutes. A motion 
was made and adopted making Commissioner McClave Treasurer in place of 
Mr. Mason, and assigning the latter's rooms and his membership on the various 
committees to him. 

WiLLiA.M Delamater, P'irst Deputy Clerk of the Police Department, was 
appointed Patrolman on the twenty-sixth day of December, 1866, and assigned 
to the Nineteenth Precinct for duty. After attending the School of Instruction 
for the required term, he was immediately detailed to clerical duty in the office 
of the Chief Clerk- — a duty for which he was specially fitted by experience and 

service as Chief Clerk in the 
Second Army Corps during 
the war. On the eighth of 
April, 1 87 1, he was appointed 
a clerk, and was promoted 
Second Deputy Clerk on the 
twenty-fifth of March, 1881, 
the rules of the Department 
being on that date amended 
for that purpose. After the 
death of Mr. Hawley, Chief 
Clerk, Mr. Delamater was 
})romoted to the responsible 
position of First Deputy 
Clerk. 

Since April 23, 1870, Mr 
Delamater has kept the min- 
utes of the Board, and devised 
a system of indexing the same whereby any matter of infor mation may be 
found at a moment's notice. He prepares the quarterly and annual reports 
of the Department, and formulates the charges and specifications made 
against members of the Police force. He is one of the most systematic of men, 
and manages, by reason of punctuality, regularity, rule and application, to 
accomplish an immense amount of work. Mr. Delamater has literary tastes and 
capacity, and is a contributor to several city publications. On subjects con- 
nected with Police affairs he is a cyclopedia to whom application is, and may be, 
constantly made. Of temperate habit.s, quiet and unostentatious demeanor, 
retiring disposition, and without egotism, he performs his every public duty, and 
enjoys the confidence of his superiors. 

Edmund C. Gay, Clerk to Committee on Repairs and Supplies, has his 
office in Room 5 (Treasurer's Office). Charles L. Gott, Assistant to Bookkeeper. 

Charles A. Grant is Secretary to Commissioner McClave; Hugh Thomas 
is Secretary to Commissioner Porter; John Matthews is Secretary to 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



457 



-Commissioner Voorhis; and Emanuel DREVFOUsis Secretary to Commissioner 
French. Officer Harvey is detailed to Commissioner Porter's office. Peter 
Masterson, Records of Lost Children; Walter E. Derby, Time Clerk. 

In the Chief Clerk's office, the following corps of clerks is employed: 
William Delamater, First Deputy, Minute Clerk; George B. Stone, Second 
Deputy Clerk, F'orce Clerk; George F. Hasbrouk, Arrest Clerk; Thomas J. 
Doran, Statistic Clerk; Thomas Feeley, Violations of the Corporation Ordinances. 

The P)UREau of Records and Complaints is located at the rear of the 
building, on the Mott Street side, and occupies Rooms 7 and 8. Robert S. 
Peterson and Seth Hawley, Jr., 
are in charge. Colonel Parker 
is Supply Clerk. 

John F. Harriot, Property 
Clerk, occupies Room 9, first 
floor. 

The following figures do not 
show the property left over or 
unclaimed, and sold at auction. 
By including which, the value of 
lost, stolen and unclaimed prop- 
erty handled by the Police, is, 
in round figures, a million a 
year. The unclaimed goods are 
sold by auction semi-annually, 
and everything, from a needle to 
an anchor, and from a thimble 
to a diamond, is included in 
these sales. Mr. Harriot's col- 
lection has no equal outside of 
a pawnbroker's shop. It is 
strikingly miscellaneous in char- 
acter, and as interesting in its 
history as Mother Mandelbaum 
could desire. 

Value of property delivered from the office of the Property Clerk, as fixed 
by the several parties receiving the same, for the year ending December 31, 1884: 



First cpiarter, March 31 $19,163 49 

Second cpiarter, June 30 20,114 20 

Third cpiarter, September 30 29,469 66 

Fourth quarter, December 31 9,643 74 



§78,391 09 

Delivered to the Property Clerk, in addition to the 
above, by the several Precincts, Court and De- 
tective Squads, for the year ending December 
31, 1884, the sum of .$831,320 67 




Grand total 



S909.7M 76 



4S8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Joel W. Mason was appointed Mr. Wheeler's successor, May 25, 1880, and 
remained a Police Commissioner until November 24, 1884. He was born in 
this city about fifty-three years ago. He has been in business here as a manu- 
facturer of chairs for nearly a quarter of a century, and has accumulated a 
large fortune by his extensive trade. Mr. Mason has been connected with the 
Republican party from its infancy. At the outbreak of the rebellion he was 
Adjutant of the Sixth Regiment of New York Militia, of which General Joseph 
C. Pinckney was the Colonel, and he went with the organization to the field. 




After three months' service they returned to this city, and Mr. Mason was made 
Colonel of the regiment, which office he held for twelve years. Mr. McCl^ve 
became his successor. 

Commissioner Fn z John Porter has his office in Rooms 4 and 5. 

FiTZ John Porter was ai)pointed a Police Commissioner by Mayor Edson 
on October 28, 1884, to fill out the unexpired term of Sidney P. Nichols, deceased. 
Fitz John Porter, on March i, 1875, ^^'^^^ appointed Commissioner of Public 
Works by Mayor Wickham, and served one year. General Porter was born in 
New Hampshire in 1822. He was graduated from the Military Academy at West 
Point in 1845, and served with distinction under General Scott in the Mexican 



/ 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 459 

war. During the earlier part of the Civil war he was employed in various 
capacities, and in the fall of 1862 enjoyed the rank of Brigadier General. After 
the second battle of Bull Run, charges of insubordination to his superior 
officer, General Pope, were preferred against him. He was court-martialed, 
convicted, and sentenced to be "forever disqualified from holding any office of 
trust or profit under the United States Government." Since the sentence was 
imposed General Porter has made every effort to have the case re-opened. 
Last winter Congress passed a bill restoring him to the rank of Colonel in 
the army. The President vetoed the bill. It was passed over his veto by the 
House in its closing days, but not by the Senate. The original sentence, there- 
fore, stands. General Porter is a Democrat, but not a member of any of the 
local organizations. 

John B. Voorhis was born at Pompton Plains, Morris County, N. J., on 
the twenty-seventh of July, 1S29, and, when one year old, was brought by his 
parents to this city, where he has resided ever since. He attended private 
schools from his fourth to his thirteenth year. Upon leaving school he procured 
employment as messenger and clerk, and was thus occupied for three years. 
Upon attaining his si.xteenth year, he went to learn the trade of stair-builder. 
When twenty years of age he was made foreman of the shop, and six years later 
he was admitted to partnership in the business. 

In 1861, when thirty-two years old, he became the successor and sole pro- 
prietor of the business establishment in which he had been brought uj). In 1873 
he was nominated by Mayor W. F. Havemeyer, and confirmed by the Board of 
Aldermen, as Commissioner of Excise. The succeeding year he was appointed 
by Mayor Havemeyer as Commissioner of Police to succeed Oliver Charlick, 
and served in such capacity until the expiration of the term in 1876. In 
November, 1879, Mr. Voorhis was appointed by Mayor Edward Cooper a Police 
Commissioner to succeed James E. Morrison, and served until July, 1880. The 
following year Mr. Voorhis was appointed by Mayor AVilliam R. Grace a Com- 
missioner of the Deparment of Docks. He served until May 1 1, 1885, on wiiich 
date he was appointed by the Mayor a Commissioner of Police. 

Successively, while a Police Commissioner, he has acted as Treasurer of the 
Board, Chairman of the ex-Street Cleaning Bureau, Chairman of the Committee 
on Rules and Discipline, Chairman on Repairs and Supplies, etc. 

Notwithstanding the number of public positions that Mr. Voorhis has filled, 
he has never sought office in his life; he never gave a pledge to obtain office, 
and has always regarded a public office as a public trust. 

Mr. Voorhis has always taken a deep interest in politics from a purely 
unselfish standpoint. He is an adherent of the County Democracy. Mr. 
Voorhis brings the strict business methods which obtain in the workshop — where 
he has spent the greater portion of his life — to bear upon his official duties. 

Mr. Voorhis is the most democratic of men. His private office at Police 
Headquarters is always open to receive visitors who call on business matters. 
While urbane and polite, Mr. Voorhis has settled convictions and positive ideas 
of his own. He is in the habit of running himself and of conducting the affairs 
of his office with an eye single to the public good. 



460 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



William H. Kipp, Chief Clerk, occupies Room 6. 

Captain William H. Kipp, the present capable and experienced Chief 
Clerk, succeeded the late Seth C. Hawley. Captain Kipp came into the Depart- 
ment in 1873. He is a member of the bar, and has been a captain in the 
Seventh Regiment since 1866. He joined the regiment in 1857. During the 
war he went three times to the front. He was appointed Chief Clerk on 
November 14, 1884. 

John J- O'Brien, Chief of the Bureau of Elections, is located at Rooms 7 
and 8. His staff is composed of the following detailed Policemen: Henry 
Hildebrandt, William H. Plunkett, Stejjhen Walmsley, and Denis F. Ryan. 

Third Floor. — Isaac L. Moe has charge of the Police supplies, and has his 
office in Room i. Room 2 is the meeting room of the Board. 




Captain William H. Kipp. 

Robert L. Wood, Stationery Clerk, is located in Room 5; George F. 
Mellish and Daniel J. Craig, Stenographers, have their offices in Rooms 6 and 
7; and Room 8 is the Police Trial Room and School of Instruction. 

Fourth Floor. — Janitor Webb's apartments take up Rooms i, 2, 3 and 4. 
Room 5 is set apart for lost children, who are placed in the care of Matron 
Webb. Rooms 6, 7, 8 and 9 are used as storage rooms for books and records. 

First Floor. — The First Inspection District (Inspector William Murray) 
have their offices in Rooms i, 2 and 3. 

Inspector Murray's staff are: District Sergeants William Meakim and 
Alexander B. Wartz; Roundsmen Charles Tiernan, John Harley, and Thomas 
O'Brien, who receive the returns in the morning from the several precincts com- 
prising the district. Two Roundsmen and one Sergeant are on duty at a time 



J* 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



461 



in the office; and the other two Roundsmen and Sergeant are on patrol visiting 
the ])recincts, they being on duty at all times, day and night. Their duty is to 
exact a strict compliance with the rules and regulations throughout the district. 
They make their rounds in plain clothes. 

The S.wiTARY Company. — Room 5, in the bas-ement, is set apart for the 
Sanitary Company and Steam Boiler Inspector. This branch of the Police force 
is divided into two squads; the Steam boiler Inspection and Engineer Bureau, 
and the Tenement House Squad. The former has supervision over, and annu- 
ally inspects, and tests by hydrostatic pressure, all steam boilers and engines in 
the city, certifies to their 
condition, condemns those 
found unsafe, and prevents 
their further use. 

There are upwards of 
seven thousand places 
where steam boilers are in 
use in the city, underneath 
buildings, sidewalks, and 
the streets. The lower part 
of the city is completely 
honeycombed with steam 
boilers, and only for the 
careful and constant super- 
vision by the attaches of 
this bureau, boiler explo- 
sions, with great loss to life 
and property, would, no 
doubt, be frequent. They 
also have the supervision 
over all persons who take 
charge of and operate 
steam boilers and other 
steam apparatus in the 
city, and it is a misde- 
meanor for any person 
to operate such without a certificate of qualification from the officer in com- 
mand of the Sanitary Company. 

These examinations number eight thousand a year, and about one-third of 
the applicants are refused certificates for incompetency. 

Sergeant Washington Mullix has been in command of this Company for 
the past four years. He was appointed on the force October 6, 1864, previous 
to which he served his apprenticeship as a machinist and engine builder. 

The force under his command are selected for their particular knowledge 
of the duties required in this branch of the service, and consists of the follow- 
ing officers: Henry Wheeler, Acting Sergeant; George E. Smith and Frederick 
R. Fielding, Examining Engineers; George W. Church, Thomas O'Brien, Warren 




Matron Webb's Room for Lost Children. 



462 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

Harrington, and Owen Wheeler, Boiler Inspectors; Henry M. Quinn, Boiler 
Record Book; Francis B. Fabri, Engineers' Record Book; John Minnick, 
George E. Woolfe, John W. McGloin, Patrick CoUi- 
gan, Joseph Gilligan, and Bernard Tully, Inspectors; 
Wm. H. Palmer, Wagon Driver; William Luther, 
Doorman. 

The Tenement House Squad consists of thirty 
men, detailed to enforce the Health Ordinances, and 
to make inspections of all tenement and lodging 
houses, ascertaining the sanitary condition of such, 
reporting all violations of the sanitary code to the 
Board of Health, and abating all nuisances under the 
Sergt. Washington Mullin. direction of that Board. 

Acting Sergeant John W. Haggerty, is Superintendent of the mechanical 
department at Police Headquarters. He has been twenty years in the depart- 
ment, and has charge of fif- 
teen men. 

Thus we see that the Mar- 
ble Palace, as it is sometimes 
called, is a veritable human 
kaleidoscope. Here we find 
the vast machinery of our 
municipal Police concen- 
trated, and here are the 
mainsprings of Police official 
life and action. 

Outside and beyond, at 
their several posts, move on 
their several parts the men 
who protect life and prop- 
erty, who keep in subjection 
the army of criminals whose 
energy is untiring, whose evil 
influences are ever living forces, and who are a constant menace to society and 
good government. 

The Police Surgeons are: Charles Phelps, John H. Dorn, Samuel B. McLeod, 
Stephen G. Cook, Augustus W. Maclay, F. LeRoy Satterlee, Sigismund Water- 
man, George Steinert, Francis M. Purroy, William A. Varian, Samuel K. Lyon, 
William F. Fiuhrer, David Matthews, Benjamin F. Dexter, Reese H. Voorhees, 
Benjamin Wood, Jr., John H. Nesbitt, Martin A. McGovern. 





Cloth Department, Police Headquarters. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



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OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



465 



CHAPTER XXI. 



DUTIES OF A POLICEMAN. 



A Terror to the Wicked and Depraved, a Protector to the Up- 
right AND Virtuous. — His Responsibilities and Labors. — Neces- 
sary Qualifications : Youth, Strength, Intelligence, and a Stain- 
less Reputation. — The School of Instruction. — Doing Patrol 
Duty. — The Laws he has to Study and Enforce. — Ex-Co.mmissioner 
Erhardt's Exposition of a Policeman's Life. — A keen, wiry, clean-' 
cut Set. — Always on Post. — An Eye that Knows no Sleep. — Dangers 
TO which Policemen are Exposed. — Sprains, Contusions, Incised 
Wounds, Fractured Limbs, Rheumatism, Pneumonia, Etc. — Sergeant 
John Delanev, a Type of a Brave Policeman. 

A WELL-INFORMED public need not be told how faithfully and bravely 



"Our Police Protectors" guard their interests from the depredations of 
criminals. On that head nothing need be said, as the facts speak for them- 
selves, and with an emphasis more convincing than words. 

The duties which the Police Department are called upon to perform are of 
vital imi)ortance to the city in its security, peace and prosiierity. Dishonesty, 
carelessness or inefficiency in the discharge of those duties are followed by such 
grave consequences, as to lay upon every one connected with the Department 
the most solemn obligations to devote all his energies to the proper protection 
of the city. Every one, in accepting a pfisition in the Department, accepts 
voluntarily these obligations. 

After long years of slow development, the Police, it is safe to say, have 
reached that stage that their efficiency and discipline may be confidently relied 
upon. This fact has been practically demonstrated on numerous occasions, 
and he must be a very young man indeed, if brought up in the city, who, by 
personal observation, cannot vouch for the entire accuracy of this statement. 

Night and day, fair weather and foul, when his tour of duty commences, 
the Policeman, like the trusty sentinel, must go on his post and be prepared to 
meet all kinds of danger; but not like the soldier in open battle, with his com- 
rades and the noise and strife cheering him on. He has to encounter the hid- 
den, and stealthy, and desperate foe, who is about committing, or is just emerg- 
ing from, the commission of crime, through which, by his arrest, his life or lib- 
erty is forfeited. This causes him to resist apprehension, even to the taking the 
life of the officer of the law. Surely tragic incidents, wherein Policemen have 
lost their lives, been wounded and disabled, need not be cited to convince New 




466 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Yorkers of this fact,, or to show that the Patrolman's duties are arduous, respon- 
sible, and dangerous. 

To the Police are committed the enforcement of law, the maintenance of 
order, and the preservation of the public peace. The protection of life and the 
security of property largely depend upon the zeal and fidelity with which they 
discharge their duties. It is essential, therefore, that they should possess dis- 
cretion, integrity, activity, sobriety, fearlessness and decision. That these con- 
ditions are combined in our New York Police Protectors, few, if any, will be 
found so prejudiced or ill-informed as to deny. 

A stranger in this city in quest of information about the Police, were he not 
industrious and disposed to investigate statements, would come to an opin- 
ion that is by no means that of the vicious, criminal, ignorant, or vulgar; but 
is held by not a few persons of education and refinement who, if they were 
required to say why they thought ill of the average Policeman, would have to 
confess that their judgment was mainly based on hearsay and newspaper gossip. 
Take a thousand such persons, and few will be found who have ever sought to 
know what a Policeman really is, and what his duties, trials, temptations, respon- 
sibilities and virtues are. Their idea of a Policeman is on a par with that of the 
boniface who, when asked what a gentleman was, replied, with assurance, " A 
gentleman's a man wot keeps a hoss and gig." The most vulgar conception is 
that of a bloated, drunken, brutal fellow, who depends on craft and i)olitical in- 
fluence to retain his sinecure situation, and who perfunctorily does his " s\xty 
minutes to the hour," from pay day to pay day, and from one blackmailed rum- 
hole to anotlier. These prejudices have been fostered by newspapers, which will 
one day record, as a "police outrage," an act of self defense by an officer that 
should be commended, and then, when fully aware of the injustice of the asper- 
sion, refuse or omit to correct the impression that thousands of readers have 
formed. The same exultant shout is vented over a Policeman's backsliding, as 
when a minister or a citizen of good repute falls from grace, as if a Policeman 
were less of a man or less liable to be tempted than other people. It has been 
suggested, and there is some basis for the explanation, that our free institutions 
tend to make men who enforce the law and deprive others of their liberty, objects 
of contempt. In Europe it is not rare to see a Police Officer, unable to cope 
with one or more persons he has in custody or wishes to arrest, call on bystand- 
ers, in the name of the representatives of law and order, to aid him, and the 
appeal is seldom disregarded. Here such a request would be received with a 
guffaw, and an escaping prisoner gets more aid from a crowd than his pursuer, 
while in a Police Court sympathy with defendants is evinced daily. Logic is 
rarely applied when the question of the morale of the working members of the 
Police force is discussed, but detractors invariably refrain from meeting the issues 
involved in such a question as: "Take twenty-five hundred clergymen, brokers, 
tradesmen, lawyers, laborers, or average citizens, compare them with the Patrolmen 
of the force of New York, and say, conscientiously, if the officers are viler than the 
others, or if there is any vice that a Policeman has that the others are not guilty 
of." The trouble with Policemen is that they are men, and rather more of men 
than the rest of the community. They start in their career from the mill which 



OUR ror.icF. PRorRcroRS. 



467 



grinds them out at Police Headtiiuirtcrs witli many brands, guaranteeing their 
manhood, both physically, intellectually and morally, on them. The uniform 
and badge of the force were never permitted to be worn by an idiot or a rogue, 
if he were known to be such when he was appointed, and no such man ever 
remained on the force after there was good evidence given of his being either. 
It should, however, be remembered that men have been dismissed for cause, and 
have been reinstated by the courts. 

It is not every one who wills it that becomes a roliceman, and some of the 
best Policemen are those who have been compelled to join the force through 
necessity. It is safe to say that nearly every appointmnit is made tlirougli jjor- 
sonal or political influence. 
Those who cavil at this 
should remember that this 
almost invariably secures for 
the department men who 
have lived long enough in 
the city to know it, for poli- 
ticians and friends of Police 
Commissioners are not dis- 
posed to interest themselves 
in strangers. A young man 
having, then, secured a spon- 
sor, makes his first step to- 
wards appointment by going 
in his company to one of the 
Police Commissioners. Here 
the first weeding out system 
is encountered. A Commis- 
sioner rarely passes a man 
with a grog-blossomed nose, 
or one so uncouth or ill-fav- 
ored as to be a laughing stock. 
If he objects to the man, he 
does not, however, always tell 
the sponsor, but the candi- 
date has a chance of getting 
very gray before he is sworn in. If the Commissioner is disposed to favor the 
application, the candidate for appointment must be less than thirty years old, 
able to read and write English, a citizen of the United States, a resident of 
this city from a year back, of spotless character, so far as conviction of crimes 
is concerned, of a stature not less than five feet seven inches and-a-half, 
more than one hundred and thirty-eight pounds in weigiit, and sound in 
body and mind. It is safe to say that in running this gauntlet of qualifications 
forty out of one hundred applicants find themselves ineligible. The applicant is 
sent by the Commissioners before the Board of Surgeons, who pass on his height, 
weight, and sanity. The examination is thorough, the candidate beinfi 




School of Instruction. 



468 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



stripped. He may be rejected for obesity, or his stature, weight, and chest cir- 
cumference may be so disproportionate as to make him unfit to be a Policeman. 
Once passed by the Surgeons he w ould be an excellent risk for a life insurance 
company to take. If the candidate's sponsor is active, or has influence which is 
recognized and respected, the candidate is advanced another step. He fills out 
a blank with his pedigree, a statement of his arrest or non-arrest, a conviction or 
non-conviction for crime or misdemeanor, and, among other questions, answers one 
which inquires if he has paid, or promised to pay, or gave money or any consider- 
ation for aid or influence towards procuring his appointment. These state- 
ments he swears to. He also procures the signatures of at least ten respectable 
citizens to a petition for his apj)ointmcnt, wliich declares that the signers know him 




. Station House Lodging Room, 

intimately, that he is of good moral character, sober, temperate, and industrio;is, 
a man of truth and integrity, of sound mind, good understanding, and of a temper, 
habits and manners that fit him for the duties of a Policeman. When the signa- 
tures are appended, the Chief Clerk marks them, or a few of them, and the persons 
thus indicated are required to visit the Central Office and make affidavit to the 
truth of the statements in the petition. Next, Detectives are employed to investigate 
the candidate's antecedents, and, on their favorable report, he may be enrolled as 
eligible for appointment. A candidate is then only " a little lower than the 
angels " if all that has been sworn to in regard to him is true. What business 
man, in engaging an employee, would hesitate, with such a series of safeguards ? 
The candidate is now on the anxious seat, and if his support is not of the best, he 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



469 



may fail at the threshold of success. The system of dealing out orders for 
examination by the Surgeons, application papers, and examination papers, 
without regard to the i)robable vacancies on the force, has been not too 
harshly criticised as pernicious. It puts a i)remium on political and 
personal influences if it does no more, encourages false hopes, and leads 
many young men to throw up positions, refrain from accepting employ- 
ment, and to spend, not only their savings, but those of relations and friends. 
In one case, known to the writer, a man, who had waited two years for 
his appointment, spent all his cash, disposed of his wife's money and property, 
sold his furniture, and was such a financial wreck when he was sworn in that it 
took him three years to re- 
cover himself. Instances are 
known of men waiting more 
than four years for their 
shield. Once, certain Com- 
missioners resolved on can- 
celling applications for ap- 
pointment whii li dated back 
more than si.x months, and 
between seven and eight hun- 
dred were destroyed. I5ut 
this was when appointment 
papers were given out by the 
ream. However, we will sup- 
pose our friend, John Brown, 
safely landed on the siiores 
of official duty after running 
the gauntlet of the Civil Ser- 
vice examination. Onehap])y 
day the Board has met, and 
he is recorded as having 
been voted on and apj)oint- 
ed. He takes the official 
oath and receives his num- 
bered shield. Then he busies 
himself about his uniform, buying the regulation cloth from the Police clerk, 
and his hat and insignia at Police Headquarters, also his baton and belt. 
Half uniformed, he is directed to the School of Instruction, where he passes 
at least a month as/' citizen " Brown under the new rule, and he does one tour 
of night duty — six p. M. to midnight — with an officer of the precinct to which he 
is assigned. In the School of Instruction he begins to cast aside any citizen's 
prejudices he may have formed in regard to the little knowledge required to 
enable a man to twirl a locust, patrol a post, and draw pay at the end of 
each month. The instructor at present is Roundsman Michael Smith. His 
duty is to "instruct the members of the School in all the duties, discipline, and 
■exercises of Patrolmen, including the Police law, the laws of the State of New 




Station House Dormitory. 



47° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



York, the laws and ordinances of the city of New York, and the rules, regu- 
ations and orders of the Board of Police, and their powers and privileges under 
the same," only this and nothing more. A matter of seven hundred and fifty 
rules and regulations, some two hundred and fifty general orders, many of them 
amending, altering, and changing the rules and regulations, gentle dalliance in 
"the position of the soldier," "riots," "commands," "steps," "alignments" 
"marching," "wheelings," "turnings," "baton exercise," etc., a little healthy 
mental exercise, with such questions as " When, going or returning from court or 
meals, there are more than two Policemen on the sidewalk, how should they 
conduct themselves ?" " What disposition are you required to make of all pris- 
oners you may arrest while on duty?" "In case you should arrest a person so 
much under the influence of liquor as to be unable to comprehend the proceed- 
ings at court, what would be required of you?" "In case you should arrest a 
person having stolen property in his or her possession, what disposition would 
you make of prisoners and property?" "In case you come in possession of lost 
property of a dangerous nature, what would be your duty ?" " How about carr)'ing 
umbrellas or walking canes when on duty?" "What is the best evidence of an 
officer's efficiency when on post duty ?" " What information should you be pre- 
pared to give to strangers and citizens who may inquire of you?" "If any 
person had a long communication in regard to Police matters, what would be your 
duty?" "What are you to refrain from doing while on jjost duty?" etc. The 
answers to some of these cpiestions would make a bronze statue of sorrow howl 
with merriment. The laws of the State and the city ordinances are other sources 
of innocent recreation. How much a candidate can learn about them in thirty 
days remains, and can well remain, a mystery. Few of the superior officers of the 
force claim to fairly well understand them, and some of our best lawyers are at 
times at fault in regard to them, especially the ordinances which include those of 
the Board of Health. 

Then there are digressions to tlie Sunday Law, Excise Law, the societies 
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and the Prevention of Cruelty to 
Animals. No wonder if the callow " cop's " head wliirls and he is distrait 
when doing his " first night tour " with his more experienced or more callous 
mentor. Well, at last lie is discharged from the school, and, in new uniform, 
blossoms into a full-fledged Policeman and begins his " day," which is really one 
of ninety-six hours. He is now at the mercy of the public, the press, the 
criminal classes, his superior officers, the Roundsman, and his own weakness. , 

What is known as the Police day begins'at six a. m. and ends at six p. M. 
The Police night begins at six p. M. and ends at six .\. m. But the scheme is an 
extremely complicated one, and was probably devised to get all the duty out of 
a Patrolman that liis system will stand. There is what is known as the " dog 
watch," from six a. m. to eight a. m., and we will suppose John Brown to have 
done this trick. He goes to breakfast, to return to his station house at a quarter 
past nine a. M., and is then "in reserve " till noon. "In reserve " does not 
inqily that he lounges in the sitting room of the station house reading news- 
])a])ers, jilaying checkers, or talking station house scandal. If he has not pris- 
oners locked up the night before or during the " dog watch," he may have to go 



OUR rOTJCF. PROTF.CTORS. 471 

to the Courts of Special, or General Sessions, or Civil Courts, to testify against 
criminals or violators of ordinances. On one of a hundred excuses he may be 
ordered to don citizen's garb and play detective on ball players, hucksters, and 
others. Rain or shine, in temperate, as well as in inclement weather, he can be 
called away at any instant to help form fire lines in his own or another precinct; a 




Crossing Broadway. 



parade, unusual excitement among workmen, weddings, festivals, political gath- 
erings, election business, (juotas reduced by funerals or merrymaking in other 
commands, excursions, and a hundred other matters conspire against his ease 
"on reserve." At noon he is, in time of peace, and providing he be at the 
station house, allowed one hour for dinner. At one o'clock he must go on post 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 




Familiar Incidents ir) the Life of a New York Policeman. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



473 



again, brushed, blacked, clean-shirted, and trim. At six p. m. he goes back to the 
station house, has *ip to quarter past seven for supper, and is back "on reserve " 
until midnight. Sleep claims him, and he is lucky if, at a quarter to twelve, 
when the doorman rounds his section — a command is divided into two platoons, 
and each platoon into two sections — he has not been called from bed to do fire 
or other duty. John Brown is now a sidewalk inspector from midnight to six 
A. M. Ho has a sinecure, has he? Let us glance at some of his duties. 
In any precinct but the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, Nine- 
teenth-Sub, the Second Precinct, the five I'olice Courts, the Sanitary Com- 
pany, the Special Service Squad, and generally the Thirty-second, Thirty- 
third, Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Precincts, which he may not belong to 
unless he has seen years of service, and merits and secures a " j*?/"/ place," or 
unless he be a horseman, he has to "try his doors." That is to say he should 
ascertain beyond i)eradventure that no aperture through which a thief could 
enter, whether it be windows, areas, area gates, door, grating, cellar flaps, or coal 
chutes, is open or unsecured. Tiiis he is to do "frequently " during his tour of 
duty, according to the rules. While doing this he may be called upon to give 
advice, make arrests, aid the sick and injured, quell brawls, and he should dis- 
cover fires, burglaries, and jiropcrty imperiled in various ways. All this time 
he should resist temptation. Free lic^uor is his at every saloon on his post, 
providing he return the compliment by closing his eyes to violations of the ex- 
cise law. 

He has, at every step, some rule to observe, and may, on the report of a 
Roundsman or superior officer, be tried, convicted, reprimanded, or fined from 
one-half of a dax 's pay to his pay for a montli, for intoxication, disrespect toward 
superior officers or citizens, " neglect of duty " — a comprehensive term, violation 
of any one of the hundreds of rules, disobedience of orders, "conduct unbe- 
coming an officer," sitting down, conversing, not properly patroling, absence from 
post, or " breach of discipline." The monotony of such an existence is often 
varied by tussles with refractory prisoners. Some drunkards, especially females, 
never think a carouse satisfactory without winding it up with provoking arrest, 
and trying issues with a " cop," and this means for the Policeman violent walking 
exercise, varied with wrestles, blows, kicks, tumbles in the street and gutter, 
torn clothes, and general demoralization by the time the prisoner is landed at 
the station house. Now and then an officer has to tote a couple of drunkards 
each as refractory and belligerent as the other, and he is in the position of a 
man with two lusty shoats bent on going their own way, and "led" by a string. 
In the day time John Brown is not so much hampered by "trying doors," but 
any relief in this respect is made up by the vigilance required in the enforce- 
ment of the ordinances, the Policeman's bete iwire. John Brown leaves the 
street at six a. .m. If he has prisoners he conquers sleep, goes to court, and 
awaits the pleasure of the Magistrate. It is his " day off," that is to say, he 
does not go to the station house in quiet times until six p. m., but he may be 
robbed of his rest by dilatory court proceedings, witness duty, riots, parade 
duty, trials at Police Headquarters, etc. At six p. m. he goes out until midnight, 
and then it is his " morning home," or in other words he has no [)atrol duty until 



474 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



eight A. M. Ordinary patrol duty is made all the more irksome when the com- 
mand is short-handed, because of "nights off," which occur once a month per 
man, sickness, etc., by " doubling up " or requiring one Patrolman to cover two 
posts. This doubles his duties and responsibilities. After eight a. m. on 
"morning home" days, he is on patrol'till one p. m., when he goes to dinner till 
a quarter past one p. m. He is again " on reserve " — this is his " short day " 
— till midnight, when he goes on post till six a. m. Then comes another 
"day off;" he follows with patrol duty from six p. m. till midnight; is a "re- 
serve" from midnight to six A. M., and takes his "dog watch " anew from six 
A. M. to eight a. m. 




Drilling a Squad of Policemen. 

When John Brown has been a year on the force he will begin to appreciate 
a Patrolman's duties, and be indifferent to those who malign the force, except 
when he is personally attacked. By this time he will have acquired a certain 
practical and theoretical knowledge of surgery, and be in a small degree a diag- 
nostician. This from cases he has had under his observation and lectures on 
First Aid to the Injured that he has attended. He will know much of the prac- 
tice of Criminal and Police Courts, and have become careful in making arrests. 
He will have passed through perils and exposed life and limb often if he has 
done average duty in a brisk precinct. It is more than probable he will have 
seen the sunny side of burglar catching, and record a "night off" — the reward 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



475 



irl*any well regulated command for such an exploit. At any rate, he has shared 
in the capture of seventy thousand prisoners, of whom twenty thousand were 
drunkards and five thousand felons, each of whom, with State Prison staring 
him in the face, would have taken any chance, even to the life of the officers, 
and sacrificed even his own limbs or life to escape. Of the felons, seven hundred 
were guilty of felonious assaults, seven hundred burglars, one hundred forgers, 
ninety to one hundred murderers or slayers of others in some fashion, one thou- 
sand had attained such dignity in thieving as to be charged with grand larceny, 
and he may have come across one or more of a score of escaped prisoners. He 
sent in his share of the two hundred thousand reports of violation of ordinances, 
and " took in " some of the seven thousand prisoners arrested for violation of the 
"Aldermen's" Laws, the Excise Laws, the Sanitary Code, the Lottery Law, the 
Pool Law, the United States Internal Revenue Law, the School Law, the Election 
Law, the Theatre Law, the Building Law, the Hotel Law, the Penal Code, the Rail- 
road Law, the Gambling Laws, the Opium Laws, the Barrel Act, the Squatter's 
Law, and the Game Law. It is more than probable he has been tried and has 
contributed to one hundred and twenty thousand dollars of '* sick time " and the 
funds derived from fines. He has shared in securing one thousand buildings, 
left open in various ways; has attended many of the fifteen hundred fires; taken 
some of the twenty-five hundred lost children to the Central Office matron, buy- 
ing them dainties on the way to keep them in good humor, and may have done 
the " baby act," by carrying tenderly and well swathed, an abandoned foundling, 
to the same place, and borne the ridicule of the vulgar while exciting the ad- 
miration of the proper minded. Some of the seven hundred thousand dollars' 
worth of property turned over to the Property Clerk, as taken from prisoners or 
found in the street, has passed through his hands; and of the five thousand five 
hundred persons succored by the Police, he has seen men and women suffocated, 
sick, injured by assaults, in fits, knocked down, injured by falls, cut, scalded, shot, 
burned, stabbed, crushed, rescued from the water, frozen and benumbed, and 
otherwise helpless; and, if John Brown is, as ninety-nine out of one hundred 
officers are, large-hearted, plucky, attentive to duty, po.ssessed of an esprit du 
corps — which is a shield against malignant criticism and falsehood — healthy and 
ambitious, he will either die in harness, or linger a little while on a pension and 
go to Heaven, just as certainly as his foes, who are not all there, to whom apply 
the lines: 

A rogue ne'er felt the halter draw. 
With good opinion of the law. 

Joel B. Erhardt, United States Marshal and ex-Police Commissioner, at the 
banquet given by the Police Inspectors and Captains, at Delmonico's. on January 
21, 1884, spoke to the toast of "the Police." Speaking for the Police force 
generally, he said: 

" Now, we do not think we are a bad lot of men. Superintendent, nor In- 
spector, nor Captain, Sergeants, nor Patrolmen. In the first place we are men 
who do their work in uniform, under rules and regulations prescribed, and which 
we are bound to ol)ey. We are charged with the' enforcement of all laws. Fed- 
eral, State and Municipal. We are a very hard working class ; once a year, 



476 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



of late years, we have permission to give a dinner, and a few of us assemble as 
you see us; at twelve to-night we shall again l)e on our posts, there to remain. 
Almost all of us have families, and try to bring up our children so that they will 
not fall under the ban of the law, or in the custody of our successors; we send 
them to school, and we clothe them as well as we are able. We have a home, 
not a very large one— still it is a home ; and we are not well off in the world's 
goods; once in a great while some kind friend gives one of us a point, and we 
make a few hundred dollars; but, generally, we get pricked, and attend to our 




Mounted Policeman Stopping a Runaway Team. 



legitimate business. There is no class of citizens who fall from grace less fre- 
([uently than we, and we are never better pleased than when the morals of society 
improve and we have no cause to make arrests. 

" Please to remember that when the old world has done with her criminals 
they seek our shores, so that we have some of the worst of the world, which, with 
the aid of the best commanded and managed Detective force in the world, we 
keep in sul)jection or in jail; while we have the real po])ulation of New York, we 
have the floating i)opulation of the cities in close proximity, giving a population 
of nearly two-and-a-half millions to protect and watch. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



477 



■* "Our hours of duty vary a little — we have a long day for patrol and a short 
one — but we are always on duty, subject to call at any hour of the night or day. 
We cannot change our residences without notice to the Board of Police, and we 
are obliged to change if we are transferred, if we ever expect to see our fireside; 
so that we have no settled habitation. We are out in all sorts of weather, often 
unprepared, and from exposure we have lost about seventy within the last few 
years. This is aside from the death rate; and we have had six killed, and any 
number stabbed or maimed. As we are not permitted to engage in any other 
business our income is always limited. We have a few days vacation annually, 
and at the end of five years we are fit for nothing else than to be a Policeman. 
We thus lose many social rights, such, for instance, as assembling together, 
and have not even the right, as a body, to petition. 

"If you will peruse recent history you will see how much crime we have de- 
tected and punished, and it requires no great stretch of imagination to realize 
how much we have ])revented. 

" We ask you, the legislature, to pay all of our men the same salary when they 
perform the same work. Now, this is fair. And we, here assembled, must not 
forget the twenty-seven hundred Policemen on duty in this city, who patrol 
their posts as regularly and continuously as the great dipper in the sky above us, 
which knows no setting — some of them, after deducting expenses of uniform 
and other necessaries, net two dollars and thirty-seven cents per day, while others 
only one dollar and twenty-eight cents. This is not fair; it is scandalous. Do 
not be misled by the alleged price of cheap labor — ours is not cheap labor; it is 
labor of the highest order. We act instantly as a committing Magistrate and 
Policeman in the same breath; we are acquainted with Federal, State and city 
laws, and are bound to keep pace, as far as possible, with the decisions of the 
Courts; we are bound to learn the rules of evidence so as to be able to apply 
them to the case in hand; to say, therefore, that our labor, which knows no rest, 
can be gauged by the market value of a porter who unlocks doors and sweeps 
the floor, is not sound reasoning. Nor should you be misled by those who cry 
that the taxes are high; if they are we did not make them; on the contrary, our 
efforts and our labor keep them as low as they are; our eyes, which are never 
closed in slumber, prevent small as well as large public thefts. And pertinent to 
this is the statement which the Comj)troller told me not long since, that with the 
increase of the Sinking P'und, New York City will be free from debt in another 
eighteen years. 

"We ask you to provide means for those of us who are broken down in 
the service of the State — some have been on the force twenty-five up to forty 
years — and the service in which we have participated would sound like a romance. 

" Their associate and commander for over three years — commander by reason 
of power delegated to me by my colleagues — my first acquaintance ripened into 
a friendship, on my part, which will last as long as I shall live. I found them 
obedient without being servile; I found them tractable and honest, courteous and 
uncomplaining; and 1 take pleasure in stating whenever an officer was sent for 
and asked for facts, he never told me a lie: decline to answer he might, but 
answering, he told the truth. 

" I could tell you of their past, which comes down to us glorious, and, with 
the additional lustre of our times, will pass to posterity increasing in splendor 
and brilliancy. Were you to ask me of the battles they had fought, their tat- 
tered flag, the undulating ground in the valley of the James and Shenandoah or 
Spottsylvania, would answer more eloquently. Were you to ask me of the riots 
or incipient revolution they have prevented or overcome, let your own memory 
answer that from T863 down to the threatened eruption which did not take 
place in 1876, when Pittsburgh and our western cities were in flames, v/ith a 
larger communistic population than elsewhere in the country and every oppor- 



478 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



tunity to do their work, the power and discipline of the Police force of the 
present prevented a second conflagration, and bloodshed which would have far 
exceeded the cruelties of 1863. What prevented it is the knowledge that when 
the Police force of the present charge, they know nothing but duty, and ties of 
friendship, of kindred, of religion, count as nothing to stay their progress in 
enforcing the law — they are irresistible. 

" They are a keen, wiry, clean-cut set, with perceptive faculties sharpened by 
contact with the world, who wish to do right, and who will always do right if the 
politicians will let them alone. Far be it from me to cast a slur on politi- 
cians; politics is a noble profession; and he is a poor American citizen who is 
not a politician, and is not proud of being one; but neither they nor their ways 
have place in the discipline or movements of an army which is always in line of 
action and always engaged. For so long " As master passions in the breast, like 
Aaron's serpent, swallow all the rest," so long as restless, ignorant and frail hu- 
manity shall fall, so long there must be a body of men, well organized, subject 
to rigid discipline, doing sentry duty or sleeping on their arms, and the directors 
of that body have the right to say to camp-followers: You shall not tamper with 
our men — and if they still persist, the culprits should be held up to the execra- 
tion of honest men, put in the pillory with slit ears and punctured noses. 

" As Dickens' character. Tiny Tim, says: 'God bless them all, every one of 
them.' " 

Those who sneer when the life of a Policeman is called a hard one would do 
well to read the following regulations: 

Rule 550. — Each member of the Police force shall devote his whole time 
and attention to the business of the department, and is expressly prohibited from 
following any other calling, or being employed in any other business. Although 
the members of the force are, by the rules and regulations of the service, relieved 
at certain hours from the actual performance of duty on ordinary occasions, yet 
they are held to be at all times on duty; and must be prepared, while relieved as 
aforesaid, to act immediately on notice that their services are required. 

Rule 594. — Each member of tlie force shall be deemed to be always on duty, 
subject to such relief therefrom as shall be allowed by proper authority; and the 
same responsibility, as to the suppression of disturbances and the arrest of of- 
fenders, rests upon them when not in uniform, as when in uniform on post duty. 

No better idea ot the risks run by officers can be had than by a perusal of 
one of the monthly reports of the Police Surgeons. Take for example that of 
a recent one, so as to illustrate how a Patrolman's life exposes him n( t 
only to wounds and broken limbs, but to sickness: It appears that in one month 
eight men were suffering from sprains, sixty-one from rheumatism, one from 
malarial fever contracted from a Police station being badly drained; six from 
contusions received from vehicles, struggles with refractory prisoners, etc. ; two 
from bad bruises, six from pneumonia, twenty-six from bronchitis, sixteen from 
injuries due to falls, nineteen from severe colds, three from incised wounds, 
seven from fractured limbs, and fourteen from phthisis, the result of duty in all 
weathers and neglect of colds, because of a desire to continue to draw full pay 
by doing duty when unfit for it. 

A thousand examples of the gritty, plucky, manly stuff the " common cop " 
is made of, might be given. Here are half a dozen taken at random: On the 
thirty-first of May, 1879, Officer V. H. Marron, of the Twenty-first Precinct, 
encountered an ex-convict, Joseph Murphy, who " owned the street " and terrified 




1. WilUcr Hat. 2. Summer Hat. 3. Day Slick. 4. Shield. 5. Revolver. 6. Nicht Slick. 7. Rosewood Baton 
for Parade. 8. Belt and Frog. 9. Nippers. 10. New Style UandcufTs. 

Part of a Policeman's Equipment. 



48o 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



law-abiding citizens. The officer could have knocked the fellow insensible, 
and made his task'of taking him to the station house easy and devoid of danger, 
but he treated the felon decently, to be assaulted, shot or knocked down, and 
severely injured. But Murphy went to the station house, nevertheless, Marron's 
hand on his collar. Marron was laid up. In March, 1880, Officer Martin Fin- 
nerty, of the Twentieth Precinct, had a desperate tussle in Fortieth Street, near 
Eighth Avenue, with an ex-convict, Thomas Tuite, who tried to kill Finnerty with 
a pistol, and inflicted one wound, but Tuite was subdued, and Finnerty went to 
the West Thirty-seventh Street Station House to lock him up and call for a 
surgeon for himself. 




. .CIiur>CIaflc Pf...J»mt. 

Reduced fac-simile of a Policeman's Certificate of Appointment. 

Not less heroic was the conduct of Officer J. J. Reilly, of the Eighteenth 
Precinct, who struggled with a desperado, John Ruddy, on the fifth of September, 
1880, after he had dangerously stabbed him, and persisted in escorting him to the 
East Twenty-second Street Station House, when he should have been in the care 
of a surgeon. Officer C. S. Pike, of the Fifth Precinct, tackled a desperate 
burglar, William Livingstone, at dawn on the nineteenth of September, 1881, at 
West Broadway and Franklin Street, and immediately received what was for 
some time considered a fatal wound in the abdomen, but he sprang on the man, 
disarmed him, and took him to the Leonard Street Station House, to faint as 
soon as he arraigned his would-be assassin before the Sergeant on duty. Detec- 
tive Sergeant Jacob Tooker will never again be the man he was on the fourteenth 
of February, 1882, before he confronted and commanded to halt Thomas 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



481 



rfennessy, a burglar, who had laid concealed in a house that the officer had watched, 
llennessy was prepared, for he had a cocked revolver in his pocket, 
and his first act was to fire at tlic officer and wound him dangerously in 
the head. Tooker held on to the man after disarming him, and might have killed 
him had he willed it, but he forbore to harm him, and two processions went to 
the station house, one with the prisoner and the other with the wounded officer. 
Tooker was laid up a year by his injury, and at times he is compelled to abstain 
from all duty. 

The best example of Police grit ever exhibited can be found in the case of 
Sergeant John Delaney, of the Nineteenth Precinct. On the second of January, 
1883, he was virtually a Patrolman of the Tombs Police Court Squad, although he 
had the rank of Acting Sergeant. He had been highly and honorably mentioned 
three years before, for risking his life to save that of George McFadden, a boy, 
at the foot of East Thirty-third Street, and had received the gold medal from 
Congress, On the day above mentioned, Delaney was given a war- 
rant for the arrest of a man who had swin- 
dled a provincial visitor at the low groggery, 
No. 144 Hester Street, and, while seeking 
the rascal, encountered Patrick McGowan, a 
burly ruffian employed by " Billy " McGlory 
at Armory Hall. McGowan was at that 
stage of drunkenness when men become 
brutal. Delaney refused to drink with him, 
and was followed up-stairs by McGowan, 
who attacked him on the landing, and laid 
open his head with a pistol butt. Delaney 
was as nothing in the ruffian's hands, as he 
was very low with a pulmonary trouble con- 
tracted in the saving of the boy McFadden. 
But when McGowan went away, exulting, to 
escape in a carriage, in which sat a strumpet 
with whom he had caroused during the night, Delaney crawled down 
stairs, and, hailing McGowan as he was entering the vehicle, commanded him to 
halt, and advanced on him. McGowan replied foully and sprang into the carriage, 
telling the driver, a "night hawk," to go on. Delaney followed, to be shot in 
the eye through the rear window of the carriage and disfigured for life. An in- 
stant later he fired, killing McGowan. Delaney has not yet recovered from his 
injury, but he was rewarded by substantial promotion. 

On the twenty-second of last August, Officer Patrick Rabbett, of the Twenty- 
second Precinct, arrested a man in West Forty-seventh Street, for robbery, and, 
while taking him to the station house, was stabbed by John Connors. He would 
have landed both in a cell but for Connors, who beat off the officer, to be 
arrested and "taken in." 

The new Civil Service rules, in their application to the Police Department, 
caused no little trouble and confusion at first. These regulations went into 
effect on August, 29, 1884. 




Sergeant John Delaney. 



482 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Schedule C, regulation 18, provides, first, that an applicant for a place in the 
Police Department must present his application to the Police Commissioners, 
giving full particulars of his qualifications, accompanied by testimonials that he 
is a man of good moral character, of solder and industrious habits, and never 
known to be guilty or convicted of any criminal act or disorderly conduct. 
Those who sign these testimonials must consent that their certificates may be 
made public, and they must be willing to furnish any other information respect- 
ing the applicant that they may possess. Each application must be accompanied 
by a full description of the applicant, a thorough description of his physical quali- 
fications, and various particulars of his life, amounting to a considerable autobio- 
graphy. The applicant must swear that he has not promised to pay for any aid or 
influence toward procuring his appointment. The character of the applicant must 






























[{II 







Police Trial Room. 

be inquired into by the Captain of the precinct in which he resides, and his physical 
qualifications must be certified to by the examining surgeons. The applicarvt is 
questioned closely as to the diseases with which he or his family may have 
been afflicted. He must tell whether he has had fits or injury of the head or 
spine, or piles or rheumatism. His stature must not be below five feet seven 
inches. He must have at least thirty-three inches circumference of chest, and 
weigh not less than one hundred and thirty-five pounds. Obesity is a good cause 
for rejection. " There must be a difference of at least two inches at forced 
expiration and on full inspiration." The examining surgeons must swear to the 
results of their examinations. Then there must be a test by the Examining 
Board of the strength, activity, and physical capacity of the applicant by suit- 
able examination of his strength, his swiftness and endurance in running, his 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



48? 



skill in the use of the club and firing at a mark. His general health, eyesight, 
and hearing are examined. He is then ready for examination as to further general 
qualifications, such as habits and reputation, experience, reading, writing, ciphering, 
rules of the Police Department,questions relating to the city government, location 
of streets, public buildings, and other subjects respecting which strangers in the 
city naturally inquire. Here is the luminous rule by which the standing of tlie 
applicant is determined: 

" The general average sliall be ascertained by multiplying tiie ascertained 
average standing of the applicant in each qualification by the value attached, 
and dividing the united products by the sum of the values by ten." 

No person whose standing on any of the qualifications or obligatory subjects 
enumerated above is less than sixty, or whose ascertained average on all is below 
seventy, shall be entered on the eligible list. 

At first no provision was made for the payment of the provisional or.i)rol)a- 
tionary corps. Not being Policemen, they could not either claim the tenure of 
office or receive the pay of Policemen. The law, as originally framed, deprived 
these men of pay for the first six months. The law was remedied, making the 
probationary period thirty days, and finally the Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment provided the necessary funds to pay the probation men regularly from the 
date of their appointment, the same as the regular Police. 

The quota of officers and men allowed by law to the Police Department is 
as follows: One Superintendent, four Inspectors, eighteen Surgeons, thirty-six 
Captains, one hundred and fifty-two Sergeants, eighty Doormen, forty Detective 
Sergeants, eight Acting Sergeants, one hundred and seventy-eight Roundsmen, 
two thousand three hundred and seventy-four Patrolmen; making a grand total 
of two thousand eight hundred and ninety-one. 

The actual force varies from this in the following particulars: thirty-five Cap- 
tains, one hundred and forty-seven Sergeants, seventy-nine Doormen, and two 
thousand three hundred and eight Patrolmen. The rest of the force is the same 
as allowed by law. The force is apportioned as follows: 



District 
Courts. 

I 

2 

3 
4 

5 
6 

I 

2 

w 



Inspector. Sergeants. 



Court Squads. 

Rounds- 



Men. 

3 

ID 

8 
8 
8 
12 



Doormen. 



Acting 
Sergeants. 



Inspection District Office. 
242 
I 4 



S.ANIT.'VRV CoMP.\NV. 
I 4 42 

Tenement House Officers. 

30 

Speci.\l Service Squad. 



484 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Pi 



"rccinct. n'^I^', 
Posts.' 


Men to 
cover. 


Captain. 


Sergeants. 


Rounds- 
men, 


Total Pa- 
trolmen. 


Doormen, 


J 




02 


I 


4 


5 


90 


2 


2 


8 




I 


3 


5 


23 


2 






96 












3 


Posts. 18 [ 


I 


3 


6 


102 


X 


4 


3" 


7^ 


I 


3 


5 




88 


2 


5 


3° 


70 


I 


4 


4 


87 


2 




7 A 


70 


I 


4 


4 


70 


2 


7 


26 


54 


I 


3 


4 


57 


2 


s 
o 


3" 


74 


I 


4 


4 


74 


2 


9 


1 A 

34 


70 


I 


4 


4 


75 


2 


lo 


^0 


58 


I 


4 


4 


64 


2 


1 1 


2 


42 


I 


4 


4 


48 


2 


1 2 


28 


_ 

58 


I 


4 


4 


66 


2 


'3 


20 


42 


1 


3 


6 


46 


2 




24 


50 


I 


4 


4 


52 


2 


T ^ 


32 


66 


I 


4 


4 


73 


2 


10, 


^ 


58 


I 


4 


4 


64 


2 


17 


26 


54 


I 


4 


4 


62 


2 


I 


3« 


78 


I 


4 


5 


66 


2 


'9 


28 


58 


I 


4 


5 


64 


2 


20 


28 


58 


I 


4 


5 


62 


2 


2 1 


28 


58 


I 


4 


4- 


62 


2 


2 2 


36 


74 


I 


4 


4 


80 


2 


9 1 
^5 


30 


62 


I 


4 


4 


06 


2 


*> A 


Steamboat Patrol 




2 


4 


2 1 


I 


^ c 
■^0 


Broadw 


ay Squad 


I 


2 


4 


3" 


2 


26 


City Hall Squad 


I 


3 


r 



45 


2 


^ 1 


36 


74 


I 


4 


4 


00 


2 


28 


28 


58 


I 


4 


4 


"3 


2 


29 


51 


104 


I 


4 


5 


1 06 


2 


30 


17 


36 


I 


4 


4 


41 


2 


31 


26 


54 


I 


4 


4 


55 


2 


32 


25 


52 


I 


4 


4 


56 


2 


33 


16 


34 


I 


4 


4 


37 


2 


34 


12 


26 


I 


4 


4 


27 


2 


35 


12 


26 


I 


3 


3 


26 


2 



In all ages and all lands, those who risk their lives or liberties to save their 
fellow-beings from suffering or death, are accorded the highest praise and honor. 
Not always, however, do such heroes receive such substantial recognition as their 
deeds deserve. Occasionally a titled personage, or some one still higher m 
social rank, through personal or political considerations, dispense their favors 
(jiiite liberally in requital for gallant services. Such deeds as are briefly and 
prosaically chronicled in the annexed list are worthy of the days of chivalry. 
Men who can make such sacrifices — who can jeopardize their health and lives to 
snatch from the jaws of death poor wretches, who, in a number of cases, have 
grown weary of life, are surely made of that sterling stuff which distinguishes 
heroes from common men. 

In their huinble way, these men are more than public benefactors: always 
on the alert, never shirking their arduous duties, they are ever prepared to 
orotect the innocent and to alleviate suffering. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 
ROLL OF HONOR. 



485 



HONOKAHt.K MKNTION MADK. HV THE HOARD OK POLICE FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICES RENDERED 

BY POLICEMEN. 



Name. 



Michael Crowley, 
Chas. Burns, 
Jas. McAuley, . 
Geo. J. Radford, . 
Philip Farley, 
Bernard Tully. . 
Win. H. McConnclI, 
Marlin F. Conlon, 

Jas. S. Mead, 
I'eter Fox, . . . 

John McElwain, 

John J. McGinn, . 
Thos. Bradley, 
Edwd. J. Buckley, 
Wni. Henderson, 
Clilhert Carr, 
Hugh O'Reilly, . 
J no. H. McCullash 
NVm. Schultz, . 
Thos. Riley, . 
August Browning, . 
James Monell, 
Thos. Muldoon, 
Thos. Kearney, . 
Bernard Kiernan, . 
J.as. McAdam, 
Jno. Lavden, 
Philip Mohr, . . 
Edward Moloney, . 
Isaac Ward, . 
Patrick McGrath, . 
Edwd. H. Johnson, 

Patrick Pendergast, 

Geo. W. Gibson, 

Richard Jackson, . 
Edwd. Maloney, . 
Thos. Nugent, . 
Michael Crowley, 

Owen Haley, 

Patrick F. Byrnes, 
Mich.ael Walsh, . 
Jas. !McCool, . 
Jno. Morris, 
Chas. Hughes, 
Chas. Watson, . . 
Jas. Walstead, . 
Rob. J. Cromie, . 

Harrison Wilson, 

John Doyle,. 
Jas. Irving, 
Thomas S.ampson, 
Philip F'arley, 



Rank. Precinct. Date, 



Patrol 



Del. Sqd 

Patrol 
Sergt. 
Patrol 



Capt. 

Patrol 
R'dsm'n 



Patrol 



Capt. 
Sergt. 
R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



Capt. 
Patrol 



28 
28 



19 
28 
6 



14 



25 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 



27 

7 

8 
8 
4 
4 

25 
8 
7 

4 

00 



N.VTURE OK Service. 



June 12, ) 870 

April 18, 1 87 1 

June 15, 1871 

Aug. 17, 1871 
Jan. 4, 1S72 
Feb. 9, 1872 

April 28, 1872 
Sept. 8, 1872 
Nov. 3, 1873 



18 

Mt'd Sqd J 
19 

Det. Sqd 



Nov. 29, iSy 



/ Fearless arrest of Jno. Butler, who ^liot 
\ at them. 

Rescued child from burning building. 

/ Detection and arrest of robbers Cen- 

f tral Park Savings Bank. 
Arrest burglar, risk of life, medal given. 
Prompt report of break in elevated railway. 

\rrest of three burglars. 

) Prompt extinguishment of fire, incen- 

j diarism. 

I Brave in presence of mob assaulting him 
f with bricks. 

/ Arrest of Donohoe, n\urderer of FKw- 
\ ence Scannell. 



Nov. 23, 1872 Stop runaway team at risk of life, medal. 



Dec. 30, 1S70 



Jan. 29, 1873 
Mch 28, 1873 

Mch 29, 1873 

April 25, I 
June 12, 1873 

July II, 1873 

July 22, 1873 
July 25, 1873 
Aug. 20, 1873 
Aug. 26, 1873 
Oct. 21, 1873 
Dec. 2, 1S73 
Jan. 6, 1874 
an. 6, 1874 

Jan. 17, 1874 

Feb. 4. 1874 



April 24, 1874 



Saved ten persons from a burning build- 
ing, Nos. 718 and 720 Broadway. 



1 Saved a number of lives at a fire, Nos. 
' 156 and 158 Mercer Street. 



Jumped in river at risk of life and saveU 
a man. 

) Grappled and held an infuriated bull — 
\ medal. 

j- Arrested two notorious burglars. 

873 Arrest of Andrew Cluff. 

Rescued man from drowning. 
/ Arrest of 17 pickpockets and shop- 
f lifters, from May 30 to July 7, 1873. 
.A. brave arrest. 

Rescued a man from drowning. 
Arrest of desperado. 
Arrest of two rullians. 
.\rrest and successfully resisting a mob. 
Courage in arresting a murderer. 
Arrest mysterious letter-box robber. 
Courage when assaulted by a mob. 
I Promptness and energy in extinguishing 
) a fire. 

Coolness in rescuing three boys from a fire. 



Breaking up well organized conspiracies 
to control stock operations. 



486 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name. 



Wm. G. Elder,. . 
Richd. Fields, . 
Richd. King, . 
Holly Lyons, . 
J as. Irving, . 
Thos. Sampson, 
Philip Farley, . . 
Michael Walsh, . 
Daniel Frazier, 
James Darwin, . 
Geo. \V. Skidmore, 

Michael Farley, . 

Lawrence Clarson, 

Adam Corell, 
Patrick F. Doyle, . 
Alonzo Powell, . 
Gustavus Dahlgren 
Abm. Livingston, . 
Philip Reveille, . 
John E. Coombs, . 
Michael Gorman, 

Wm. H. Thomas, . 

Bernard TiiUy, 
Michael Walsh, . 
Wm. Burke,. 

Wm. Londrigan, . 

George Davis, 

Barth. Gaffney, 
James .Stewart, . 
Benj. Mallane, . 
Thos. Brennan, . 
Wm. Granger, . . 
John O'Brien, 
Bernard McEveety, 
Thos. Burkitt, . . 
Manus McBride, . 
J. W. Dyckman, . 

Thos. W. Thome, 

John McGowan, . 
Chas. McDonnell, . 
Peter P. Lamb, 
James Gannon, . 
("has. Hughes, . 
John Watson, 
Eilvvard Sullivan, . 
-Selden A. Woodruff, 
Wm. Darke, . . 
Wm. O'Conner, . 
Michael O'Ryan, . 
James Gannon, . 

James J. Hart, 

Patrick Green, 
John Jefferson, 
John Delaney. 
Michael Gorman, . 



Rank. 



Patrol 



Capt. 
Patrol 



Precinct. 



R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



Inspect'r 

Patrol 
Capt. 
Patrol 

R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



Det. Sqd 



7 

22 
21 

5 
i8 

i8 

5 
7 
7 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 

19 

19 
7 
16 



26 

18 
18 
9 
9 
19 

19 
9 
18 

25 



19 

8 

4 

Mt'd 



Date. 



Nature of Servick. 



April 24, 1874 



April 24, 1874 



June 19, 
Sept. 8, 
Dec. 23, 
Jan. 12, 

Jan. 12, 

Jan. 12, 
Jan. 29, 
Feb. 16, 



1674 
1874 

1874 
1875 

1875 

1875 
1875 
1S75 



Mch 24, 1875 



Sqd 



5 
25 
25 
16 

Mt'd Sqd 

14 
21 
22 
29 
13 



Mch 24, 1875 

Mch 24, 1875 
Mch 31, 1875 
May 13, i«75 

May 10, 1875 

May 89, 1875 

June 8, 1875. 
June 10, 1875 
July 2, 1875 

July 20, 1875 

Aug. 3, 1S75 
Aug. 17, 1875 
Sept. 3, 1875 

Oct. I, 1875 

Oct. 8, 1875 
Oct. 26, 1S75 
Dec. 24, 1S75 
Jan. 21 1876 

Mch 21, 1876 

.Vpril I, 1S76 
.\pril I, 1876 
May 2, 1876 
June 20, 1876 

June 26, 1876 

July 21, 1876 
Sept. 19, 1876 
Sept. IQ, 1876 
Nov. 29, 1876 



) Courage, etc. , in arrest and conviction 
of gang of masked burglars. 

1 Skill in working up case against " Steu- 
> rer,"for furnishing burglars' tools, clear- 
) ing up mystery of Sing Sing escapes. 

Rescued boy from drowning. 

Courage in arresting John Branstein. 

Assistance to Health Department. 

Rescued two children from burning. 
) Arrest burglar; left sick bed and partly 
) clothed at time. 

/ Brave arrest of desperadoes, who shot 
f at him. 
For bravery. 

- Gallant conduct at fire. 

.Courage at fire, saving lives of nine 
I children. 

J 

(Courage at fire; saved nine lives No. 

) 1 106 Second Avenue. 
Series of officer-like acts, etc. 
Bravery in arresting desperado. 
Pursuing and arresting a thief. 

/ Risked life to save two persons, runa- 

^ way horse. 

/ Prompt action, assault on Deputy 
f Comptroller Earle. 

- Bravery in arrest of four burglars. 
Rescue of man from drowning. 

Rescue of boy from drowning. 

Arresting desperado; McEveety shot at 
J the time. 
Arrest of two burglars. 
Stopping runaway horse. 
Stopping runaway at risk of life. 
>^ Zeal, energy and ability in case of mur- 
) der of .\bm. Wessbig. 
) Arrest of one of the murderers of Abm. 
) Wessbig. 

Jumped in river, saved a man. ' 
.Stopped a runaway team. 

Extraordinary courage in arresting bur- 
glars. 

Stopped runaway team at great risk. 



\ Arrest burglar; severe and prolonged 

) struggle. 

Vrrest escaped convict, 
.vrrest of murderer. 
Arrest of escaped convict. 
Saving man from drowning. 



OUR PO/JCF. PROTECTORS. 



487 



Name. 



Tolin McDowell, 
William Murray, . 
Patrick F. liyrnes, 
Christopher \Vall, . 
John ^lu^phy, 
Chas. McDonnell, . 
Philip C. Uleii, . 
John H. McCullagh. 
tieo. K. Holme, . 
Clemens Miller, . 
Jose])h Johnson, . 
Philip C. Bleil, . 

l.ester Lewis, 

John Nugent, . 
Thomas Regan, . 
John McSweeny, . 
Daniel Fitzpatrick, 
Patrick Walsh, . . 
Geo. W. Paddock, 
Peter O'Neil, . . 
Philip C. Bleil, . 
Harry Green, . 
Francis J. McCarthy 
Gerard K. 15eekman 
Patrick McGloin, 

Michael Gorman, . 

Thomas McCormick 
James Quigley, 
Max Meiers, . 
Stephen O'Brien, . 

Oliver Vail, . 

Michael Gorman, . 

Thomas Byrnes, . 
James K. Price, 

John Delaney, 

Thos J. Crystal, . 

Patrick H. Marron, 

Chaunc'yT.Quintard 
(ieorge A. Bennett, 
Michael Fanning, . 
John Delaney, 
John H. (ienore, . 
Aug. Starboro, 
Gilbert Carr, 
John Breen, . 
Thomas Farley, 

Martin Finnerty, 

Richard Cahill, . 

Chas. A. L. Schier, 
Daniel Quigley, 
Miles Keon, . 

Ernest Linderman, 
James Quigley, . . 



Rank. Precinct. 



Patrol 
Capt. 
R'dsm'n 
Patrol 

Capt. 
Patrol 
Capt. 
Patrol 



R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



Date. 



Capt. 
R'dsm'n 

Patrol 



Sergt. 

R'dsm'n 

Patrol 

R'dsm'n 

Patrol 

R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



R 'dsm'n 
Patrol 

R'dsm'n 
Patrol 



20 


Jan. 12, 1877 


4 


Jan. 12, 1877 


8 


Jan. 12, 1877 


8 
8 


Jan. 12, 1877 


8 


Feb. 27, 1877 


9 


Mch 5, 1S77 


17 


Mch 5, 1877 


19 


Mch 5, 1877 


8 
8 


Mch 30, 1877 


g 


April 13, 1877 


25 


.\pril 13, 1877 


7 
7 


.April 13, 1877 


7 




4 


May 2q, 1877 


9 


Sept. 5, 1877 


25 


Sept. 5, 1877 


8 


Dec. 31, 1877 


S. B. S. 


Dec. 31, 1877 


32 


Mch 19, 1878 


20 


Aprils, 1878 


S T! <? 
0. IJ. 0. 


ocpi. 0, 10,0 


16 


Sept. 6, 1878 


13 


^CL* Of .0/0 


20 




i8 


Oct. 22, 1878 


13 


Jan. 30, 1879 


13 


jail, ju, lo/y 


4 


Jan. 30, 1879 


13 


Feb. 4, 1879 


15 


Feb. 26, 1879 


29 


Feb. 28, 1879 


21 


Mch 25, 1879 


10 


April 25, 1879 


31 


June 22, 1879 


32 


July 22, 1879 


In 




18 


Dec. 23, 1879 


21 


Dec. 23, 1879 


29 


Jan. 25, 1880 


4 
4 


Jan. 25, 1880 


Mt'd Sqd 


Mch 17, 1880 


13 


ivicn 17, IQQO 


; 20 


Mch 26, 1880 


21 


May 4, 1880 


24 




1 24 


May 14, 1880 


24 




9 


June 29, 1880 


8 


June 29, 1880 



Nature of Service. 



Arrest burglar in act; officer shot; medal. 
Arrest burglars. 

Rescued child from burning building. 

\ Rescue of man, wife and two children 

) from burning. 

Rescue of woman and two children. 

Jumjiing in river, saving a man. 

Seizure of stolen pro]ierty. 

Rescue of man from drowning. 

- Rescued two children from burninc. 
) 

Jum])ing in river, saving drunken man. 
) Stopped runaway horse after being hurt 
S by it. 

) Rescued old people from burning build- 

> ing after great ditticulty and danger; 
) special mention of Nugent. 
Rescued man from burning. 

Rescued woman from burning. 
Arrest of bank robber. 
.Arrest of thief after struggle; wounded. 
Jumped in river, saved woman. 
Earnest endeavors to arrest two thieves. 
Rescued lady from drowning. 
Rescued man from drowning. 
Arrest of ex-convict. 

) Rescued woman from drowning; risk of 

i life (suicide). 

Saved life of man assaulted. 

Rescued man from drowning; risk of life. 

Rescued woman from burning. 

Rescued three persons from burning. 

j Rescued from drowning a woman; risk 

) of life (suicide). 

I Rescued woman and three children from 
) burning. 

Arresting highway robbers; medal. 
Arrest of thief; property recovered. 
)^ Stopped runaway team, saving number 

> of lives. 

Arrest of notorious burglar. 

Arrest of ex-convict after being shot at 

> and knocked down. 
Rescued child from drowning. 
Rescued boy from drowning. 
Arrest of two desperadoes. 

Rescued boy from drowning; risk of life. 
Brave conduct at a lire. 

|- Arrest of murderer of Pietro Balbo. 

Stopped runaway team. 

Rescued man from drowning; risk of life. 

) Arrest of escajied convict; shot at four 

) times; wounded. 

) Rescued woman and five others from 
) burning; risk of life. 

\ Rescued four persons from drowning; 
^ risk of their own lives. 

\ Arrest of highway robber and live others, 
) severely wounded. 
/ Jumped in river and saved man; risk 
1 f of life. 



488 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name. 



John McGinley, 
William Gardner, 
Thos. B. Holland, 

Louis De Gan, . 

James Gannon, 
Patrick Kearney, 
John J. Reilley, 
Thos. B. Holland, 
\Vm. J. Huston, . 
Chas. S. Pike, 

Thomas Byrnes, , 

Richard J. Barry, 

M. F. Schmittberger. 
Dennis O'Hara, . 
Thos. G'eeson, 
Jacob Tooker, 
James Gannon, 
M. F. Schmittberger 
Wm. B. Deeves, . 
Patrick Reynolds, 
John O'Neill, No. i 
George Nolan, 

John Cottrell, . 

George Bicknell, . 

John Delaney, . 

John T. Clarker, 
Thos. Gilbride, 
Herman Intenian, 
John Kavanagh, 

Patrick Rabbit. . 

John Sanders, . 
Wm. Nelson, 
Chas. H. Francis, 
James K. Price, . 
James J. Connor, 
James Dougherty, 
David H. Crowley 
Thos. Byrnes, 
Edward Slevin, 
Thos. Dusenberry 
Dennis O'Hara, 
Oscar Ha vie, . 
James Taggart, 
(jeorge Walsh, . 
John J. Meagher, 
George Gick, . 
Dennis Murphy, 
John Kelly, . . 
Andrew Bradley, 
Thomas Gilbride, 
John D. Herlihy, 

Patrick Brogan, . 

Wm. Wright, . 



Rank. 


Precinct. 


Date. 


Patrol 


27 
.S. B. S. 
Mt'd Sqd 


Aug. 2, 1880 
Jan. 28, 1881 
Jan. 31, 1881 


" 


S. B. S. 


Feb. 15, 1881 


R'dsm'n 
Patrol 


Mt'd Sqd 

1> c 

s. n. 15. 
18 

Mt'd Sqd 

5 


April 30, 1881 
May 12, lool 
June 15, iSSi 
June 15, 1S81 
June 30, 1881 
Sept, 29, 1881 


Inspect'r 




Nov. 15, 1881 


R'dsm'n 


D 


Nov. 30* 1881 


Patrol 

R'dsm'n 
Patrol 


29 
27 
17 
19 

Mt'd .Sqd 

29 
18 


l-'Cv-. 1001 

Dec. 13, 1881 
Jan. 31, 1882 

r eo. 21, looj 

June 7, 1882 
July 7, 1882 




18 
18 


July 31, 1882 




0. u. 0. 






6 


Sept. I, 1882 


* * 


Mfd Sqd 


Sept. 28, 1882 


R'dsm'n 


1st Court 


Mch 23, 1883. 


Patrol 


4 
4 


May 22, 1883 




10 
12 


June I, 1883 

Ann- T tRSi 




22 


Sept. II, 1883 


Capt. 
F'atrol 

R'dsm'n 
Patrol 


23 
2 
32 

Det. Sqd 
14 
14 


Sept. 22, 1883 
Oct. 27. 1883 
Nov. 5, 1883 
Nov. 25, 18S3 

Dec. 15, 1883 


Sergt. 
Inspect'r 
Sergt. 
Det Sgt. 
Patrol 

' * 
•• 

R'dsm'n 


7 

27 
25 
15 
5 
5 
27 
18 
18 
i8 
18 
18 


Dec. 18, 1883 

Dec. 21, 1883 

Jan. 21, 1884 
Jan. 21, 1884 
Ian. 25, 1884 
Feb. 20, 1884 

r ei). ZU, 1 004 

Mch 25, 1884 
April II, 1884 
April II, 1884 
.April II, 1884 
April II, 1884 
April 24, 1884 


Patrol 


27 


Aug. 13, 1884 




S. B. S. 


Oct. 2t, 1884 



Nature of Service. 



Rescued man from drowning. 

Rescued man from drowning. 
Stopped runaway team. 

Mumped in river, saved man; risk of 

S life. 

.Stopped runaway team. 

Jumped in river; saved two men. 

Vrrested desperado; stabbed dangerously. 
Stopped runaway team. 
Stopped runaway team. 
Arrested burglar; shot dangerously. 

/ Detection and arrest of blackmailer 

f (medal). 

[ Good service at falling buildings in 
j Grand Street. 

Arrest of thieves; property recovered. 

Detection and arrest of truck thieves. 

Detection and arrest of two burglars. 

Arrest of burglars after being shot at. 

Stopped runaway team. 

Arrest expert thief, Michael Dowdell. 
Rescuing fourteen women and children 
from burning building, 103 Washing- 
ton Street, on July 21, 1882; silver 
medals given. 
Rescued woman and child from burn- 
ing building. 

-Stopped runaway horse; rescued child. 
After being shot, faint and bleeding, 
shot and killed a ruffian named Mc- 
Gowan. 

In arresting an insane man who had 
killed Patrolman F rancis Mallon. 
Arresting two burglars. 
.Saving boy from drowning. 

) After being stabbed, brought prisoner 

\ to station house. 
Saving several persons from drowning. 
Stopping runaway horse. 
Stopping runaway team. 

Arrest of thieves; property recovered. 



Saving lives from burning building. 



f 

Saving lives from burning building. 

\^ Arrest and conviction .of Edward G. 
^ Raugh, for crime of arson. 

Rescued woman and child from drowning. 

Stopping runaway team. 

Saved man from being killed by falling. 

) Rescue of family from burning 

) building. 

Rescue of woman from burning building. 



Saved four 
building. 



persons from burning 



Rescued a lady from burning building. 

( Arrest of ruffian, after being knocked 

\ down and beaten. 
Rescued man from drowning. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



489 



CHAPTER XXII. 



SKETCH OF THE POLICE PENSION FUND. 



Cre.\ted by Act of 1857. — The Fund m.ade up of the S.\les of Unclaimed 
Propertv. — Police Life .\nd Health Insurance Fund. — Beneficiaries of 
THE Act. — Metropolitan Reward Fund. — Police Life Insurance Fund. — 
The Police Co.mmissioners a Board of Trustees. — I he Treasurer of the 
Board of Commissioners Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. — Receipts 
AND Disbursements. — The L.^te Commissioner Nichols. — Commissioner 
McClave. — Bookkeeper George P. Gott. — Paying Pensioners. — Finan- 
cial Statement of the Police Pension Fund. 

T^HE Metropolitan Police Act, 1857, provided for the establishment of a Life 



and Health Insurance Fund, for the benefit of Policemen disabled by 
wounds received in sers-ice, or, if killed, for the support of their families. The 
fund was made up of the sales of unclaimed stolen property, of rewards, and of 
voluntar}' contributions, and fines collected for violation of Sunday laws. The 
sums, in the latter part of 1858, received from these sources amounted to two 
thousand six hundred and twenty-three dollars and ten cents, a portion of which 
was invested in N ew York City bonds, bearing seven per cent, interest per annum. 

There were then two pensioners on the fund; one, the widow of Thomas 
Sparks, Patrolman, who was killed by rioters on the third of July, 1857; the 
other, the widow of Horatio Sanger, who died from wounds received while 
attempting to arrest disorderly persons in November, 1857. From the insuffi- 
ciency of the fund in 1858, neither had received relief. When the revenue 
should become adequate, it was proposed to pay them each the interest, quarter- 
yearly, on two thousand dollars, at six per cent, per annum. 

The Police Life and Health Insurance Fund (Chapter 569, Laws of 1857) 
provided that all rewards, fees, proceeds of gifts and emoluments that might be 
allowed by the Board of Police, should be paid and given for account of extra- 
ordinar)' services of any member of the Police force, and all moneys arising from 
the sale of unclaimed goods should constitute a fund to be called the " Police 
Life and Health Insurance Fund." The persons who from time to time should 
fill the office of the Treasurer of the Board of Police, and that of the Comptroller 
of the cities of New York and Brooklyn, were declared the Trustees of said fund, 
and might invest the same as they should see fit, either in whole or in part. The 
following were entitled to the benefits of this fund: 

I. Whenever any member of the Police force, in the actual performance of 
duty, should become bodily disabled, his necessarj' expenses, on the certificate 




49° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 




Police Monument, Cypress Hill Cenfietery. 



OUR POLICE PROTRCrORS. 49' 

of a Police Surgeon, stating the manner, cause and condition of injury, and ap- 
proved by the Board, during the time his disabling as aforesaid should continue, 
might become a charge upon the fund, provided for in the above-mentioned 
chapter. 

2. If sucli injuries were likely to continue for lite, the sum of one thousand 
dollars might be charged upon the said fund to be paid to the i)erson so 
injured. 

3. If any member of the I'olice force should be killed in the performance ot 
his duty, or should die from the effects of any mjury received by him whilst in 
such performance, and that there should be any person absolutely interested, 
pecuniarily, in the continuance of his life, a sum of two thousand dollars might 
be chargeable against the said fund, to be paid to the person so interested. 

This act was amended April 10, i860, substantially as follows: All fines 
im|)osed by the Board of Policj upon members of the force, by way of dis- 
cipline; and all moneys remaining for the space of one year in the hands of the 
Property Clerk, or arising from the sale of unclaimed goods; and all proceeds of 
suits for penalties, should be deposited to the credit of the Police Life Insurance 
Fund. The Board of Metropolitan Police, and the Comptrollers of the cities of 
New York and Brooklyn, were declared the Trustees of the fund. Those whom 
the fund were designed to benefit, and the pensions they were entitled to, are as 
follows: (i) Any member of the force who should, in the actual discharge of lii> 
duty, become permanently disabled, so as to render his dismissal from member- 
ship necessary, or if such member became superannuated after ten years of 
membership, the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars as an annuity was to be 
paid such member; (2) should a member be killed, or die, from the immediate 
effects of any injury received by him whilst in the discharge of duty, should he leave 
a widow, or if no widow, any child or children under the age of sixteen years, a 
like sum by way of annuity should become chargeable upon the said fund, to be 
paid to such widow so long as she remained unmarried, or to such child or chil- 
dren under the age of sixteen years. The Board, in its discretion, might at any 
time order such annuity to cease. 

All property and money that should remain in the custody of the Property 
Clerk for the period of six months without any lawful claimant thereto, after 
having been three times advertised in ])ublic newspapers, should be sold at ])ublic 
auction, and the jjroceeds of such sale paid into the Police Life Insurance Fund. 

An amended Act (April 25, 1864) made similar provisions regarding the 
sources from which the revenue should be derived. Moneys and unclaimed 
goods remaining in the possession of the Property Clerk one year (not six months, 
as above) and all proceeds of suits for penalties under this amended act, should 
be deposited and kept as a fund to be called the " Police Life Insurance Fund." 
The Treasurer of the Board of Police, and the Com])trolIer of the cities of 
New York and Brooklyn, were declared the Trustees of the said fund. 

The clause having reference as to who should be the beneficiaries, and the 
amounts they should be entitled to by way of pensions, was the same as detailed 
in the last paragraph of the preceding Act. 

An Act to enable the Board of Supervisors of the county of New York to 



492 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



raise money by tax for certain county purposes, and to provide the auditing and 
payment of unsettled claims against said county, passed the legislature April 25, 
1867. This act authorized the Board of Police to offer rewards to induce all 
persons to give information which should lead to the detection, arrest, and con- 
viction of persons guilty of homicides, arson, or receiving stolen goods knowing 
them to be stolen; and to pay such rewards to such persons as should give such 
mformation. Such rewards should be paid from "The Metropolitan Reward 
Fund," which fund should be formed by investing from money deducted from 
the pay of members of the Metropolitan Police force, on account of lost time, at 
a rate not exceedmg fifty cents per month for each member respectively; to 
which should be added all sums subscribed or contributed by insurance com- 
panies and other citizens. The Commissioners of Police to be the Trustees of 
the said fund, and to invest and manage the same. 

The Act also authorized the Board of Police, in their discretion, to pay out 
of the Police Life Insurance Fund: (i) an amount not exceeding three hundred 
dollars, to the members of the force who might be disabled while in the dis- 
charge of their duties. (2) In the case of death by injuries, the annuities should 
be continued to the widow, or children, or both, as the Board might deem best. 
The Board was constituted Trustees of the fund. 

An amendment to the above chapter, passed May 2, 1868, declared that 
the revenue of the Pension Fund should be derived from the following sources: 
All fines imposed by the Board of Police upon members of the force, 
by way of discipline, and collectable from pay or salary; and all rewards, fees, 
proceeds of gifts and emoluments that might be paid and given for account of 
extraordinary services of any member of the Metropolitan Police force (except 
when allowed to be retained by such member); and all moneys remaining for 
the space of one year in the hands of the Property Clerk, or arising from the 
sale of unclaimed goods; and all proceeds of suits for penalties under the Act 
thereby amended, should be deposited and paid into the bank wherein the 
Treasurer of the Board should keep an account. The payments so made to 
constitute a fund to be called the " Police Life Insurance Fund." The Com- 
missioners of Police were declared the Trustees of the said fund. 

The beneficiaries of the Pension Fund were in this, as in subsequent Acts, 
classified as follows: 

1. Any member who should, whilst in the actual performance of duty, 
become permanently disabled, physically or mentally, so as to be unfit for duty;, or 
any such member who, after ten years' membership, should be superannuated by 
age, or rendered incapable of performing Police duty by disease contracted with- 
out misconduct on his part. 

Each were granted and ])aid a ])cnsion not exceeding lliree hundred dollars 
per annum. 

2. If any member of the force, while in the actual discharge of duty, should 
be killed, or should die from the effects of any injury received by him in like 
manner, or should die after ten continuous years of service (such death not 
being caused by misconduct on his part), leaving a widow, the name of such 
widow miglit be placed on said pension roll, and a like pension i)aid to her from 



OUR POrJCF. PROTECTORS. 



49."? 



said*fund, so long as she remained unmarried. If such member, dying as afore- 
said, should leave any minor child or children, but no widow (or if a widow, 
then after her death), the name or names of such child or children under the 
age of eighteen years might be placed on the i)ension roll, and a pension from 
said fund paid to such child or children; if more than one, to be divided 
equally between them, such pension or share of pensions to cease when the said 
child or the children respectively arrive at the age of eighteen years, or when- 
ever earlier discontinued by order of the IJoard. 




Bookkeeper Gotf s Office. 

(Pensioners Drawing their Pay.) 

The charter of 1870 (April 5) re-organizing the local government of the 
city of New York, made some new provisions. After the Board had ascer- 
tained what portion of the Police Life Insurance Fund and Metropolitan Re- 
ward Fund, respectively, of the Metropolitan Police, belonged to, or should be 
set apart for, the Police of the city of New York, the amount so found was 
paid over to the Chamberlain of the city of New York, as trustee, for the 



494 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



benefit of the Police of the city of New York, as contemplated in the creation 
of said funds. 'AH fines imposed by the Police Board on the members, by way 
of discipline, all rewards, fees, proceeds of gifts and emoluments that might be 
paid and given for account of extraordinary services of any members of the 
force, and all moneys remaining for the space of two years in the hands of the 
Property Clerk, or arising from the sale of unclaimed goods, and all proceeds 
of suits for penalties under this Act — payments so made should constitute a fund 
to be called the " Police Life Insurance Fund." 

The City Chamberlain was made the trustee of said fund, with power to 
invest the same, in whole or in part, as he should deem most advantageous for 
the objects of the fund. 

All property and money remaining in the custody of the Property Clerk for 
the period of six months without any lawful claimant, after having been three 
times advertised in public newspapers, should be sold at^public auction, and the 
proceeds paid into the Police Life Insurance Fund. 

• A subsequent Act, passed April 26 of the same year (1870), made further 
provisions for an addition to the sources of income of the Police Life Insurance 
Fund, namely: there should be taken monthly out of the moneys deducted from 
the pay of members of the force on account of lost time, a sum calculated at 
the rate of fiftv cents per month for each member of the force, which sum 
should be paid to the City Chamberlain, and invested by him as part of the Po- 
lice Life Insurance Fund. Such portion of the " Metropolitan Reward Fund " 
as should belong to, or be awarded to the city in the division thereof, should be 
paid over to the City Chamberlain, as trustee of the Police Life Insurance Fund, 
and become a part of said last-named fund, and be invested as such. The 
Board of Police were empowered, in their discretion, by resolution to be adopted 
by a unanimous vote, to dismiss from office any Captain or Sergeant, and place 
the person so dismissed on the pension roll of said Police Life Insurance Fund, 
and allow him an annual retiring pension of (not exceeding in amount) one-half 
the annual salary or compensation of such office. In like manner, the Board 
might dismiss any Patrolman, and place him upon the pension roll, and allow 
him an annual retiring pension (not exceeding in amount) four hundred dollars 
per annum. 

An Act concerning " The Police Life Insurance Fund," and the powers and 
duties of the Police Department, was passed March 17, 187 1, by which the Com- 
missioners of Police were constituted a Board of Trustees of " The Police' Life 
Insurance Fund." They might organize as such Board by choosing one of their 
number to be Chairman, and appointing a Secretary. The Treasurer of the 
Board of Police should be the Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. Such Board 
of Trustees should have cliarge of and administer said fund, and from time to 
time invest the same, or any part thereof, as they should deem most bene- 
ficial to said fund. The said Board of Trustees were constituted the legal success- 
ors of the City Chamberlain, and also of the Board of the Metropolitan Police. 

The Police Life Insurance Fund consisted of: 

First. The capital, income, interest, dividends, casli, deposits, securities and 
credits, then belonging to said fund, with the addition thereto from time to time of — 



OUR POIJCE PROTECTORS. 



495 



* Second. All fines imjioscd by the Hoard of Police ujjon ineniljcrs of tlie 
Police force; and 

Third. All rewards, fees, gifts, testimonials and eniolinnents that might 
be presented, paid, or given to any member of the Police for account of Police 
service (except such as should be 'allowed by the Board to be retained by said 
member); and 

Fourth. All lost or stolen moneys remaining in the hands of the Property 
Clerk for tlie space of one year, subject to the usual conditions. 

Fifth. One dollar per month for each member of the force, taken monthly 
by the Treasurer from moneys deducted from the i)ay of members on account 
of lost time. 



The Board was given power, in its discretion, to grant pensions of not 
exceeding three hundred dollars per annum, to the persons mentioned, and in 
the manner previously descrided. 

George P. Gorx was born in the City of Albany. Having received an 
academical education, at the age of eighteen years he was placed in a hardware 
store, where he remained until the spring of the year 1853. He then came to 
New York, and entered the hardware house of Edward Corning & Co., 81 John 
Street. After a short service he was placed in a confidential position, which he 
(ontinued to occupy until 1858, when he resigned. In August, 1858, he received 
a notice to appear at Police Headquarters, then on the corner of Broome and 
Elm Streets, and was offered the position of Bookkeeper of the Metropolitan ' 
Police. After some hesitation he consented to accept the situation, and was 
tluly appointed by the Board, which office he still holds. 




George P. Gott. 

(Treasurer'; Bookkeeper.) 



496 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



The law was again changed on April 30, 1873, wherein by resolution adopted 
by a full Board, aijy Inspector, Captain, Sergeant, Patrolman, or Surgeon, if dis- 
abled in the actual performance of duty, could be retired from office on an 
annual pension not exceeding in amount one-third their annual salary or com- 
pensation. But no such Inspector, Captain, Sergeant, Patrolman or Surgeon 
should be so retired from office and placed on the pension roll except at his 
own request in writing, unless due notice was given him of the intention so to re- 
tire him; nor unless it should be certified to the Board by two of the Police 
Surgeons that he was, in their opinion, permanently, mentally and physically 
incapacitated from duty; nor unless the Board should concur in such opinion; 
nor unless the nature and origin of such incapacity should be stated in the 
resolution so retiring him. The Board was empowered to forfeit or withhold 
pay for certain specified offenses from members of the force, but no more than 
thirty days pay should be so forfeited for any offense. All such fines to be paid 
by the Treasurer of the Police Department to the account of the Police Life Insur- 
ance Fund. All property and money remaining in the hands of the Property 
Clerk for six months without any lawful claimant, after having been advertised 
for ten days, should be sold at public auction, and the proceeds paid into the 
Police Life Insurance Fund. 

A supplementary Act to the above was passed June 13, 1873. It empowered 
the Police Board to grant a pension to any widow of any deceased member of 
the Metropolitan Police force, from the time of his death, if any such member 
was, at the time of his death, assigned to duty in the city of New York, and his 
widow at the time entitled to receive a pension, provided that no such pension 
should have been previoifsly granted. 

The Legislature, on June 4, 1878, framed an Act to create a Police Pension 
Fund for disabled and retired Policemen in the city of New York, which, sum- 



marized, is as follows: 


Widow 
$300. 

'I'o terminate wlien remarried or at dis- 
cretion of the Board. 


Of Member of force killed in performance of duty, 
or shall have died from effects of injuries received 
whilst in the actual discharge of such duty, or died 
after ten years' service, provided such death shall 
not have been caused by mi>conduct on liis part. 


Child or Children 
Uniler i8 years, not exceeding $300. To 
terminate at 18 years of age, or at dis- 
cretion of the Hoard. 


Of Member of Force killed or dying as aforesaid, 
but leaving no widow, or if a widow, then after 
her death to such child or children yet unjer 
eighteen years of age. 


Policeman 
Not to exceed one-half nor less than one- 
([uarter rate of compensation. To ter- 
minate at discretion of the Board. 


While in performance of police duty, and by reason 
of same, and without fault or misconduct, become 
liermanently disabled, physically or mentally, so 
as to be uniittcd to perform full police duty. 


Policeman 
$300. 

To terminate at discretion of the Board. 


After ten years' membership, superannuated by age, 
or rendered incapable of performing full police 
duty by reason of disability or disease, contracted 
without misconduct on his part. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



497 



Policeman 
$4iX). 

To terminate at discretion of the Board. 


After fifteen years' membership, superannuated by 
age, or rendered nicapable of performing full 
police duty by reason of disability or disease, con- 
tracted without misconduct on his part. 


Policeman 
Not to exceed one-half, or less than one- 
ijuarter full pay, and not to exceed 
$i,ooo. I'or natural life, and not to be 
revoked, repealed or diminished. 


After twenty years or upwards, upon his own ap- 
plication, or upon certificate of lioard of Sur- 
geons as to permanent disability, so as to be unlit 
for police duty, may be retired l)y the unanimous 
vote of the full Board. 



NOTE. 

In case any officer shall have voluntarily left the Police Department and entered into the 
United States service and served during the war of the rebellion, and received an honorable dis- 
charge, and afterwards shall have been reinstateil in the Police Department, the time of his ser- 
vice in the army shall be consitlercd as a portion of his service in the Police Department. 

In determining the time of service of any member of the Force, continuous service in the 
late Metropolitan Force, and subseciuently in the Police Department, shall be held to be Police 
service. 

Pensions on account of physical or mental disability or disease, not to be granted unless 
upon certificate of Board of Surgeons, setting forth cause, nature and extent of disability, dis- 
ease or injury, and if same was incurred or sustained in the performance of Police duty. 

FUND. 

First. — Capital, income, interest, dividends, cash deposits, securities and credits belonging to 

the Police Life Insurance Fund. 
Second. — All fines imposed by the Board of Police upon members of the Police Force. 
Third. — All rewards, fees, gifts, testimonials, and emoluments to members of the Force, except 

such as shall be allowed by the Board of Police to be retained by such member. 
Fourth. — All lost or stolen money in the hands of the Property Clerk for one year unclaimed, 

and moneys arising from sale of unclaimed Property. 
FlKfll. — A sum of money equal to three dollars per month for each member of the Force, to be 

paid monthly from moneys deducted for lost time. 

Section seven of the foregoing Act was amended, June 19, 1879, to read as 
follows: 

" In determining the term of service of any member of the Police force 
under the provisions of this Act, service in the late Mimicipal and Metropolitan 
Police Dep irtinents, and subsequently in the Police Department of the city of 
New York, should be counted and held to be Police Service of the Police De- 
partment of the city of New York for all purposes of this Act." 

On June 8, 1882, the legislature passed an Act to create a Police Pension 
Fund in the city of New York, and to provide for the equalization of pensions, 
of which the following is a summary: 



Widow 
$300. 

To terminate when remarried or at discre- 
tion of the Board. 



Of member of force killed in performance of duty, 
or shall have died from effects of injuries re- 
ceivetl whilst in the actual discharge of such duty, 
or died after ten years' service in the Police De- 
partment or Force of the City of New York. 



Child or Children 
Under 18 years, not exceeding S"oo. 
terminate at iS years of age, or at discre- 
tion of the Board, 



Of member of force killed or dying as aforesaid, hut 
leaving no widow, or if a widow, then after her 
death to such child or children yet unmarried and 
under eighteen years of age. 



498 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Member of Police Department or Force, 
not to exceed $300, to terminate at dis- 
cretion of the Board. 


While in performance of police duty, and by reason 
of same, and without fault or misconduct, become 
permanently disabled, physically or mentally, so 
as to be unfitted to perform full police duty. 


Member of Police Department or Force, 
not less than $300, nor exceeding $600. 
To terminate at discretion of the Board. 


After ten years' and less than twenty years' mem- 
bership, superannuated by age, or rendered in- 
capable of performing full police duty by reason 
of disability or disease, contracted without mis- 
conduct on his part. 


Member of Police Department or Force, 
not less than $300. nor exceeding $500. 
To terminate at discretion of the Board. 


Permanently insane or mentally incapacitated. 


Member of Police Department or Force, 
not less than one-half full pay, and not 
to exceed $J,ooo, except to Superinten- 
dent, for natural life, and not to be re- 
voked, repealed or diminished. 


After twenty years or upwards, upon his own appli- 
cation, or upon certificate of Board of Surgeons as 
to permanent disability, so as to be unfit for police 
duty, may be retired by the unanimous vote of the 
full Board. 


The First, Second, Third and Fourth Sections of the fund were the same as 
in the preceding Act. Section Five is as follows: 



A sum of money not exceeding four dollars per month for each member of the Force, to be paid 
monthly from moneys deducted or withheld from the pay of members of the Police Force on 
account of lost time. 



An Act to consolidate into one Act, and to declare the special and local 
laws affecting public interests in the city of New York, and provide a Tension 
Fund for the Police Department of the city, was passed July i, 1882. 

An Act to amend Chapter 410 of the Laws of 1882 (Chapter 180 of the 
Laws of 1884, passed April 21, 1884), introduced the following changes: 

The revenue of the fund is the same as in the preceding chapters, with the 
following exceptions: All moneys, pay, compensation, or salary, or any part 
thereof, forfeited, deducted or withheld from any member or members of the 
Police force for or on account of absence for any cause; lost or sick time, sickness 
or other disability, physical or mental, to be paid monthly by the Treasurer 
of the Board of Police Commissioners to the Treasurer of the Board of Trustees 
of the Police Pension Fund. Twenty-five per cent, annually of all excise 
moneys or license fees, derived or received by the Board of Excise; provided, 
however, that said twenty-five per cent, thereof shall not exceed one hundred 
I thousand dollars in any one year; moneys derived from granting or issuing per- 
mits to carry pistols; all moneys derived or received from the granting or issuing 
of permits to hold or give masked balls, entertainments, or parties; moneys 
derived or received from the issuing or granting certificates of qualification to 
operate steam boilers; moneys derived or received from the suspension of Police 
officers; the Board being empowered for cause to suspend a Police officer with- 
out pay, for a term not exceeding thirty days. 

The Board of Police, under this Act, was empowered to pension the widow 
of a retired Police officer. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



499 



SIDNEY P. NICHOLS. 

The late Sidney P. Nichols was fifty-three years old, and was born in Ver- 
mont. His father was a Presbyterian clergyman. Receiving a common school 
education, the boy determined to strike out a career for himself, and accordingly 
came to New York, where he secured employment as a clerk. After a few years, 
having saved some money, he embarked in the livery stable business near the 
site of the Ashland House, and prospered in the undertaking. 

In a contest for the State Senate, Mr. Nichols was defeated by James W. 
Booth, but in recognition of the gallant struggle he had made, was a})pointed a 
Police Commissioner in May, 1876. Meantime he had become one of tiie pro- 
prietors of the Ninth Avenue line of stages, which proved a prosperous under- 
taking. On account of his extensive knowledge of the city, his expert judgment 
of horseflesh, and his experience in organizing considerable bodies of men, his 
colleagues insisted on making Mr. Nichols Chairman of the Committee on Street 
Cleaning, which task was then imposed by law on the Police Board. 

During Mayor Ely's term of office an attempt was unsuccessfully made to 
remove Mr. Nichols from the Police Board on a charge of neglect of duty. 
During the incumbency of Mayor Cooper the attempt was repeated (April 17. 
1879), and gave rise to a notable legal contest. The Commissioner demanded 
to be heard through counsel and to be brought face to face with specific charges. 
He was summarily removed, however, with the re(juisite formal approval of 
(lOvernor Robinson. Charles F. Mcl,ean being appointed his successor. 

After protracted litigation, a decision of the Court of Appeals restored Mr. 
Nichols to his office, February 7, 1880, thereby establishing a very important 
precedent. He was re-appointed by Mayor Edson January 10, 1883. 

Mr. Nichols was a member of the Democratic State Committee. 

Mr. Nichols was of medium stature and firmly built, of fair, ruddy 
complexion, with bright, sparkling eyes, and pleasant mouth, and his face always 
wore a cheerful smile. He was the life and soul of the Police Board. It was 
always said that he could get through more work than anv other two Commis- 
sioners who ever sat in the marble palace in Mulberrv Street. His executive 
powers were in constant demand. He was a prime favorite throughout the 
force. His death, which was due to aneurism of the lieart, took jilace at his 
residence. No. 417 West Twenty-fifth Street, on the twenty-eighth of October, 
1884. Commissioner Nichols was Treasurer of the Police Pension Fund. The 
interment was in Greenwood Cemetery. 



500 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Commissioner John McClave was appointed by Mayor Edson, November 
24, 1884. He was born in this city in 1839, and is the youngest of twelve 
children of the late James McClave, who was — for many years prior to 1854, 
when he retired from business — a lumber merchant. John McClave was grad- 
uated from the College of the City of New York in 1856. Following the foot- 
steps of his father, he entered the lumber business, and has been engaged in it 
ever since. He now has a large lumber yard on the North River, between 
Twenty-first and Twenty-second Streets, and is the owner of considerable real 
estate. He entered politics in 1878, when he was elected Alderman, on the 
Republican ticket, from the Eighth Senatorial District. He was re-elected from 
the same district in 1879, and, in 1880, was elected Alderman-at-Large. In 
1 88 1 he received the unanimous Republican nomination for Alderman-at- 
Large, but declined to run. Before the meeting of the Republican County 
('onvention in October last his name was mentioned among the possible Repub- 
lican candidates for Mayor. He is President of the Republican Association of 
the Seventeenth Assembly District. 

Mr. McClave is Treasurer of the Board of Police, and of the Police Pension 
Fund. He is also a member of the Committee on Repairs and Supplies. 

There is no exaggeration in the statement that Mr. McClave, whether as a 
business man or a public functionary, is the most active, industrious, and pains- 
taking of men. The amount of hard work he gets rid of without seeming to be 
busy at all is really marvelous. In fact, it is a necessity of his nature that 
his mental faculties must always find occupation. The ordinary man would find 
more than enough to do in the management of a large business concern which 
gives employment to a large number of hands. Not so Mr. McClave, who, while 
punctually attending to his own private business affairs, bestows all the necessary 
time and labor to the duties he is called upon to discharge at Police Head- 
quarters. Mr. McClave spends a large part of every week day at his office 
attending to Police matters. He has brought to the transaction of these duties 
the same comprehensive and intelligent management which has so characterized 
him as one of our leading business men. 

None but those conversant with the inside history of Police affairs can form 
anything like an adequate idea of the immense amount of labor that devolves 
upon the Police Commissioners. Every day brings its own particular duties and 
responsibilities, which can neither be ignored nor relegated to subordinates. 
Through them the vast and complicated machinery of the Police Department 
is put in operation, and, if the governing body be not attentive and intelligent, 
demoralization is likely to ensue in the ranks — to the great and lasting detriment 
of the public service. No greater compliment could be paid the present Board 
of Police Commissoners than is to be found in the present efficient condition of 
the Police force. Towards this improved state of affairs no official has con- 
tributed more largely than has Commissioner McClave. 

As T: easurer of the Board, and of the Police Pension P'und, for which he 
receives no additional compensation, Mr. McClave has a vast amount of labor 
and responsibility imposed upon him. But, where system and order prevail, 
much can be done which otherwise would be impossible of accomplishment. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



50' 



Statement of Disbursements and Receipts of the Police Life and Health 
Insurance Fund, Police Life Insurance Fund, and the Police Pension Fund, from 
1857 to 1885, for the subjoined years: 



Year. 



Police Life and Health Insurance Fund, 



Police Life Insurance Fund, 



Police Pension Fund, 



r 1857 
\ I 1858 
1859 
i860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
18S2 
1883 
1884 



Disbursements. 



30 00 
244 12 
811 64 
1.425 75 
2,133 32 
2,642 32 
3,906 59 
6,680 72 
7.436 50 
7,965 04 
13.788 63 
19,808 64 
50,037 09 
45.757 54 
57.305 95 
61.434 38 
74.908 29 
64,684 21 
59.802 73 

75.845 67 
71.342 84 
S0.750 28 
101,067 83 
108,358 15 
116,593 91 
220. 6og 74 
187.855 35 



$1,443,227 23 



Receipts. 



423 10 
2,200 00 
3.650 49 
5.023 41 
1 1,242 81 
9.657 76 
8.545 53 
19,920 99 
27,647 09 
43.476 40 
31.456 63 
32,212 61 
36,449 78 
85,910 89 
64,709 56 
64,459 02 
63,360 97 
78,846 74 
69.481 54 
61,306 91 
60,484 18 

91.715 29 
114,293 55 
113,869 56 
117,696 90 
87,489 21 
96,034 97 
184,419 42 



$1,585,985 26 



Note. — In 1S66 the donation by the Japanese Embassy was credited to the Police Life 
Insurance Fund. 

In 1870 an adjustment of the Police Life Insurance Fund and the Metropolitan Reward 
F'und was made in pursuance of Chapter 383, passed April 26, 1870, and the balance remaining 
to the credit of the Metropolitan Reward Fund was placed to the credit of (he Police Life 
Insurance Fund, and the amount due from the Police Life Insurance Fund and charged to 
said fund, was as follows: City of Brooklyn, $23,441.24; Yonkers, $55.76, and Richmond 
County, S14.76. 

In 1883 $77,420.29 was paid by the Trustees of the Police Pension Fund for judgments 
obtained against the Board for sick time deducted from members of the force, which amount was 
credited to the fund for the five years prior to the year 1882. This sum was paid in pursuance 
of a decision rendered by the Court of Appeals, in the case of John Ryan against the Board, to 
recover the sick lime deducted from his salary. 

The invested capital of the Police Pension Fund, ending December 31, 1884, is invested 
in bonds of the City and County of New York, and amounts to the sum of $142,0^x3; the cash 
balance on said date was $758.03, m.-iking a total capital of $142,758.03, and at said date there 
were 540 persons beneficiaries of the fund, classified as follows: 303 males, 199 females, and 38 
orphans. 

The Board of Police during the year 1884 pensioned si.\ sergeants, eighty-nine patrol- 
men and twenty-wne orphans, drawing, in the aggregate, $66,925. The deaths during said year 
were : one captain, two sergeants, twenty-five patrolmen, and si.\ females, drawing in the aggre- 
gate $14,615, making a total added to the Pension Fund during the year of $52,310. 



502 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

Statement of appropriations made to the Metropolitan Police (New York 
Force), and the Municipal Police and the Police Department of the City Of 



New York: 

$825,000 00 

1857 471.031 79 

1858 930,209 95 

1859, 1,294,812 51 

i860 1,352,736 73 

1861 1,716,189 18 

1862, 1.751,263 73 

1863, 1.747.555 67 

1864, 2,061,184 18 

1865, ........... 2,222,083 60 

1866 2,174,688 54 

1867, 2,654,184 85 

1868 2,815,715 54 

1869, 2,885,175 55 

1870 3,263,525 66 

1871, 3,349,160 17 

1872, 3,168,000 00 

1873 3.890.133 33 

1874 3.391,491 14 

1875, 3,376,400 00 

1876, 3,352.400 00 

1877, . 3.292,400 00 

1878 3,286,150 00 

1879, 3,346,150 00 

1880, 3,270,150 00 

i88i, 3,423,120 00 

1882, 3,350,450 00 

1883 3.453,150 00 

1S84, 3,641.534 61 



On the first of January, 1885, there were three hundred and three males, 
one hundred and ninety-nine females, and thirty-eight orphans, beneficiaries 
of the Pension Fund, who drew in the aggregate one hundred and eighty-seven 
thousand and eighty-seven dollars and thirty-seven cents for the year 1884. 
During this year the Board pensioned six Sergeants, eighty-nine Patrolmen, 
thirty-five widows, and twenty-one orphans. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



503 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



THE WAY OF THE TRANSGRESSOR. 



Our Police Courts. — Arraignment of Prisoners and How their Cases are 
Disposed ok. — The Poi-ick Justices; Efficient and Discriminating. — 
Courts of Special Sessions, General Sessions, Oyer and Terminer, Etc. 
District Attorney Martine and His Deputies. — Fines Received from 
Police Courts. — Number of Prisoners Arrested, Arraigned and Con- 
victed. — The Ambulance System. — Evils of Intemperance. — A New 
Criminal Agency. — The Opium Habit. — "Hitting the Pipe." — Uses 
AND Abuses of Opium. — An Opium Smoker's Outfit. — Vice Fostered by 
the Herding Together in Crowded Tenements. — Some Gaudy Resorts. 
— Criminals and Their Haunts. 



WIFTLY, surely, and systematically, move the wheels of justice. Turn where 



he will the criminal finds himself confronted with the visible forms of the 
law. Sooner or later justice overtakes him. 

The Police Courts have to deal each day with the big haul of prisoners that 
are gathered within the Police nets. There the process of " sorting " these 
unfortunates takes place. Some, whose sins are venial, are turned loose with an 
admonition from the bench; others are fined; others again are sentenced to 
short terms of imprisonment, while a small remnant is held for trial. 

Almost every offender known to the law passes daily through the hands of 
the Police, from the red-handed murderer down to the case of simple assault or 
drunk and disorderly. 

The work of the Police is never done — the task allotted to Sysiphus was 
not more recurrent and periodical than theirs. There is no cessation to their war- 
fare on the criminal classes. 

The Police Courts are held by eleven Police Justices or Magistrates ap- 
pointed by the Mayor of the city, under the provisions of the statute of 1873, and 
holding office for terms of varying duration. They receive salaries of eight thou- 
sand dollars per annum each, and are distributed into six courts, as follows: 
Tombs, two Justices; Jefferson Market, two Justices; Essex Market, two Jus- 
tices; Yorkville, or Fifty-seventh Street, two Justices; Harlem, two Justices; 
Tremont, one Justice; the last tribunal having been created by the Act which 
provided for the annexation of the new Wards formerly in Westchester County. 

The Police Justices that took office on the fourth of November, 1873, suc- 
ceeded to a Board of Police Justices elected under the old law. 

The statute law of the State requires that prisoners shall be taken to the 
nearest Police Court, and, in the city of New York, the designation of Police 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Courts to which the various Police Precincts are to send their prisoners is made 
by the Commissioners of Police. 

Although two Justices are assigned to each of the courts, excepting the 
court at Tremont, but one sits at a time. For a week each assigned Justice 
holds court in his district, examining prisoners, receiving complaints, issuing 
warrants, taking bail, and discharging all the business of a Police Court. The 
succeeding week is an off week with him, unless he happens to sit three times 
during the week in the Court of Special Sessions, or unless examinations of any 
length are set down before him during the week. 

No Police Courts are held on Sunday afternoon, and persons are some- 
times arrested after the close of the Police Courts on Sunday morning, who, if 
they cannot get bail, are locked up until Monday. 

The prisons attached to the Police Courts are under the control of the Com- 
missioners of Charities and Correction, and difficulties of jurisdiction have arisen 
from time to time. 

The courts are served by squads of Police attached to each court, who serve 
papers, run errands, and perform other similar duties for the Police Justices. 

The Court of Special Sessions of the Peace, having jurisdiction over 
all misdemeanors and over a very few felonies, such as petty larceny, is held by 
three Police Justices, who sit alternately for a month at a time. They sit thrice 
a week for about four hours, and dispose of an average of upwards of thirty or 
forty cases a day. No prosecuting officer appears in this court, and in many 
cases the Magistrates act as prosecuting attoiney.s, as counsel for the prisoners, 
as judges and as jury, a loading of responsibility which ought not to be en- 
couraged. 

The Court of General Sessions has for many years been held by the 
Recorder and the City Judge. Since the first of January, 1876, an additional 
Justice, known as the Judge of the Court of General Sessions, has been added. 

The Court of Over and Terminer, the highest criminal court in the city, 
is held four or five times a year by a Justice of the Supreme Court. 

Supreme Court. — Noah Davis, Chief Justice ; John R. Brady, Geo. C. 
Barrett, Charles Donohue, Abram R. Lawrence, Chas. H. Van Brunt, Geo. P. 
Andrews. ^ 

General Sessions. — Frederick Smyth, Recorder; Rufus B. Cowing, City 
Judge; Henry A. Gildersleeve. 

Superior Court. — John Sedgwick, Chief Judge; Hooper C. Van Vorst, 
John J. Friedman, Charles H. Truax, Richard O'Gorman, Geo. L. Ingraham. 

Common Pleas. — Charles P. Daly, Chief Justice; Richard L. Larremore, 
Miles Beach, Joseph F. Daly, George M. Van Hoesen, Henry W. Allen. 

City Court. — David McAdam, Chief Justice; Granville P. Haws, Edward 
Browne, Chas. J. Nehrbas, S. Burdett Hyatt, Ernest Hall. 

personnel of the District Attorney's office comprises the following : 

District Attorney, Randolph B. Martine ; Assistants : John R. Fellows, 
Edward L. Parris, De Lancey NicoU, Gunning S. Bedford; Deputy Assistants: 
James Fitzgerald, Ambrose H. Purdy, Vernon M. Davis, Bernard S. Douras; 
John M. Coman, Deputy and Chief Clerk. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



505 



* Ranpolph B. Martink is (and the statement can be made without any 
approa( h to flattery) one of the most popular public men of this city. He is 
popular not because of his election to the responsible office of Prosecuting 
Attorney of this city and county, but for his own sterling (pialities of head and 
heart. Suave, considerate, generous, and polite to all, Mr. Martine is every 
inch a true born gentleman. Mr. Martine was born in the Sixteenth Ward in 
1844. He is of French-Huguenot and Irish ancestry. His father, Theodore, 
was an extensive grocer and real estate dealer in this city. District Attorney 
Martine is a graduate of Columbia College, where he also studied law, and com- 
I)letcd his legal attainments in the office of J^ds*^ Rapallo. He was admitted 
to the bar in 1866. Mr. Martine is a lawyer of extensive practice and wide 



experience. He is the Bayard of his profession, without stain, and without 
reproach. 

John R. Fellows has served under six administrations in the District 
Attorney's office, namely, Garvin, Hall, McKeon, Peckham, Olney, and Mar- 
tine. He is a man of ready eloquence and solid legal attainments. His power 
over a jury in the handling of a case has, in innumerable instances, brought 
conviction home to criminals who relied upon the power of money and legal 
talent to save them from the consequences of their crimes. Colonel Fellows is 
one of the leaders of the County Democracy, and is one of their most popular 
campaign orators. 

Gunning S. Bedford has had a long experience in criminal practice. 
He was Assistant District Attorney from 1865 to 1869, and for several years 




District Attorney Martine. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



after was City Judge. Mr. Bedford discharges the duties of his office with 
zeal and ability. 

De Lancey Nicoll has been a member of the l)ar for ten years, and has 
built up a remunerative practice at his profession. He is able and popular. 

Edward L. Parris has been a practicing lawyer for twenty years in our 
civil courts. He is chairman of the Young Men's Democratic Club. Mr. 
Parris graduated from Union College, Schenectady. He is a native of Maine. 
He is in the prime of life, his age being forty-three years. He is a member of 
the law firm of Parris & Parris. 

James Fitzgerald, one of the youngest, and one of the ablest as well, 
of Mr. Martine's staff of able assistants, is a young man of talent, who, by his 
own force of character, talents and industry, has forged to the front rank. He 
is a graduate of Columbia Law School. Mr. Fitzgerald is an able pleader, 
and is well versed in criminal and civil law. He served in the Assembly and 

Senate, and has won golden opinions 
for his ability, affability and incorruptibility. 

Vernon M. Davis is a young lawyer of 
note. He is a member of the firm of Davis, 
Cohen &: McWilliam. He has charge of 
the preparation of indictments. 

A.MBROSE H. PuRDV is a lawyer of wide 
and varied experience. He was a member 
of Assembly from the Twenty-fourth Dis- 
trict, and is connected with the County 
Democracy. He is bright, alert, and 
astute. 

Bernard J. Douras studied his profes- 
sion in the office of Vanderpoel, Green & 
Cuming, former lawyers for the sheriff. He 
entered their office as office boy, and worked 
himself up to be their managing clerk. He 
is possessed of solid legal attainments. 

John M. Coman has been a practicing 
lawyer for a number of years. Previous 
to his coming into the District Attorney's office he had been clerk in Police 
Justice White's Court. 

William N. Penney, District Attorney Martine's private secretary, took office 
first under the late John McKeon. Mr. Penney is a well-known journalist, and is 
talented, popular, and ambitious. He is a prominent member of the Press 
Club. 

The Police Magistracy of the city have for the past ten years been spoken 
of by both citizens and the press as an exemplary body of public ser\-ants, labor- 
ing for the public weal with moderation and justice. The Police Justices are: 
James F. Kilbreth, Henry Murray, Patrick G. Duffy, Jacob M. Patterson, Jr., 
Maurice J. Power, Andrew J. White, J. Harry Ford, Solon B. Smith, John J. 
Gorman, Daniel O'Reilly, and Charles Welde. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



507 



Fines averaging nearly forty thousand dollars per annum are collected by 
the Magistrates in the Police Courts, and with those collected by the Warden of 

the City Prison and the Clerk of the Court 
of Special Sessions, the yearly average 
amount of fines reaches about seventy-five 
thousand dollars. 

The First District Police Court, 
jrapularly known as the Tombs, comprises 
the district bounded by Houston Street, 
Broadway to Canal Street, the Bowery and 
Catharine Street, the East and North 
Rivers. Seven precincts arraign their 
prisoners here. The Tombs Police Court 
tries more prisoners than any of the 
five other Police Courts. Of late years 
there has been a falling away in the 
number of arraignments, due, largely, 
to the gradual disappearance of the 
rotten old rookeries of tenements and 
a corresponding increase in the number 
of a better class of dwellings and busi- 



Interior View of " Male Prison." 
ness stores and factories. Statistics show 
that drunkenness has decreased in this dis- 
trict from twenty to forty per cent. This 
is due largely to the suppression by the 
Police of the low groggeries in the Fourth 
and Sixth Wards. 

The Tombs is a huge building of unique 
architecture — the world has no prison like 
it elsewhere; it receives hundreds of prison- 
ers every day; two courts hold sessions 
within its gloomy walls. At all hours of 
the day and night officers of the law and 
their prisoners are passing its portals. 

The Tombs was erected for about two 
hundred prisoners. Recently, between /^;|« 
three and four hundred a day have been '"^'^ 
received, with consequent overcrowding, 
notwithstanding the utmost diligence on Place of Execution, 

the part of the courts in disposing of its inmates by sending them, after 
sentence, to the Penitentiary on Blackwell's Island, to the State Prisons at 





5o8 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Sing Sing or Auburn, and to reformatories, and by the liberation of the 
guiltless. Vehicles known as "Black Marias" are used in bringing 
prisoners from local i)laces of detention in the city and taking them 
to the various points of departure to the jails to which they have been 
sentenced. 

The office of the " Female Prison " is as pleasant an apartment as womanly 
taste and skill can make it. It is light, and ornamented with flowers in the 
windows and pictures on the walls. Cells for inmates are twenty-two in 




Interior of the Tombs Police Court. 

number, and vary in appearance. Women and girls have fewer restraints than 
males. They take their meals together, flit about the corridors along which the 
cells are situated, and chat, and read, or sew. Three large cells are set apart for 
girls arrested for a first offense. Each contains half a dozen or more beds, 
covered with neat checked counterpanes, and the coarse sheeting is clean. The 
Tombs being simply a place of detention, no unnecessary prohibitions are im- 
posed. Hence some of the cells are as presentable places as circumstances 
will admit of. 

The " Male Prison " is by far the largest prison structure within the archi- 
tectural shell kno^vn as the Tombs. It is two hundred feet in length and forty 



OUR POrJCE Ph'OVF.C'/'OA'S. 



509 



in width, hiiilt of massive stone four stories high. The accompanying view was 
taken from the second tier of the four which complete the l)uilding. Murderers' 
Row is on the first tier, which, by the way, has the roomiest cells. Each tier is 
opened into through a massive gateway, where sits the officer in charge at his 
desk. Arrivals of prisoners, and more of visitors, keep each of these men busy 
mspecting papers and closing and admitting persons. The corridors on each 
tier front the cells, over the grated doorway of each of which is a slate giving 
the prisoner's name. 

The Sf.cond District Po- 
LicF. Court, known as Jeffer- 
son Market, vies with the Tombs 
in the number of cases brought 
there by the Police. This is ' 
one of the handsomest public 
buildings in the city. Here are 
accommodations for a great 
many prisoners, criminals and 
vagrants. The latter are con- % 
fined in one large apartment, ' 
known as " the ten day house." 
From thence they are conveyed : 
in the prison van to the foot of 
East Twenty-sixth Street, where 




Jeffe rson Market Police Court (Ninth Hlfrt'et and Sixth Avenue.) 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



they are taken on board the " Thomas S. Brennan," the " Minnahannock," or the 
"Bellevue," to Blackwell's Island. 

The district comprises the territory lying south of Forty-second Street, west 
of Fourth Avenue, and north of Houston Street. The precincts included in its 
territory are the Eighth, Ninth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty- 
ninth. This district embraces the territory known as Murray Hill, all the 
prominent hotels, and many of the theaters and other places of amusement. The 
best and the worst of New York's populace live within this district. 

The Third District, or Essex Market Police Court, has jurisdiction over 
" the great East Side." Catharine Street, the Bowery, Fourteenth Street, and 
the East River, constitute its boundaries. The precincts repre.sented in the 
district are the Seventh, Tenth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, and Seventeenth. 

The Fourth District Police Court, known as the Yorkville Polic e 

Court, and located in Fifty- 
seventh Street, between 
Third and Lexington Av- 
enues, is a roomy, well- 
lighted building. The pre- 
cincts that arraign their 
prisoners here are the Eigh- 
teenth, Nineteenth, Nine- 
teenth Sub, Twenty-first, 
Twenty-second,and Twenty- 
eighth Precincts. 

The Fifth District Po- 
lice Court (Harlem) is 
held in the Harlem Market 
Building, in One Hundred 
and Twenty-fifth Street,near 
Fourth Avenue. Prisoners 
are brought here from the 
Twelfth, Twenty-third, Thir- 
tieth, Thirty-first and Thirty- 
second Precincts. 

The Sixth District 
Court is located in Morris- 
ania on Third Avenue, near 



Yorkville Police Court (57tli Street, near Thir< 
One Hundred and Fifty-eighth Street. The prisoners arraigned here come from 
the Second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth Precincts. 

The annual report, ending November 24, 1884, of the Police Justices, shows 
that the number of arrests made during the year past was fifty thousand one 
hundred and sixty-four males, and nineteen thousand four hundred and fifty- 
seven females, making a total of sixty-nine thousand six hundred and twenty-one. 
Those arrested on warrant process were four thousand one hundred and fifty- 
three males and eight hundred and seventv-three females. There were thirty-five 
thousand three hundred and eight males held, while sixteen thousand five hun- 




OUR POLICE PROTECl^ORS. 



5" 




The Black Mar 



dred and thirty-seven females shared the same fate, making a total of fifty-one thou- 
sand eight hundred and forty-five; the number discharged being eighteen thousand 
seven hundred and forty-one men and three thousand seven hundred and eiglity- 
nine women. Twenty-two cases are still pending. 

'I'he fines received from the various Police Courts amounted to thirty-five 
thousand two hundred and fifty-eight dollars, while from the Court of Si)ecial 
Sessions the sum of twenty-seven thousand one hundred and fifty-si.\ dollars 

was collected. Warden Finn, ' 
of the City Prison, collected 
thirteen thousand nine hundred 
and two dollars, making a total 
of seventy^si.K thousand three 
hundred and si.\teen dollars, 
which is four thousand dollars 
short of the sum paid by male- 
factors the previous year. 

There were three thousand 
si.\ hundred and thirty-five per- 
sons committed in default of 
bail or released on bail for trial 
at General Sessions, and for trial zX Special Sessions five thousand six hundred 
and fifty. There were twelve thousand one hundred and three persons com- 
mitted for good behavior, and seventeen thousand five hundred and fifty-four 
persons were committed in default of payment of fine, while five thousand 
seven hundred and fifty-seven were released on payment of fines. The report 
al.so shows that three hundred and ninety-seven men and two hundred and eighty- 
four women were commit- 
ted as vagrants. There 
were sent to reformatory 
institutions one thousand 
nine hundred and thirty- 
two males and one thou- 
ii^and and ninety-two t 
males. There were - 
iuindred and forty-fi 
insane persons commiti^ 
— four hundred and fori \ 
four men and two hundred 
and twenty women. 

Of persons claiming to 
be destitute there were Conveying Pnsoners from Cou.-t to Ja,l. 

one thousand five hundred and eighteen men, and one thousand one hundred 
and fifty-three women, a total of two thousand six hundred and seventy-one 
persons. There were six hundred and sixty-five persons sent to the Roman 
Catholic Protectory; to the Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, five hundred 
and fifty-four; Juvenile Asylum, two hundred and eighty-three; St. Joseph's 




5" 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Asylum, two hufidred and thirty-seven; Institute of Mercy, two hundred; 
House of Refuge, 'one hundred and fifty; and to the Home of Good Shep- 
herd, twenty-nine. 




Woman's Prison: A Mutual Recognition. 
The various charges were: Abduction, fourteen; abortion, eight; arson, 
sixteen; assault and battery, three thousand eight hundred and eighty-two; felo- 
nious assault and battery, seven hundred and fifteen; assault with intent to steal, 
fifty-three; attempted suicide, eighty-five; bigamy, thirteen; burglary, seven 




Blackwell's Island and East River, 
hundred and ninety-one; cruelty to animals, two hundred and forty-two; cru- 
elty to children, twenty-eight thousand six hundred and ninety-six; keeping a 
<lisorderly house, one hundred and fifty-nine; disorderly persons, seven hun- 
dred and eighty-five; and felonies not classified, ninety-two. 



01' R POLICE PRO'lRC'rORS. 



5'3 



There were fifty-four forgers and thirty-nine fugitives from justice. Of tliese 
thirty-eight were discharged and only one held. The gamblers numbered fifty- 
five; homicides, eighty-eight; drunkards, twenty thousand four hundred and 
forty-five; thieves, grand larceny, one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven; 
petty larceny, three thousand two hundred and two; larceny from the person, 
six hundred and ninety; perjury, nineteen; rape, thirty-five; receivers of stolen 
goods, eighty-one; suspicious persons, one thousand four hundred and forty; 
vagrants, six thousand two hundred and seventy-five; violators of Corporation 
ordinances, seven iuuulrcd and seventy-one; violators of the Election law, thirty- 




Roosevelt Hospital. 

one; Excise law, one thousand three hundred and fifty-six; Lottery law, one 
hundred and eight; Sanitary Code, four hundred and twenty-one; Sunday law, 
twenty-nine. 

There were eighty-five persons charged with attempted suicide, eighty being 
discharged. The number of persons arrested for burglary and discharged was 
one hundred and fifty-one; and eight thousand three hundred and eighty per- 
sons arrested for disorderly conduct were discharged. Thirty-four gamblers 
were discharged. 

The idea of disseminating among all classes of society, by means of popular 
lectures, general information as to the preliminary treatment of the sick and 



514 OUR POLICE PROTECTORS 

injured, originated with the St. John Ambulance Association, which was organ- 
ized in London in 1877. The success achieved by this Association led the 
State Charities Aid Association, in January, 1882, to appoint a committee, under 
the chairmanship of General George B. McClellan, to establish courses of lec- 
tures on "First Aid to the Injured." So rapid was the growth of the work 
thus undertaken by the committee, and so general the demand for instruction, 
as to necessitate a more complete organization, and, accordingly, in February. 
1883, the committee re-organized as "The Society for Instruction in First Aid to 
the Injured." 

The instruction given by the Society is intended to do no more than qualify 
the pupil to adopt such remedial measures as may be advantageous pending the 




Mount Sinai Hospital, Sixty-sixth Street, 
doctor's arrival, and to afford some knowledge of nursing and the laws of heajth. 
It teaches what is to be done in emergencies, when tliere are no proper appli- 
ances at hand. 

Some of the earliest efforts of the originators of the " First Aid " movement 
were directed to the establishment of a course of instruction for the Police, but 
the large number of men on the force, the short time allowed them for recreation 
and other causes, rendered this a difficult matter. In the spring of 1883. how- 
ever, two classes were formed, and during the ensuing fall the Society suggested 
to the Board of Police Commissioners the advisability of making " First Aid " 
a part of the training which candidates for the Police force are required to 
undergo before being admitted as members. The suggestion was favorably 
received and adopted. The Society thereupon provided the necessary lecturers 



OUR POLICE rR0TF.C70RS. 



S'S 



and appliances, and lectures were commenced on the twelfth of Fel)riiary. 
Classes were at once organized, and, as a rule, tiie men have acquitted them- 
selves creditably, two-thirds jiassing the examination. iMany a case of accident 
— that, for instance, of persons run over in tiic streets, or injured by a fall — 
would probably have resulted fatally but for the knowledge so gained by the 
Police, who, while awaiting the arrival of the Ambulance Surgeon, are enabled to 
afford temporary relief to the sufferer. In some cases, owing no doubt to unavoid- 
able or accidental causes, the ambulances are not over prompt in responding to a 
(•all, and the attendance of the Policeman on post is therefore ail the more 
valuable. 




Nc.-. 1.:,,-. n^^pital (Fifteentn uct. Fifth and Sixth Avenjes). 

The Ambulance Districts are as follows: 
• New York Hospital District: Sixth, Sixteenth and Twcnty-nintli Pre- 
cincts. 

Chamhk Rs Street Hosi-itai. District: First, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Tenth, 
Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Precincts. 

Beli.evue Hospital District: Eleventh', Thirteenth, Seventeenth, Eigh- 
teenth, Nineteenth, Nineteenth Sub, Twenty-first, Twenty-fourth and Twenty- 
fifth Precincts; also. First, Second, Third and Fourth District Courts. 

St. Vincent's Hospitai, District: Eighth, Ninth, Fourteenth and Fif- 
teenth Precincts. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Ninety-Ninth Street Hospital District: Twelfth, Thirty- Lhird, Thirty- 
fourth, Second, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-fifth and Thirtieth Precincts. 

Presbyterian Hospital District: Twenty-third and Twenty-eighth Pre- 
cincts. 

A comparatively new criminal agency has been at work in certain sections 
of the city, spreading the fruitful seeds of contamination, and throwing addi- 




Giimpsos ot Chinatown. 

tional responsibilities on the already overburdened shoulders of the Police. 
The agency in question is what is known as "the opium habit." In a remark- 
ably short space of time this terrible vice has taken deep root, and it is very 
much to be feared that, like Bancho's ghost, it will not down, but that it has 
come to stay. The law's repressive hand has been placed upon it, but to-day it 
counts its victims by the thousand in this city alone. Captain McCulIagh, of 



Ol'R rOl.ICE J'ROTECTORS. 517 

the Elizabeth Street Station, and Detective Gerovv, have quite recently made 
an important " raid " on one of these "joints " where opium is smoked, and 
arrested a number of the denizens of Chinatown, who were caught in the act o: 
*' hitting the pipe." Unfortunately, this pernicious haljit is not confined to the 
children of the flowery kingdom; a legion of oi)ium smokers to the manner 
born, and many of them people of respectability and refinement, are slaves of 
this habit. Accurate illustrations of some of the opium instruments found in 
the "joint" raided by Captain McCiiilagh are herewith given, for the en- 
lightenment of the uninitiated. 

The Opium Law is designated as follows: Chapter 165. An Act in rela- 
tion to the sale and use of opium. Passed May 15, i.S(S2. 




A Chinese Opium Smoker (" Hitting the Pipe "). 

Every person who opens or maintains, to be resorted to by other persons, 
any place where opium, or any of its preparations, is sold or given away, to be 
smoked at such place; and any person who at such place sells or gives away any 
opium, or its said preparations, to be there smoked or otherwise used, and any 
person who visits or resorts to any such place for the purpose of smoking 
apium or its said preparations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, 
upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hun- 
dred dollars, or by imprisonment in the penitentiary not exceeding three 
months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 

The person who smokes opium always does so reclining, usually stretched 
across a hard wooden bunk covered with matting, a small stool or beveled 
board servmg as a pillow. Restmg ii])<)n liis left side, the smoker takes up a 
little of the treacle-like mass upon the steel needle (or yen /lauck) and holding 
it above the flame of the lamp, watches it bubble and swell to six or seven 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 519 

times its original size. In doing so it loses its inky hue, and becomes of a 
bright golden-brown color, and gives off a pleasant creamy odor, much admired 
by old smokers. Poor opium does not yield so pleasant an odor, is liable to 
drop from the needle into the flame of the lamp, and rarely gives so handsome 
a color, the yellow being here and there streaked with black. This process is 
known as " cooking " the opium. Having brought it to a proper consistence, 
the operator, with a rapid twirling motion of the fingers holding the long needle, 
rolls the mass upon the smooth surface of the bowl, submitting it occasionally 
to the flame, and now and then catching it upon the edge or surface of the 
bowl, and pulling it out into strings in order to cook it through more thoroughly. 
This is called chying the mass. 

Rolling it again upon the surface of the bowl until the opium is formed 
into a small pea-sized mass, with the needle as a centre, the needle is thrust 
into the small hole in the centre of the bowl, thus leveling off the bottom of 
the pea. Then, grasping the stem of the pipe, near the bowl, in the left hand, 
the bowl is held across the flame of the lamp to warm it; the bottom of the 
opium mass is also warmed, and by again thrusting the needle into the small 
aperture in the centre of the bowl and quickly withdrawing it, the mass, with 
a hole in its centre communicating with the hole in the bowl, is firmly fastened 
upon its surface. 

Inclining the body slightly forward, the smoker tips the pipe-bowl across 
the lamp until the opium is just above the flame, when it commences to sizz 
and bubble. With the lips firmly compressed against the ivory mouth button, 
the devotee inhales strongly and steadily, the smoke of the burning drug pass- 
ing into his lungs. This smoke, which is returned through the mouth and nose, 
is heavy and white, and has a not unpleasant, fruity odor. Having finished this 
bolus, which requires but one long or a few short inspirations, the smoker cools 
the bowl of the pipe with a damp sponge, and repeats the operations of cook- 
ing, rolling, and smoking as often as is necessary to obtain the desired effect. 
Smokers are classed as "long-draw " and "short-draw " men, according as they 
consume the mass in one long or a few short inspirations. The '' long-draw " 
is un([uestionably the most injurious. 

The habitue, after smoking his allowance, which varies from seventy-five 
grains to two ounces, feels a pleasant sense of exhilaration that merges into a 
condition of dreamy wakefulness. It is a state in which the devotee finds him- 
self perfectly happy and contented. The squalid surroundings of the opium den, 
the harassing cares and trials of life, are banished, and an indescribable sense 
of complete satisfaction takes possession of him. This waking dream, this 
silken garment of the imagination, will take its shape and its coloring from the 
most cherished and brilliant strands that run through the web and woof of his 
life's stor}". It hides the unpleasant conditions of even,'-day life, and gives 
birth to a pleasant bubble, the brilliant play of colors and misty outline of 
which are born of the pipe alone. As the smoker's hopes, ambitions, aspira- 
tions are, so will be the figures and incidents of his opium dolcc far niente. 

After a time the habitue finds that the pleasant things that always came at 
the pipe's bidding now fail to appear, and, disgusted with the pleasureless 



5,o OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 

practice, he tosses aside the pipe in disgust, only to find that at a certain 
hour the following day he must smoke again; not drawn to it by any fascina- 
tion, but driven to it l)y the horrible sufferings that follow close upon the heels 
of any attemi)t to abandon it. 




Scales for Weighing Opium (Lee thank). 



Upon the liabitual smoker we find the following effects resulting from a 
prolonged use of the drug: 

Loss of both desire and power for continued mental effort, tendency to lie 




Opium Tray (Heen pun), 
without any good reason for so doing, vacillation, deterioration of honesty and 
morality, decided falling off of affection for family and friends, loss of ambi- 
tion, as also of all interest in business pursuits. The temper, at first made 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



more pleasant, soon becomes very irritable, and the individual v 
He indifferently watches the approach of poverty th w i'l 




those who have been 
so dear to him. His 
every hope and de- 
sire are centered in 
the pipe, and noth- 
ing can draw his 
attention from it. 



Bowl. 



Sponge (Scy pou). 
apathetic. Conjunctivitis 
narrowly contracted, save 
ing off and he feels the 





His eyelids are bloated and darkly ui 
eyes now bright and glistening, and a] 
is not uncommon. The pupils are 
when the effect of the drug is wear- 
need of opium, when they become 
widely dilated and water pro- 
fusely. 

Financially and morally, the 
ruin and degradation are more 
complete than in any other way 
Opium Box. of using the drug. An ordinary 

hard smoker will consume from one dollar to two dollars' worth 
of the drug each day. and will spend hours over the pipe to the 
e.xclusion of everything in the way of business. 

A full outfit for smoking con- 
sists of the following : a pipe, a 
small glass lamp, a pair of scissors 
{cmv ien), a long steel needle {yen 
Clam Shell (Heen hoop). hauck), a saucer and sponge, a 
bo.x for the ashes, two bowl cleaners, and a buffalo-horn bo.x 
{hop toy) for holding the opium. 

The opium pipe, the origin and antiquity of which are 
unknown, though supposed to have first come from Arabia, 
consists of two parts, a stem and a bowl. The stem is 
usually of bamboo, one joint and a quarter, or twenty-four 
inches in length and four inches in circumference. When 
new it is of a straw color, but with long smoking becomes 
black and glossy. The stem may be of ivory, orange, or 
briar wood, or sugar cane, and is occasionally made of 
lemon rind, cut, dried, and polished. The lemon stem gives 
a peculiarly pleasant taste and odor to the smoke. 

At about the junction of the middle and lower third, or 
just back of th«f joint, a place is hollowed out of the side of 
the stem and communicates with its longitudinal perfora- 
tion. About this hollow there fits closely a shield of metal, 
Needle usually brass, that rises in a rim about the hole. Into this is 

(Yen 

hauck). fitted the bowl. On either side of the stem is fitted a button 



OUR POLICE PROTECIORS. 




OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 523 

■* . 

of ivory. These stems may be plain, or ornamented with silver and gold, and 
variously carved. The bowl may be bell-shaped, ovate, or hexagonal. It is 
usually of a hard, red clay, and hollow. c)n its under surface is a neck or flange 
by which it is fitteil into the stem. To make it fit tightly this is wrapped with 
strips of soft linen. 

The upper surface of the bowl is either llat or sloping downward and out- 
ward. In its centre is an opening about sufficient to admit an ordinary darning 
needle. The whole pipe is called the_>r« tsieng, or opium-pistol. 

The opium used for smoking is prepared in China. It is an aqueous extract, 
which represents fifty-four per cent, of the crude or India opium from which it 
is made. This crude opium contains but three per cent, of morphia, as against 
twelve per cent, in the Smyrna opium used in this country. 

Dr. F. N. Hammond, of Auburn, N. Y. recently read a paper before the 
Albany Medical Society on the opium habit. Dr. Hammond himself had 
formerly been an opium eater, and s[)oke not only as a medical, but also as a 
personal expert. He presented some very significant and pointed facts, show- 
ing an enormous growth in the use of ojjium in this country. In 1840 about 
twenty thousand pounds of ojjium were consumed in the United States; in 
1880, five hundred and thirty-three thousand four hundred and fifty pounds. 
In 1868 there were about ninety thousand habitual opium eaters in the country; 
now they number over five hundred thousand. More women than men are 
addicted to the use of the drug. The vice is one so easily contracted, so 
easily practiced in private, and so difficult of detection, that it presents peculiar 
temptations antl is very insidious. The relit-f \\<.m\ pain that it gives, and the 
peculiar exaltation of spirits, easily lead the victim to believe that the use of it 
is beneficial. Opium and chloral are to-day the most deadly foes of women. 
To break off from the habit, he says, the ojiium eater must reduce the quantity 
of his daily dose, using at the same time other stimulants, and gradually elimi- 
nate opium from his bill of fare. 

The history of the introduction and growth of the oi)ium habit in this city 
is an interesting and alarming one. The forms in which the deadlv product of 
the pojjpy plant are used are manifold. It is smoked, eaten, drank in various 
preparations, and even injected into the circulation in the shape of morphine by 
the hypodermic syringe. All of these modes are equally enslaving, and all lead 
to the same inevitable result— death. The most debased and wretched practice 
of the habit is smoking, which is now engaged in in scores of "joints" in New 
York. 

.Vbout twelve years ago, when the Chinese began to flock to this citv from 
the Pacific coast, they brought with tliem their ojiium smoking outfits. The 
habit has been rife among the Celestials for generations, and those who know the 
New York Mongolians best say that there is not one of them but "hits the pipe" 
regularly every day. Chinatown is in Pell Street, the lower part of Mott Street, 
and the crooked old by-ways of the neighborhood. Here, packed in tall tene- 
ments and in ricketty old dwellings that were once the mansions of New York's 
well-to-do citizens, dwell the children of the sun, with their laundries, curio 
shops, and dingy grocery stores and club houses. For years the Celestials 



524 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



carried on their opium smoking with the utmost secrecy, and very few outsiders 
knew of the existence of their haunts, or what went on in them. After a while, 
however, the newspapers began to print highly-colored stories about scenes in 
the "joints," descriptions of the fashionable ladies who were alleged to be 
slaves to the habit, and all sorts of improbable details of gorgeously fitted-up 
dens and wealthy patrons. Of course these stories were without foundation in 
fact, but the general public took kindly to them. A veteran Police Captain said 
to the writer recently that he had yet to hear of a wealthy or refined person who 
was in the habit of smoking opium in the joints; " And I think I ought to know 
something about the joints," he added," for I have made a study of them for years." 

Still, the descriptions of the opium dens stimulated the curiosity of that 
large class of people who are ever on the lookout for a new sensation. Men, and 
in many cases, women, who had tried all other forms of dissipation and found 
them palling on their tastes, began to visit the resorts and to smoke the poppy 
juice. Those whose constitutions had been undermined by much dissipation 

were peculiarly susceptible to the habit, 
and it soon fastened firmly upon them. 
The lower order of theatrical people, 
variety actors, dancers, and many of the 
demi-monde found the pleasures of the 
poppy a new and agreeable substitute 
for whiskey, and they form to-day by far 
the greater part of the white devotees 
of the pipe in New York. Many stories 
have been from time to time published 
about Chinamen dragging young girls in- 
to their dens and stupefying them with 
the drug, but they, are untrue and with- 
out foundation. "Surely they are really 
bad enough," said Captain McCullagh, of the Si.xth Precinct, " without adding 
imaginary evils to the list of offenses laid at their door. The Chinamen are 
one of the most harmless classes of dwellers in New York. They interfere with 
no one, they never fight or hurt one another, and you never find them drunk 
or disorderly on the streets. Put the opuim makes sad work of them. Smokers 
who look reasonably stout and strong become ghastly pale, and shake like 
sufferers from the palsy when kept without the drug for a few days." 

In the last three years one hundred persons have been arrested by the 
Police of this city in their raids upon opium joints. Of these, twelve were in 
1882, nineteen in 1883, and the remainder during the past year. These signifi- 
cant figures call for no comment as showing the spread of the vice. Raiding 
the joints won't stop the smoking," said a well-known Police Captain, recently, 
"it only drives the Chinamen from one house to another, that's all. As long as 
Chinamen are Chinamen they will continue to smoke it." 

The amount of vice and crime springing from and fostered by the promis- 
cuous herding together of human beings in tenements has been a fruitful source 
of trouble to the Police. 




Ch'nese Merchant. 



OUR POLICE PRO'J'KC'l'ORS. 525 

In all the eastern part of New York city, notably between Houston and 
Fortieth Streets, there is an over-crowding of human beings in a degree far be- 
yond anything that has ever been known in any civilized country. In the 
Fourth and Sixth Wards, and in portions 
of the Ele\ enth and Seventeenth, jioijula- 
tion is packed at the rate of one hundred 
and ninety-two thousand individuals to the 
scpiare mile, and in the Fourth AVard alom,' 
at the rate of two hundred and ninct\ 
thousand inhabitants to the square mik. 
The most densely populated districts of 
London do not approach anywhere near 
the above 
fi g u r e s. 
Thegreat- 
est num- 
ber of per- 
son s to 
the square 
mile there 
is found in 
East Lon- 
don, one 
hundred 
and sev- 
enty - five 
thousand, 
while the 
St. James 
a n d St. 
Luke dis- 
tricts fol- 
low with 
only one 
h u n d red 
and forty- 
four thou- 
sand and 
one hun- 
dred and 
fifty- one 
thousand 

people per square mile respectively. Some five hundred thousand persons live 
in the tenement houses of this city, and there is one house in New York wherein 
one thousand five hundred tenants dwell. Twenty-four separate tenements, 
each occupied by four or five persons, are common in a large number of these 




Harbor Police Surprising River Thieves. 



526 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



houses, or an average of one hundred souls to a house of twenty-five feet front. 
Forty-eight families are not uncommon, and they often keep boarders, so that 
ten, and often fifteen persons, will be found in a single dwelling. 

What refining or restraining influences of family life are possible under 
such surroundings? Drunkenness is but too prevalent. Weary and complaining 
wives, cross and hungry husbands, wild and ungoverned children, will inevitably 
jar and wrangle with each other. Dr. Elisha Harris, of the New York Prison 
Association, says: "The younger criminals seem to come almost exclusively from 
the worst tenement house districts; that is, when traced back to the very places 
where they first had homes. Those very domiciles are nurseries of crime, and 
of the vices and disorderly courses which lead to crime. At least eighty per 
cent, of the crimes against property and against the person are perpetrated by 
individuals who never had any home-life, or whose homes had ceased to be suf- 
ficiently separate, decent and desirable, to afford what are regarded as ordinary 
wholesiome influences of home and family. This statement is based upon ac- 
curate observations in the history of crimes and criminals in this State." 

Whatever may be the cause or causes, whether intemperance, overcrowded 
tenements, ignorance, or inherited d'^pravitv, the unwelcome fact remains that 
crime is steadily on the increase, and outstrips "in jirojjortion the growth of 
population. A comparison of the statistics, as taken from the census of New- 
York City for the past ten years, and the record of arrests and convictions in 
Criminal Courts for the same period, show that the preponderance in the 
growth of crime over population is as eleven to ten. This ought to cause our 
Ian makers and all thoughtful men to consider (juickly the best means of check- 
ing the rising tide of evil doings, bv improving the public morals, and thus 
lighten the labors imposed upon "Our Police Protectors." 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Following is a complete list ot members of the Police force uj> to Mav i, 18815, 
and the date of their appointment : 



Na\ik Date of A])pointn»e?il 

A 

Abbott, N. B Aug. 21, 1866 

Ackerson, Wm. T Oct. 10, 1865 

Adams, Geo. AV July 2, 1884 

Adams, James Feb. 10, 1882 

.\dams, Richard June 18, 1870 

Adams, T. F June 27, 1882 

Adler, Anton Jan. 2, 1873 

Agnew, Jno Feb. 17, 1869 

Ahearn, Thos Feb. 11, 1858 

Ahearn, Thos Feb. 16, 1881 

Ahearn. W. H Feb. 11, 1873 

Ahearn, Wm Aug. 5, 1882 

.\hern. James Mch. 25, 1876 

Ahles, Henry. Mch. 2i„ 1880 

Ahrens, Henry Feb. 27, 1884 

Ahrens, Jacob May 20, 1870 

Aiguier, Gabriel Sep. 3, 1862 

Aiken, G. H Dec. 11, 1872 

Aiken, Samuel Oct. 8, 1883 

Aitchison, J. D F'eb. i, 1882 

Aitkin, Henry June 3, 1872 

Albertson, C. L Feb. 7. 1879 

Albin, Isaac H June 10, 1857 

.\lexander, D. W Aug. 28, 1876 

Allaire, Anthony j .. Capt.July 10, 1865 

Allaire, C. D Nov. 7, 1873 

Allen, Christo;)her Dec. 7, 1863 

Allen, Myron, Scrgt . . . .Mch. 9, 1866 

.\nderson, G. J Dec. 13, 1866 

Anderson, Geo Nov. 17, 1863 

Anderson, Robert Apr. 20 1883 

.\ndesner, A Mch. 20, 1875 

Andrews, G. J F'eb. i, 1882 

Anthes, W. H May 7. 1874 

Apple, Jno Jan. 22, 1881 



^■^"^ Date of Appointment 

Archibald, Daniel Jan. 7, 1873 

Arfken, G. L Nov. i, 1878 

Armstrong, A Oct. 20, 1883 

Armstrong, Henry,No. i.Nov. 25,1868 

Armstrong, J. G Dec. 29, 1874 

Armstrong, W. J Mch. 18, 1881 

Arnold, Daniel S June 25, 1869 

.\ssing, Wm Aug. 15, 1884 

Atkins, Lewis July 9, 1884 

Austin, E. L Aug. 18, 1869 

Ayres, J. B Apr. 27, 1883 

B 

Back, Chas. E June 21, 1884 

Back, Emil Feb. 22, 1873 

Back, G. F May 14, 1872 

Back, Joseph May 8, 1882 

Bailey, Sam'l Oct. 29, 1883 

Baird, Alex Feb. 7, 1873 

Baker, Chas. S Dec. 31, 1878 

Baker, Frank May 10, 1871 

Baker, Jno May 21, 1872 

Baker, Thos April 24, 1875 

Baker, Wm Apr. 8, 1882 

Baldwin, Sumner July 17, 1880 

Ballester, Jno Apr. 18, 1883 

Banigan, Thos Oct. 14, 1881 

Banker, John Mch. 25, 1865 

Banks, Geo June 17, 1881 

Bannon, Francis Feb. 18, 1885 

Bannon, Jno. J July 3, 1884 

Barnes, Leverett June 3, 1873 

Barnwell, Pat'k Oct. 17, 1874 

Barrett, Michael May 25, 1863 

Barrett, Peter July 15, 1884 

Barrett, Richard Feb. 27, 1875 



528 OUR POLICE 



Name 


Date of Appoir 


tment 






1870 






1877 


T> T TT* 




1084 


Barry, Jas. W 


A 1 

. . Apl. 20, 


1883 


Barrv, P. J 


. . . Feb. 8, 


1870 




i. fc. 


1870 


T> T» T 




1870 




A ^1 


1802 


Bartley, Uavid 


. . reb. 29, 


1876 






,00. 

1 084 




r\ L. ^ 


I 870 






y Si r 

1^75 


"O T ^ 1 1 


TV f 


1872 




TVT 


1004 


Baumgarten,. Ignatz . 


.Aug. 29, 




T> T? 


• - Apr. 15, 


1878 






1883 


Ti n r c 


.A. 


1863 






1873 


Beattv, Thos 




_ 

1857 


"T~l _ ^ 1.1 TXT- 


■Aug. 31, 


, » 
1878 




. Mch. 31, 


1875 






looO 


Beckingham, Patrick. 


. . May 27, 


1882 


Beeck, Cnas 




1 872 




. . .Jan. 4, 


Q Q ^ 
1002 




„4. 


1873 






_ _ 
1876 






I oOo 




• . .Apr. 3, 


_ _ 

1871 






1874 


T) 1 A T? 




1879 


Benjamin, Chas. E.. 


.Aug. 28, 


1876 






1874 


Bennett, J. P 


• - Apr. 23, 


1857 


Bennett, J no. M 


...July 3, 


1857 


Bennett,Theron R.,Capt.Apr. 23, 


1857 




. Mch. 23, 


1 870 




. . . Apr. 8, 


1882 


Berghold, W. C. F., Capt.Oct. 20, 


1864 




.Mch. 19, 


1880 






1857 






1872 




. . . Mav 4, 


1875 


Berrian, Rich'd 


.Juno 23, 


1883 



PROTECTORS. 

Name Date of Appointment 

Bevans, Geo. R Apr. 8, 1867 

Bicknell, Geo Dec. ii, 1874 

Bingham, E. K Dec. 22, 1877 

Bird, Edmond Sept. 18, 1863 

Bird, Isaac, Sergt Feb. 5, 1859 

Birmingham, Bernard F.Oct. 9, 1878 

Bischoff, Henry C Oct. 9, 1883 

Bissert, Michael Feb. 18. 1868 

Black, Jas. B Aug. 26, 1868 

Blackwood, S. H July 16, 1857 

Blair, Wm., Sergt Feb. 13, 1858 

Blanch, Thos. V Apr. 7, 1880 

Blangey, Nelson Sept. 23, 1867 

Blass, Philip Oct. 9, 1873 

Bleil, Phelp C Sept. 8, 1875 

Bliss, Chas. R Dec. 3, 1867 

Block, Henry Apr. 17, 1877 

Blonk, G. W Apr. 29, 1875 

Bobel, Geo Oct. 12, 1883 

Bockhorn, Chas. I Oct. 31, 1881 

Boehme, Christoi)her,Sergt.Sep 3,1862 

Bogart, W. H June 2, 1866 

Bohan, C'has Aug. 17, 1870 

Bolger, Pat"k Sept. 23, 1874 

Bolster, D. R Oct. 13, 1869 

Bon, Michael Feb. 26, 1873 

Boos, Wm Mch. 27, 1882 

Boothney, Jno Oct. 15, 1881 

Bowe, Jno. J Aug. 15, 1884 

Bower, Wm Apr. 12, 1865 

Bowes, Thos Feb. 10, 1879 

Boylan, Henry Nov. 17, 1870 

Boyle, Chas. H Jan. 13, 1882 

Boyle, Geo. W May 27, 1876 

Boyle, Jas May 13, 1881 

Boyle, Jno Aug. 3, 1868 

Boyle, Thos Jan. 13, 1875 

Boylston, Martin Dec. 27, 1875 

Bradshaw, Joseph S.. . .A])r. 26, 1882 

Bradley, Andrew Sept. 23, 1881 

Bradley, Jno. J Oct. 29, 1883 

Bradley, Thos June 21, 1866 

Brady, Christopher July 13, 1870 

Brady, Edward May 14, 1883 

Brady, Jas Jan. 3, 1872 



OUR POLICE 



Namk 


Date of Appoil 


tinenl 


Brady, Jas. '1" 


. May 20, 


I 881 




. . . Feb. 3, 


1859 




. . July 17, 


1882 




. .Oct. 27, 


1874 


Brady, Thomas 


. . .July 6, 


1883 


Bradv, Thos. F 


• - July 28, 


1869 


Braisted, Geo. R . . . . 




1871 






1883 




. .Apr. 17, 


1882 


Breakall, W. H 


..Jan. 12, 


1872 


Breen, Chas. R 


. Sept. 29, 


1882 




. .Apr. 27, 


1883 






187I 




. ..\i)r. 14. 


1874 


Breen, Pat'k 


■ Oct. 14, 


1870 


Breen, Rich'd H. . . . 




1876 


Brennan, Edward . . . 




1870 


Brennan, Edward . , . 


. . Dec. 27, 


1875 






1882 






1870 


Brennan, Jas., No. i. 


.Mch. 1 8, 


1874 






•875 


Brennan, Jas. F 


..Aug. 14, 


1878 


Brennan, John 




1864 






1870 


Brennan, Pat'k 


. . . Dec. 9, 


1874 


Brennan, Peter A . . . 


. . .June 7, 


1882 


Brennan, Thos 


. .Jan. 28, 


i860 


Brereton, Toseph .... 


. .Apr. 18, 


1883 


Breslin, Thos 


. . . Feb. 7, 


1885 


Brett, Edw'd F 


.Sept. 19, 


I 881 






1884 




. . Feb. 14, 


1874 


Britton, John 




1866 




• • • Aug. 3, 


1876 




. . Nov. 5, 


1883 


Brogan, Jno. J., Capt 


. . Jan. 26, 


1865 


Brogan, Joseph R . . . 


. . June 16, 


1884 


Brogan, Pat'k 


. . Apr. 24, 


1874 




■ • Aug. 27, 


1884 






1872 




Mch. I, 


1872 






1879 


Brooks. Nicholas, Sergt. Apr. 15, 


1867 


Brophy, J. J., Sergt. . 


.Sept. 14. 


1871 



RO TEC TORS. 




529 


Namk 


Date of Appoil 


itmcnC 


Brophv, Michael . . . 


. .Aug. 16, 


1869 




. . ..\pr. 14, 


1868 


Brower, Wni. T . . . . 


. . Feb. 21, 


1880 


Brown, Andrew. . . . 


. \pr. 8, 


1885 


Brown, H. M 


. . . Jan. 22, 


1872 






1866 


Brown, Jacob 


. . Mch. 24, 


1884 






1867 




. . .Oct. 21, 


1878 




...Oct. 25, 


1883 


Brown, S. E., Sergt . 


. . . Apr. 18, 


1868 




. .Feb. 18, 


1885 






1862 


Bruen, Matthias. . . . 


Jan. 7. 


1 881 




.Oct. 7, 


1874 




. . . Jan. 24, 


1884 


Brunner, Abraham. . 


. . .Oct. 30, 


1882 






1884 


Brunner, Jacob 


. . . Mch. 3, 


1875 


Bruns, Martin 


. . Aug. 10, 


1876 


Brush. J. C 




1871 


Brush, J. J 


. . Sept. 27, 


1870 


Buckley, E. J 


..Dec. 15, 


1864 


Bucklev, J. F 


. . Dec. 19, 


187.' 


Buckley, John 


..Apr. 17, 


1873 


Buckley, John .... 


. . . Noy. 3, 


1877 


Buckridge, Stephen. 


• ■ • Aug. 3, 


1868 


Buddington, C. C, Sergt. June 8, 


1864 




.Dec. 18, 


1872 


Buhler, J. J 


. . .Oct. I, 


1862 




. .Sept. 13. 


1880 




• - Aug. 23, 


1867 






1877 


Burke, J. C. 


Jan. 3, 


1873 




..Sept. 15, 


1869 


Burke, Jas 


•■Aug. 15, 


1884 


Burke, Lawrence . . . 


. . Noy. 22, 


1867 


Burke, Mich'l J 




1 88 1 


Burke, Richard 


. . . May 7, 


1873 


Burke, Wni., No. i . . 


. . Dec. 20, 


1867 


Burkit, Thos 


Mch. 10, 


1869 






1874 


Burns, Edward 




1S75 






1876 






1882 



53° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name 


Date of Appointment 




Apr. 8, 


1885 


Tl _ _ T 




1884 


O . . 7 


Tiint* I c 


1887 




Dec. 7 


1872 


Bush, Chas. E 


. Mch. 2 2, 


1S62 


Tl 1 XT il '1 C* i_ 

Bush, Nath 1 D., Sergt. 


. Mch. 29, 


1876 




Feb, 17, 


186 >; 




Jan. 22, 


I88I 




Mch 14 


1874. 


Buttlinger, Edward. . . 


.Dec. 24, 


1878 




. Sept. 20, 






June 6, 


1884 


Byrne, Mich'l 


Tulv 10, 


1882 




Nov. 18, 


1868 




.Sept. 20, 


187^ 






1880 


Byrnes, Edward 




1868 




.Oct. 27, 


1874, 




•Sept. 15, 


1882 




• • Jan. 3, 


1070 


Byrnes, Thomas, Insp. .Dec. lo, 


1003 






1882 


c 




i860 


Caff rev, Chas. W., Caj) 


t.Feb. 13, 


i8i;8 






188^ 


Cagney, Maurice E. . . 


. Mch. 21, 


1884 




. Nov. 25, 


187J. 


Cahill, Denis, Sergt. . . 


.June 18, 


1870 


Cahill, Mich'l 


.Feb. 28, 


1884 


Cahill, Pat'k 




187? 


Cahill, Rich'd 


• - Feb. 5, 


1878 


Cahill, Wni 




1872 






1871 






i88i 




.Dec. 6, 


1878 




.Oct. II, 


1871? 






187^ 






1870 




.June 12, 


1880 






1876 


Campbell, Matthew. . 


. .Jan. 24. 


1868 


Campbell, Rob't E. M..Oct. ii, 


1873 




• Aug. 14, 


T871 



N AMK 


Date of Appoif 


itment 


Campbell, \\ . J 


. .Oct. 2 1, 


I 88 1 




. . Feb. 12, 


1866 


Cannon, Jas. E 


. . Apr. 2, 


1875 


T \ 


. .Aug. 7, 


1873 


Carey, Edmutid 


. Dec. 16, 


1874 


Carey, J as. r 


■ •Jan- 1.3, 


1875 






I 881 






1 881 






1883 


Carley, Thos. E 


, Apr. TO, 


1874 


Carlin, Francis 


Jan. 24, 


1870 






1864 


Carman, Thos. .A. . . 


. . Apr. 7, 


1882 


Carmick, Stephen 


.Apr. 24, 


1867 


Carpenter,Edward,Sergt.Aug. i6. 


1869 


Carpenter, T.H.B., Sergt. Jan. 21, 


1 86 1 


Carpenter, E 


. Sept. 1 1 , 


1868 


Carr, Cilbert 


Oct. 10, 


1870 


Carr Jno H 


Mch 8 


1870 


Carr, John 


Nov 1 X 


1879 


Carroll Chas C 


June 14 


1882 


Carroll, H. B 


Tulv 


1872 


Carroll, Jno. W 


Tulv 10. 


1882 


Carroll Martin 


Nov I 


1878 


Carroll, Mich'l 


, Jan. ID, 


1873 


Carroll, Pat'k 


Mch. 3, 


1882 




May 10, 


1872 


Carstens, Jno 


, . Apr. I. 


1878 


Carter, Jesse 


Mav 7, 


1879 


Carter, Peter 


Apr. 8, 


1885 


Carter, Peter D 


. , Mav 4, 


1884 


Carter, Thos. J 


. Dec. 14, 


[874 


Casey, Jas 


. . Dec. 2, 


1872 






1883 


Casey, Mich'l 


.Dec. 17, 


1883 


Cashin, Joseph H 


fVb. 21, 


1880 


Cashin, Pat'k 


. . .Jan. I, 


1874 


Cashman, Edw'd 


Mch. 8, 


1871 


Cassidy, Philip, Sergt. 


. . ..Ich. 8, 


1870 


Cassidv, Thos 


Mch. 10, 


1884 


Castle, Geo. A 


Mav 9, 


1867 


Cavanagh, Jno 


. . Jan. 19, 


1870 






1877 


Chapman, Henry 


June 1 1, 


1877 


Charlton, Rob't 


Mch. 6. 


1884 



OUR POLICE 



Namk. Date of Appoi 

Christie, Wni. H., Scrgt . Feb. i6, 

Christopher, ]5enj Dec. 15 

Clirystal, Thos. J \pr. 15 

Cluirch, Geo. W June 23 

Churchill, J as Dec. 18 

Clary, Roh't T \i)r. 15 

Clapp, Ira M Oct. 1 1 

Clark, Chas. E Dec. 22 

Clark, Dan'l \V Vug. 15 

Clark, Hugli, Sergt Jan. 14 

Clark, Jesse R N'ov. 13 

Clark, John May i 

Clark, Jno. C Apr. 8 

Clark, Rob't W \pr. 15 

Clark, Thos July 16 

Clark, Wm., Jr \pr. 9 

Clark, Wm., Sr Feb. 3 

Clark, Wm. A Mch. 20 

Clarke, Christopher.. . .June 11 

Clarke, Francis J June 30 

Clarke, Jas. C Jan. i 

Clarke, Wm July 5 

Clarker, Jno. T Dec. 27 

Clarkin, Peter Dec. 9 

Clarkin, Thos June 13 

Clarson, Law Julv 9 

Clarson, R. J Feb. 4 

Cleary, Wm Oct. 22 

Clemens, Dan'l W Dec. 19 

Clifford, Edward Apr. 18 

Clifford, Rob't.. . : Sept. 2 

Clifford, Thos. M Apr. 8, 

Clinchy, Ceo Nov. i 

Clinchy, Wm. 1 1., (!a])t . Mav 12 

C'linton, Law July 15 

Clune, Patrick Oct. 28 

Coady, Jno. J \pr. 21 

Coakley, Thos Nov. 11 

Cochran, Jas. H Jan. 24 

Cody, Dan'l Jan. 22 

Coen, Jas Jan. 8 

Coen, Thos Feb. 22 

Coffey. P. J Dec. 2 

Coffey, Wm. T., Sergt.. Vug. 18 
Coffy, Dan'l Nov. 2 



863 
866 
876 

857 
883 
885 

873 
869 
884 
861 
883 
866 
876 
885 
867 
869 

859 
884 
883 
877 
874 
882 

875 
876 
870 
870 
884 
883 
883 
883 
881 
876 
862 
865 
876 
868 
883 
879 
884 
861 
881 

873 
869 
869 
S64 



PROTECTORS. 531 

Namk Date of Appniiitmcnt 

Coffy, Rich'd, .'^eri^t.. . .May 22, 1873 

Cogan, Rich'd | Mch. 7, 1885 

Cogans, Jno May 1, 1877 

Colbert, M. J .May 6, 1882 

I Colby, Wni .Ajjr. 20, 1883 

I Cole, .Vmbrose II Aug. 12, 1876 

j Colegrove,Edward, Sergt. July 27, i86o 

i Coleman, Law. F Dec. 16, 1881 

j Coleman, N. H Jan. 11, 1865 

Coleman, Wm. S June 22, 1883 

I Colgan, Jas. A June 21, 1884 

Colgan, Maurice Jan. 24, 1884 

Collard, Edward Nov. 19, 1857 

Colligan, J. H Mch. 28, 1881 

Collins, Denis Oct. 9, 1873 

Collins, Edward A Oct. 25, 1883 

Collins, Eugene D June 9, 1882 

Collins, Jno Sept. 28, 1883 

Collins, Jno Jan. 24, 1884 

Collins, Mich'l, Sergt. .Mch. 16, 1870 

Collins, Wm Sept. 7, 1874 

Collins, Wm. J Nov. 24, 1883 

Colvin, Jno. A July 6, 1880 

Combs, Chas.U., Jr.Sergt.Apr.24,1867 

Conboy, Thos Oct. 8, 1881 

Concannon, Jas. J June 2, 1884 

Condon, Jno Mch. 20, 1882 

Condon, Jno. H Oct. 27, 1874 

Conklin, E. W Feb. 25, 1873 

Conklin, Jas. E Jan. 23, 1867 

Conklin, Taylor Mch. 4, 1873 

Conkling, Rich'd C. . . .Sept. 28, 1883 

Conley, Wm Nov. 24, 1883 

Conlin, M. F Aug. 17, 1870 

Conlin, Peter, Capt. . . .July 29, 1869 

Conlon, Micli'l Dec. 19, 1883 

Connell, Jas Feb. 21, 1872 

Connolly, i! Dec. ii, 1869 

Connolly, P.. J Sept. 28, 1883 

Connolly, Law Nov. 14, 1873 

Connolly, Mich'l June 21, 1882 

Connolly, Thos Apr. 25, 1882 

Connor, Dan'l I" Mch. 17, 1884 

Connor, Geo Jan. 20, 1872 

Connor, Jas. J Mch. 28, 1879 



OUR POLICE 



Name 


Date of Appoir 


tmcnt 


Connor, J no 


Jan. 10, 




Connor, Mich'l 




1072 


Connor, Neil W . . . . 


. . .Jan. 4, 


1881 


Connor, Pat'k, Sergt 


. . . . Jan. I, 


— 

1874 






1072 


r-y T 




1070 


Conovan, Owen 




I 004 




. .Aug. 27, 


1874 


Conway, Anthonv . . . 


. . Feb. 15, 


IOO4 


Conway, Chas 


0( t. 14, 


_ . 






1070 






T Q Q 

1883 


Conwell, Jas 


XT 

. . .Nov. 3, 


1869 




■\ r , 


1864 




. .July II, 


Y Q ^- 

i»S7 


Cook, Stephen G.Surg 


5eon.Sep.15, 


— 

1873 


1 n r T T 

Cook, Wm. H 




, — / 
1876 




. . Aug. 23, 


1866 


/ 1 7 




1870 


Coonev, Mich'l J, . . . 




1883 




, . Feb. 1 1 , 


1884 






1876 






1876 


Copeland/I'heron S.,Capt.J'Iy 1 1, 


1857 


Corbett, Jno. J 


. . Sept. 11, 


1875 


Corbitt, Henry O., Sergt. Jan. 20, 


1872 




. . . Jan. 7, 


1884 


Corey, Jno. V. B. . . . 


. . . Nov. I, 


1872 






1884 


Cortright, M. W., Capt.Jan. 17, 


I 007 






I 80 I 






1882 




. . Oct. 30, 


1882 






1883 


Cosgrove, Wm. F 


. .Nov. 15, 


1876 


Costa, Ed. y 


. . Feb. 14, 


1882 




, Mch. I, 


T M K 
1876 




, Dec. 6. 


1070 






1 809 


Cottrell, Jno 


. .Mch. 26, 


1875 




. . .Nov. 3, 


1877 






1872 






1874 




• - Aug. 17, 


1870 






1878 



PROTECTORS. 



NaiMF. Date of Appoir 


itmcnt 


Cox, Hatfield S 


Aug 16, 


_ y 
1866 




June 14, 


,00^ 
1882 




Oct. 24, 


1874 






1875 




Feb. 18, 


1804 


Coyle Jno T .... 


\Dr 1 1 


I 001 


Covle, Thos. T 


. May 20, 


1878 


Craig, Archibald M 


■\.pr. 21. 


* . 

1804 


Crai2. Toseoh T 


Mch I X. 


* < 

1884 


Crawford, David .... 


Sent. t;. 


1870 


Creamer, Francis A. . 


.Feb. 18, 


1885 


Crean, Jno 


Aug. 7. 


1876 






1876 


Creeden, D. 1 


Mch. 29, 


_ 

1884 


Creeden, T. J., Sergt. . 


. .Oct. 5, 


1804 


Creenan, Mich'l. . . . 


Mch 27, 


T OjC 

1808 


Cregan, Mich'l F 


Nov 27 




1883 


Cregier, F J 


Feb 14 


1884 


Creighton, Jno. G 


Mch. 24, 


1874 


Crinnion Jno 


\nr 8 


1885 


Crinnion, Pat'k 


Sept. 7, 


1870 


Crittenden, Chas. W . 


Feb I X 


1 80 1 


Croker, Jno. A., Sergt . 


. Nov. 1 2, 


1862 


Croker Walter 


May 1 J 


1865 


(Bromley Jas 


Dec 6 


1866 


Cronin, Denis 


Oct 1 1 


1870 


Cronin Jas J 


June 2, 


1882 


Cronin, Jno. I 


Julv 16, 


1883 


Cronin, Jno ] 


Dec 17, 


1883 


Cronin, T. T 


Oct. 22, 


1883 


Crook, Alfred 


\lir. 12, 


1870 






1884 


Crook Jno 


Scot 2?. 


1873 


Crorken Jas 


Tan ''A 
.J till, --f. 


1884 


Crosby jas 


Feb 1 1 


1858 


Crosbv Jas C 


Dec K. 


1872 


Crosbv, Patrick 


Mch. 1 7, 


1882 


Cross, Adam A., Serijt. 


.Oct. 16, 


1 878 


Crossett, Wm 


Feb. 6, 


1882 


Crowe, Jas 


■ - Feb. 5, 


1008 


Crowe, Jas. F 


..July 6, 


I 002 


Crowley, Daniel K. . . 


|une 18, 


1877 


Crowley, Francis B . . . 


.Jan. 26, 


1876 


Crowley, Jas.,Supt. Tel. Sept. 12, 


i860 




Mch. 16, 


1870 



OUR POLICE 



Namk Date of Appo 


ntmcnt 


Crowle\', Micli'l, Xo, i 


.Oct. 18, 


1809 


Crowley, \Iich'l, Xo. 2 


l*^pb ^ c 


1 870 


Crowley, Mich'l, No. 3 


.Aug. 26, 




Cruise, Will 


Mch. 20, 


1873 


Cuff, J no. T 


Apr. 8, 


1873 


Culhane, John 


\pr. 26, 


1802 




Feb 26, 


1672 


Cullv, Pat'k 


Oct. 14, 


_ _ 

1 87iS 


Cuniiskey Jas 


A HIT 


. K 

I O'Jfi 


Cumniings, 1> 


Dec. 26, 


1883 


Cuinmincs, G. 11 


Dec. 1 1, 


1865 


Cunimings, Pat'k. . . . 


Sept. 16, 


1873 


Cunningham Jno 


Nov 1 


1 609 


Cunningham, Thos. M 


Mch. 14, 


1876 


Cunyes, Jas. D 


Feb. 20, 




1880 


Curley, Jno. T 


Sent I X. 


I 007 


Curran, Dan'l 


Tulv 24, 


1872 


Curran, Jno | 


Feb 8 


1004 


Curran, Peter 


Sept. 30, 


1868 


Curry, Jas 


•\ ViT f 


1872 




Tulv I, 


1876 


1 IlT*r\' r-T H"l*i c/'^n 


A n (T 1 5i 


1869 


Curtis, Geo. W 


Oct. 22, 


i8Si 


Cusack, John 


Aug. 15. 


1884 


It 

Daab, Philip ". . 




1871 


Dahlgren,Gustavus,Sergt.Nov.2 2 


1866 


Dakin, Wm. H 


Mch. 27, 


1873 


Dalbeck, Joseph F. . . . 


. . Jan. 6, 


1868 


Dalton, Jas 


Mch. 21, 




1882 


Dalton, Thos 


Apr. 29, 


1876 


Dalton, AVm., No. i.. . 


. Dec. 29, 


1870 


Dalton, Wm.. No. 2.. 


..Apr. 14, 


1874 


Daly, Law. C 


. .Apr. 9, 


1872 


Daly, Pat'k 


. . Aug. 6, 


1884 


Dapping, Chas 


.Aug. 19. 


I88I 


D'.'\rcy, Geo. F 


Sept. 20, 


1880 


Darke, Nath'l 


. .Feb. 5, 


1861 


Darke. Wm. D 


Oct. 2. 


1865 


Darmodv, Jno 


Sept. 14, 


1883 


Darragh, Wm 


.Apr. 28, 


1880 


Davis, Chas. H 


June T,, 


1868 


1 )avis, Chas. O 


Mch. 6, 


1880 


Davis, David 


Mch. 15, 


1876 



/ AU J 1 UK^i. 




5.3.1 


Namk 


Dale of .Vppoii 


itmeiiC 


Davis, Geo 


• • Aug. 3, 


1861 


Davis, Geo 


Oct. 30, 


1882 




. . Feb. 3, 


1859 






1872 






1883 




Mch. 24, 


1884 


Dean, Wm 


. .Oct. 13, 


1869 


Debon, Jas 


Oct. 26, 


1872 


i Deering, Wm. F 


May 16, 


1883 


1 Deeves, Wm. 15 


Mch. 3, 


1875 


Deevy, Jefferson .... 


Apr. 26, 


1877 


De Gan, Louis 


Oct. 8, 


1873 






1883 






1883 


1 De Groot, L. G 


. .Jan. 31, 


1 881 


De Lamater, E. R.,Sergt . Jan. 11, 


1862 


j Delamater, Jas. F'. . . 


.Ai)r. 27, 


1S83 


Delaney, Chas 


Dec. 17, 


1863 


Delanev, Dan'l 


• - Sept. 3, 


1873 


' Delanev, Edward 


. Tune 30, 


1883 


Delanev, Geo 


.Apr. II, 


1884 


Delaney, Jas 


. .Jan. 1 1, 


1871 


Delaney, Jno., Sergt. . 


. . Nov. 7, 


1873 


Delaney, Jno 


.Apr. 27, 


1883 


Delanev, Mich'l 


Mav 6, 


i88i 


Delanev, Peter 


. . Apr. 9, 


1879 


Delanev, Wm 


Oct. 28, 


1871 


Dempsev, Pat'k 


Mav 10, 


1865 


Dempsev, Rob't 1" 


June 6, 


1884 




. . . Jan. 9, 


1871 


Deneen, Peter 


Tune 30, 


1883 


Dennerlein, Geo 


, Sept. 1 1, 


1875 


Dennerlein, Jno 


Oct. 27, 


1874 


Dennin, Thos 


• - .T'lly 5, 


1882 


De Nvse, Aug. M 


•Apr. 15, 


1876 


De Shays, Miles, Sergt. Apr. 30, 


1862 


Deverv, Jno 


. . Apr. 8, 


1875 


Devery, Wm. S., Sergt 


.June 19, 


1878 






1874 


Devoe, W. T., Ser-l 


Mch. 1, 


1 86 1 


De Voursney, C'has. H 


. Sept. 26, 


■875 


Dexter, Benj.F., Surgeon. Mch. 20, 


1876 


Dickev, Jno 


• Ju'y 15. 


1S76 


Dilks, Geo. H 


Mav 20, 


1876 


Dilks, Geo. W.. Insp. . 


..\pr. 23, 


•857 



534 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS 



Namh , Dale of Appoin 


tineiit 


Dinsmoor, J N 


Apr. 6, 


[863 


Ditniars, Montgomery . 


Eel) ci; 


[867 


Dixon, Christopher. 


Mclh. 14 


1873 


Dixon AVni 


Sept. 21, 


1870 


Doess, Jacob H . . . 


June 4, 


1874 


Dohertv, Sam'l 


AuEf. 10, 


[876 


Dokel, Deitrich 


Tan. 20. 


, » . 

[873 


Dolan Mich'l 


Eeb 2 1 


, 

[884 


Dolan Pat'k 


Se|)t. 28, 


1864 


Dolan Pat'k E 


Apr 8 


[885 


Dolan Xhos E . . 


AUET I ? 


1884 


Donahue, Jas 


AtJr. 14, 


[882 


Donahue Thos 


Eeb 4 


[004 


Donegan David B 


May 28, ) 


[884 


Doneliue, Jno 


June 29, 


[86 1 


Donlen^ Mich'l 


Feb. 10, 


[885 


Donnelly, Ed. J 


\pr. 28, 


[ 


Donnelly Erancis 


Feb 8 


r Q M» 
[570 


Donnelly Peter 


Eeb 11 1 


[873 


Donnelly '^Phos 


Alav I '* 


[874 




Sept. 24, 


[883 


Donogluie, Thos 


Apr. 0, 


[879 


Donohue Andrew 


Feb I ^ 


'873 




Dec. 28, 


[872 


Donohue, leremiah. . . 


.May 18, 


[868 


Donohue, Jno. T 


AU2. ^, 


1879 


Donohue, M. C 




_ 
[878 


Donohue, Tlios. J 


Mch. 27, 


[882 




Nov. X, 


[877 






. ^ 

[871 


Donovan, Jno 


Tan. 2 J.. 


[879 


Donovan, Jno. J.. 




t873 


Dooley, Chas. 


.SeiJt. Q, ] 

1 y ? 


874 


Dooley, Christoplier 


Tan. 2, 


[804 


Doorley, Jas 


Dec 3 1 , 


874 


Doolin, Jno. J 


Aor ] 


8S0 


Doran, Pat'k H., Sergt 


. .Oct. 1. 


[864 






1865 


Dormody, |no 


\nr. 


1884 


Dorn, Jno. H., Surgeon 


Sept. 1 1;, 


873 


Dotv, Theod. M 


.Apr. 10, 


[871 


Dougerty, Jno 


Mch. 5, 


[878 




Mch. 9, 


[881 


Dougherty, Jno 


..Oct. 3, 


1874 




. Apr. 1 1, 


873 



Namk 


Date of Appointment 


Dougherty, Midi'l 


Dec. 2 2, 


1870 


Doughnev, Joseph 


Oct. 22, 


1881 


Doughty, Wm 


Apr. 26, 


1876 


Douglass, Joseph, Sergt. June i, 


1868 


Dowd, Mich'l 


. .Apr. 15, 


i88? 


Dowling, Mich'l 


. Jan. 29, 


1870 


Downey, Jos. C 


May 24, 


1884 


Downey, Thos. J . . . . 


Oct. 27, 


1882 


Downing, Mortimer 


Dec. I, 


1864 


Doyle, Andrew, Sergt 


. .Jan. 22, 


I86I 


Doyle, Dan'l 


Mch. 4, 


1873 


Doyle, Ed. H 




1874 


Doyle, Edward H 


Mch. 26, 


1884 






I88I 


Doyle, Jas 


Sept. 20, 


1871 


Doyle, Jas 


Mch. 5, 


I88I 




Mch. 20, 


1868 


Doyle, Jos. T 


May 12, 


1874 


Doyle, Pat'k E 


, Mch. 23, 


1871 


Doyle, Thos 


. Mch. 19, 


1870 




Feb. 16, 


1872 




.Sept. 15, 


1865 


Drescher, Edw'd. . . . 


Oct. 10, 


i88i 


Drought, Henry 


, , June ,^, 


1868 






18159 


Du Bois, Geo. C . . . . 


Apr. 18, 


i88s 


Duernberger, Jno. . . . 


. . Jan. 29, 


1881 


Duffy, Jno 


. .Aug. 5, 


1879 


Duffv, Eaw 




1881 


Duffy, Thos 


• • Feb. 3, 


187s 






1884 


Dugan, Mich'l 


Mrh. 26, 


1880 


Duggan, Dan'l 


[an. 24, 


1879 


I3uggan, Wm. H . . . . 


\o\. 19, 


1 88 1 


Dunbar, Wm 


Mch. 20, 


rS84 


Duncan, Jas 


.Apr. 27, 


i88t 


Dunlap, Tno 


. Nov. 27, 


1863 


Dunlap, Rob't 


|une 29, 


1870 


Dunleavy, Chas 


Aug. 20, 


1860 


T)unleayy, Jno 


Eeb. 7, 


i88s 


Dunn, liernard 


Nov. 1 6, 


1864 


Dunn, T^is 


Mch. 19, 


1879 


Dunn, Tno 


. .June 5, 


1872 


Dunn Jno 


Oc t. 9, 


1873 




.Sept. 17, 


1872 



OUR POLICE 



Namh 


Date u{ Appointment 




lulv 2\. 


188 -t 




\f n V 7 




Dunn, hclward 


Mch. 19, 


1880 


Dunne, I'at'k 


Nov I o 


1861: 






1863 


Dyckman, D. W 


Mnv iS 


186? 


Dver, Jas. S 


• • Nov. 30, 


I oO I 




. . .Sept. 5, 


I / u 


Eagan, Jno 


Apr. 29, 


1876 


Eagan, Thos 


June 25, 


1866 


Eakins, Joseph B., Capt.Mch. i. 


1866 






1884 




■ Jan. 11, 


1882 


Eastwood, Wm 


Apr. 11, 


1868 


Eddy, Chas. D 


. . Dec. 15, 




Edmiston, Rob't. . . . 


May 13, 


I 87 J. 






1867 






i88^ 


Egan, David 


Dec. 16, 


1881 


Egan, Jno 


Apr. 8, 


1876 


Egan, Thos. J 


Tulv Is. 


1876 


Egan, Wm 


July II, 


1882 


Elliott, Wm. J 


\nr. 8, 

I J 


1884 


Ellis, Adna 




1872 


Ellis, Rob't H 


. Mch. 13, 


1872 


Ellis, Sam'l 


. Feb. 28, 


l87t 


Elmore, Jno. W 


.Jan. 24, 


1884 


Elting, Josiah 


. . Dec. 19, 


1872 


Eltrich, Jno 


. .June 20, 


1874. 


Eltrich, Rich'd 


. . .Feb. 5, 


1870 


Empie, Geo. H 


. Nov. 21, 


1872 
10/ J 


F^ngehauser, Henry. . 


• -Aug. 27, 


1884 


English, I'at'k 


.Sept. 16, 


1870 




• - Jan. 25, 


1877 
1077 


Enright, Jno 


Jan. 8, 


1884 


Ennis, Rich'd 


. , . Feb. I, 


1882 


Ensign, Wm.H., Surge 


on. Sept. 15 


187? 


Ergott, Dan'l 


. . . Feb. I, 


1884 


Erskine, David W 


. Feb. 26, 


1872 


Erwin, Rob't 


Dec. 28, 


1870 


Evanhoe, Frank N 


. . . Feb. 5, 


1878 


Evans, Isaac 


\ug. 26, 


1868 


Ewald, Jno 


, . .'Vpr. 1 1, 


1885 



PROTECTORS. 



Name 


Date of Appo 


ntiDcnt 






1879 


F 




V ^ 
1 000 


Fagan, Jas. J 




1879 






1885 


Fahev, Jas 


, Sept. 29, 


I 070 


Fanning, Edward 


Julv I, 


1876 


Fanning, Mich'l, Sergt.June 30, 


1064 


Farley, Dermott. . . . 


Feb. 2, 


1865 


Farley, Jno 


■ - Apr. 15, 


I07O 


Farley, Jno. J 


. . Apr. 27, 


1874 


Farley, Mich'l 


Dec. 16, 


I 670 






1000 


Farley, Philip 


. .Apr. 30, 


1873 




• ■ - Aug. 5, 


1879 


Farley, Thos., Sergt 




1875 






1883 


Farrell, Jno., No. i . . 


. . Apr. 1 2, 


I87I 


Farrell, Jno., No. 2 . 


. . .Jan. 17, 


1872 


Farrell, Jno. J 


. . . Dec. 6, 


1670 


Farrell, Pat'k 


. . .Oct. 19, 


1 00 1 






1879 






laoi 






1874 




. . .Oct. 13, 


1877 






1877 


Fay, Pat'k 




1870 




. . . Feb. 5, 


1870 






1882 


Feenev, Pat'k T . . . . 


Oct. 9, 


1873 






1882 






1 88 1 






1874 




. . .Feb. 3, 


1874 






* 
1078 


Fennell, Wm. H 


. . Apr. 12, 


1876 






1857 




• • - Jan. 3, 


1879 






1882 


Ferguson, Jno 


. . Feb. 13, 


1858 


Ferguson, Sam'l T . . 


...July 5, 


1876 






1858 




. .Feb. 18. 


.878 




, Mch. 4. 


)868 



536 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name Date of Appointment 




Sept 12 


1874 






1878 


Files, Jacob 


Tune 2x 






Mch. lo. 


1869 


Finerty, Martin 


. May 2 7, 


1876 


Finken, Chas. W. H. . 


. . Aug. -i. 


1876 






1870 




Mch. lo. 


1884 




A.pr. 8, 


i88c 






1884 


Finnegan Jno B 


Tulv 2J. 


i88^ 


Finnegan Sam'l. . . . 


Feb I 


1872 


Finnegan Win B . . . . 


Dec xo. 


1870 






1877 


Firth, Obed, Sergt . . . 


Sept. 12, 


i860 






1882 


Fisher, Isaac R 


. . Feb. 3, 


1859 




June 17, 


1874 




Oct. 21, 


1881 


Fitzgerald, Jno., Sergt. 


. Feb K 


1862 


Fitzgerald, Tno., Sersjt. 


Sept. iQ, 


186';" 


Fitzgerald, Jno.J., Sergt 


. Aug. I 


186? 


Fitzgerald, Maurice. . . 


.Jan. 26, 


1876 




Tan. 24, 


1872 


Fitzgibbons, Edward. . 


. May 1 1, 


1883 


Fitzpatrick, Andrew. . 


. May 26, 


1880 




Mch. 14, 


1876 


Fitzpatrick Jno . . 


AuET 


I87Q 




Oct. 9, 


1883 


Fitzpatrick Pliilip 


Feb 22 


187-? 




. . Apr. 8, 


188 <5 


Fitzpatrick, Thos. E . . 


. ■ July 2, 


1880 




Feb. 28, 


1881; 


Flaherty Thos 


May 19 


1884 


Flahive, Jno. H 


. Dec. 29, 


1871 


Flanagan, Jno 


Feb. I, 


1866 


Flanagan, Jno 


Dec. 13, 


1867 


Flanagan, Pat'k 


Sent 1 


1862 


Flanagan, Wni 


Oct. 10, 


1870 




Mch. 31, 


1877 






1869 




. .Apr. 9, 


1879 




■ • I''eb. 3, 


1866 


Flannerv, Thos. J . . . . 


lune 23, 


1 869 


Flay, Chas. E 


Mch. 18, 


1881 



Name 


Date of Appointment 






1871 




.... Tulv 7 


1867 


1< lemming, Jno. \V . 


. . Aug. 18, 


1869 






1870 






1877 




• • • Aug. 3, 


1876 


Flood, Edward F 


Oct. 22, 


1883 




Oct. 30, 


1877 




. . . . Feb. 8, 


1871 


Fluhrer,Wm.F., Surgeon . May 29 


,1876 






1866 






1874 


Flynn, Mich'l 


Tulv 16, 


1864 


Flynn, Mich'l 




1868 


Flynn, Rich'd 




1881 






1872 


Fogarty, Chas 


Nov 19. 


1862 


Fogartv, Denis T 


Aug. 28, 


1874. 




Apr. 6, 


1867 


Fohey Jas . . 


Sept 14 


i88^ 


Folev, Cornelius . . 


Sent. •?. 


1862 


Foley. Hugh T 


Tune t;. 


1882 




. . . . ^ , 


1882 




Oct. 31, 


1872 


Foley Jno 


Dec. 8 


1866 


Foley Jno . 


Julv 21, 


1882 


Foley, Jno. F 


Mav 14, 


1884 


Foley, Pat'k J 


Oct 24, 


1881 


Foley Thos 


Mch. I, 


1872 


Foley, Wm 


Tan. 2x. 








1870 


Follis, Pat'k 




1861 


Foody, Mich'l 


Mch. 3, 


1870 


Ford, Denis 


. . . July 7. 


1869 






1S71 






1870 






1870 




• • - Jan. 3, 


1881 




■Vpr, 8, 


1881: 






187I 




...Oct. 13, 


1869 






1884 


Fredericks, Jno. 1). . 


. . Mch. 25, 


1 868 


Frors, Henrv 


, Sept. 27, 


1880 


Frink, Win. E 


Mch. 20, 


1875 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



537 



Name Date of Appointment 

"Frost, Geo. C Mch. 27, 187.S 

Fuchs, J. Frank Mch. 24, 1876 

Fuller, Jas. K., Sergt..Nov. 14, 1867 

Fulmer, Geo. W Mch. 18, 1864 



Gabriel, Chas Dec. 10, 1862 

('Taffney, Jas Sej.t. 14, 1882 

Gaffney, Jas July 15, 1876 

Gallagher, Chas Mch. 13, 1884 

Gallagher, Peter Apr. 18, 1883 

Gallagher, Edward. . . .Mch. 16, 1870 

Gallagher, Jno Oct. 22, 1881 

Gallagher, Jno., No. 2.. June 11, 1870 
(iallagher, Jno., Sergt. . . Jan. 17, 1868 

Gallagher, Mich'l July i, 1884 

Gallagher, Owen Nov. 16, 1881 

Gallagher, Terence Dec 4, 1869 

Gallagher, Terence Apr. 2, 1880 

(iallagher, Wm. F Feb. 2, 1881 

Galligan, Edward Dec. 18, 1876 

Galligan, Patrick May i, 1882 

(iamble, Jas Mch. 26, 1880 

Ganley, Rich'd July 31, 1873 

Gannon, Mich'l Aug. 27, 1869 

(iannon, Jas., Sergt May 8, 1873 

Gardner, Joseph, No. 2. Sept. 9, 1874 

Gardner, Joseph A July 2, 1869 

Gardner, Wm July 26, 1870 

Gargan, Mich'l Feb. 18, 1884 

Gargan, Patrick F Apr. 8, 1881 

Garland, Ira S., Capt. .Apr. 22, 1858 

Garland, T. F June 14, 1882 

Garland, Thos Aug. 17, 1864 

Garnlein, Frank ..... ..Sept. 28, 1883 

Garrity, Jas July 27, 1870 

Garside, John W Oct. 11, i860 

Gastlin, Geo. W May 19, 1864 

Gath, Rob't D Nov. 28, 1873 

Gaw, John Apr. 3, 1872 

Gaynor, Jas., Sergt. ... July 16, 1862 

Geary, Mich'l Aug. 5, 1874 

Geddes, Andrew. J"ly^> ^^83 

Gehegan, Joseph C June 2, 1882 

Geiger, Nicholas Jan. 19, 1868 



Na.mk Date of Appoin 

(ienore, Jno. H Mch. 31, 

Gensheinier, Jno. M . . . . .May i, 
Germann, Franklin I'. .Mch. 31, 

Gerrow, David July i, 

Gibbons, David M Oct. 22, 

Gibbons, Thos Oct. 23, 

Gibson, Geo. W Jan. 22, 

Gibson, Henry C Jan. 2, 

Gibson, Jos. H July 15, 

Gibson, Wm Apr. 26, 

Gick, Geo Nov. 23. 

Gidley, Lewis.., May i, 

Gilbride, Thos Mch. 8, 

Gilgan, Flugh Vug. 3, 

Gilgar, Edward July 27, 

Gill, Floyd T Sept. 29. 

Gill, Geo. W Jan 5, 

Gillespie, Edward Aug. 23, 

Gilligan, A. M Sept. 29, 

Gilligan, Jno. C Oct. 16, 

(}illigan, Jno. F June 6, 

Gilligan, Mich'l Apr. 9. 

Gilliland, Hartshorn W. May 14, 

Gillman, Fred'k May i, 

Gilloon, Dan'l May 13, 

Gilmore, John Oct. 8, 

Gilmore, Mich'l Aug. 19, 

Gilpin, Jno June 19, 

Gilroy, Jas. A Apr. 23, 

Gilroy, Mich'l May 27, 

Glass, Geo. W Nov. 3, 

Glass, St. Clair Apr. 8, 

Gleason, Thos May 11, 

Glennon, Jno. F Aug. 31, 

Glin, Maurice Aug. 3, 

Glynn, Joseph July 17, 

Glynn, Pat'k -\ug. 3, 

Godfrey, Jno Oct. 17, 

Godfrey, Geo. J May 23, 

Goetzger, Fred'k July 5, 

Gohl, Christian Sept. 6, 

Golden, Anthony J . . . .Apr. 29, 
Golden, Judson, Sergt. Sept. 13, 

Golden, Thos. F. J Jan. 20, 

Golden, Timothy Jan. 2, 



877 
882 
879 
876 

873 
865 
866 

873 
876 
882 
867 

877 
876 
876 
870 
S76 
874 
866 
875 
873 
882 
879 
863 

877 
881 

873 
870 
86 1 
880 
870 
864 
876 

875 
878 
865 

873 
876 

873 
861 
876 
878 
876 
875 
877 
873 



538 OUR POLICE 



N A M K 


Date of Appoiii 


tmcnt 


/ ' 1 .1 „* 1 1 "L' 




[X71 


Golle, Julius A 


Sept. 28, 


[072 


Gonigle, Wm 


Apr. 26, ] 


[877 






00 2 


Goodell, Enoch A . . 


. Sej)t. 22, ] 


804 


Goodenough. Theodore. Mar. 17, 


Q w 
1873 






ftS3 


Goodspeed, Rich'd K 


\l)r. 8, 


'885 


Goodwin, Jno. \V . . . . 


...June 29, 


[ 002 








Gorey, Mich'l 


. , Nov. 13, 






. .Feb. 13, 


1074 










• • - Jan. 3, 


I ool 


Grace, Ed\yard 


Mch. 10, ] 


[ OCO 


Grace, Geo. J 


. Sept. 24, 


r Q Q 
1883 




■ • Apr. 23, 


[004 




July 28, 


1 009 




•Sept. 15, 


r CS 
[002 






I OO2 






1883 


Grancher, Rudolph . . 


..Sept. 16, 


I 9.9.-4 
I oo2 


Grainger, Chas. M., Sergt.Apr.12, 


187I 


Granger, Wm 


• .Sept. 30, 


1 007 




• - July 23, 


I 000 


Grant, Donald, Sergt. 


. ..June I, 


1 9^« 
1 070 






1873 


Grant, Jno. H., Sergt 


. . Jan. 1 2, 


I oOO 




. ..Aug. 6, 


. ouz 




..Aug. 19, 


I OOl 






r Q T -> 
1873 


Gray, Wm. E 


..Apr. 29, 


1600 


Gregg, Henry 


• . .Aug. 7, 


r Q Q A 

tO02 


Green, Harry 


. ..Nov. 7, 


1873 




• • Aug. 13, 


i»73 






1000 




. Ian. 8. 


I ho4 


Grennon, Jno 


• • May 23, 


I 000 




. .Oct. 30, 


1877 








Grier, Walter 


Mch. 31, 


1 004 


Griesel, Conrad H . . . 


Sept. 11, 


1873 


Griffin, Denis 


..June 30, 


1870 


Griffin, I. I 


May 26, 


1880 


liriffin, las 


...Aug. 2, 


1879 



PROTECTORS. 

i Name iJace of Appointment 

1 Griffin, Mich'l Sept. 6, 1869 

Griffin, Thos Mch. 26, 1875 

Griffith, Chas. W June 11, 1866 

Griffith, Eugene Oct. 3, 1868 

Griffith, Philip M., Sergt.May 23, 1858 

Groden, Peter Jan. 29, 1868 

Grogan, Timothy Aug. 10, 1870 

Groo, David D Jan. 11, 1884 

Groo, Jno. R., Sergt. . ..Oct. 27, 1868 

Grossjean, E. D Nov. 4, 1878 

Guerker, AVni Jan. 28, i860 

Gunn, Frank Dec. 9, 1876 

Gunner, Jno., Capt Apr. 6, 1861 

(hmson, Rob't Jan. 28, 1861 



II 



Haagen, August. . . . 


Dec. 28, 


1866 






1885 






1857 




Julv 28, 


1877 


Hackett, Thos. H 


• • Jan. 23, 


1884 


Hackett, Wm. T , . . 




1884 


Hagan, Bernard .... 


Feb. II. 


1882 






1866 


Hagan, Edward .... 


Mch. 6, 


1880 




. .Sept. 13, 


1875 


Hagan, Francis W. . 


. . Mch. 19, 


1884 




■ - Aug. 15, 


1872 


Haggerty, J. J 


Nov. 29, 


1867 


Haggerty, Jas 


Jan. 18, 


1878 


Haggerty, Jno. W. . . 


. Sept. 10, 


1878 


Haggerty, Joseph, Sergt. Jan. 26, 


1861 






1880 




Apr. 8, 


1885 


Hahn, Wm 


Oct. 11, 


1869 


Haines, Rob't 


Nov. 8, 


1871 


Haley, Owen 


■ Feb. 23, 


1870 


Hall, Bradley 


May 4. 


1883 


Hall, David D . 


lulv I, 


1876 


Hall, Rob't H 




1883 


Halfpenny, Robt. . . . 


Nov. 16, 


1874 


Halliday, Joseph . . . 


. . . . Jan. 2, 


1867 


Hallowav, Rich'd. . . 


Mch. 7, 


1861 


Halpin, Henry 


Oct. 28, 


1871 


Hamilton, J. P 


...Oct. 25, 


1876 



OUR POTJCF. rROTF.CTORS. 



N A M K 


Date of Appoii 


tin cut 


Hamilton, jno., Seigt. 


. .Oct. 27, 


1866 


Hammond, ("leo 


Dec. 20, 


1872 


Hammond, Sam 1, jr 


. .\ug. 27, 


1864 


Hana, Ino 


Illlv 22. 


iP.yo 


Hand, Henrv 


. .Oct. 15. 


_ 

1872 




. .Jan. 24, 


I 000 




• - Jan. 30, 


1 007 


Handy, Martin 




1885 


IT 1 TT.- 1_ T 




1S83 


Hanle\ , Chas. A . . . . 








. \pr. S, 


1876 


Hanlcy, Owen 


\pr. 7, 










Haradon, Nelson, Sergt.July ii, 


1004 


Hardgrove, Jno 


Nov. 23, 


1867 


Harding, Peter 


Jan. 16, 


1868 


Hardiman, Pat'k. . . . 


Feb. 12, 


I 004 


Harev, Philip 


Apr. 29, 


^ a 
1876 






I 600 




Mch. 22. 


187I 


Harly, Philip 


Ai)r. 20, 


1876 


Harnev, Thos 


Mch. 9, 


I 808 


Hari^er, Thos. S 


. .Mch. 5, 


1000 


Harrington, Warren. . 


. .Oct. 22, 


1873 


Harris, Jno 


Oct. 1 8, 


1870 




.Aug. 18, 


1869 






I87I 




. . Mav 2, 


1885 


Hart, Jas. 1 




1871 


Hart, Peter 




i860 


Hartigan, Mich'l 


Sejil. 1, 


1875 




• - Jan. 31, 




Hartman, Chas 


Sept. I, 






Nov. 16, 


1868 


Hartv, Thos 


Feb. 13, 


1858 




Oct. 7, 


1882 


Harvev, David 


. . Apr. 29, 


1007 


Hasslacher, A. (i. . . . 


. .Dec. 5, 


1879 






1869 




Mch. 31, 


1874 






1875 


Haugh, Patrick 


.Feb. 29, 


1876 


Haughey, Wm. R., Sergt.Nov. i, 


1872 




..Mch. 3, 


1884 




•Apr. 15, 


1884 



Namr 


^ate of Ap)>oti 


tmcnl 


Iia\ens, (>eo. H., .Sergt.July 31, 


1 86 I 


Hawkev. Rich'd 


.Dec. II, 


I {.6 1 




Feb. 17. 




Hawlev, Ira D 


•\])r. 14, 


1877 


Hays, Edward 


.July 10, 


i86y 






1 86 1 




June 20, 


1873 


Hayes, Thos. F 


.h\^x. II, 


1 88 1 


Hazelton, .-\])raham.. . 


-Feb. 28, 


1884 


Healv, F. 1 




1867 




Oct. ^. 


1874 


Healy, Mark 1- 


. . Jan. 9, 


1 880 




Feb. 6, 


1882 




Feb. 4 


1859 


Heath, Jno. W 


\T)r. 0. 


1879 


Heatley, M. H 




I88I 




Fell. 16. 


1870 


Hedden, Henry, Capt. 


.June 16, 


'857 


Heenan, Jas 




1876 


Hefferman, Mirh'l. . . 


.Jan. 18, 


. C> » 

1 007 




. Feb. 1 2, 


1884 


Heidelberg. Chas. . . . 




I 000 






1874 






I072 


Hencken, RichVl 


. Jan. 1 1, 


1871 


Hendricks, Jacob M.. 


. . June 7, 


[ 870 


Hennessey, T- J 


|une 21, 


[070 




. June 29, 


[ 070 


Henrv, Thos 


. Jan. 24, 


[ 084 


Henze, Wm 


Feb. 14, 


107'^ 


Herlihv, ]no. D 


Sept. I. 


[877 




May s. 


[869 


Herrick, Jno. J 


. .Jan. 3, 


■873 


Herrine, Wm 


Feb. 16, 1 


858 






[884 




.Mch. 5, i 


880 


Hersche, Henrv 


lune I, ] 


OU I 


Hertz, Nathan 


Mav I. J 


004 




Oct. 13. ] 


869 


Hev, Eibo 


Oct. 12. ] 


861 




. \pr. 6. ] 


871 




, Sept. 16, ] 


878 


Hickev, Mich'l 


Feb 8, 1 


884 


Hickev, Mich'l | 


Mch. 6, ] 


868 




Mch. 27, 1 


872 



54° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name 


]>ate of Appointment 




Mrh 8 


1872 




1 1 1 f\ 


1 004 


Hiclmbothen, Rol)'t. . 


7 1 1 1 \'' 


1867 


Higgins, Chas 


. FcL). 1 2j 


I 00 1^ 


Higgins, Patrick.... 


, ill CI 1. 1 Oj 






T 1 1 n is 


TS78 
1070 


Hilclebrandt, W 




1882 


Hildenbrand, Henry. 




l87t 


Hildreth, L. B 


. . . Apr. 4, 


T Sfi T 


Hill, Thos 




187-7 


Hinton, Jno. W 




15^3 


Hinz, Henrv 


T,i n T 


1 074 


Hitchcock, H. N . . . . 


T 1 1 1 V -2 


181:7 


Hoffman, H. J 


Oct 1 2 


1882 


Hogan,. Dan'l 


. N V. 2 1, 


1003 


Hogan, Dan'l ] 


Feb I z 


1880 


Hogan, John., No. i . 


jS ov 12, 


t87o 




\pr 18 


l88t 






t877 

i'^73 


Hogan, Mich'l J 


May 1 1 


1866 




Tulv T 1 


1869 




"Vni' T 1 


tS7 f 
1074 




Orf T -7 


1877 

i'573 




T n n r\ 


[880 


T T 1 1 T 

Holahan, Jas 


^pnf R 


i 00 z 


Holahan, Jno. C 


■ ■ Ajjr. 8, 


1005 


Holbrow, T. V., Sergt 


.Aug. 19, 




Holder, Wm 


Feb •'7 
. i (.1). _ /, 


1884 


TT—ll 1 T TT 

Holland, jno. H . . . . 


.Apr. 23, 


1003 


Holland, Thos. B . . . . 


• • -^I'g- 3) 


1876 


Holmes, Geo. W 


Feb 1 2 


188? 


Holmes, Rich d, Jr. . . 


F 1 in e T 7 


1884 


Holmes, 1 heophelus . 


..Apr. 19, 


T8^in 
L OUO 


Holmes, Wm 


..Oct. 25, 


1072 


Holmes, Wm. J 


. . Jan. 23, 


1861 


Holzman, Harry. . . . 


.Sept. 17, 


1 003 


Homan, Chas. E . . . . 


. June 29, 


1869 


Houlihan, Edward 


..Jan. 23, 


X 004 


Hooker, Henry 1)., ( apt. Jan. 28, 


1 OU 1 






1880 


Horan, John 


• - Jan. 23, 


1884 


Horbelt, Marcus, Sergt . Feb. 3, 


1859 


Horgan, J5artholemew 


..Feb. 26, 


1862 


Horn, Herman 


Mch. 14, 


1884 


Horn, Jno. T 


Oct. 14, 


1 881 



Xamk Date of Appointment 



l~Tnrn T^ptpr 




1887 
1 003 






t87T 
I67I 




. J line 1 7, 


1074 




Orf -7 T 


i8St 
1001 


Howe H en r v ^ 


Dec I 


1869 


W f* Tic 1 » 
XX(J*>Cj 1 tlo. VI. 


• • -reo. J, 








t87 T 
107 I 


Howell Jno M 


Jul\' II 


1866 


HiiViHn 0<;pn r 


Tulv s 


I881 


Huff Thos Sertrt 


.reu, 13, 


t8c8 
1050 


TTii cli f*ti A 1 p Y T 


T~)PP Tl 


1868 




'y [^1 /^n T A 


1070 


TT ngrKpc T^'ranf m 


• ' 10, 


1869 


Huo'hes Fr<incis 


June 2 1 


1877 


TT 11 ell p<; Tno 


Tiinp T 1 


1882 


TTn or n f=*c Win T-T 


1 ) ec 1 6 


1072 


TTiill T'AT'^^ii'nl 




1870 
1 oy 


TT n 1 c*-* r Tpr» 




T87e 


TT 1 1 ii'^^*] A/ir^lT^iT 




T87r 


TT 1 1 1 ill T*<-»\'C T n c 




T ,87n 
1 070 


rT nntf^T* I l^.'lT^CTctT^n 


Mch - 


T 88 c 


TTnnt P'ifrif'l.- V 


\ nr 8 


tS8c 


TTiiT^tpr T n t; 


Dec 1 1 


1867 


TTntif'f^v \\ m 


A 1 1 cr -7 A 


1882 




• Apr. 25, 


1882 


Huntzinger, Jno. 15. . . 


.Oct. 25, 


1867 


Hurlbut, Henrv 


. Tnlv 20, 


1877 


Hurley, Jno. J 


, . Mav I, 


1877 




. Feb. 27, 


187s 




Nov. 13, 


1879 


I 

Tmmpn Ch.*!*; F) 


Sept I 


1861; 


Interman, Herrman. . . 


.Feb. 18, 


1874 




. Dec. 21, 


1863 


Irwin, George 


.July 14, 


1857 


Isbell, Adelbert 


Mar. 20, 


1872 


Ives, Willis Y) 


Aug. 19, 


1869 




.July 15, 


1876 


J 


Mch. I, 


1873 


Jackson, David H . . . . 


. May 4, 


1870 


Tackson, Frank G. . . . 


\pr. 20, 


1883 






IS84 


Jackson, Robert 


Sept. 17, 


1883 



OUR POLICE 

Namk Date of Appointment 

Jackson, Simon Apr. 30, 1861 

Jacobs, Geo. R Sept. 16, 1876 

Jacohy, Henry Nov. 16, 1870 

Jacoby, Henry !•' July i, 1876 

Jagels, Henry Oct. 16, 1877 

James, Peter E June 5, 1882 

James, Thos. N., Sergt . June 27, 1858 

Janvrin, Dennis A May 8, 1874 

Jefferson, John Aug. 17, 1872 

Jenkins, James M May 16, 1884 

Jenney, Chas. 15 Mch. 6, 1884 

Jennings, John Nov. 13, 1879 

Jennings, Matthias Jan. 10, 1881 

Jennings, Thomas May 29, 1884 

Johnson, Chas Apr. 18, 1883 

Johnson, Joseph Sept. 14, 1871 

Jolinston, Arthur A Apr. 8, 1883 

Johnston, Michael .... Sept. 22, 1873 
Johnston, Robert S. . . .Jan. 28, 1885 

Jones, las Jan. 3, 1868 

Jordan, J as. W Mch. 18, 1881 

Jordan, John Jan. 22, 1881 

Jordan, Timothy Aug. 16, 1872 

Jordan, Wm Apr. 8, 1881 

Jose, John Apr. 18, 1883 

Joyce, John J Sept. 12, 1870 

Joyce, Redmond J . . . .June 19, 1878 

Judge, Owen Feb. 22, 1870 

Judson, Chas. Jan. 17, 1872 

Junker, Max Dec. 27, 1875 

K 

Kain, Peter Oct. 27, 1874 

Kane, James Sept. 28, 1883 

Kane, Lawrence June 9, 1884 

Kane, Michael Sept. 13, 1875 

Kajjpes, Geo Aug. 19, 1881 

Kass, Geo. B., Sergt Oct. i, 1862 

Kass, Wni., Sergt Feb. 3, 1859 

Kavanagh, James Apr. 8, 1876 

Kavanagh, John Jan. 3, 1873 

Kavanagh, Thos July 5, 1872 

Kavanagh, 'I'hos. J.... Mch. 14, 1862 

Kear, I'rancis J May 28, 1S80 

Kearney, Patrick Jan. 28, 1861 



PROTECTORS. 541 

Namk Date of Appointment 

Kearney, Thomas Aug. 28, 1867 

Keating, John A Nov. 21, 1867 

Keating, Michael E Mch. 6, 1880 

Keating, Stephen, Sergt . Apr. 14, 1868 

Keefe, Thomas Oct. 29, 1883 

Keeley, Thomas Aug. 31, 1878 

Keeling, John R Sept. 17, 1864 

Keenan, James Oct. 12, 1870 

Kehoe, Michael Oct. 3, i88i 

Kehoe, Thos. F Aug. 6, 1883 

Kehoe, Wm Sept. 8, 1869 

Keirns, Patrick Feb. 18, 1863 

Kelahan, John Feb. 2, 1866 

Keliher, John J Nov. 17, 1883 

Kelk, Geo. S July 17, 1873 

Kellaher, John, Sergt.. Jan. 26, 1861 

Kellard, Michael Sept. 25, 1865 

Keller, John H June 11, 1872 

Kellerhouse, Albert. ... May 13, 1867 

Kelly, Andrew Jan. 30, 1873 

Kelly, Bartholomew. . .Aug. 15, 1871 

Kelly, Chas. F July i, 1876 

Kelly, Cornelius J Dec. 30, i88r 

Kelly, Frank Jan. 15, 1873 

Kelly, James Oct. 11, 1873 

Kelly, John Mch. 30, 1866 

Kelly, John, Sergt. . . .Sept. 27, 1870 

Kelly, John July 20, 1882 

Kelly, John P Mch. 8, 1871 

Kelly, John P May 1, 1882 

Kelly, Joseph B Oct. 10, i88i 

Kelly, Michael Sept. 3, 1859 

Kelly, Patrick June i, 1876 

Kelly, Patrick Aug. 3, 1876 

Kell)', Patrick Jan. 24, 1884 

Kelly, Patrick H ..Jan. 15, 1866 

Kelly, Patrick J Oct. 21, 1881 

Kelly, Peter Jan. 13, 1870 

Kelly, Robert Feb. 13, 1864 

Kelly, Thos. H Apr. 29, 1880 

Kelly, Wm May 2, 1873 

Kelly, Wm Apr. 8, 1876 

Kelsey, James R Jan. 26, 1876 

Kelz, August July 15, 1876 

Kemp, John May 2, 1873 



OUR POLICE 



Na.mk 


Date of Appoin 


tment 


Kenna, Andrew J . 


TV T ^ _ 

Men. 27, 


, QQ t 

too4 


Kenneallv, Patrick. . . 


May 2, 


[072 


Kennedv, Declan . . 




[874 


Kennedy, bdward . . . 




[070 


Kennedy, Edward. . . 


June 27, 


r Q •« Q 
[070 


Kennedy, Edward J . 


. . Apr. 12, 


[070 


Kennedy, Henry A . . 


. . Dec. 30, 


1872 


Kennedy, Jeremiah. . 


• - Apr. 30, 


[070 






1879 


Kennedy, John 


T , , /■ 


1884 






. 

1884 


Kennedy, Matthew . . 


..iMch. 19, 


r QQ« 






[007 


Kennedv, Patrick. . . 


XT _ 

Nov. 10, 


1 870 


T 7- J._ TIT 




1004 






t88i 


Kenney, Jas. r . . . . 


. ..rel). 1 1, 


[884 






[865 


Kenney, John, No. i 


. . Oct. II, 


[877 


Kennev, Peter 


. . .Apr. 7, 


, O — 

[boo 


Kenny, James E. J. . 


T _ 


'873 


Kenny, John, No. 2 . 


. ...Apr. 23, 


883 






[870 


Kcough, Martin .... 


Jan. 26, 1 


[876 






[880 






[883 


Kern, Jacob 13 


TT" _ 


[867 


Kernan, Thomas. . . 


. ..Dec. 3, ] 


[872 






[884 


Kerns, 1 hos. H . . . . 


. ..Aug. 9, ] 


866 




. . June 17, 


[874 






toot) 


T'*„._l 1„ \\1 


Jan. 3, 1 


. 

004 


Kettner, Jos. A 


Apr. 26, 1 


876 


Keves, Timothy 




882 


Kiebrick, Jacob J . . 


, Oct. 9, ] 


883 


Kieley, John 


.Sept. 28, 


870 


Kiernan, Bernard . . . 




[872 


Kiernan, Edward. . . 


Jan. 26, 


[876 






1881 




\f,,' - 


[ 880 






■873 


Kiernan, James 


• • - Jan. 23, 


[861 


Kiernan, Jas. J 


. . .Nov. 3, 


1882 




. .Sept. 27, 


1870 



PROTECTORS. 



] N.AME Date of Appointment 

Kiernan, John Dec. 18, 1876 

Kiernan, Patrick Apr. i, 1873 

Kiernan, Thomas Nov. 30, 1872 

Kilkenny, James Mch. i, 1873 

Killalea, John Feb. 8, 1873 

Killilea, Michael June 21, 1869 

Killilea, Thomas, Capt . ..Oct. i, 1866 

I Kilmartin, James Oct. 17. 1874 

King, Elbert S Jan. 3. 1873 

King, James M., Sergt...Apr. 6, 1866 

King, Jas. Thome Oct. 29, 1862 

King, John Mch. 11, 1874 

King, John W Sept. 29, 1882 

King, Nathan W May 8, 1884 

King, Richard Apr. 23, 1857 

Kinnaird, Samuel W. ..Sept. 23, 1873 

Kirby, Cornelius May 27, 1876 

Kirley, Michael Jan. 7, 1873 

Kirschner, Wm. F., Sergt.Dec. i, 1870 

Kirtland, Geo. R Sept 25, 1875 

Kirzinger, John Apr. 24, 1883 

Kivlen, James Mar. 26, 1884 

R^lein, Julius J Apr. 8, 1875 

Klein, Peter J Feb. 12, 1885 

Klinge, Emile Apr. 8, 1875 

Klinge, Hector Feb. 17, 1873 

Knisler, Geo. A May 18, 1865 

Knoff, Philip Feb. 12, 1885 

Knox, Wm. J Feb 10, 1879 

Koellsted, John May 7, 1883 

Kohler, John Aug. 9. 1866 

Kook, Charles Mch. 24, 1880 

Kopp, Robert July 21, 1883 

Kormann, Fredrick W . Apr. 26, 1877 

Kortsteger, Barney Oct 10, 1S81 

Krauch, John L Feb. 4, 1884 

Kremmelbein, Fredrick. .Jan. 8, 1884 

Kroner, Fredrick Jan. 13, 1866 

Krowl, Geo. W Feb. 4, 1884 

Kuhn, Wm. H Feb. 4, 1884 

KuUe, Albert Sept. i, 1875 

Kunzman, Clement .... Feb. 29, 1876 

Rush. Chas Aug. 25. 1869 

I. 

Lacy, Edward J Sept. 7, 1864 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



54.^ 



« Namk Dale of Appoiii 

Lahert, Richard June 6 

Lalini, (ieorgc Apr. 7 

Lahr, William Nov. 5 

Laird, Thomas ) Mar. 12 

i.akc, Franklin W Oct. 3 

Lake, Wm. H July i 

Lally, Michael June i 

Land), Bernard Jan. 5 

Land), 'I'hos Jan. 2 

Lanibrecht, Jacob Jan. 4 

Lamhrecht, Wm. Ci . . . . May 16 
Lamey, Michael, Sergt.Se])t. 18 
Lancer, Thomas, Sergt.Mch. 18 

Landers, John Sept. 26 

Lane, Patrick \\ Oct. 31 

Lane, Patrick J May 7 

Lane, Patrick J Oct. 9 

Lang, Joseph T Sept. 28 

Langan, James J May 14 

Langan, John I Jan. 7 

Lanklon, Henry K. . . .June 23 

Lanthier, Geo July 22 

Larkin, Hearn J Apr. 29 

Larkin, Michael Aug. 17 

Laughlin, George Feb. 24 

Lavender, Geo., Jr Apr. 8 

Lavin, Patrick Sept. 14 

Lawler, James July 2, 

Lawler, Patrick Aug. 4 

Lawler, Thomas F Aug. 7 

Lawler, Thomas J^'b' 5 

Lawler, Wm Dec. 27 

Lawkss, John E May 9 

Lawless, Richard H. . ..Feb. 12 
Lawrence, Edward H..Aug. 28, 
Lawrence, 'J'homas C. . .July 23 

Lay, Jacob Sept. 8 

Layton, John H Oct. 14 

Leacraft, Charles C. . . .Oct. 15 

Leahy, David Feb. 27 

Leahy, Michael June 7 

Leahy, Patrick July i 

Leamy, Joseph Sept. i 

Leary, Cornelius Aug. 15 

Leary, James M., Capt. Aug. 15 



incnt 
870 
880 
883 
867 
874 
S76 
876 
865 
884 
881 
884 
861 
880 
877 
874 
872 

883 
878 
881 
861 
879 

870 

806 
885 
883 

873 
868 
878 
882 

875 
883 
884 
876 
874 

875 
867 
862 

873 
865 
872 

875 
871 

863 



Namk 

Leavy, Michael. . 



Date of Appoin 

. . . Dec. 7 



Leddy, Hugh Nov. 3 

Leddy, John Dec. 23 

Lee, Michael Sept. 25 

Lee, Thomas J May i 

Leeson, Geo. T Aug. 14 

Leffert, Wm. IL, Sergt.Apr. 23 

Lehanc, Daniel Sept. 14 

Leiber, Louis May 26 

Leinis, Philip Mar. 7 

Leissner, Henry Feb. 4 

Leissner, John Sept. 14 

Lemlein, Nathan Nov. 25 

Lenz, Charles Sept. 27 

Leon, Jacob Mar. 3 

Leonard, John Apr. 29 

Leonard, John E Jan. 29 

Leonard, Patrick Feb. 26 

Leonard, Patrick Feb. 15 

Leonard, Terence Feb. 15 

Leslie, Patrick H June 2 

Levy, Alexander Sept. 15 

Levy, Hiram Sept. 29 

Levy, Wolf Feb. 10 

Lewis, Edward July 10 

Lewis, Frederick R May 6 

Lewis, George F Apr. 26 

Lewis, Joseph A Apr. 18 

Liebers, George C Sept. i 

Lindeman, Ernest Nov. 25 

Linden, Wm. J., Sergt..Feb. 7 

Link, Charles Oct. 24 

Linn, Daniel Oct. 13 

Linn, Wm. R Feb. 1 2 

Liston, James E Aug. 20 

Little, Geo., Sergt June 14 

Livingston, .\braham. . .July i 
Livingston, Henry A. . .June 5 

Lober, Frank Sept. 2 

Lober, Michael Oct. 22 

Logan, Geo Sept. 22 

Londrigan, Wm \i)r. it 

Long, Thomas Jan. 22 

Long, William Aug. 5 

Lonsdale, James, Sergt. Sept. 21 



OUR POLICE r ROT EC TORS. 



544 



Name 


Date of Appoin 


tment 












r ^ 

[»73 


T AT til 

Looram, Matthew. 








Jan. 23, 


[004 




Aug. 3, ] 


[070 




Jan. 23, 


[804 


Loughlin, John F . 


April 8, 




Lou res, James J . . 


Nov. 21, 


[883 


Lovell, Lorenzo D . 




[881 


Lucas, Edward, Sergt. . .June i, i 


C874 






, 00^ 


Luersson, Augustus 


. . .Mch. 16, 


[070 


Luersson, Imer D., 


Sergt. Feb. 4, 








.0 I \j 






r8fi8 


Lyman, Matthew . . 


. . .Aug. 25, 


002 




. , .Oct. 6, 


r 88-5 

, oo2 






. 0U4 


Lynch, James 




r 88 T 

,001 


Lynch, Lawrence J 


Jan. 28, 


L 004 






r 8t -5 

1^73 


Lynch, Patrick .... 


July 23, 


[ OU2 






1881 






[858 






1884 


Lyon, Samuel K. Surgeon. Feb. 3, 


1876 






1884 



Macfail, Geo. W June 3, 1882 

Mackey, Jas July 2, 1880 

Mackey, Wm Feb. 13, 1873 

Mackin, Thos Feb. 28, 1879 

Maclay, Aug. W., Surg. Sept. 15, 1873 
Macnevin, Nelson J . . . ..Apr. 8, i88i 

Madden, David June i, 1877 

Madden, Jas. F July 15, 1876 

Madigan, Jno Apr. 3, 1873 

Magan, Rich'd F., Sergt. June 10, 1870 

Magee, Wm Mch. 23, 1858 

Magranc, S. L Oct. 6, 1882 

Maguiro, Jas Sept. 22, 1875 

Maguire, Pat'k, No. i. .Feb. 27, 1873 

Maher, Jas Sept. 28, 1870 

Maher, Jno Aug. 5, 1874 



X \ .M E 


r)ate of Appoin 


tment 






t 00 I 




Xfn- - 


* 
863 




• • Aug. 3. 


883 






883 


A,'l 1^ »^ <a » r 1 f 




004 






870 


AT '"1 l'\ iiir 1h' 


. .M( n. 30, 


880 






loci 


A/I 1 c A 1 V 




070 






8S3 






[002 


A /I 1 1 -• »■» T ^. 




1666 






— /" 

1870 




..Sept. 23, 


[07a 




•Aug. 24, 


[865 






1870 




T 


1 60 I 






I 00 I 






1872 






18--. 






I 002 


!Nfanchester, Aaron W 


. . . May 2, 


1 88 1 




\ug. 28, 


, OA. Q 

Icoo 


Mangin, Frank, Jr.. 


. . June 9, 


[ oo2 


Mangin, Thos 


luly 2 1, 


1 004 


ISIangin, Thos. H. , Sergt . Dec. 31, 


1870 


Manning, B. D 


.June 23, 


1882 


Manning, Joseph .... 


Mav 29, 


,00. 
1884 


Mannion, Jos - h. . . . 


• Jan. 23, 


1084 


Mannion, Thos. II , 


...July 7, 


I 004 






1883 






1878 


Markev, Andrew 


Mch. 30, 


1865 


Markey, Jno. R 


.Mch. 30, 


T 8A/^ 

1 000 


Marlarkev, Bernard 


. . .Jan 7, 


Z! _ 
1867 


Marron, Pat'k H 


Oct. I, 


1877 


Martens, F. W., Sergt 


.Sept. 27, 


1070 


Martin, Christopher 1 


. Apr. 29, 


1872 


Martin, David 


• • J;i"- 15. 


1866 






1S70 




. . . M.y 5, 


[ oOy 


Martin, Joseph 


. .Apr. 27, 


1883 


Martin, M. R 




1881 


]\Iartin, Mich'l 


Oct. 26, 


1864 


Martin, Richard. . . . 


, June 22, 


1S57 



OUR POLTCK 

N.mii'. Date of Appointiiient. 

l\IcAd;un, James May 25, 1868 

McAdaiii, James C, Jr. . Mar. 10, 1882 

McMeer, Patrick Nov. 25, 1870 

McArdle, IScrnard. . . March 3 1, 1875 

McVult-y, Edward J Oct. 10, i88i 

Mc Aulcy, James A Feb. 15, 1865 

McAvoy, Til's T., Sergt..Jan. 20,1870 

McBride, Manus Mar. 16, 1870 

McBride, Thomas Apr. 9, 1873 

McCabe, Edward Dec. 6, 1876 

McCabc, John July 15, 1870 

McCabe, 'rhomas Feb. 4, 1884 

McCadden, Henry .... Nov. 15, 1867 

McCahill, John Aug. 17, 1869 

McCamman, Samuel... May 11, 1877 

McCann, Chas Oct. 21, 1881 

McCann, Dominick I).. Jan. 22, 1881 

McCardle, Patrick Feb. 22, 1865 

McCarthy, Alexander F. .Apr. 8, 1885 
McCarthy, Cornelius. . .June 22, 1870 

McCarthy, Dennis Mch. i, 1866 

McCarthy, Dennis Sept. 30, 1874 

McCarthy, Eugene Jan 9, 1884 

McCarthy, James May 2, 1873 

McCarthy, John Oct. 14, 1870 

McCarthy, John D Feb. 10, 1874 

McCarthy, John T. . . .Sept. 30, 1881 
McCarthy, Michael .... Apr. 26, 1877 
McCarthy, 'I'homas J . . Feb. 10, 1873 
McCartiiv, Tiiomas J . . Feb. 10, 1885 

McCarthv, Wm Oct. 11, 1883 

McCarthy, Wm May 6, 1885 

McCarton. Francis Oct. 9, 1883 

McCarty, Daniel J Aug. 3, 1876 

McCarty, Moses Sept. 20, 1873 

McCauley, Hugh Dec. 14, 1870 

McCauley, Hugh J Oct. 18, i88r 

McCauley, John July 15, 1876 

McCauley, Matthew J . . .Jan. 7, 1881 

McCaulev, Michael Dec. 9, 1877 

McCauley, Neill Mch. 16, 1872 

McClintock, A., Sergt..June 17, 1862 

McCloskey, Wm. T Apr. 18, 1883 

McC luskey, Geo. W. . .Apr. 26, 1882 

iMcConnell, Hugh Oct. 16, 1867 

McConnell, Matthew ... .Jan. 7, i860 

McCool, James Juiie 29, 1872 

McCord, Louis Mch. 19, 1880 

McCormack, Hugh Apr. i, 1882 

Mc("ormack, John J . . .June 14, 1882 
McCormack, Thomas. ..Jan. 25, 1S61 



PROTKC7VRS. 545 

Name. Pate of Appointment. 

McCormack, Th. P Oct. 26, 1883 

McCormack, William. .. p'eb. 16, 1876 

McCormack, Wm May 19, 1884 

McCormick, James. ... Aug. 21, 1S63 

McC'ormick, Joiin Oct. 5, 1861 

McCormick, John W. . . Dec. 23, 1876 
McCormick, 'I'honias. . . . Dec. 9, 1872 

McCormick, Thos July 15, 1876 

McCormick, Wm Jan. 24, 1872 

McCormick, Wm. J July 28, 1882 

McCoy, Joseph P Apr. 20, 1883 

McCov, Matthew Sept. 8, 1868 

McCoy, AVm. F Oct. 17, 1877 

McCrohan, Denis May 7, 1885 

McCue, Dennis Feb. 28, 1876 

McCue, John Jan. 17, 1873 

McCue, Thomas jM^iy 5, 1880 

McCuUagh, James Aug. i, 1867 

McCuliagh, John, Capt.Mch.30, 1870 
McCullagh, J. H., Capt.Feb. 29, 1864 

McCullough, John Oct. 16, 1878 

McCullough, Patrick. ..Nov. 23, 1877 

McCusker, Jas., Jr July 28, 1882 

McDaniel, James julv 2, 1880 

IMcDaniels, Geo. B May 6, 1885 

McDermott, Charles. ..Sept. 23, 1864 

McDermott, Geo. S May 6, 1885 

McDermott, James .... Feb. 18, 1878 

McDermott, joim Jan. 5, 1870 

McDermott, John Apr. 29, 1875 

McDermott, John J. ..Mch. 26, 1867 
McDermott, John J . . .Nov. 30, 1883 
McDermott, Michael .. Aug. 15, 1872 

McDermott, Peter Sept. 15, 1869 

McDermott, Stephen . .Sept. 22, 1875 
McDermott, Thomas. ..July 20, £870 

McDevitt, Wm Sept. 22, 1877 

McDonald, A. W.,Sergt.Nov. 22, 1S76 
McDonald, Bernard. . . .May 6, i88i 

McDonald, Jas. B May 9, 1881 

McDonald, John Apr. 29, 1874 

McDonald, John June 17, 1874 

McDonald, Jolin Feb. 20, 1882 

McDonald, Michael. .. Mch. 20, 1875 

McDonald, Peter Jan. 24, 1884 

McDonnell, Chas., Cap. .Jan. 21, 1863 

McDonnell, John Apr. 10, 1879 

McDonnell, Peter Nov. i, 1872 

McDonnell, P. W., Sur..Sept. 15,1873 
McDonough, Francis. ... Jan. 1, 1874 
McDowell, John Jan. 17, 1873 



546 OUR POLICE 

Name. Date of Appointment. 

MtKlroy, Daniel F May 2, 1883 

McElvvain. J., Capt. . . .Sept. 28, 1861 
McEnroe, Bernard F....Oct. 8, 1870 

McEveety, B., Sergt Aug. i, 1873 

McEvoy, Jos. J July 1, 1876 

McGarry, Frank Mch. 18, 1884 

McGee, Thomas Mch. 5, 1880 

McGeorge, A. B Aug. 22, 1874 

McGinn, John July 9, 1870 

McGinn, John, No. 2.. .Jan. 27, 1875 
McGinley, Francis J ... Apr. 14, 1883 

McGinley, John June 18, 1880 

McGinley, Mich'l J Oct. 5, 1882 

McGinley, Patrick Mch. 30, 1870 

McGinley, Patrick Dec. 27, 1875 

McGinley, Robert Aug. 15, 1884 

McGinnis, Wm Jan. 23, 1884 

McCliil, James Jan. 21, 1869 

McGioin,. JohnW Nov. 20, 1875 

McGloin, Patrick Apr. 24, 1875 

McGIoin, Wm May 20, 1885 

McGlone, James H Feb. 8, 1884 

McGlone, Wm Jan. 24, 1884 

McGowan, Dar.iel Apr. 28, 1880 

McGowan, John Dec. 17,1862 

McGowan, John H July i, 1872 

Mc(io\van, Thomas July 9, 1870 

McCiowan, Wm. J Apr. 8, 1885 

McGovern, Lawrence. . .May 8, 1880 
McGovern, Martin, Sur. .July 3, 1884 

McGorry, John F Mch. 14, 1885 

McGreevy, Owen May 16, 1884 

McGrade, Hugh Aug. 3, 1876 

McGrade, Michael Oct. 26, 1861 

McGrath, James June 23, 1869 

McGrath, James May 10, 187 1 

McGratli, James Apr. i, 1882 

McGrath, Michael July 29, 1874 

McGuiness, Edward. .. Nov. 23, 1883 

McGuire, James Nov. 16, 1872 

McGuire, John J Sept. 28, 1883 

McGuire, Patrick Dec. i, 1865 

McGuire, Patrick Jan. 3, 1882 

Mc(niire, Thomas Aug. 3, 1876 

McGucken, John Nov. 22, 1870 

Mcllhargy, Alexander . .July 15, 1874 

Mclnerny, Daniel J Jan. 24, 1872 

Mclntyre, Edward .... Mar. 23, 1881 

McKenna, Felix Oct. 3, 1874 

.VIcKenna, Francis Aug. 3, 1876 

McKenna, Patrick Sept. 9, 1873 



PROTECTORS. 

Name. Date of Appointment. 

McKenna, Patrick Jan. i, 1874 

McKenzie, Chas. H. . .June 14, 1866 

McKeon, Bernard Feb. 17, 1866 

McKeon, Wm. F Sept. 22, 1873 

McKeown, Jos Sejjt. i6, 1865 

McKirvey, John Sept. 24, 1883 

McKnigh't, Jas. H Oct. 9, 1883 

McLaughlin, Edward. .. .June 2, 1884 
McLaughlin, Michael. .. Nov. 2, 1883 
McLaughlin, Michael ... Mch. 7, 1885 
McLaughlin, W.W.,Serg.. Nov. 26, 1 868 

McLcavy, Charles June 2, 1876 

McLeod, S. B. W., Sur.. Sept. 15, 1873 

McLoughlin, John May 8, 1882 

McLoughlin, John Sept. 24, 1883 

McLoughlin, John Jan. 29, 1884 

McLoughlin, John B. ..July 14, 1865 

McMahon, Denis May 7, 1883 

McMahon, Dennis Feb. 24, 1866 

McMahon, Edward Jan. 15, 1873 

McMahon, James Jan. 27, 1873 

McMahon, John Jan. 31, 1874 

McMahon, John June 30, 1882 

McManus, Chas. B Jan. 23, 1884 

McMillian, W. B., Sergt. .Jan. 21, 1869 

McNally, Felix Feb. 9, 1882 

McNallv, James Dec. 21, 1883 

McNallv, John Aug. 19, 1868 

McNally, John J Oct. 3, i88i 

McNally, Patrick, Sergt.. Oct. 24, 1864 
McNamara, Daniel J.. .July 15, 1876 
McNamara, Jas. F. . . .Sept. 15, 1882 

McNamara, John Feb. 10, 1875 

McNamara, John, Sergt. .Feb. 5, 1873 
McNamee, Michael. . . .Apr. 14, 1868 
McNaught, Robert .... Tiilv 15, 1876 

McNeaiis, John .Jan. 18, 1884 

McNeely. John Oct. 29, 1883 

McNiece, Patrick Oct. 19, 1880 

McNulty, Francis Jan. 22, 1879 

McParlan, James Jan. 26, 1884 

McParlan, Thomas Nov. 3, 185-9 

McPartlin, Owen Feb. 7, 1874 

McQuade, James, No. i.Mch. i, 1876 

McQuade, Thomas Aug. 5, 1879 

McSherry, Matthew. March. 20, 1868 

McSweeny, John June 9, 1873 

McTaggart, Francis ... Apr. 26, 1877 

McVay, James Oct. 10, 1881 

McVay, Patrick Mch. 12, i860 



OUK POLICE 



* Namk 


Dale of Appointmenl 




Oct. 9, 


i8c:8 


Martineau, Cornelius. 


\Iav ^, 


1869 




Mch. 4, 


1884 


Masterson, Jno. 'J' 


Mav 19, 


1876 




. . Dec. 30, 


1872 


Masterson, Patrick. . . 


. .Jan. 14, 


187^ 






1868 


Matthews, David, Surg. . Apr. i6 


1877 


Matthews, Jno. M . . . 


. .Oct. 22, 


187^ 

to 






1861 


Ma.xwell, J. H 




18S2 






1881 


Mayfort, H. Geo. . . . 


Sept. 0, 


1874 




. . . Mav I, 


1877 


Meacle, Joseph 


May I, 


1876 




\pr. 8, 


1885 


Mead, Tas. S., Sergt. 


. . Jan. 20, 


1869 


Mead, Joseph W 


, Sept. 29, 


1869 


Mead, VVni. H 


. .Aug. 26, 


1868 










Sept. 24, 


187^ 


Meakin, Wm., Capt. . 


. . Feb. 10, 


1873 


Meaney, Jno. A 


Nov. 20, 




Meehan, Bernard. . . . 


Anr. 2s. 


i88^ 


Meehan, Chas. J . . . . 


June 20, 


1881 


Meehan, Thos 


Mch. 5, 


1881 




1 * ' 


188^ 


Meiers, Max 


Mch. 23, 


1867 






1864 




Mch. 5, 


i8Si 




Mch. 4, 


i87s 

/J 






188^ 




. . . Feb. 6, 


1872 




Mch. 19, 


1870 


Milburn, Geo. J 


, Feb. II, 


1884 


Miley, Edward F. . . . 




188^ 


Miller, Chas 


Mch. 27, 


1882 






i86i; 

J 




• . Jan. 23, 


1861 




• July 15, 


1876 


Miller, Isaac 


. . .Dec. 2, 


1881 


Miller, Israel W 


• Jan. 14, 


187.3 






1884 


Miller, Joseph 


Jan. ro. 


1881 


Miller, Peter T 




1884 



/AC/ 1 r.L 1 UKS- 




547 


Name 


Date of Appoiiitini-iit 


Miller, Theodore 


May 26 


i88o> 


Miller, Wm. | 


Feb 4 


1884:- 


Millniore, Jno. .\I . . . 


..Mch. 21, 


1884 


Minchin, M. G 


Apr 2 1 


1882 


Miner, Charles 


June 17, 


i8s7 

J / 


Minnerly, Abraliam . 


.Nov. \x 


1872 


Minnick, Jno 


Apr 6 


1868 






1867 


Mints, Jno. G 


Feb. 11;, 


1868 


Mitchell, Anthony, 


Oct. I-?, 


l87t 


Mitchell, Artemas W 


..Oct. 28, 


1870 


Mitchell, Cornelius , 


June 27, 


1884 


Mitchell, Jno 


1 ulv I X, 


I 870 


Mitchell, Jno. F 


Ian. 20. 


1884 


Mitchell, Thos. D 


Tulv 14, 


1870 




* > 


1878 






1878 






1878 


Moffitt, Thos 


. .June 16, 


1874 


Mohr, Philip 


Oct. 16, 


1872 






i87<: 


Molloy, Jno 


.Oct. 29, 


1862 


Mollov, Jno. J 




1877 


Moloney, Jno. F., Sergt.June 14, 


1864 


Moloney, Martin .... 


. .Jan. 22, 


1 86 1 




• - -Aug. 5, 


1873 




• - Aug. 24, 


1881 






1878 


Monaghan, Jas. A 


. .July 21, 


1882 


Moncrief, Ambrose . . 


.Mch. 24, 


1876 




July 31, 


1872 


Mongan, Jos. F 


•Sept. 15, 


1882 




.Sept. 17, 


i88^ 


Monihan, Peter J 


..Oct. 30, 


1 865 


Montgomery, Geo 


. .Aug. 5, 


1870 


Montgomery, Jas. C. . 


. .Oct. 27, 


1874 


Montgomery, Rob't A 


.Mch. 22, 


1872 


Moodv, James 


. .Jan. 24, 


[861 






187^ 






(869 




• Jan. 23, 


1884 


Moore, f no. G 


.Aug. 17, 


1870 






'873 


Moore, Wm 


, Nov. 20, 


■875 




.Aug. 28, 


[876 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name 


Date of Appo 


ntment 


Moran, Jas , . 


Dec. 24, 


- 
1868 


Moran, J as. S 


• - Apr. 7, 


I 800 


Moran, Jeremiali . . . . 


Uct. 21, 


looi 


Moran, Jno 


, , . r eb. 0, 


1865 






i»«3 






1874 




T .1 ,A Q 


I 






I 000 




r\ 


- _ 

1871 


Morganweek, Wm . , . 


, . (^ct. 1 7, 


1874 






1^73 






1574 




. Nov. 27, 


1883 






1003 


Mount, John J., ( apt 


• • Apr. 23, 


1^557 






-r Q 

1070 


iviuviaiiu,- icrcuiiau. . 


. . May 25, 


I 004 


Moynihan, Dan 1 C. . 


. Dec. 23, 


* i. ^ 
1876 




. . i Jec. 0, 


1872 




. .Oct. 15, 


1873 


Mulcany, Kicn <.l | 


, . CJct. 26, 


1883 




.Aug. 17, 


1000 


Mukloon, Patrick F 


. . . Uct. 0, 


_ _. 

1858 






1 881 




A T U ~ 


1882 


Mulnern, 1 nos 


. l*eb. 18, 


1873 




. . Oct. 14, 




ATll11nv\£» T^n ^.l- 






Mullen, reiriskie H. . 


..Sept. 16, 


1861 


Muller, Geo. H. F. . . 


. Mch. 22, 


150 I 






1870 






187^ 


Mullin, R. r 




, « 
: 000 


Mullin, Washington, Sergt.Oct. 6, 


1 0O4 


Mullin, Wm. F 


• - July 7, 


I 002 


Mulrv, Thos 


..Sept. 7, 


1870 


Mulry, Thos. AV 




1873 


Mulrooney, Mich'l 


• - July I. 


1872 




.July 24, 


1872 


Munday, Thos. J., Jr. 


.Mch. 18, 


I 000 




■ ■ Aug. 7, 


1 00 y 


Munn, Geo. H 


. Mch. 19, 


1880 


Munson, Jno. J 


. Mav 26, 


1883 


Murdock, Geo 




1883 


Muret, Edward, Sergt. . Feb. 22, 


1873 



Name 


Date of Appointment 






i88? 




.Sept. 8, 


i86q 




Nov. 20, 


1868 






1881 


A T 1 1 t-t\l-» \- Toe T~\ 


. . May 7, 


1874 




. |une 16, 


1874 


Murphy, Jeremiah | 


. .Oct. 22, 


1881? 










, May 12, 


1877 




■ ■ ■ May 3, 


1878 


Murphv, Jno. C 


, . Feb. 27, 


1884 


Murphy, Joseph 


, May 1 1, 


1874 






18615 


Murphv, Maurice 


Oct. 8, 


187^ 


Murphy, Mich'l J., Cajjt . Aug. 10, 


1868 


Murphv, Mich'l 




1870 


Murphy, Mvles. 


June 22 


1864 




, , Feb. 8, 




Murphv, Pat'k 




1869 

J 




Mr J 


i86g 


Murphy, Rob't 


Feb. 18, 


188c; 




. .Aug. 31, 


1870 


Murphv, Thos 






Murphv, Thos. V 


• . .Aug. 5, 


1879 

* ^ i y 


Murphv, Wm. H 


. .Apr. 14, 


1882 




. . May 24, 




Murray, Dan'l 


..Apr. 17, 


1871; 


Murrav, Henrv T 


. . fune 13, 


1884 


Murray, Jas. E 


. .May 14, 





Murray, Jas. J 


. . Oct. 24, 


1881 




. .Sept. 3, 


181:0 


Murrav, Mich'l 


. Mch. 14, 


1876 




. . . Apr. 8, 


1882 




Mch. 9, 


1881 


Murray, Wm., Supt. . 


. . May 24, 


1866 


Murtha, Bernard. . . . 


. Nov. 15, 


1876 


Murtha, Pat'k 


1 )ec. 2, 


1868 


Murtagh, Mich'l . . 


. .June 7, 


1873 


Myers, Bernard 


. . . Jan. 4, 


1873 




, .Oct. 14, 


i88i 



Nafew, Henry B June 6, 1870 

Nally, Edward F \pr. 26, 18S2 

Nally, Jas. F June i, 1877 



Ol'R POLICE 



* Namk 


Dale of Ai)i)oii 


tincnt 


Nann, Jas. 15. ..... . 


. . . Men. I , 


I .S.S4 




/^\.. * ~f 


, — 




Till,. . 


i<S76 


Naui;hton, Mich 1 


. . .May 5, 


1877 


XT ^ . 1 ! t \ . ' t 


. .Dec. 23, 


_ _ _ 

1875 






1872 


XT ^ , 1 * T XT _ 

JNealis, Jas., No. 2 . . 


. .Sept. 30, 


1876 






I oOO 


XT * 1 CC T I 

Neinon, Hem v 


. .Aug. 29, 


1872 


XT 13 1 . * ^ 


• • Aug. 19, 


IO72 


XT ^ A.. 


• - Aug. 14, 


1871 


X' „ 1 , \ ( ' 




1875 


XT \- ! *. 4. WJ 


. . .June 7, 


1 882 


XT Wf \ / 

Nevin, v\ m. A. C . . . 


XT 

. . N ov. 1 4, 


1873 


XT ! „ T"> ,-1 




1 882 


XT 11 1 

Newell, \V m. | 


. . Mav 19, 


1875 






I 00 I 


Newman, Kdw'd. . . . 


, . Jan. 20, 


I 009 




• • • J>'iy 5, 


i(S<Si 










. .Apr. 19, 


1876 




• ■ - Apr. 9, 


1879 


Nichols, Cornelius V. 


. . . Apr. 8, 


1004 






1874 


Niggersniith, Geo t . 


. . r ei). 10, 


1873 






I 07 2 




• • Feb. 13, 






. .Sept. 25, 


I 800 




• • May 13, 


18/4 


.r-v 1 .1 A r 1 ' 1 




1875 




• - Apr. 13, 


I 002 


XT^n T — 




1882 


XT ' n r 1 i o i. 

N orris, \Valter, Sergt 


• • - Sept. 5, 


[870 




. . I' el). 14, 


•873 




. . May 29, 








1874 






I oO I 


Norton, \\ ni. f., No. 


I . .Apr. 29, 


r <^ 
I 


Norton, \\ ni. [., No. 


2 . Apr. 17, 


I 002 




c ... . /; 


1882 




..Mih 30, 


[ 002 






1879 


Nugent, Harrv 


. . Dec. 17, 


1883 




. . . Nov. 4, 


1878 






1884 



PRO I'ECTORS. 




549 


Na.mk 

<> 


Date of Appointntcnt 




.June 27, 


1 872 






1870 


Oates, Tat'k, Sergt , . 


. . lulv 26, 


1865 






1878 


O'Brien, Edward (/. . 


. . Mav 21, 


1880 


O'lJrien, jeremiah. . . 


. .Oct. 14, 


1881 




. . . Feb. 8, 


1884 


O'Brien, J no. D 


. .Sept. I, 


1875 




. . Oct. 22, 


1883 


O'Brien, Laurence T. 


. . Mch. 7, 


1885 


O'Brien, Stephen, Jr. 


. Nov. 20, 


1875 


O'Brien, Thos 


.Nov. 27, 


1863 






1868 




■ - Aug. 7, 


1876 


O'Callahan, David . . 




1869 


O'Connell, David.... 


. .Jan. 24, 


1859 


O'Connell, John 


. .Jan. 29, 


i86r 


O'Connell, Maurice J 


. . . Apr. 7, 


1882 


O'Connell, Mich'l 




1870 






1859 


O'Connell, Wm 




1872 






1870 






1873 


O'Connor, David .... 


. . . Mav 9, 


1867 


O'Connor, Edward . . 


• Aug. 31, 


1870 


O'Connor, Edwaid H 


. . . Feb. 7, 


1885 






1877 


O'Connor, Jno 


• • - July 7, 


1869 




Oct. 8, 


1862 


! O'Connor, Rich'd, Sergt.Oct. 11, 


1873 


O'Connor, Thos 


...Jan. 8, 


1884 




. .Oct. 14, 


1881 






1883 




.Aug. II, 


1865 




.June 15, 


1867 






1880 




. . . .May 8, 


1880 


Ohm, Herman P 


. . Jan. 26, 


1876 




Feb. I, 


1871 


O'Keeffe, Dan'l , . 


. . July 30, 


1873 


O'Leary, Denis 


. .Oct. 30, 


1 87 1 


O'Learv, Jno 


, May 24, 


1S84 


O'Learv, Tinioth\ 


Apr. 20, 


1876 


O'Loughlin, Thos. P. 


. .Jan. 28, 


1885 



55° 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name 


Date of Appointment 


Olson, Wm. A 


Al ay 14 


1884 




Dec 24 


1878 


O'Malley, Mich'l 


Feb I 




O'Meara, Jas. J 


Jan 29, 


1884 




. . . Aur ? 


I87I 


O'Neil, Thos 


July 20, 


1870 




Nov 


1882 




Ian 11 


1884 






1870 


O'Neill, Jno., No. i . . 


.Dec. II, 


1861 


XT ^ : 1 1 T XT ^ _ 

O Neill, Jno., No. 2 . 


. . Tunc 2x. 


1869 






I 870 


/ \»XT -!n 111- _1! 




188-? 


r~\ ♦XT.^ril Wf T."* 




1881? 


g-\ 1 J. A f ' 1, M 


lune 2 1, 


188^ 


i~\ »Ti - T-\ 


June 17 


1884 




Mch 19 


1870 


Reilly, Mu h 1 


Pel) 29 


1876 


O'Reilly, Pat'k 




1870 


Keiliy, 1 hos 


Oct. 25, 


1872 


Kiellv, Hugh 


Jan 20 


1861 




J une 2 


1884 


O'Rourke, Hugh. . . . 


, Nov. 20, 


187? 


O'Rourke, Thos 


. .July 22, 


1874 


Orpan, Henry M 


. .May 14, 


1874 


Orr, Rob't 


Nov. 8, 


1866 


O'Ryan, Mich'l , , 


. . Apr. I, 


1861 


Osborn, Geo. P., Sergt.Sept. 13, 


1870 


Osborne, Sylv., Sergt 


. .Apr. 27, 


1857 




Oct. 21, 


1878 


O'Sullivan, Pat'k 


. .May 27, 


1870 


O'SuUivan, V/m. M . . 


.Sept. 22, 


187? 


O'Toole, Wm 


•Sept. 15, 


1871 




. . . May 6, 


1878 


P 

Panet, Anthony J. . . 


.Sept. 18, 


1878 




• • July 3. 


1 8t; 7 


Parkerson, Chas. .\ . . 


. Keb. 23, 


1878 


Palmer, Augustus H. . 


. .Oct. 24, 


1877 




. . Sept. 9, 


1873 


Palmer, Wm. H 


.Aug. lo. 


1864 




.Ai)r. 27, 


1883 




• - Apr. 15, 


1885 






1874 



Name 


Date of Appoir 


tment 


Parker, Jno. J 


Mch. 8, 


1876 


Parker, Seymour V. . 


. .Apr. 15, 


1876 


Patton, Alexander, Jr. . .Sept. 6, 


1883 


Pearsail Jno \\ .... 


May 22 


1882 






1865 


Pellett, Henry H. . . . 




1866 


Penney, Frank 


Mch. 16, 


1881 


Pepper, jno 


Oct 10 


1 881 






1875 


Perkins Jas J 


Aujy 27 


1884 






1880 


Pertcl, Edw'd 


Mch. 23, 


1870 






1883 


Pettit, Ik'rnard 




1870 


Petty, Jeremiah, Capt 


.June 23, 


1857 


Pettv, Wm. E 


• ■ • May 5, 


1884 


Pfachler, Emil L 


Nov. 20, 


1875 


Pfeifer, Henrv E. . . . 


Mch. I, 


1882 


Phair, ]as. H 


Sept. 1 1, 


1883 




•Apr. 13, 


1868 


Phelan, Mich'l 


. .Oct. 13, 


I 069 






1875 


Phelps, Chas., Surgeon .Sept. 15, 


1873 


Phillips, Abraham. . . 


. .Jan. 14, 


1874 


Phillips, Chas. H 


Mch. 20, 


1875 


Philli])s, Geo. A 


. Mch. 22, 


1870 


Phillips, Henry W , 




1866 


Phillips, Jno. W 


.Sept. 10, 


1872 


Phyfe, David 


..Apr. 8, 


1 670 


Pickett, Pat'k H , Sergt. Oct. 11, 


1865 


Pierce, Chas. E 


Feb. 14, 


1867 






1872 


Piggott, C. S 


Apr. 18, 


1883 


Piggott, Jno 




[865 


Pike, Chas. S 


Nov. 22, 


[870 


Pincknev, Sam'l T . , 


. .Apr. I, 


r OX . 

too I 


Pitcairn, Rob't B 


Dec. 24, 


002 


Place, Jas. H 


• May 23, 


[801 






1868 


Plath, Tohn H 


. .Aug. 3, 


— /: 

876 


Platte, Casper 


Jan. 1 1, 


004 


Pless, Chas. H 


Sept. 22, ] 


873 




.June 25, 1 


862 


Plunkett, Wm. H 


..Apr. 9, 1 


869 


Polhanius, Dan'l, Sergt. May 20, i 


861 



OUR ro/JCF. 



/'KOTKCIORS. 



Name Date of Appmi 


linciit 




Jan. 14, 


ICS74 


Porclier, ^\ln., Sergt. . 


.Feb. 13, 




Porter, Wm. i> 


.Mch. I, 


I Oo2 


Postholf, Fred'k \V . . . 


. |;in. 24, 


1879 






1X83 




. June 14, 


I805 


Powers, Jno. ]'" 


.Jan. 24, 


1 004 




Oct. 6, 


[ 7 


Powers. Thos 


Oct. 10, 


1070 


Pratt, Dan'l 


June 24, 


1505 




Oct. 15, 


1072 


Prendereast, Pat'k . . . . 


Sept. 27, 


I 070 


Price, Alexancier 


Feb. 12, 




Price, Arthur J 


, Sept. 4, 


1883 


Price, Sam'l 


Mch. 26, 


. ooO 


Price, Frank S 


Mch. 10, 


1885 




.Apr. 23, 


I 663 


Price, Jas. K 


Dec. 4, 


1574 


Protey, Fred'k 


Oct. 7, 




Protz Fred'k 


May 1;, 


1871 


Purnhagen, Henry. . . . 


June 27, 


[882 


Purroy,FrancisM.,Surg 


'n.Feb.i6, 


■875 


Putnam, Nathan W. . . 


.Dec. 15, 


[883 




• July 7, 


[884 


Q 

Quackenbush, Rob"t H.Feb. i6, 




Quick, Abraham 


Feb. 2 1, 


679 






004 


Quiglev, Dan'l 


Jan. 10, ] 


073 


Quigley, Jas., No. i . . 


Dec. 11,1 




Quigley, Jas., No. 3.. . 


-Feb. 26, ] 


^73 




,Oct. 10, 1 


8•7r^ 

070 


Quinlan, Dan"l I 


, Feb. 14, 


— A 

876 




Sept. 14, 


00 I 






870 


Quinn, Henry j\I 


•■July 3: 


r Q- -7 

'^o7 


Quinn, Jas., Doorman. 


.May 24, 


8>4 


Quinn, Jas., No. i. . . . 


Feb. 10, 


[872 


Quinn, Jas., No. 2 


Dec. 16, ] 


872 


Quinn, Jas., No. 3 . . . . 


. . Jan. I, 


[874 




.Nov. II, 


[869 




..Jan. 2, 


1868 




Nov. 5, 


.883 




Mch. 11;, 


■87.^ 



I 



Na.mk 


Date of Appoincnicni 




June 2, 


1884 


Quintard, ( liaunccy 


1". .July 1. 


1872 


Quirk, Edw'd j . . . 


. . Mch. 23, 


1880 


Quirk, Jas 




1881; 


Rabbeitt, Cliristopher. .Jan. 23, 




Rabbett, Patrick , . . 




1876 




. ..Feb. 15, 


1SC9 






1883 




. . .Oct. 25, 


1873 




Jan. 4, 


1866 


Randall, Chas. B. . . 


. . . Apr. 17. 


1875 


Randall, Frank B., Sergt. Oct. 1 1, 


1865 




. . . Oct. 23, 


1872 




...Apr. 28, 


1882 




July I, 


1876 


Reagan, James 




1871 


Reagan, Michael . . . 


. . Mar. 1 4, 


1874 


Rea]), Michael J 


• - Apr. 23, 


1883 


Rebholz, Peter 




1883 


Rector, Albert 


• • - Jan. 15, 


1866 


Redgate, Stephen F. 


. . Sept. 22, 


1875 


Redmond, Garrett 


, June 27, 


1884 


Regan, David 


. .Dec. 30, 


1867 


Regan, Edward M 


, Apr. 10, 


1874 






1882 


Regan, Wm 


Nov. 8, 


1878 


Reid, Albert 


Apr. 8, 


1875 


Reid, Cornelius .... 


. . .Jan. 28, 


1861 


Reid, Cornelius .... 


Feb. 21, 


1867 


Reid, Geo 


Aug. 22, 


1874 


Reid, Maurice 


Jan. 18, 


1878 


Reid, Thomas 1 1 


. Dec. 2, 


1874 






1857 


Reid, Wm. S., Sergt. 


. . Nov. 18, 


1866 




. . .Aug. 6, 


1880 


Reilly, Bernard 


. . - Jan. 13, 


1875 


Reilly, Edward 


. .. .Oct. 5, 


1876 


Reilly, James, No. 2 


. . Mch. 1 7, 


1873 


Reillv, James 


Mav 6, 


1874 


Reilly, James 


. .Apr. 29, 


1875 


Reillv, John 


. . . Apr. 29, 


1876 


Reillv, John H 


Feb. 17, 


1882 


Reillv. Peter 


. . .Sept. 7. 


■ 870 



552 



OUR FOLICE PROTECTORS. 



Xamk Date of Appoi] 

Reiily, Philip Nov. 27, 

Rcilly, Rob't P '. . .Apr. 11, 

Reiily, Terence Feb. 13, 

Reiily, Thos.. Sergt. . . .Aug. 24, 

Reiily, Wm Mc.h. 9, 

Reiily, Wm Dec. 2, 

Reinhardt, John Oct. 26, 

Reinhardt, Oscar vSept. 30, 

Reinisch, Chas. H., Sergt. Aug. 4, 

Reiss, Edward F Feb. 4, 

Reiss, Fredrick, Jr.... Apr. 15, 

Relyea, Henry Oct. 6, 

Remley, Napoleon 15. ..July 31, 

Renken, John Feb. 12, 

Rennie, Geo. W. I) Dec. 8, 

Renner, Jerome L May 2, 

Repper, John H Nov. 3, 

Revell, Wm. A., Sergt. . .Jan. 4, 

Rever, Jacob Dec. 4, 

Reville, Philip E iMch. 8, 

Reynolds, Delos, Sergt. .Feb. 4, 

Reynolds. Thos Feb. 3, 

Reynolds, Thomas Nov. i, 

Reynolds, Wm Apr. 6, 

Rhoades, Wm. May 7, 

Rhoades, Wm. H June 15, 

Rice, Bernard J Jan. 13, 

Richards, Geo. W Aug. 7, 

Richardson, Peter June 3, 

Richert, Louis Sept. 13, 

Riley, James Feb. 3, 

Riley, James H Apr. 20, 

Riley, Matthew C Nov. 25, 

Riley, Thomas Nov. 13, 

Ringler, Fredrick Apr. 17, 

Ripley, Wm. F Mar. 20, 

Roach, Jno. T May 11, 

Roach, Maurice Aug. 23, 

Roache, Wm., No. i...Apr. 25, 

Roan, Patrick July 29, 

Robb, Frank \\ ., Sergt.. \ug. 25, 

Robb, Matthew Feb. 14, 

Robbins, Albert E Ai)r. 2, 

Robbins, John M., Capt.Jan. i, 
Roberts, Henry, Sergt.. Vug. 24, 



tment 


Name 


Date of Appoir 


tment 


863 


Roberts, John, No. i. 


. . Oct. 16, 


1870 


1866 


Roberts, John, No. 2 


. . . Feb. I, 


1882 


[860 






1872 


[866 




• • - July 9, 


1870 


[874 


Robinson, Edwin K. 


• - Apr. 23, 


1857 


878 






1866 


[883 






1876 


[obl 






1867 


[000 




• • Apr. 14, 


1004 




Rockwell, Fred. S. . . . 


. Men. 20, 


.00. 

1884 


« /■ 
076 






1884 


— ^ 




... J an. 8, 


1874 


877 


Rogers, rrank 


Mch. 21, 


1884 


884 






w c 

1 ftyo 


866 






•873 


[885 


Rohloff, Albert 




1875 


882 






1884 


866 




• • - July I, 


1872 


865 


Rooney, Mich'l 


Oct. 18, 


1067 


871 


Rooney, Mich'l M., Sergt.N0v.29, 


1807 


866 


Roonev, Nicholas 


Oct. I, 


_ /T ^ 
1867 




868 


Rork, Arthur, Sergt. 


. . Dec. 12, 


I 002 


871 


Ross. John 


. . . Apr. 7, 


1873 




Rothschild, Edward . 


..Jan. 29, 


1004 


874 






tooO 


863 


Roughan, Michael. . . 


. Nov. 30, 


I 070 


875 


Rourke, Wm 


• • • June 3, 


t002 


070 






[002 


873 




. . June 4, 




[883 


873 


Rowley, Andrew H. . 


. Dec. 20, 


'873 


Q », « 


Ruland, Gardiner. . , . 


.Nov. 23, 


[877 


875 


Ruland, John 


. . Aug. 7, 


, — ^ 
[872 


oOo 


Runge, Alexander F . 


. . Nov. 4, 




879 


Rutledge, David .... 


. , Mav 27, 


865 


875 


Ryan, Chas. J 


. . .May I, ] 


002 




662 




Oct. 22, ] 


[8»3 


006 


Rvan, Denis F 


, July 26, 1 


[809 


oOO 


Rvan, Edmund 


lune 15, ] 


[oOo 


Q r- 

875 






ti)64 


874 




•Apr. 23, ] 


[000 


oOO 


Ryan, James 


. Sept. 22, ] 


[«77 


86 1 


Ryan, James 


. Sept. 19, ] 


881 


875 






882 


874 




Apr. 28, 1 


869 


865 






879 



OUR POLTCE I'ROTECTORS. 



553 



Name Date of Appointment 

Ryan, John Mch. 7, 1884 

Ryan, John June 27, 1884 

Ryan, Nichohis Dec. 6, 1883 

Ryan, Tatrick Feb. 18, 1873 

Ryan, Patrick May 4, 1875 

Ryan, Patrick H Apr. 29, 1876 

Ryan, Peter, Sergt Mch. 2, 1S61 

Ryan, Phos. M., Capt..Nov. 12, 1863 

Ryan, I'iniothy Mch. 28, 1881 

Ryan, Wm. .\ Mch. 6, 1884 

Ryckman, Nichohxs A.Dec. 21, 1872 
Ryder, Dermott Mch. 14, 1S76 





. . \pr. 8, ] 


[885 




Mch. 24, 


[875 


Sanders, John, Capt. . 


. May 24, 


[866 


Sands, Chas. D 


Mch. 25, ] 


876 


Sanford, Nathan B. . . 


.Feb. 13, 


[858 




Sept. 29, 


[876 




July 18, 


[874 


Satterlee, Surgeon. . . . 


.Sept. 15, 


[873 




Dec. 16, 


[876 




. .Sept. 5, 


[870 


Savage, Michael 


■ Aug. 17, 


[870 


Savercool, John 0. . . 


.Jan. 24, 


[872 


Sawyer, Joseph 


, Nov. 20, 


'875 


Sayre, Geo. W 


Jan. 16, 


^873 




. .July I, ] 


[872 




.Aug. 18, 


[869 




. Feb. 4, 1 


[885 


Scanlon, Edward .... 


. Nov. 29, 


[872 




.June 14, 


[870 


Sthaffer, Henrv 


• Apr. 15, 


[885 


Schaffer, Wm. E . 


Oct. 22, 


[883 


Schanwacker, Chas. L. 


• • Apr. 3, 


[874 


Scheffmeyer, Ti;nothy. 


. May 10, 


1871 


Schenck, Geo. A • . . . 


.Jan. 29, 


r873 




June 12, 


1866 


Schier, Chas. A. L. . . . 


. . May I, 


1875 




. .Dec. 5, 


1879 


Schleissner, Louis. . . . 


Mch. 25, 


1874 


Schlottman, Hermann W.Apr. 26, 


1884 


Schmidt, Adolph H. . 


.Aug. 31, 


1872 




. .Apr. 7, 


1882 



Name 


D.Tte of Appoin 


ttnent 






[884 




Apr. 8, 


88s 




. . .Jan. 7, 


[884 


Schinittberger,Max F.Sergt.Jan.28,'74 




,Feb. 17, 


'875 


Schneider, August. . . 


Mch. 25, 


1882 


Schneider, Reinhard. 


. .Jan. 1 2, 


[866 




. .Apr. 5, 


[861 


Schoell, Chas 


Mch. 21, 


[879 






[872 


.Schreiber, Louis.. .. 


• Aug. 15, 


[884 


Schreiber, Wm 


May I, 


[882 




. .Oct. 27, 


[874 


Schroth, Ernest 


June lo, 


[870 


Schryver, Albert B., J 


r. . Apr. 8, 


[885 




. .Sept. 6, 


[8S3 






1884 


Schultz, Wm., Capt.. 


. . July 24, 


[867 






[871 


Schulzc, Chas. W. . . . 


Jan. 22, 


[881 




.Nov. 18, 


[868 


Schwenk, Henrv .... 


Feb- 10, 


'875 


Scoficld, Francis E . . 


.Apr. 26, 


[876 


Scullion, Thomas. . . . 


Aug. 18, 


[870 


Scully, Cornelius 


. Dec. 10, 


'873 






883 


Sealey, David, Sergt . 


. . Apr. 8, 


[874 


Seaman, Samuel B . . . 


.June 14, ] 


[867 


Secore, Francis 


Mch. 14, 


1876 






[866 


Seibert, Jacob, Caj)!. 


. . Feb. 4, 


[861 




. Nov. 22, ] 


[872 


Sellick, Joseph H. . . . 


Apr. 14, ] 

I ~' 


[868 


Setzkorn, Adolph . . . . 

' ST 


Sept. 28, ] 


883 


J > J J 


.Aug. 15, 1 


[884 


Shalvey, Edward 


Mch. 7, ] 


[861 




Feb. 6, 1 


[884 


Sharkev, John G . . . . 


May 6, 


[885 




Mch. 2, 


[877 


Shaughnessy, Daniel. 


. . May 9, 


[883 




Apr. 18, 


[883 


Shaw, Geo. D 


. .Jan. 15, 


'873 


Shaw, Geo. E 


Oct. 17, 


[874 




Mar. 6, 


[876 


Shea, John 


Mch. 17, J 


877 



554 OUR FOIJCE 

Namk Date of Appointment 

Shea, Patrick .Mch. 5, i86i 

Shea, Timothy May 4, 1883 

Sheehan, Mich'l, Sergt. .Mch. 6, 1868 

Shcehan, Thomas Sept. 6, 1883 

Sheils, John Feb. 10, 1879 

Sheldon, Chas. O., Sergt. May 17, 1873 
Sheldon, Samuel O. . . .Sept. 9, 1873 

Shellard, Ste])hen Sept. 20, 1866 

Shelly, Michael F Feb. 23. 1867 

Sheridan, Charles Jan. 29, 1884 

Sheridan, James Jan. 23, 1868 

Sheridan, John Apr. 29, 1876 

Sheridan, John J Mch. 28, 1882 

Sheridan, Robert Jan. 19, 1881 

Sherwood, Geo. T Apr. 26, 1883 

Sherwood, Nathan B. . . .Jan. 2, 1868 

Shevlin, Wrt July 30, 1884 

Shibles, Fred. W Nov. 12, 1883 

ShicI, John J May 19, 1876 

Shields, Alexander. . . - Aug. 15. 1884 

Shields, John June i, 1868 

Shiels, John H Jan. 11, 1884 

Shiels, Michael J Nov. 20, 1875 

Shill, Henry H Nov. 2, 1877 

Shire, Nathaniel N Aug. i, 1879 

Shortall, John Aug. 3, 1S76 

Siebelt, Gustavus Sept. 10, 1875 

Siems, John Aug. 7, 1878 

Sierichs, John F Jan. 4, 1884 

Silbereis, Theodore W.Sept. 21, 1870 

Simmons, Charles J Jan 6, 18C8 

Sims, Orin H May 26, 1882 

Sims, Wm Apr. 23, 1857 

Sims, Wm Dec. 11, 1874 

Sinclair, John Nov. 27, 1863 

Sinclair, Wm Ai)r. 30, i860 

Sinder, John Aug. 5, 1881 

Sinnott, Edward F Apr. 8, 1882 

Sisson, Frank H Mch. 8, 1884 

Skelling, Matthew .... Mch. 14, 1876 

Skelly, Wm. J Feb. 8, 1884 

Skidmorc, Geo. M Nov. 18, 1868 

Skuse, Thos. W Dec. 8, 1869 

Slattery, John Mch. 24. 1880 

Slavin, luiward, Sergt . .Nov. 28, 1866 



PROTECTORS. 



Na.me 


Date of Appointment 


Slawson, Edgar, S 


... J III) _o, 


18-76 


01 T K 


Dec 2 


1878 




\nr 8 


1881: 


blott, Henry L 


Ann ^ 1 




01., XT--,-. ^ ^ 

Sly, Norman C 


Mav 8 


1882 




A U LI T. 


1876 






1 003 


Smith, Bernard J 


•\Dr 1 8 


1 00 J 




■■Aug. 15, 


187'' 


Smith, Christopher. 


. . Nov. 1 1, 


1869 




. May 6, 


1 88 c 


Smith, Edward J 


. . .Dec. 7, 


1881 


Smith, Elwood P 


Oct. 12, 


1882 


Smith, Elbert 0., Capt.Dec. 31, 


1872 


Smith, Emil F 


Mch. 28, 


1884 






1862 


Smith, Frederick 


Oct. 21, 


1882 


Smith, Geo 


..Dec. 16, 


1881 


Smith, Geo. E 


June 22, 


186c 


Smith, Geo. W 


Jan. 2, 




Smith, lames 


. . Apr. 11, 


1866 




. . . Apr. 4, 


l87'? 


S-inith, James 


. . . Mav I, 


1881 




■ • • Apr. 3, 


1885 


Smith, lames T . . . . 


. . .Aug. 5, 


1881 


Smith, John 


. .Sept. 19, 


1877 




....July 8, 


1879 






1881 


Smith, John W 




Smith, Martin A , . 


. .Apr. 14, 


1884 


Smith, Matthew 


. .Apr. 26, 


1877 


Smith, Michael 


Mch. 2, 


1S75 




, . Mch. 4, 


1863 


Smith, Patrick 


, Dec. 2, 


1864 


Smith, Philip E . . . . 


. . Jan. 20, 


1868 


Smith, Philip H 


Tune 1 1, 


1867 


Smith, I'hiiip H , . , . 


■ -^^-'Pt- 23, 


1867 




. .Nov. 27, 


1873 




. . Mch. 30, 


1872 


Smock, Geo. S 


• • - July 3, 


1866 


Smyth, Charles 


Oct. 1 1, 


1873 




. .Jan. 27, 


1873 


Snvder, Lerov 


Mch. 21, 


1884 


Somerindyke, Richard D . Feb. 1 8, 


1884 




. . .July 2, 


1862 



Of 'A' POLICE PROTECTORS. 



555 



Name Date of Appoi 

Spence, Henry Oct. 19, 

Spencer, John Oct. 19, 

Spencer, Wm Feb. 21, 

Spense, Geo Feb. i, 

Spolasco, Wni July 15, 

Spragiie, Josiah H . . . . Mch. 29, 

Stack. Patrick J July 20, 

Stahl, John Oct. 18, 

Stainkamp, Henry July 7, 

Stange, Henry A])r. 14, 

Stanton. FMw ard Apr. 23, 

Stanton, Wm. B Mch. 7, 

Stapleton, Patrick May 10, 

Stapleton, Thomas Dec 4, 

Stebbins, Anderson .... Jan. 29, 

Stebbins, Emil H May 2, 

Steed, James W Oct. 11, 

Steele. James Apr. 25, 

Steers. Henr>- V., Inspec'r. Nov. 1 9, 

Steinert, Surgeon Sept. 15, 

Stephenson, Geo. H...Apr. 18, 
Stephenson, James M . . Mch. 6, 
Stephenson, John T.,Sergt.May 5, 
Stephenson, Jonathan B . Feb. 12, 
Stephenson, Thomas. . . .Apr. 9, 

Stepper, Martin Jan. 21, 

Stetter, Emil Mch. 28, 

Stevens, Charles W. . . .Apr. 14, 

Stevens, James G Feb. 5. 

Stevens, Leroy Mch. j o, 

Stewart, Alexander. . . . Feb. 12, 
Stewart, Joseph, Sergt. .Nov. 5. 

Stewart, Joseph June 29, 

Stillings, James Apr. 8, 

Stoddard, David Aug. 22, 

Stoddard, Elliott M. . . .Feb. 26, 

Strang. John G Feb. 18, 

Strang, Wm. H Sept. 29, 

Strauss, Daniel Apr. 10, 

Strauss. Wm Feb. 27, 

Straussner, Antoine A ..May 26, 

Strope, Ezra D Feb. 10. 

Stuart, John May 14, 

Stuart, Thomas Mch. 15. 

Stutt, Wm Oct. 9, 



859 
S81 
884 
861 
876 
872 
870 
867 
S71 
884 
883 
868 
876 
S65 
881 
884 
881 
882 
857 
873 
8S3 
884 

877 
885 
880 
871 
884 
884 

873 
869 

858 
866 
882 
885 
874 

873 
885 
882 
885 

873 
884 

879 
880 
871 
873 



Xamk Date o^ .Appoin 

Sullivan, Andrew Mch. 7, 

Sullivan, Cornelius. . . . .Jan. 26, 

Sullivan, Daniel Mch. 17, 

Sullivan, Daniel W. . . ..Jan. 17, 

Sullivan. David Dec. 15, 

Sullivan, Edward Mch. 6, 

Sullivan, Florence J . . .Apr. 21, 

Sullivan, James June 6, 

Sullivan, James J Jan. 10, 

Sullivan. John D Jan. 22, 

Sullivan, John J Oct. 18, 

Sullivan, John S Jan. 27, 

Sullivan, John S Mch. 28, 

Sullivan, Joseph Feb. 6, 

Sullivan, Michael May 17, 

Sullivan, Michael J .\pr. 9, 

Sullivan, Michael J - . . .Jan. 24, 

Sullivan, Jas. M Oct. 12, 

Sullivan, Jeremiah May 14, 

Sullivan, Patrick, No. i.J;.n. 25, 
Sullivan, Patrick J . . . .Sept. 17, 

Sullivan. Richard Jan. 8, 

Sullivan, Thomas J . . . . Dec. 1 1, 

Sullivan, Thomas F Oct. 9, 

Sullivan, Wm. W., Sergt. Feb. 14, 

Summers, John A Sept. 13, 

Suttie, Geo. L., Sergt.. June 15, 

Swain, Wm Mch. 3, 

Sweeney, Bernard... .May 11, 

Sweeney, Geo. P May 7, 

Sweeney, Jeremiah .... Mch. 20, 

Sweeney, John J May 7, 

Sweeney, Michael P. . . .July i, 
Symes, John J. N June 16. 



Taggart, James Oct. 21, 1881 

Tallon, James Jan. i, 1874 

Tancredi, Louis June 5, 1882 

Tate, Chas. H May 12, 1882 

Tautphoens, Chris. F..Feb. 11, 1884 

Taylor, David H Jan. 2, 1873 

Taylor. Edward C . . . . . .Jan. 5, 1870 

Taylor, Geo. M Mch. 31, 1880 

Taylor, John Nov. 27, 1863 



556 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



Name Date of Appo 

Taylor, John . .Dec. 28, 

Taylor, John Oct. 9 

Taylor, John G Jan. 26 

Taylor, John J., Sergt..May 25 

Taylor, John W Apr. 17 

Taylor, Wm. H Sept. 20, 

Telley, David A Apr. 15 

Ten Eyck, Henry, Sergt. July 1 1 
Terpenning, Frank A. V.June 5 
Terris, Roderick M . . . . Nov. 5 

Terry, Wm. D Feb. 12 

Tessaro, Benjamin. . . .June 17 
Thatcher, James R., Sergt . Jan. i ; 

Thayer, James M J^'ly 

Thayer, Joseph H June 17 

Thoden, John Mch. 6 

Thomas, Andrew J. Sergt . Aug. 5 

Thomas, Wm. H Nov. 17 

Thompson, Andrew J. Sergt. June 
Thompson, Brainard M.Feb. 16 
Thomi)Son, Frank D. . .Aug. 19 

Thompson, James Sept. 13 

Thompson, John J., Sergt. Sept. i ; 
Thompson, TheronT. Sergt.. A.ug. 
Thompson, Walter L. . .Apr. 23 
Thompson, Wm., Sergt.Apr. 10 

Thompson, Wm Sept. 22 

Thompson, Wm. J Apr. 8 

Thorn, Theobald Mch. 4 

Thorne, Augustus J Apr. 8 

Thuman, Fredrick Oct. 11 

Tieman, John C Apr. 23 

Tieman, Charles Aug. 14 

Tierney, John H Aug. 9 

Tierney, Lancelot J.. . .Mc:h. i 

Tierney, Thomas May i 

Tighe, Robert A Mch. 27 

Timoney, James Feb. 11 

Tims, Oliver, Sergt Jan. 26 

Todd, Orville A Dec. 18 

Toerner, August H. . . .Aug. 25 
Tompkins, Herbert M.Mch. 18 
Tompkins, Stephen B. . . May 2 
Tompson. Bernard C. . . .Oct. 9 
Tonry, Edward C Mch. 8 



866 
878 
876 
864 
884 

873 
876 

857 
884 
883 
872 
874 
862 
861 

857 
880 

879 
863 

I '59 

870 
881 
880 
860 
,'62 
867 
866 

873 
885 
885 
882 
869 

857 
872 
884 
861 
877 
878 
884 
866 
876 
869 
881 
884 

873 
876 



Name 



Date of Appointment 
1868 
1881 
1868 



Tooker, Jacob Mch. 11 

Toomey, James Sept. 23 

Torbush, Henry W Feb. 5 

Torbush, John H May i 

Totten, Samuel B., Jr. .Apr. 29 

Townsend, Geo. A July 6 

Townsend, John Apr. 7 

Townsend, John July 3 

Tracy, John Jan. 23 

Trass, Henry G Sept. ii 

Traver, Joshua R July 3 

Travers, Edward Apr. 9 

Treanor, Patrick Mch. 26 

Tripp, Harrison Jan. 8 

Troll, Anton May 31 

Trunk, James Apr. 14 

Tuck, Matthew, Sergt. .Nov. 8 

Tucker, James P Feb. 27 

Tucker, Peter J Feb. i 

Tuite, James J Oct. 13 

Tully, Bernard Jan. 4 

Tully, Michael Nov. 27 

Twine, Geo. H June 20 

Tyler, Edward O Nov. 12 

Tyrell, James May 10 

Tyrrell, John May 14 



1877 
1880 
1870 

1873 
1884 
1884 
1867 

1857 
1883 
1884 
1868 
1872 
J 884 
1865 
1884 
1882 

1873 
1866 
1872 
1861 
1863 
1871 
1883 



Uhl, Peter Api. 3, 1874 

Uhl, Morris Jan. 23, 1861 



Vail, Oliver Aug. i, 1872 

Vail, Rob't J Aug. 9, 1873 

Valiant, Jno Dec. 7, 1872 

Vallean, Chas June 4, 1883 

Vallely, Jas. T Aug. 12, 1876 

Vallely, Pat'k W Dec. 19, 1873 

Van Buskirk, Geo Mch. 22, 1865 

Van Cott, Chas. .' June 8, 1874 

Van Cott, Henry W. . . .Aug. 5, 1S79 
Van Dusen, Chas. H. ..May 30, 1873 
Van Etten, Byron ....Apr. 14, 1884 
Van Gerichton, Jacob. June 29, 1868 
Van Morn. }\\o Mch. 10, i88x 



ouk' POT.rcF. rRO'l-F.croRs. 



f Namk I)atcof Appoin 


liiicnt 


> illl llVyLILVlIf IxlV II \t. . 


Ian 2 J. 




8S4 


^ord'in Inn 


Nov 1 I 


87 1 


\'n n X^O'^fl il 1 1 no (1 


Tan. 2? 


871 


« \.l 1 1 \ / I till. Al^^lll> 


. J line 1 7, 


[85S 


Villi Runst, Iloriin T ^ . 


Mch. ij, 


/" 

tool 


V ;i 11 I'v : 1 im 1 T :i ^ 


Oct 24, 


[872 


Villi AV'orl [no L 


Mch. 26, 


'875 


Vnn /^'int COrnclius 


Mav 1 


tooy 


Varian, Win. A., Sur^. . 


.Feb. 16, 




[875 




Tidv I 


Q 




June I 3, 


[866 


Velten, Chas. E 


\i)r. S. 


[8.S5 


Verity, Oaklev K 


Ian 7. 

..(•.111. y , 


00 I 


VcriiiiU'c fudson. . . . 


Ian 20. 


884 




.June 27, 


601 


H i\ fro r 


Sept ''f) ] 


883 




. .Apr. 8, 


[876 




Sept. 16, 


[870 


Vretlenburg, W., Sergt. 


.Nov. 17) 


[865 






[861 


w 

Wachner, Wiii. H . . . • 


.Mch. 20, 


_ 

1802 


Wade T'^emnrd . . 




1876 


Wade Chas 1 . . . 


Mav 


[882 


WttIp Tnim 




1872 




•\pr ''6 


[882 


Warner Herman 


Tan i 


1879 




Oct 2 1 


t8oi 


Wagner, Watson H . . . 


.Apr. 2"?. 


1857 


Walker Chas 1' 


Feb 6 


1004 


Walker Mich'l 


T^ec. 1 1 


r866 


Walker, Rich'd . . . 


June 19, 


1873 


Walkinskaw, Jno. S. . 


. .May 1 1, 


rooi 


Wall Dan'l 


Seot 2 X 


Ibol 


Wall Geor'^^e . . 


\utr 26. 


1800 


Wall Thos 


Mch 29, 




1884 




• • Aug. 3, 


1876 


Wallerstein, Jacob. . . . 


June 18, 


1883 


\\'allace, Rob't J., Ser^ 


;t..Dec. 4, 


1865 




Aug. 26, 


1004 




• Sept. 30, 


I 881 


Wailing, Geo. \V., Supt.May 27, 


1857 




Nov. 8, 


1869 


Walmsley, Stephen B. 


..Jan. 13, 


'859 



5.'57 

Namk Dale of Appointment 

Walsh, Edward Mch. 16, 1870 

Walsh, Edward June 11, 1875 

Walsh, Edwards Apr. 18. 18S3 

Walsii, l-'rancis .'\i)r. 10, 1874 

Walsh, George Dec. 17, 1883 

Walsh, Jno Feb. 4, 1868 

Walsh, Matthew Apr. 3, 1882 

Walsh, Mich'l May 13, 1867 

Walsh, Pat'k, Sergt Sept. 7, 1866 

Walsh, Tat'k J June 4, 1883 

Walsh, Rich'd l-eb. 24, 1885 

Walsh, Rob't Dec. 1 1, 1S78 

Walsh, Thos Jan. 29, 1884 

Walsh, Wm June 30, 1869 

Walters, Jno. W Dec. 16, 1881 

Walton, Pat'k July 26, 1870 

Wandling, Chas May 3, 1865 

Ward, Mich'l Aug. 21, 1873 

Warner, August's W.Sergt.Oct. 1 4, 1 868 

Warner, George May 6, 1881 

Warren, Lewis P June 2, 1884 

Warren, Wm July 26, 1870 

Warts, Alex. B., Sergt. Nov. 18, 1868 
Washburn, Geo., Capt. .July 10, 1865 

Washl)urn, Jno. W \pr. 14, 1882 

Wassner, Jno Aug. 6, 1866 

Waterman, Chas Oct. 4, 1869 

Waterman, Jno. S Nov. 27, 1867 

Waterman, Sigism'd,Surg'n . Sep. 15,' 73 

Waters, Benjamin Aug. 11, 1870 

Waters, Mich'l Feb. 14, 1859 

Waters, Thos May 16, 1873 

Waters, Thos. J Mch. 6, 1872 

Watson, Jno Apr. 3, 1874 

Waugh, Sam'l S Oct. 5, io8i 

Wavle, Oscar Oct. 11, 1873 

Wayland, Henry Mch. 3, 1875 

Webb, Rob't O., Capt. . . Aug. 3, 1868 
Webb, Wm. H., Sergt. .Apr. 22, 1867 

Webber, Edw'd Feb. 17, 1S69 

Webber, Francis T) . . .June 13. 1871 

Webster, Dan'l Mch. i, 1865 

Webster, Joseph 1" . . . .Dec. 30, 1874 

Weed, Frank G Jan. 24, 1872 

Weeks, Jno. H Dec. 30, 1868 



558 



OUR FOLrCE PROTECTORS. 



Namk 


):Ue of Appoir 


iment 




A,T«.. . 


1875 






I 009 




. ]\Ich. 24, 


1876 


ITT, C£ / \ 1. i ,^ 


TT" t _ 


1879 


Weisburger, Lmamiel. 


■ • Aug. 3, 


1863 






1874 




T ^ r 


. — z' 

1 076 


VVelcn, Kich d, Sergt. 


.Jan. 27, 


1858 




. Xoy. 25, 


I 670 




.Apr. 23, 


1 004 


Welling, Edw'd 


. . Dec. 2, 


1609 


AVells, Horace M 


Nov. 9, 


1868 


Welsh, John 






1885 


Welsh, Pat'k 


Apr. 26, 


1070 


Welsing, Jacob, Sergt. .June 29, 


I 070 


Werner, Franci^. 


. Dec. 30, 


1 001 




. .Apr. 5, 


r 000 


Wes ter vel t, J osh u a . \ . , S e rg t. Fel >. 2 


t, 67 


Westervelt, Norman. . 


. .Aug. 8, 


1879 


Weston, Cornelius, Sergt.Apr. 5, 


1865 


Westphal, Anthony 


Apr. 8, 


1861 


Whalen, Edw'd 


Feb. 27, 


'875 


Whalen, Pat'k 


.Oct. 20, 






Sept. 10, 


I OOO 




Mch. 17, 




Whelan, Martin 


July 23, 


1883 


Whispell, Wm 


May 6, 


[885 




Sept. 23, 


I 881 




• Apr. 23, 


1857 


White, Henry P 


.Apr. 17, 


f875 


White, Jno 


June 22, 


[857 


White, Tno. H 




toOo 


White, Mich'l 


Oct. 18, 




White, Morris 


. .Jan. 3, 


c « .i. 

[072 


White, Patrick 


Oct. 7, 


070 


White, Patrick 


Oct. II, ] 


[883 


White, Thos. I 


Sept. 24, 


[883 


Whittle, Wm. H 


Feb. 12, 






. Mch. 8, 






. Ian. 28, 


p H » 

[879 


Wilbur, Wm. H 


Nov. 13, 1 


[879 


Wildey, Orlando 


May 6, 


[869 


Wiley, Mich'l W 


• July i5> 


876 






S73 


Wilkinson, Jno 


.Sept. 3, 1 


[862 



Name Date of Appointment 

W^illard, Thos. K., Sergt. Jan. 25, 1866 
Williams, Alex. T., Capt.Aug. 3, 1866 
; Williams,CharlesF.,Sergt.Feb. 13,1858 
I Williamson, Alvin H...Mrh. i, 1866 

! Williamson, Chas Oct. 8, 1873 

Willow, Augustus... .Aug. 10, 1870 

Wilson, Chas. H Dec. 15, 1883 

Wilson, Chas. R., Sergt. .Jan. 9, 1866 

i Wilson, Frank Nov. 17, 1869 

Wilson, Harrison Mch. 4, 1862 

I Wilson, Jas. A. Mch. 21, 1872 

! Wilson, Jas. B., Sergt.. .July 16, 1857 
I Wilson, Jas. E., No. 2... Jan. 8, 1884 

! Wilson, Rich'd Oct. 16, 1877 

Wimmer, Jno. J Sept. 14, 1883 

Winchell, Jno, H Apr. 17, 1882 

Wines, Wm Mch. 18, 1882 

Winner, (}eo. H Sept. i, 1870 

Wiseburn, (ieo. D. . . .Sept. 11, 1867 

Wohlfarth, Jno Vug. 15, 1884 

Wolters, Louis - Aug. 2, 1867 

Wood, Alburtis Oct. 24, 1877 

Wood, Edward Feb. 13, 1873 

Wood, Enos V Nov. 25, 1873 

Wood, Geo. W Sept. 30, 1868 

Wood, Jno. A May 19, 1875 

Wood, Rivington W. . .Apr. 17, 1883 

Wood, Wm Mch. 19, 1880 

Woods, Henry, Sergt. .Mch. 20, 1865 
' Woodruff, H. K., Sergt.. Nov. 19, 1867 

Woodruff, Seldan A June 16, 1873 

Woodward, C. W.,Sgt..June 30, 1857 
Woodward, E. T., Sergt. Aug. 20, 1862 
Woodward, Frank .... Mch. 20, 1873 
Wooldridge, Joseph I).. Oct. 22, 1883 

Woolfe, Geo. E Sept. i, 1^65 

Woolsen, Benj. C Nov. 15, 1867 

Woran, Chas. B Jan. 3, 1873 

I Worden, Alfred W Jan. 28, 1874 

1 Worden, Hector Sept. 18, 1882 

! Worth, George Oct. 30, 1882 

I Wrede, George Apr. 23, 1881 

j Wright, Gilbert I Feb. 5, 1868 

Wright, J. 'P, Sergt Oct. 14, 1858 

Wright, Wm Mch. 3, i860 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 559 
Yuk', IVtcr, Cai)t Feb. 27, 1858 



Yoagcr, Mich'l (' Ort. i, 1867 

Young, I,o/.t.'ll(.-, . \|)r. iS, 1883 

Young, Rol)crt, Scrgl. . Mch. 17. 1.S66 



Ziikcl, l.c()iK)l(l !•' Aug. 31, 1872 

Zwirkcrt, Anthony, jr.. July 14, 1877 



List of Captains. 



Captains. 



Precinct. 



Locations. 



Charles W. Caffrey. . 

Peter Conlin 

Geo. W. Gastlin .... 
Robert (). Webb... . 

Jos. li. Eakins 

John McCuUagh . . . . 

Henry Hedden 

Gharlfs McDonnell. 
'I'hcron S. Co])eland. 
.Antliou}' j . Allaire . . 
William Aleakim . . . . 
Henry D. Hooker. . . 

Jeremiah Petty 

Michael J. Murphy. 
John J. Brogan. . . . 
|ohn McEhvain .... 
John H. McCullagh 
\Vm. H. Clinchy. . . 
John J. Mount .... 
William .Schull/. .... 
George Washburn . . . 
Thos. M. Ryan .... 

Thos. Kiliilea 

John Sanders 

"Elbert O. Smith 

Ira S. Garland. 

Wm. C. Bcrghold . . . 

John Gunner 

Alex. S. Williams... 

Jacob Scibert 

James M. Leary . . . . 
Moses W. ("orlwrighl 
Theron R. Bennett.. 
John M. Robbins . . . . 
Peter Yule 



I . 
2 . 

.5 • 

4- 

5' 
6. 

7 ■ 
8. 

9- 
10. 
1 1 . 
1 2 . 

13- 
14. 

15- 
16. 

17- 
18. 
19. 

19 

20 . 
2 1 . 

2 2 . 

23- 
24. 

25- 

26. 

27- 
28. 
29. 

30- 
31 • 
32- 
33 • 
34- 
35- 



(Sub.) 



Old Slip. 
High Bridge. 

Steamboat Squad, Police H'(|'ri 

9 and 1 1 Oak Street. 

19 and 21 Leonard Street. 

19 Elizabeth Street- 

245 and 247 Madison .Street. 

128 Prince Street. 

94 Charles Street. 

87 and 89 Eldridge Street. 

Sheriff and Houston Streets. 

146 and 148 East 126th Street. 

178 Delancey Street. 

205 Mulberry Street. 

251 and 253 Mercer Street. 

230 West Twentieth Street. 

79 and 81 First Avenue. 

325 East 22d Street. 

163 East 51st Street. 

Cirand C'entral Depot. 

434 West 37th Street. 

160 East 35 th Street. 

345 West 47th Street. 

432 East 88th Street. 

Steamer " Patrol." 

34 East 29th Street. 
City Hall. 

35 New Church Street. 
220 East 59th Street. 
137 West 30th Street. 

126th Street, near 8th Avenue. 
432 West 1 00th Street. 
Tenth .Vvenue and i52d Street. 
Town Hall, Morrisania. 
Fremont, 
Kingsbridge. 



OUR POLICE PROTECTORS. 



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INDEX. 



Acquittals and discharges, 1S3S-1S57. . . 159 

Act of 1853 repealed 137 

Acton, Conimr. and the Draft riots. ... 167 
Acton, Commr. T. C, Sketch oi ... 151, 2o-.> 

Adams, Thos. F., detective 437 

Age of applicants 291 

Aldermen, Assistant, abolished 126 

Aldermen or Schepens elected 8 

Aldermen release prisoners 143 

Allaire, Capt. Anthony J 322 

Almshouse burned in 1754 (>S 

Almshouse of Chambers St 52 

Almshouse on East Kiver 65 

Amity Street battle with mob 173 

Andros, Governor iS 

Anecdotes of Jacob Hays 94 

Apportionment of 1 84S 113 

Ajiportionment of 1857 146 

Appropriations, 1857-S3 502 , 

Arrests for lottery and gamblini; 305 j 

Arrests for seven years, i86a-66 219 

Arrests in N.Y. and Brooklyn, 1S60-6S. 229 

Arrests in each year, 1S47-58 144 [ 

Arrests made, 1845-50 116 j 

Arrests made, 1845-53 131 

Arrests made in 1S58 146 

Arrests made, 1S60-69 ... 234 

Arrests of i860 153 

Arrests of 1861 154 

Arrests of 1S62 ijf) 

Arrests of 1S63 1 56 

Arrests of 1865 21S 

Arrests of 1867 234 

Arrests, Table of, 1838-57 158, 159 

Arrests without warrants 293 

Arsenal in Elm St 222 

Arsenal ])rotccted in 1857 144 

Assembly report of 1875 266 

Assistant Justices in 1841 84 

Astor Place riot, 1849 115 

Atlantic Dock elevator burnc<l 194 

.\tlantic Guard or " Bowery Boys" 142 

Bailey, Isaac II 139 

Bailing of Prisoners 71 

Bands and buttons on uniforms 129 

Bank robbery of 1 830 94 

Bank sneak-thieves 417 

Barr, 1'. J., appointed Cor.iiii;- 240 | 



Battery Park described no 

Battle of the Boyne 244 

Beats, Divisions into 14S 

Bedford, Gunning S 505 

Beebe, Commissioner 12S 

Bell-ringer, Duties of the 9 

Bell, Town, when rung 5 

Bellevue Almshouse 66 

Bellevue Hospital in 1850 no 

Bellevue Hospital opened 65 

Belton, Thomas, the thief 310 

Bennett, Captain, Theron R 170, 391 

Bennett, Officer, badly beaten 170 

Bergen, Commr. John G 158 

Bergen, Commr. J. G , Death of 227 

Bergen, Commr. J. G., Sketch of. . .204, 227 

Berghold, Capt. Wm. C. F 363 

Biographical mention. See Persons. 

Blatchford, R. M 96 

Bleecker St. mob fight 194 

Board of E.xcise created 221 

Board of Health regulations, 1880 289 

Board of Police of 1858 139 

Board of Police, 1877 277 

Boat inspector appointed 218 

Bogart, Capt. James Z 190 

Boiler inspection in 1869 233 

Boilers, Regulations of 302 

Bonds rcq-iired of Constables 62 

Bosworth, Commissioner I. S 157 

Bowcn, James 139, 163 

Bowne, Robert, the Quaker 40 

Bowycr, Bob and Capt. Leonard. ..... 127 

Brady, Mayor, Changes under loS 

Brennan, Commr. Matthew T. .228, 239, 262 

Bridewell erected in 1775 43 

British evacuate New York 48 

British occupancy, 1664 19 

British police statistics 144 

British seize the colony 17 

Brockhotts, .\., made Mayor 24 

Brogan, Capt. John J 353 

Brooklyn arrests for 1860-68 22g 

Brooks Bros.' store threatened 191 

Brooks, Sergeant Nicholas 450 

Broome St. headquarters 145 

Brouwer, Jan j 2 

Brown, Gen. Harvey, resigns 198 



562 



INDEX. 



PACE 



Buildings burned in Drafl riots lg6 

IJuildings found open, 1861-69 234 

Bunco-steerers and victims 417 

Burdlck, Sergeant, defends gun-factory.. 171 

Burgher Guard established 6 

Burgher Provost of the Rattle-watch. ... 12 
Burgher-watch, Regulations of the. . .10, 13 

Burgl.ir's outfit 422 

Burgomaster, Office of 8 j 

Burnham, James, Suit of 129 ^ 

Bush, Architect, Nath'l D 452 j 

" Button Case," The 121 ( 

Bylvelt, Pieter 2 

Byrnes, Inspector Thomas 404 

Caffrey, Capt. Chas. W 314 1 

Cage for di.sorderly boys 43 

Cambridgeport Bank robbery 310 

Cameron, Capt. John 171 

Canby, Gen., Headquarters of 183 

Capital crimes up to 1858 148 

Captains, Names of, in 1S46 107 

Captains, Names of, in 1S67 237 

Captains of the Night-watch 56 

Captains, Police, Table of 400 

Captain's shield 424 

Captains tried and dismissed 140 

Captain's uniform of 1864 213 

Carpenter. Daniel, appointed Inspector. 151 

Carpenter, Daniel, Deputy Supt 139 

Carpenter, Inspector Daniel. .Sketcli of. . 210 

Carpenter leads first attack 208 

Carrying of concealed weapons 215 

Cavalry patrolling the streets 1S7 

Census of city, 1790-1830 73 

Central Department created 226 

Central Office 438 

Certificate, Form of Surgeon's 280 

Certificate of Appointment 480 

Charity and Correction building 241 

Charter amendment of 1S51 117 

Charter amendment in 1857 137 

Charter, Montgomerie 34 

Charter of 1849 1 14 

Charter (Tweed) of 1870 239 

Charter of April, 1830 73 

Charter of Dutch West India Co 2 

Chatham Street riots 80 

Cherry, Capt. Thos 326 

Children lost, 1861-69 233 

C'hinatown glimpses 516 

Chinese teacher 522 

Citizenship of Applicants 291 

City Bank robbery, 1830 94 



City divided into seven wards 49 

City divided into ten wards 64 

City Hall of Wall Street 29 

City Hall Park in l8o8 60 

City Hall, the First 5 

City Hall, View of 62 

City Hospital built 44 

City watch disbanded 105 

Civil watch appointed 29 

Clarkson St., Negro hanged in 182 

Clinchy, Capt. Wm. II 336 

Colve, Governor, Anthony 18 

Clubs the best weapons 209, 244 

Cochrane, Dr., attacked 45 

Colored Orphan Asylum burned. . . . 161, 172 

Colored Regt. leaving for the war 217 

Coman, John M 506 

Commissioners address the force 197 

Commissioners of 1858 139 

Commissioners reduced to three 152 

Commissioners term made eiglit years. . . 231 

Committees in 1S77 277 

Complaints against Officers 133 

Concealed weapons. Carrying of 215 

Conlin, Captain Peter 372 

Conner, Roundsman 173 

Conover, Daniel D 141 

Consolidation act, 1S80 287 

Constables and marshals. Fees of 59 

Constables made marshals 155 

Constables watch of 1702 .. 30 

Constitutionality of Metropolitan act .. . 140 

Convictions, Table of, 1841-58 15S 

Convictions, Table of, 1840-67 236 

Cooper, Richard, public whipjier 34 

Copeland, Capt. Theron S. . . .193, 197, 351 

" Cops." origin of the term 127 

Corporalships, the Four 23 

Corlwright, Capt. M. W 388 

Cosgrove, Frank, detective 432 

Cosmopolitan character of the city '49 

Councilmen, Board of, created 126 

Court cases. Records of 15 

Courts of Justices established 58, 504 

Crannoll, Robt., supervisoi 36 

Crime greatly increases 73 

Crime increasing in 1S-5; 266 

Crimes against the peiion. Table of.... 217 

Crimes of violence during the war 215 

I Crimes punished. Table of, 1841-58. .. . 158 

I Criminal arrests, 1845-50 116 

I Criminals captured by Hays 94 

I Criminals from tenements 526 



INDEX. 



Crowley, James, Supt 439 

Crowley, Miciiacl, ilctective 42S | 

Cunningham, Capt. NVm 42 

Cusack, Thomas, the murderer 310 

Cypress Hill monument 490 

Davis, Minnie, the fire-bug 357 

Davis, Vernon M 506 

Day posts on North River 443 

Dead Rabbits of Five Points 142 

Debtors in jail, in 17SS 51 

Debtor's prison in Eldridge St loS 

Decker, Engineer, Speech of 166 

Delamater, William 456 

Delaney, Sergt. John 481 

Deputy Supt. abolished 151 

Deputy Treasurer appointed 304 

Detailment system a mistake 118 

Detective Department 402 

Detective Jacob Hays 73, 92 

Detective oflicers 436 

Detectives, lUireau of, 1880 287 

Devlin, Charles 141 

Devoursney, Serg. defendsTribune bldg. . 174 

Dickson, Capt. John F 182 

Dilks, Geo. H., detective 433 

Dilks, Geo.W., appointed Inspector. 151, 370 

Dipple, Officer, Death of 190 

Disbecker, Abram, appointed Commr. . . 263 

Dischaiges, Table of, 1840-67 236 

Dismissals under new act 140 

Districts and their captains, 1846. ...... 107 

District divisions of 1845 106 

Divisions defined in 1864 212 

Dock masters. 89 

Doctor's riot of 1788 44 

Dolan, Patrick, detective 426 

Dongan, Governor 25 

Dongan's charier granted 27 

Donohue, John, murdered 336 

Dorcy, Joseph M., detective 426 

Doyle, Thos., detective 435 

Draft riots and Capt. Walling 123 

Draft riots, July, 1863 156, 160 

Drafting in Sixth district 162 

Draper, Commissioner 139, 142 

Dress. See uniform. 

Drill sergeant ajipointed 130 

Drilling a squad of men 220 

Ducking-stool introduced 28 

Dunn, John J., detective 429 

Dutch West India Co 2 

Duties discharged. Statistics of 147 

Duties of policemen 465 



Eakins, Capt. Joseph B 347 

East River day and night posts 444 

East side crowding 525 

Eighteenth Precinct described 335 

Eighteenth ward created 109 

Eighth Precinct described 348 

Eldridge St. Jail loS 

Election Bureau continued 289 

Election work provided for, 1866 223 

Eleventh Precinct described 326 

Elliot, Andrew, appointed 47 

Ellison, Sergeant, attacks the mob 168 

Ely, Smith, Jr., Letter of, 1877 274 

English. Sec British. 

Equipment of policemen 479 

Era of organization and development. . . 225 

Erhardt, Capt. Joel B 162 

Erhardt, Joel B., Order of, 1877 275 

Essex Market 273 

Estimate of expenses in 1800 53 

Examining a "Crook " 406 

Excise law of 1866 221 

Excise powers of the police 211 

Execution, the first 32 

Executions up to 1858 148, 159 

I'acsimile of Jury document 35 

Fees for serving papers 58 

Field, Officer, as detective 192 

Fifteenth Precinct described 353 

Fifth Precinct described 346 

F'inch, Sergeant, wounded 166 

F"ire Department established 34 

F"ire of 1776 45 

Fire of Dec, 1835 So 

Fire of 1845 107 

Fire towers. Watchmen of 85 

Fires, Captains' duties at 75 

Fires put out by buckets 31 

First Inspection district 307 

First Precinct described 313 

Fitzgerald, James 506 

F"ive Points described 77, 86 

Flag of Honor, N^^v., 1S72 255 

Flour riot 81 

Fogarty, Dennis J., detective 435 

Folk, John S., appointed Inspector.... 151 

Force and pay increased, 1784 50 

Force as constituted, July, 1853 126 

Force as constituted, in Jan., 1S54. . . . 131 

F'orce, 1862 i55 

Force as constituted in 1863 200 

Force as constituted in 1864 217 

Force as constituted in 1868 230 



564 



INDEX. 



PACE 

Force as constituted in T869 234, 238 

Force as constituted in 1870 240 

Force as constituted Dec. 31, 1873 257 

Force divided into companies 212 

Forrest, Edwin, the actor I15 

Fourteenth Precinct described 330 

Fourth District created 113 

Fourth Inspection District 370 

Fourtli Precinct described 316 

Francisco, T^xecution of 58 

Franklin House, View of the 1 12 

Frencli, Comnir. Stephen B 454 

French, Stephen B., appointed Conimr.. 2S6 

Frink, Wm. E., detective 432 

Gallows, Early use of the 5 

Gambling houses in 1875 267 

Gambling of Chinamen 518 

Gambling placed in hands of police 211 

Gaming-houses and lotteries 296 

Gardner, Hugh, appointed Commr 264 

Garland, Capt. Ira S 361 

Gastlin, Capt. George W 441 

Gay, Edmund C 456 

Gerard, James W 127 

Gibbons, J. S. , his house sacked 190 

Gilli.-<en, Jan 5 

Good arrest. Example of 58 

Gott, George P 500 

Grades established 306 

Grant, Charles E 456 

Gun factory attacked by rioters 171 

Gunner, Capt. John 382 

Hackmen at steamboats 85 

Haley, Owen, detective 4^8 

Hanier murder case 414 

Harbor police patrol 448 

Harbor police, Rules for 178 

Harbor police uniform 213 

Harmensen, Keyncrt 2 

Harper, James, mayor in 1844 loi, J04 

Harrington, William 120 

Hart's store attacked 82 

Hasbrouck, Stephen, surgeon-general.. . 136 

Havemeyer, Wm. F. , mayor loi 

Haverstick murder case 359 

Hawley, Scth C 168 

Haw ley, Seth C, Sketch of 204 

Hays carries Vanderbilt ashore 98 

Hays, Jacob, High constable 73, 92 

Hays, William H 93 

Headquarters in Mulberry St 154, 438 

Heard, John, detective 437 

Hedden, Capt. Henry 321 



I PAGE 

Heidelburg, Chas., detective 426 

Helme, Capt. John C 186 

Hendrick, Obe, made constable 20 

Hickey Thos., detective 427 

High Constable, Duties of the 11 

Hoffman, Judge, Warrant of 141 

i Hollgate captured by Jacob Hays 95 

Honor roll 485 

Honorable mention of officers 196 

Hooker, Capt. Henry D 374 

Hopcroft, George 449 

Hospital service 513 

House of Detention, 1863-68 229 

j House of Detention created 214 

House of Detention, View of 331 

House of Refuge, First, 1806 70 

[ Hudson, Henry I 

Hull, Mrs., Murder of 369 

Humane Society of 1817 66 

Hyer, Tom, and Yankee Sullivan 123 

Impalement of a mob leader 188 

Incorporation of the city 8 

Increase of force in 1866 222 

Indian wars under Kieft 6 

Injunction dissolved in 1857 142 

j Inspection Districts. Ste First, Second, etc. 

I Inspector Byrnes' command 419 

I Inspector of Boats appointed 21S 

I Inspectors of divisions named 212 

j Instructions of 1848 summarized 114 

I Insubordination and dismissal 140 

j Insurance Fund, Statement 501 

t Irving, Washington, cited no 

Italian and the bear 350 

Jacobs, Peter, mayor 24 

Jack-plane containing notes 94 

' Jackson's Foundry, Fight at 193 

Jail in Eldridge St 108 

Jail of 1758 42 

I Jailer of the city appointed 12 

I Jameson, William, inspector. .. 127, 245, 25P 

j Japanese embassy of i860 152 

Jefferson Market, View of 157 

Johnson, Mrs., the Swede 356 

Johnson confesses a murder 96 

Jones, Maj.-gen. Daniel 46 

Jones, William, negro, hanged 182 

Jourdan, Capt., attacks rioters 176 

! Jourdan, John, appointed Supt 240 

I Judgments speedily rendered 129 

Justice under Gov. Kieft.. 4 

Justices, Districts of, i86g 238 

Justices increased to five 76 



INDEX. 



Justices, List of, in 1841 84 

justices of the I'eace a|)])oin(c(i 58 

Juvenile Asylum, View of 23S 

Kealy, Capl. James 397 

Kelso, James J., Supt 102, 245 

Kelso, James J., appoinleil supt. . . .240, 241 

Kennedy, Police-surgeon James . . .175, 232 

Kennedy, John A., appointed 151 

Kennedy, Supt., beaten by a mob 166 

Kennedy, Supt., resigns 241 

Kieft, William ; . . 4 

Killilca, Capt. Thos 379 

Kipp, Capt. W'm. II 460 

Kloppermanncn, or bellmen 41 

Knickerbockers and the Hattery 110 

Knights of the Golden Circle 161 

Koopman, or secretary. Office of S 

Kush, Chas., detective 436 

Lamb, Alexander 52 

Lamps erected, in 1762 43 

Land-grants, Conditional 7 

Langan, Jas. J., detective 424 

Lanthier, George, detective 434 

Lawrence, Mayor 81, g8 

Leary, Capt, James M 386 

Lee, Mayor 78 

Legislature appoints commissioners 157 

Leisler assumes control 28 

Leonard, Jas., appointed inspector 151 

Leonard, Inspector Jas. , Sketch of 210 

Leroy, Thomas H., burglar 310 

Lewis, Commissioner \V. B 157 

License fees of saloons 221 

Lighting of city by night 20 

Liijuor law of 1866 221 

Liquor-selling regulated 6 

Liquor-selling reg-ilated in 1S64 211 

Livingstone, Edward, mayor 63 

Lock and key of Old Bridewell 47 

Locust wood the best for clubs 209 

Long Island, Battle of 45 

Lord, Capt. B. G., of Sanitary squad . . 237 

Lowndes, Olin M 80 

McClavc, John, Commr 495, 500 

McClusky, George \V., detective 435 

McCullagh, Capt. John 318 

McCullagh, Capt. John II 333 

McDermott, Inspector John 270 

McDonnell, Capt. Chas 349 

McElwain, Capt. John 357 

McFarland, Daniel, the murderer 325 

McLaughlin, William \V.. detective. . . . 431 

McLean, Charles F., appointed Commr. 286 



PACE 

Mcl.cim, Ji)lin. cif I'hila 95 

McMurray, Commissioner W 157 

McNaught, Robert, detective 430 

McQuire, James 424 

Macready, James, the actor 115 

Madison .Sq. Garden accident 369 

Manhattan Island, Indian name of 2 

Manierre, Commr. Benj. F 228, 239 

Manifesto of Gov. Stuyvesant 6 

Mangin. Francis, Jr., detective 422 

Manual of department issued 277 

Marine court 68 

Mars, the negro, executed 32 

Marshals in 1833 89 

Marshal's office set on lire 164 

Marline, Randolph B 505 

Mason, Commr. Joel \V 45S 

Mason, Joel \V. appointed Commr 286 

Matsell, George \V 100 

Mat^ell, Geo. W. appointed Commr. . . . 263 

Matsell, Geo. W. appointed supt 256 

Matsell, Geo. W., Shield of loi 

Matsell's letter to Capt. Walling 124 

Matsell's report of April, 1849 115 

Matthews, David, May^r 47 

Matthews, Commr. James 452 

Matthews, James, appointeil commr. . . . 452 

Meakini, Capt. Wm 326 

Medical assistance. Calling of 301 

Memorial to legislature in iSll fs 

Message of Committee of 1843 87 

Metropolitan act amended 151, 211 

Metropolitan Board re-organized 231 

Metropolitan district detined 212 

Metropolitan force in 1S5S 146 

Metropolitan headquarters, Broome St. . 145 

Metropolitan Police Act, 1857 loi 

Metropolitan ]iolice district 137, 202 

Metropolitan Police, Table of . . .463 

Metropolitan shield 227 

Middle Dutch church 86 

Military and jury duty 293 

Military attack on Draft-rioters 172 

Military Ilall, Meeting at 12S 

Military in Washington square 177 

Military-watch, of 1746 40 

Miller, Chas. P., Murder of 369 

Minuet, Peter, Council of 2 

Mob attacks city hospital 45 

Mobs handled by Jacob Hays 93 

Montgomerie charter 34 

Morris, Mayor 89 

Morrison, James E. appointed Commr.. 2S6 



INDEX. 



566 

PAGE 

Mount, Cajjl. John J.. 176, 376 

Mulberry St. lieadquarters 154 

iMulry, Thos. W., detective 423 

Municipal Police Act, 1S44 loi, 104 

Murpliy, Capt. Michael J 332 

Murray arrested in Phila 95 

Murray, Col. James T5. , in London 98 

Murray, Thomas, detective 437 

Murray, Superintendent Wm 308 

Nathan murder, 1870 369 

Negro hanged and burned by mob 175 

Negro riot of 1740 38 

New Amsterdam in 1664 18 

New Amsterdam incorporated 8 

New Amsterdam, Naming of 2 

New Court-house, View of 260 

New York says " Slop !" 273 

Niblo's Garden burned, 1872 332 

Nichols, Sidney r. appointed Commr. . . 264 

Nichols, Sidney I'., Death of 499 

Nichols, Sidney V., removed 286 

Nicoll, Delancey 506 

Night posts on North River 444 

Night-watch abolished 102 

Night-watch, Captains of the 56 

Night-watch of 1 741 40 

Nineteenth Precinct described 375 

Nineteenth Sub-precinct described 37S 

Nineteenth ward created 115 

Ninth Precinct described 351 

Noah, Major, assists Jacob Hays 95 

North River day and night posts 443 

North River piers and ferries 444 

Nugent, Colonel, provost-marshal 162 

Nursing wounded policemen 196 

O'Hrien, Col. II. J. beaten to death. ... 1S4 

O'Brien, John J 460 

O'Connor, Charles, detective 432 

O'Connv^r, Richard, detective 428 

O'Connell Guard riots 80 

Offences against property in 1867 235 

Offences against the person in 1S67 235 

OtHcers and salaries in 1844 103 

Officers beaten by rioters in 1863. 170 

Officers killed in 1864 215 

Old P>rcwcry, Five Points 86 

Old Sugar-house as a prison 86 

Opium pipe 521 

Opium-smoking — The pipe 517 

Opdyke, Mayor, his house attacked 1S6 

Opdykc, Mayor, Proclamation of 199 

Orange County hank 95 

Orange riots in 1850 124 



PACB 

Orange riots of 1871 244 

Orphan Asylum, Colored, burned. .. 161, 172 

Orphan Asylum, View of 278 

Panic of 1857 137 

Park, City Hall, in i3o8 60 

Parkinson, the locksmith 94 

Parris, Edward L 506 

Patrol district in each ward 108 

Patrol ordered for day and night 118 

Patrolman's shield 150 

Patrolmen of telegraphic system 304 

Pawnbrokers, Supervision of 295 

Pay-rolls. See Salaries. 

Peace of 1674 iS, 22 

Peck, Ellen E., the confidence-woman. . 420 

Penney, William N. . . 506 

Pension Fund, Law of 302 

Pension Fund, Sketch of 4S9 

I'erit, Commissioner Pelatiah ... 142 

Persons mkntioxed : 

Acton, Thos. C, supt 151, 202 

.\dams, Thos. F., detective 437 

Allaire, Capt. Anthony J 322 

Andros, Governor 18 

Bailey, Isaac II 139 

Barr, Commr. Thos. J 240 

Bedford, Gunning S 505 

Becbe, Commissioner 1 28 

Belton, Thomas, the thief 310 

Bennett, Capt. Theron R 170, 391 

Bergen, Commr. John G.158, 16S, 204, 227 

Berghold, Capt. Wni. C. F 363 

Blatchford, R. M 96 

Bogart, Capt. James Z 190 

Bosv/orth, Commissioner J. S 157 

Bowcn, James 139, 151 

Bowne, Robert 40 

Bowyer, Bob 127 

Brady, Mayor io3 

Brennan, Commr. Matthew T.C2S, 239, 262 

Rrockholts. A 2+ 

Brogan, Capt. John J 353 

Brooks, Sergeant Nicholas 450 

Brouwcr, Jan J 2 

Brown, Gen. Harvey 198 

Burnham, James 129 

Bush, Architect Nath'l 1) 452 

Bylvelt, Peter 2 

Byrnes, Inspector Thomas 404 

Caffrey, Capt. Chas. W 314 

Cameron, Capt. John I'l 

Canby, General 183 



Carpenter, Daniel. .139. 151, 172. 2a'\ 210 



PAGK 

Persons Mentioned — Conliiitii J. 

Cherry, Capt. Thos 326 

Clinch)', Capt. \Vm. 11 336 

Colve, Governor Anthony 18 1 

Cochrane, Dr 45 I 

Coman, John M 506 1 

Conlin, Capt. Peter 372 

Conner, Roundsman 173 

Conover, Daniel D 141 

Cooper, Richard 34 

Copeland, Capt. Tlieron S. . .193. 197, 351 

Corlright, Capt. M. W 388 

Cosgrovc, Frank, detective 432 

Crannoll, Roht 36 

Crowley, James, Supt 439 

Crowley, Michael, detective 42S 

Cunningham, Capt. Wm 42 

Cusack, Thomas, the murderer 310 

Davis, Minnie, the fire-bug 357 

Davis, Vernon M 506 

Decker, Engineer 166 

Delamatcr, William 456 

Delaney, Sergt. John 481 

Devlin, Charles 141 

Devoursney, Sergeant 174, 18S 

Dickson, Capt. John K 182 i 

Dilks, Geo. IL, detective 433 

Dllks, Inspector Geo. W. . . .151, 187, 370 

Dipple, Ofiicer I go 

Disbecker, Abram 263 

Dolan, Patrick, detective 426 I 

Dongan, Governor 25 

Dorsey, Joseph M., <leteelive 426 

Doyle, Thos., detective 435 

Draper, Commissioner 139, 142 

Dunn, John J., detective 429 

Eakins, Capt. Joseph B 347 

Elliot, Andrew 47 

Ellison, Sergeant 168 

Erhardt, Capt. Joel 15 162 

Eield, Officer ig2 

Finch, Sergeant 166 

Fitzgerald, James 506 

Fogarty, Dennis J. detective 435 

Folk, Inspector John S 151, 174 

Forrest, Edwin 115 

French, Stephen B 286, 454 

Frink, Wni. E., detective. 432 

Gardner, Hugh II 264 

Garland, Capt. Ira S 361 

Gastlin, Captain George \V 441 

Gay, Edmund C 456 

Gerard, James W 127 



"TA". 567 

IA<iK 

(iibbons, J. S 190 

(iillisen, Jan 5 

Gott, George P 500 

Grant, Charles E 456 

Gunner, Capt. John 382 

Haley, Owen, detective 42S 

Ilarmensen, Reynert 2 

Harper, James loi, 104 

Harrington, William 120 

H.irt, Ely 81 

Ilasbrouck, Surgeon-general 136 

Ilavemeyer, Wm. F loi 

llawley. Both C 16S, 204 

Hays, Jacob 73, 92 

Hays, William H 93 

Heard, John, detective.- 437 

Hedden, Capt. Henry 321 

Heidelberg, Chas., dcteciivc 426 

Helme, Capt. John C 186 

Hendrick, Obe 20 

Hickcy, Thos., detective 427 

Hollgate, the cracksman 95 

Hooker, Capt. Henry D 374 

Ilopcroft, George 449 

Hudson, Henry i 

Hyer, Tom, the pugilist 123 

Jameson, Inspector W 127. 245, 250 

Johnson, Mrs., the Swede 356 

Johnson, the murderer 96 

Jones, Maj.-gen. Daniel 40 

Jourdan, Supt. John 176, 193, 240 

Kealy, Capt. James 397 

Kelso, James J 102, 240 

Kennedy, Police-surgeon James. . .175, 232 

Kennedy, Supt. John A 151, 166, 241 

Kieft, William 4 

Killilea, Capt. Thos 379 

Kipp, Capt. Wm. H 460 

Kush, Chas., detective 436 

Lamb, Alexander 52 

Langan, Jas. J., detective 424 

Lanthier, George, detective 434 

Lawrence, Mayor 81, 98 

Leary, Capt. James M 386 

Lee, Mayor 77 

Leonard, Inspector James. .. 1 51, 17S, 210 

Leroy, Thomas IL, burglar 310 

Lewis, Commr. W. B 157 

Livingstone, Edward 63 

Lord, Capt. B. G 237 

Lowndes, Olin M 80 

McClave, Commr. John 495, 500 

McCluskey, George W., detective. . . . 435 



568 



INDEX. 



fAOK 

Persons Men tioiicd — Conlinued . 

Mft'uIIagh, Capt. John'. 318 

Mct'ullagli, ("apt. John II 333 

McDerniott, Inspector Jolni 271 

McDonnell, Capt. Chas 349 

McElwain, Capt. John 357 

McFarland, Daniel, the murderer 325 

McLaughlin, W. W., detective 431 

MacLean, Charles F 286 

McLean, John 95 

McMurray, Commissioner \Vm 157 

McNaught, R., detective 430 

McQuire, James 424 

Macready, James, the actor 115 

Mangin, F., Jan.. detective 422 

Manierre, Commr. Benj. F 228, 239 

Mars, the negro slave 32 

Martine, Randolph 15 505 

Mason, Commr. Joel \V 286, 458 { 

Matsell, George \V 100, 263 1 

Matthews, David 47 

Matthews, Commr. James 286, 452 

Mealiim, Capt. \Vm 360 

Minuet, I'eter 2 

Morris, Mayor 89 

Morrison, James E 286 

Mount, Capt. John J 176, 376 

Mulry, Thos. W., detective 423 

Murphy, Capt. Michael J 332 

Murphy, Thos., detective 437 

Murray, Superintendent W'm 308 

Murray, Col. James U 98 

Murray, the bank-robber 95 

Nichols, Sidney P 264, 28C, 499 

Nicoll, De Lancey 506 

Noah, Major M. M 95 

O'Brien, Colonel II. J 184 

O'Brien, John J 460 

O'Connor, Charles, detective 432 

O'Connor, Richard, detective 42S 

Opdyke, George, mayor 199 

Parkinson, the locksmith 94 

Parris, Edward L 506 I 

Peck, Ellen E., the conlidcnce-woman 420 

Penney, William N 506 

Perit, Commissioner 142 

Petty, Captain Jeremiah 186, 1S9 

Pigot, Maj.-gen. R. T 46 

Pilsbury, Amos 139 

Porter, Fitz John, Commr ... 45S ' 

Porter, Captain G. T 164 

Pos, Symen D 2 ' 

I'ost, Capt. Ludowyck 12, 14 | 



Purdy, Ambrose II 506 

Quinn, .Sergeant 193 

Radford, Geo., detective 424 

Redmond, the hotel-keeper 95 

Reed, Jack, the cracksman 95 

Reed, John, the detective 121 

Reilly, Philip, detective 425 

Richard, Paul 38 

Robbins, Capt. John M 394 

Robertson, Maj.-gen. James 45 

Rogers, Silas W. , detective 435 

Rutland, John, detective 430 

Ryan, Capt. Thos. M 337 

Sanders, Capt. John 3S0 

Schultz, Capt. William 37S 

Seymour, Governor 197 

Shadbolt, Detective 121 

Siebert, Capt. Jacob 3S5 

Slauson, Edgar S 434 

Sleven, Edward, detective 431 

Slowey, Detective 195 

Smith, Capt. Elbert 396 

Smith, Commr. Henry. .231, 239, 263, 445 

Smith, the bank-robber 94 

Smith, Wm. F 2S6 

Speight, Inspector I'. C 164, 230, 271 

St,eenwyck, Cornells 17 

Steers, Inspector Henry V 339 

Stephens, the cracksman 95 

Stevens, Colonel 80 

Stillnian. Thomas 15 139 

StilKvell, Alderman 96 

Stranahan, James S. T 139 

Stuyvesant, Peter 6 

Tallmadge, Fred. A 139 

Taylor, Commissioner 102 

Thornc, Inspector T. W. . . .128, 174, 342 

Tillou, Alderman S7 

Tooker, Jacob, detective 423 

Twiller, Wouter van 3 

Tynan, Capt. Edward 398 

Ulshoffer, Michael 139 

Vallely, Jas. F., detective 436 

Van Buren, Officei l6q 

Van Clapperclip, Bobus 4 

Vanderbilt, Commodore 98 

Van Schellywne, Dirk 11 

Varley, Mary 309 

Von Gcrichten, Jacob 436 

Voorhis, John R 236, 286 

Wade, John, the detective 122, 423 

Wade, Sergeant 168 

Waldron, Resolverd 20 



INDEX 



569 



iai;f. 

Persons Mcntioiieil — Conliituid. 

Walliiif;. Supt. Geo. W 100. 120, 188 

Washburn, Capt. Geo 360 

Webb, Capt. Robt. 317 

Weslervelt, Jacob A 118 

Williams, Capt. Alex. .S 364 

Williams, the negro 1S2 

Williams, the pickpocket 354 

Williams, Alvan H., detective 430 

Wilson, the cart-thief 357 

Wissinck, Jacob E 2 

Wolfe, Sergeant 169 

Wood, Albertus, detective 435 

Wood, Fernando loi, 141 

Wood, Robt. L 460 

Wood, General J. E 199 

Yankee Sullivan 123 

Young, Mrs. Johanna 33 

Young, Chief Tohn ic8, 197 

Yule, Capt. Peter 395 

Petty, Captain Jeremiah 186, 189, 32a 

Physicians appointed 112 

Physicians, Summoning of 300 

I'igot, Maj.-gen. R. T 46 

PilLry introduced 28 

Pilshury, Amos, gen supt 139 

Pistols. Carrying concealed 215 

Places of confinement 53 

Police Act, Metropolitan loi 

Police Act, Municipal loi 

Police committee, Report of 67 

Police courts of 1S45 103 

Police districts laid out 55 

Police, Military use of the 47 

Police office in City Hall 54 

Police orders in 1673 21 

Police stations in 1 S44 gi 

Police surgeors, List of 180 

Police system. First trace of 3 

Police system, Marked advance of 52 

Policemen killed in riots 199 

Political influence stopped 130 

Poor-house, First 34, 39 

Poor relief law of 1699 65 

Population figures, 1790- 1830 73 

Porler. Commr. Fitz John 45S 

Porter, Captain G. T 164 

Posts, night, on North River 444 

Portraits: 

Allaire, Capt. Anthony J 323 

Bennett, Capt. Theron R 391 

Berghold, Capt. \Vm. C. F 363 

Brennan, Matthew T 263 



.-ACE 

Brogan, Capt. John J 354 

Brooks, Sergeant Nicholas 450 

Caffrey, Capt. Chas. W 316 

Clinchy, Capt. Wm. II 336 

Conlin, Cajit. Peter 373 

Copeland, Capt. T. S 352 

Crowley, James 439 

Garland, Capt. Ira .S 362 

Gastlin, Capt. Geo. W 441 

Gott, George I' 500 

Gunner, Capt. John 383 

Hedden, Capt. Henry 321 

Hooker, Ccpt. Henry I) 375 

Jameson, Inspector W 250 

Kealy, Capt. James 397 

Kelso, James J 247 

Leary, Capt. Jas. M 386 

McClave. Commr. John 495 

McCullagh, Capt. John 319 

McCullagh, Capt. John H 334 

McDonnell, Capt. Chas 349 

McElwain, Capt. John 35S 

Martine, Randolph B 505 

Matthews, Commr. James 453 

Meakim, Capt. AVm 360 

Mount, Capt. John J 377 

Mullen, Sergt. Washington 462 

Petty, Capt. Jeremiah 328 

Porter, tZommr. Fitz John 459 

Robbins, Capt. John M 3<j4 

Ryan, Capt. Thos. M 33S 

Sanders, Capt. John 381 

Schultz, Capt. Wm 378 

Siebert, Capt. Jacob 385 

Smith, Capt. Elbert O 396 

Speight, Inspector 230 

Steers, Inspector Henry \' 340 

Voorhis, Commr. John R 458 

Washburn, Capt. Geo 360 

VYebb, Capt. Robt. 317 

Yule, Capt. Peter 395 

Post Office, View of 299 

Potter building burned 318 

Pound for cattle opened 7 

Precincts created 138 

Precincts, List of, in 1863 SCO 

Precincts. See First, Second, etc. 

Printed rules first issued 114 

Prison-houses of the Revolution 86 

Prisoners, sufferings of, 17S7 50 

Prisoners to do the chores i !2 

Processes, Serving of 294 

Proclamation of Maj.-gen. Jones 46 



INDEX 



I' AGE 

I'roclaination of Maj.-gen. I'igot 46 

Proclamation of Maj.-gcn. Robertson. . . 46 

Proclamation of Mayor Opdyke igg 

Promotions, how made 292 

Property, lost or stolen, 1869 233 

Property of arrested persons 297 

Proportions to population 144 

Provost marshal's office, Sixth Ave 165 

Punishments of criminals 30, 33 

Purdy, Ambrose II 506 

Quakers exempted from duty 40 

Qualifications of appointment 126 

Qualifications of candidates 149 

Quarantine hospital guard 140 

Quarantine riots and Capt. ^ValIing. ... 121 
Questions asked of applicants as patrolmen 2S0 

Quinn, Sergeant 193 

^ Radford, George, detective 424 

Rattle-watch appointed S 

Rattle-watch begin drawing salaries. ... 12 

Reapportionment of 1846 109 

Receivers of stolen goods 154 

Recorder, Ofiice of, created 27 

Records of early court cases 16 

Redmond falsely arrested 95 

Reed, John, the detective 121 

Reed, the cracksman, taken 95 

Regatla-i, Rules for 2gS 

Registration and election expenses 224 

Reilly, Philip, detective 425 

Reorganization in 1843 86 

Reorganization report of 1S32 76 

Report of Chief Matsell, April, 1849 115 

Resolutions on death of Commr. Bergen. 22S 

Resolutions to Supt. Kelso 2|i 

Revenue from liquor licenses 222 

Revolutionary War begins 45 

Richard, Paul, mayor 38 

Richmond county. Action against 239 

Richmond county provided for 220 

Riot, Doctors, in 1788 44 

Riot in Third Ave., 1863 165 

Riots of 1834 80 

Riots of 1837 81 

Riots of July, 1863 156, 160 

Riots of 187 1 (Orange) 244 

Riot of Astor place, 1S49 115 

Riot of the Dead Rabbits 142 

Rioters addressed by Engineer Decker. . 166 

Rioters convicted 199 

Rioters marching down Second .\vc. . . . 169 

Rioters, Number of, killed 196 

Rioters surprised during escape 191 



I'ACB 

River thieves surprised 525 

Robbins, Capt. John M y.^^ 

Robertson, Maj.-gen. James 45 

Rogers, Silas \V., detective 435 

Rogues' gallery and curiosities 408 

Roll of Honor 485 

Rosewood not good for clubs 209 

Rotunda erected in iSiS 79 

Roundsmen and postmen O9 

Ruland, John, detective 430 

Rules and regulations of 1S59 148 

Rules of Chief Matsell in 1S4S 114 

Rules of Feb., 1684 26 

Rules of the Rattle- watch 8 

Rules of the Watch, 1673 22, 23 

Rural districts appoint police 219 

Ryan, Capt. Thos. M 337 

Sabbath regulations 5 

St. I'rancis Xavicr panic, 1S77 369 

.St. Luke's Hospital, View of 285 

.Salaries in 1S44 103 

.Salaries of 1S59 151 

Salaries of 1S64 215 

Salaries in April, 1S66 218 

Salaries in 1867 236 

Salaries in 1880 296 

Salaries, Jan., 1885 305 

Salaries increased in 1 853 130 

Salaries paid in 1845 106, 109 

Salaries under Metropolitan act 138 

.Salary ordinance of 185 1 117 

Saloons, Number of, in 1866 221 

Sanders, Capt. John 380 

Sanitary Company, The 461 

Sanitary condition of stations 133, 146 

.Scales for weighing opium 520 

Schepens or early Aldermen 8 

Schout, Duties of the 9 

.Sellout Fiscal, Duties of the 2 

Schultz, Capt. William 378 

Seal of the city. First 27 

Second Dist. Police Court 509 

Second Inspection District 3.^2 

Second Precinct described. 372 

Sentence for drawing a knife 6 

Sergeant's shield 425 

Seventeenth Precinct described 333 

Seventh Avenue arsenal occupied 163 

Seventh Precinct described 320 

Seventh Regiment at City Mall 142 

.Sextons called dog-whippers 10 

.Seymour, Gov., Appointments of 157 

Seymour, Gov., praises the police 197 



INDEX. 



57' 



fAC. K 

Shadboll ami C.pt. Walling 121 

SliifUl of captain and scrgcanl 424 

Shield of Chief Malsell loi 

Shield of Metropolitan police 227 

Shield of the Star-police 106 

Siehert, Capt. Jacob 3^5 

Sixteenth I'recinct described 356 

Sixth Precinct described 31S 

Sixty-ninth Regt. armory 2tl 

Sketch of C'ommr. T. C. Acton 202 

Sketch of Comnir. John G. Bergen. .204, 227 

Sketch of Inspector Carpenter 210 

Sketch of Seth C. Ilawley 204 

Sketch of Inspector Leonard 210 

Sketch of the draft-riots of 1S63 160 

Slauson, Edgar S 434 

Slave Insurrection of 1740 3S 

Sleven, Edward, detective 431 

Slowey, Detective, beaten by a mob. . . . 195 

Smilh, Capt. Elbert 396 

Smith, Comnir. Henry, apjiointcd 231 

Smith, Henry, Death of 263 

Smith, Henry, In Memoriam 445 

Smith, W in. 1' ., removed and re-appoint- 
ed commr 286 

Smith, the bank-robber y4 

Speight, Francis C, Inspector 271 

Speight, Captain, liandles a mob 164 

Stadt Huys erected 5 

Standing committee of police 64 

Star-police of 1845 106 

Slate prison. Old 55 

Station-houses condemned 155 

Station-houses, Condition of 133 

Stations, List of 249 

Stations, List of, in 1S44 91. 103 

Stations, List of, in 184S 113 

Stations, List of, in 1851 117 

Stations, List of, in 1857 143 

Stations, List of, in 1858 147 

Stations, List of, in 1863 200 

Stations, List of, in 1866 223 

Stations, List of, in 1867 237 

Station-houses, Table of, 1S84 401 

Station lodging-room 468 

.Stations repaired and renovated 225 

Statistics for 1867 226 

Statistics of arrests, etc., 1S38-57 158 

Statistics of arrests in each year, 1847-5S 144 

Statistics of British police 144 

Steam boiler inspection 302 

Steenwyck, Cornelis 17 

Steers, Inspector Henry V 339 



Stephens captured by Jacob Hays 95 

Stevens, Col., (juells a riot 80 

Stillman, Thomas B I3g 

Stillwell, Alderman t)6 

Stolen goods. Custody of 29S 

Stone-cutter,s' riots 80 

Slranahan, James S. T 139 

Street-cleaning Committee, JS73 262 

Street-cleaning Dept. created 276 

Street-cleaning in 1S60 154 

Strike of the Burgher-watch 10 

Stuyvcsant, Peter 6 

Superintendent of the watch 83 

Superintendent's uniform of 1S64 213 

Surgeon's certificate. Form of.. 28 1 

Surgeons, Rept. of Board of 232 

Surgical bureau I33 

Surgical districts defined 179 

Surman murder case 325 

Table of convictions, 183S-57 15S, 159 

Table of lost children, 1860-72 253 

Table of Metropolitan Police 463 

Tables of offences in 1867 235 

Table of Police Captains 400 

Table of Station-houses, Augt., 1SS4 401 

Tallniadgc, Fred. A., Gen. Supt 139 

Taylor, Commissioner, Death of 102 

Telegraph ollicc at headquarters 439 

Telegraph operators commended 195 

Tenth Precinct described 322 

Theft punished by whipping 

Thief with red hair caught 90 

Third Avenue riot of 1863 165 

Third Inspection District 370 

Third Precinct described 440 

Thirteenth Precinct described 327 

Thirtieth Precinct described 384 

Thirty-fifth Precinct descrilieil 395 

Thirty-first Precinct described 386 

Thirty-fourth Precinct described 394 

Thirty-second Precinct described 387 

Thirty-third Precinct described 390 

'I"liornc, Inspector T. \V 128 

Thome, Inspector, Death of 342 

Tillou, Alderman 87 

Time lost by sickness 216, 232 

Tombs, The, built 90 

Tooker, Jacob, detective 423 

Town-crier appears 12 

Treasurer of Police created 290 

Tribune building attacked 123, 173 

Tweed charter of 1S70 239 

Twelfth Precinct described 373 



572 



J2VDEX. 



Twentieth I'lecinct described 359 

Twentieth ward createdv 115 

Twenty-eighth Precinct descrihed 381 

Twenty-fifth Precinct described 361 

Twenty-first Precinct described 337 

Twenty-ninth Precinct described 364 

Twenty-second Precinct described 379 

Twenty-seventh Precinct described 363 

Twenty-sixth Precinct described 339 

Twenty-third Precinct described 380 

Twiller, Wouter van 3 

Two departments at work 141 

Tynan, Capt. Edward 398 

Ulshoffer, Michael 139 

Uniform, Change in 133 

Uniform for summer, in 1864 214 

Uniform of Harbor police, 1864 213 

Uniforming of peace officers 68 

Uniforms defined for 1864 212 

Uniforms finally adopted 12S 

Uniforms introduced 28 

Uniforms of 1844 103 

Uniforms of 1853 126 

Uniforms in 1877 278 

Uniforms opposed by a mob 127 

Vagrant children 76 

Vallely, Jas. F., detective 436 

Van Huren, Officer, wounded i6g 

Van Clapperclip, Bobus 4 

Vanderbilt, Com., and his steamboat.. . . 98 

\'andergriff, the forger, re-captured 98 

Van Orden, Sergeant, occupies arsenal.. 163 

Van Schellywne, Dirk 11 

Van Wart appointed captain 54 

Varley, Mary 309 

Von Gerichten, Jacob 436 

Voorhis, John R. appointed Commr. 263, 286 

Wade, Sergeant, attacks the mob 168 

Wade, John, the detective 122, 423 

Waldron, Resolverd, matle constalile. ... 20 

Wall St. City Hall built 29 

Wall St., llie north limit 9 

Walling, .Supt. (leo. W 100, 120 

Walling appointed Captain 120 

Ward distribution of 1845 105 



Washburn, Ca|)t. Ceo 360 

Watch committee investigation 72 

Watch district of 1843 go 

Watch districts bounded 69 

Watch-house of 1731 36 

Walch-house of 1 789 51 

Watch, Military, of 1746 40 

Watch, Night, of 1741 40 

I Watch, Superintendent of the 83 

Watch system declines 49 

I Watchman's hat 8} 

j Watchman's rattle introduced 8 

j Watchman's song 42 

Watchmen become dissatisfied 74 

Watchmen calling the hour 41 

I Watchmen increased in 1835 81 

j Watchmen, Pay of, in 1844 91 

j Watchmen, Petition for, iSll 60 

Watchmen's Mutual Benefit Assoc 84 

Watch posts in 1844 91 

Way of the Transgressor 503 

Webb, Capt. Robt. 317 

Weehawken ferry-house burned 189 

Westervelt, Jacob A., mayor 118 

Whipping post, Early use of 3 

Whipping-post in use 33 

Williams, Capt. Alex. S 364 

Williams, the negro, assaulted 182 

Williams, the pickpocket 354 

Williamson, Alvan II., detective 430 

Wilson, the cart-thief 357 

Wire factory attacked 186 

Wissinck, Jacob Y. 2 

Witnesses, Detention of. House for. . . . 214 

Wolfe, Sergeant, attacks the mol) 169 

Women as rioters 190 

Wood, Albertus. detective 435 

Wood, Fernando, mayor loi, 141 

Wood, Mayor, opposes the new act 140 

Wood, Robt. L 460 

Wool, Gen. John E., Rept. of 199 

j Vankee Sullivan and To'u 1 Iyer 123 

Young, Chief John 168 

; Young, Mrs. Johanna, fiogged 33 

Yule, Capt. Peter 395 




Madison Square, New York. 




-^)C ©HE LCAI^GBST, ^ Best flPPOINTED, 3)^^ 

—AND— 

Most feibcrallij Managed Hotel in the Eiijj, 

— WITH THE — 

fflOSI' ©BNipi^AIi AND DSLIGHIIPUL IlOGATION. 



^^TGHGOGK, BAEUNG & QO.f^ 



BUILDERS of BURGLAR-PROOF WORK. 



AUD OF THE 

Stock Exchange, 
Nassau Bank, 
Park Bank, 
Manhattan, 
American, 




First Mercantile, 
Bank of New York, 

Produce Exchange 
Safe Deposit 
s^Tvit Vaults. 



WROUGHT 



& Jell* ©©Sllfe*/**, 



AND CAST. 



OF ALL KINDS, FOR 



Euildings, Bridges, and Eoofs. 




Heavy Girders, Beams, and Channels. 



141 CENTRE ST. . . . NEW YORK, 



(2) 



WHEELER & WILSON'S 




J ADDRESS: 

i Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Co. 

< Factory and Chief OfB.ce, Bridgeport, Conn., 

• Hew York City Office, 44 East 14tli St. (Union Square). 

i(3) 



NEW YORK: 
112 Fifth Avenue. 

BALTIMORE: BALTIMORE: 
Cot. Eutaw & West Sis. 504 tt 206 W. Baltimore S 




MANUFACTURERS OF 



GRAND, UPRIGHT AND SQUARE 

PIAp-FOI[TES, 

FOR NEARLY FIFTY YEARS BEFORE THE PUBLIC' 
THESE IfJSTRUMENTS HAVE, BY THEIR EXCELLENCt-, 
ATTAINED AN UNPURCHASED PRE-EMINENCE, WHICH 
ESTABLISHES THEM THE UNEQUALLED IN 

TONE, TOUGH. 
WORKMANSHIP d DURABILITY. 



(4^ 



ESTABLISHED 1882. 4<^.4. ESTABLISHED 1882. 

■ FTW, DevoeSCo. 

-5-9- MANUFACTURERS OF -b-<- 



fupe GelGPS, *f Fine \/apnisbes, 




<A MtitlieniatiGal }i|8truiiient8, i>o 

OhPIGES : 

iJuFfon Afreet, cor. ©Y^lFfiam, Recn (^orft. 
THE MURRAY HILL HOTEL, 

NEW YORK CITY. 
Located on l*ark Avenue, extendinii from 40th to 41st Sts. 

The Highest and Healthiest Ground on the Island of Manhattan. 

The Hotel is now open to the public on both the American and European 
plans. The location is exceptionally desirable as a permanent residence for 
families, or for tourists, travelers or business visitors to the metropolis. It is 
but one minute's walk from the Grand Central Depot, where trains 
depart for, and arrive from, all the chief cities and towns of the United States ; 
accessible to all elevated and surface lines of railways and stages, the theatres, 
retail stores, churches and places of interest. 

ig"li.^Sr f HUNTING & HAMMOHD. Proprietors. 

GREAT WESTERN STEAMSHIP LINE. 

BTistol nnrl "NTow ^ork. 

SAILING WEEKLY FROM AVONMOUTH DOCK, BRISTOL. 

The Cheapest and Most Direct Route from the West of England, 
and South Wales, Cornwall, Somerset and Devon, Monmouth and Gloucester. 

REDTJCTIOTV IIV R^VTES: 

STEKRA(;K. ( Bristol, Cardiff. Newport or Swansea to New York i|!20 00 

PuEPAiD < Any Railroad Station in England or Wale.s. Belfast, Dublin, 

Certificates. ( Waterford or Queenstown, to New York $22 00 

Cliildren between 1 and 12 years. Half Price. Infants. $3.00. 

SALOON.— Prepaid.— Bristol to New York |H0 00 

(5) 



NORWICH LINE 

NEW YORK, BOSTON, WORCESTER, 

And all Points EAST. 



Norwich Line Steamers leave Daily, except Sundays, 

From PIER 40, NORTH RIVER, Foot WATTS STREET, 

Adjoining Desbrosses Street Ferry of Pennsylvania Railroad. 

THE NEW lEON STEAMER 

CITY OF WORCESTER 

Without any exception the 

FASTEST, MOST ELEGANTLY FINISIIEI) and FURBISHED 
STEAMBOAT on LONG ISLAND SOUND, 

Will Leave NEW YORK on TUESDAYS, THURSDAYS, SATURDAYS, 

And the well-known Steamer 

From NEW YORK, MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS and FRIDAYS 

Connecting with Express Trains that 



— Leave — 
NEW LONDON 4.05 a.m. 



— Leave — 
NEW LONDON 5.00 a.m^ 



— A rrive — — A rrive — 
BOSTON 7.50 a.m. ' PALMER 7.50 a.m. 



WORCESTER 6 

NASHUA 9 

PORTLAND I 

MANCHESTER 9 

CONCORD 10 

PLYMOUTH 12 

BETHLEHEM 5 

FABYAN'S 5 



55 " AMHERST 9.00 

25 " BRATTLEBORO 10.26 

25 p.m. \ BELLOWS FALLS 11.25 

48 a.m. WHITE RIVER JUNC i.3op, 

55 " NORTHFIELD 3.44 

37 p.m. I BURLINGTON 5.20 

12 " I ST. ALBANS 6.00 

35 " . MONTREAI 8.30 



NO TRANSFERS BY THIS LINE. 



LIMITED TICKETS at REDUCED RATES. 



STATEROOMS ENGAGED IN ADVANCt. 



G. "W. BRADY, Agent, Pier 40, N. R., New York. 



ACKER, MEBBilL & COiDIT, 

57th Street an5 Sixth Auenue, 
Broabixiay an6 425 Street, 
130 anb 132 ithambers S.^eet, 

NEW YORK, 



39 Rue 5e iC^ateaubun, 

• PARIS, 



ACKER, EDGAR & CO. 

YONKERS. 



CUNARD LINE. 

Between LIVERPOOL, BOSTON and NEW YORK. 

From NEW YORK, every Saturday and alternate Wednesdays after April 29, 
From BOSTON, every Saturday. 

RATES OF PASSAGE : $60, $80 AND $100. 

Return Tickets on Favorable Terms. 

Between BORDEAUX, NEW YORK and BOSTON. 

Steamers leave BORDEAUX, every Thursday, connecting at Liverpool for New York and Boston, 

Special facilities for through freight at low rates. For freight and passage apply 




In Bordeaux to 

S. R- OG-STOlsr, ^gen-b, 
5 Cours de Pave des Chartrons.' 



VERNON H. BROWN & CO., 

NEW YOEK. 



WAIalM 

WARREN, FULLER & LANGE, 




J£a i I Ufa ctnt'erSf 

Invite an inspection of their extensive collection 
of Nkw Dksicns in AMERICAN, ENG- 
LISH, GERMAN, VELVET, FRENCH, 
HIGH RELIEF, REAL JAPANESE 
LEATHER PAPERS; Also Designs and 
Colorings by THE ASSOCIATED ART- 
ISTS, at the Retail Department, 

129 EAST 42d STREET, 

Near Grand Central Depot. 

We manufacture all our own Colors and Guar- 
antee our Papers to be Free from Arsenic. 



(8) 



Manufacturer aud Dealer In 

Wrought Iron Pipe and Fittings for Steam, Water, Gas and Oil. 

BRASS AND IRON VALVES AND COCKS. 

FITTER'S AND ENGINEER'S TOOLS AND SUPPLIES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

Nos. 106, 108 and 110 Centre St., New York. 



PIPE AND CAST IRON RADIATORS. 



E CO09 




HOPS 




No. 43 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 



Agency in London, Eng., 

J. H. PETRIE, 2 East India Ave., E C. 



Direct Shipments from Country. 



Choice Hops a Specialty. 



BEWARE OF IMITATIONS 




CANTRELL&COCHRANE^' DUBLIN &.BELrAST. 



E. & J. BURKE, General Agents, NEW YORK. 

(9) 



MoET & Chandon Champagnes. 

GOLD SEAL. WHITE SEAL. GREEN SEAL. 

Total Sales, Three Million Bottles a Year ! The Richest Champag-nes in the World I 

Messrs. Chandon & Co. possess 1,017 acres of the most renowned vineyards in France. They keep constantly 
on hand in cellars ten to twelve million bottles of wine, none ol w hich is sold until it has been in bottle four yea«, 
during which time it undergoes the manipulation necessarj- to clear and prepare it for consumption. 

S*'" The yearly shipments of .Moet & Chandon Champagnes are larger by several hundred th(}usand bottles 
than those of any other establishment in the trade. 

S^^^ A steady favorite with club connoisseurs. 

C. r. MEEET, Sole Agent for the United States, 49 Broad St., New York. 



United Jtdtes Hotel, 

cor. Fulton, Water, and Pearl Sts., 

1 1, f runian, Proprietor. 

europeWJlan. 

Rooms for one person fr, m 50c. to $1 . 50. 
Rooms for two persons, $1.50 to $3.00. 

The New York Elevated Railroad has a depot 
in the hotel; cars run every three minutes. 
Time to Grand Central Depot, twenty minutes. 
Five minutes walk to New Haven. Hartford, and 
Bridgeport steamboats. 



VERMILYE & CO., 

16 and 18 Nassau St., New York City, 

BANKERS » BROKERS, 

Dealers in Investment Securities. 

Suy and Sell on Commission, and carmj on approprinte imir^ins nil 
SecuHties listed, at the Xew York Stock Exchange. 

INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS SUBJECT TO DRAFTS AT SIGHT. 



BROWER HOUSE, 

Cor. 28th. St. ff" SroacLway, JSTejv Y'orJc. 



This Hotel is situated in the centre of the up-town business part of New York, and near 
all the principal Hotels and Theatres. 

Good Rooms at $l.oo per day and upwards, for Gentlemen only. 

A first-class Restaurant is attached for Ladies and Gentlemen. Entrance on 2Sth Street. 




THOS. D. "WINCHESTER, Proprietor. 

(lo) 



Brown Brothers & Co., 

59 wall street. new york, 

209 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, No. 66 State St., Boston, 

AND 

ALEXANDER BROWN & SONS, cor. Baltimore aud Calvert Sts, Baltimore, 

Buy and Sell Bills of Exchange 

ON 

Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, 
Belg:ium, Holland, Switzerland, Norway, 
Denmark, Sweden, and Australia. 

ISSUE COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' CREDITS 

In Sterling, 

Available in any part of the world, and in Francs, for use in 
Martinique and (iuadaloupe. 

JKahF ^F(FgFHp|ir t^pansfpFS of JKonpg 

Between this Country and Kiii-ope. 

MAKE COLLECTIONS OF DRAFTS DRAWN ABROAD 

On all points in the United States and Canada, 

And of DRAFTS DRAWN IN THE UNITED STATES on all Foreign 
» Countries. 

mm, mm ii i, mm, mm k i, 

26 Chapel Street, Liverpool. Founder's Court. Lothbury. London 



L EUCKI & SOI, 

Successors to 

DREW & BUCKL 





Im 1 







Plank and Flooring, 



OFFICE AND YARDS: 

:Fooi3 o± "West} 13i3lx Siz^x^eeizi 

Neu) yorh. 

PROPRIETORS OF THE 

Suwannee Steam Saw Mills, 

£LLA villi:. FLORIDA. 

(12) 



E. I. HOESMAN 

AMERICAN 

STAR BICYCLE 

— AND — 

VICTOR TRICYCLE 

N.>» York Apency for Et)i.Tt 
r..|.,mlH,i Hi,-vc lMs nn.l Triovrlps. YaU- aiui Harvar.l llu \d. s 

II<»rNinaii Special A: Hortiinaii Kxoelnlor 

llirvcle* are thf lit-sl low prioi-il iiuu him s nmiU: 
Iloa'hi liirl.Ts for likyiW Sniulrit-s and Oulrtts Ki fa rliit.' 
a ul Xickfl I'lalini; |irom|>tly done. Stfond Hiin.l Hi- 
i vrl."-l«>Uj;litand sold. s»Mid forUicyclo Cal«l"i,'"e ('. 
SO and sa AVlllloiu St.. Rew \ ork. 

HORSMAN'S CELEBRATED 

E. I. Horsman, 

iV h-i \\ illiiiiii !-t.. .\. Y. 





Auk for Caiiino Racket. 

ST.\M1' roll C'.VTAI.' hu;e. 

LAWN TENNIS 

£. I. HORSMAN 

Sol,' New York Ap nt for 
AMERICAN 

Star Bicycle 

— AVI) — 

VICTOR TRICYCLE 

^ " NowYork Aponry for r.Tpcrt 
roliimlti.i Rirvcl*"*! and Tricycle*. Yalf arwl Harvard llicyclr . 

Horninan Spot-lai Jc HorHman Kxi'olKior 

Uieyrlej* arc tht- Iwst low jtrioeil machiiu'S rnailc. 
ITc.'uIqnrtrUTS for Ilicyclf Suridrifs aiul Outrtls. Hcpairint; 
and Nickel I'latini; promptly done. Second-Hand lli- 
cvclestioufrht and fold. .Send forUicycle l'ataloi;ne 
HO end f.-i U illlni!) St.. Kcvf VorU. 





G. \V. Hawkins. 



R. ('. Insi.i.i, 



v.. F. Ha\vkins. 



C. p. HAWKINS' SONS, 



BREWERS OF FINE 



IXDIA, PALE and AMBER STOCK. 



Canada and Amber Ales. Also Fine Porters, 



NoK. 343 and 34-5 \\'est 4:ist Street, 



NEW YORK. 

U3) 




AK VKVBOiKETa BECOHS OF STTCCISS. 



Paris, 1878. 



DURYEAS' Glen Cove Manuf 'g Co. 

Has received Eig-hest Prize Medals at 
International Exhibitions at 

Philadelphia, 1876, Ha\Te, j863, and at 

Paiis, 18C7, Netherlands, i86g, American Insatute, 1837, 

Paris, 1878, N. So. Wales, 1S75, Baltimore Institute, 1859, 

London, 1862, Cape Town, 1877, Sj. Car. Institute, 1870, 

Hamburg, iSea, Brussels, 1876, Franklin Institute, 1874, 

Cologne, lECs, London An., 1873, Penn. Institute, 1867. 

Altoaa, 1P69, Matanzas, 18S1, 

Also at Fairs of States and C ounties, and in every 
instance 01^ competition. 




Paris, 1878. 



r ^xizo lledals awarded ^ v 




DURYEAS' STARCH 

In every instance of competition, has received the highest award. 





Philadelphia, 1870. 



In addition In Sir.'dali!. mnn^i J^ijlomaa 7 a l ebern received. 
U'h.: /oUoii'inii (ire a t'ev of the characterizing 
terms of award ; at 

London, 1862, for quality " Exceedingly Excellent." 

Paiis, 1867," " " Perfection of Preparation." 

Paris, 1878," " " Best Production of its kind." 

Centennial, 1876, for " Notable cr Absolute Purity." 

Brussels, 1876," " Remarkable Excellence." 

Franklin Institute, Penn., "For Superior Merit, not alone 
as being the best of the kind exhibited, but as the best 
known to exist in the market of American production." 

DURYEAS' r.lon Cove Manfg Co. received the ONLY 
GOLD MEDALi over all ithiTo being 23) competitors at 
PARIS EXPOSITION , 187a 

FOR SALE BY GROCERS GENERALLY. 




Philadelphia, 1876. 



PRACTICAL OPTICIANS, 

^1 UnXon SgiUL/'e, j\e,\v y^ovJz. 




I'm. . x\^ ,1. I 



.It I 



inilion and power 



OPERA CLASSES AND LORGNONS. 

Hand-.omcly mountijil, nrc.it illumiii.iiiui; and iii.ii;iuf> in>; power. 

BAROMETERS AND THERMOMETERS, 

Mercurial and Metallic, of absolute accuracy. 
Scicntifii ally adjusted to the v;irious tietects of the eyes. 



W. & J. Sloane, 





1^1 



1 




BROADWAY, 18th and 19th Sts., NEW YORK. 

BBISS BEDSTMDS, 

Hlrganf, Durrdtlr, and Cleaiilij. 

KECOMME.NDED B¥ KN<iLISII PHYSICIANS AS THE ONLY BKD 
TO INSURE PERFECT HEALTH. 




Brass Chairs, Easels, Cribs, Fen- 
ders, Fire Sets, Tables, 

BEDDING AND MATTRESSES. 



New York Brass Furniture Co. 



Ifi EAST 14th STREET, NEW YORK, 



ARNOLD, CONSTABLE & CO. 

SPRING NOVELTIES. 

A RE now prepared to exhibit their Spring Selection of HIGH CLASS NOVEI.TIES in 
Silks. Velvets, Dress Goods. I,.aces and Embroideries. Dress and Clo.iking Cloths, Suits, 
Cloaks, Furs, Ladies.' Misses' and Children's FURNISH INC. GOODS. Shawls, Gentlemen's 
OUTFITTING GOODS. Hosier^'. Under^ve.^r. Glove s. 1 'nibrell.Ts. etc., tosjether with an 

extensive as>ortmcnt of HOUSEHOLD and FAMILY LLNENS, Foreign and 
Domestic White Goods, Blankets, Flannels, etc.. etc. .\Ko. ;i fun- scKctlon of 
Rark. and .Vktistic Desicns in CARPETS, ORIENTAL RUGS, UPHOLSTERY 
GOODS, FURNITURE COVERINGS, INTERIOR DECORATIONS, etc., etc. 



BROADWAY, COR. ^Qth St., NEW YORK. 

(15) 



IF YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO PURCHASE FOR CHILDREN 

YOU CAN DO SO TO THE BEST ADVANTAGE AT THE 



Because we keep every ar- 
ticle of wearing apparel from 
Hats to Shoes for all ages. up 
to 1 6 years. 



Because Our unequalled fa- 
cilities in this specialty enable 
us to fuinish the most desirable 
goods at low prices. 




Because the Garments we 
make have a style, fit and 
finish far superior to the goods 
usually sold ready made. We 
employ only first class, skilled 
workmen. 

We also make to order Boys', 
Girls', and Infants" Clothing 
in the best manner at moderate 
prices. 



We take back for Exchange or Refund of Money all Goods that are not satisfactoiy in every particular. 
In fact the superior facilities we offer only require to b^ known to make the " LILIPUTIAN BAZAAR" 
indispensable to all who have children to provide for. 

BEST & CO., 60 and 62 West 23d St., New York. 

WM. WALL'S SONS, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

CORDAGE & OAKUM. 

1 1 3 Wall Street, New York. 



EliWARD L. MILLER. 



KRED. T. HUBER. 



Miller & Huber, 

FLOUR MERCHANTS 



5 



15 Water Street «Sc 18 Front Street, 

^•eAlr Broad Street, SEW YOUK. 

JOY, Xj-A.TSrC3HDOISr cfc 00-, 

9.9 Chmincy St., BOSTON. rearl St.',' \ ^ YOBK. 

AGENTS FOR 

Knickerbocker Prints, Fabriques, &c. 
Tycoon Reps, 3-4 & 6-4 Alpacas. 
Poplins, Cashmeres, &c. 
Winnipissiogee Hosiery Mills. 
Pitman Manufacturing Co. 
Hodgson's Mills. 



Hamilton Manufacturing Co. 
Hamilton Prints and Percales. 
New Market Manufacturing Co 
Hooksett Manufacturing Co. 
Hamilton Woolen Co. 
Essex Mills. 



Hamilton and Essex Fancy Cassimeres and Over Coatings, 
Crash, Cambrics and Suitings. 



t 



D. STEVENSON, 




501 TO 509 West 39th Street, 



Cor Tenth Avenue. 




(17) 



«--t9 "^^IS"^ 

STANDARD OF SILVER. 

FS a rule the quality of Government Coin has been the standard on which Silversmiths 
have based their quality. The standard of United States Coin is 900-1000 pure silver 
to 100-1000 copper or other alloy. The standard of Great Britain is qOK/ 
pure silver to 75-1000 ailoy. /lOOO 
Our leading Silversmiths, the GORHAM COMPANY, adopted the English standard many 
years ago, and so careful iia-; been the surveillance over the quality of their ware, that not 
a single piece has been known to leave their Factory under the standard. So well is this 
now urrderstood that their trade mark j^^rX] 's as well known to all purchasers of 
Solid .Silver in this country, as is the l®ljJi'l@J Hall Mark of England, as a sure 
guarantee for pure metal. STERLING 

BROADWAY AND¥tFSTREET. NEW YORK. 



Wo H. Schieffelin & Co., 

Importers. Exporters, Jobbers and /Manufacturers, 

170 & 172 WILLIAM ST. NEW YORK. 40 & 42 BEEKMAN STREET. 

Imported and Indigenous Drugs, Staple Chemicals, Foreign and Domestic Medical 
Preparations, Fine Essential Oils, and Select Powders. New Pharmaceutical 
Remedies, Sponges, Druggists' Sundries, etc., etc., etc. 

r^URE DRUGS, 

Sulphate Quinine, Sulphate Morphine, of Guaranteed Purity. 

UFAH OF mim mmmm mmmi, 

IXCLUDIXO FLUID AND SOLID KXTUACTS. ELIXIRS, SVUI PS, Etc, Etc. 

Sole Manufacturers of SOLUBLE COATED PILLS and GRANULES,' 

Comprising all the officinal pills of the Pharmacopoeia. They have received the 
unqualified indorsement and commendation of the Medical Profession, and are 
unequaled for PURITY OF COMPOSITION, SOLUBILITY OF COATING, UNI- 
FORMITY IN SIZE, AND PERFECTION OF FORM AND FINISH. 

THESE PILLS HAVE BEEN AWARDED THE FOLLOWING PRIZES: 



1878. — Paris.— The Only Silver Modal.- The 

Hiehest Recompense Awarded to 
Pills. 

1879. - Sydney. —New South Wales.— First 

Award. 

1879. — New York, American Institute.— 

Medal of Superiority. 

1880. — Melbourne, Australia.— First Award. 



1881.— Matanzas, Cuba. -Silver Medal. 
1881.— London.- The only Award of Merit 

for Pills alone at the International 

Medical and Sanitary ^hi iition. 
1881 —Brighton. England.— Only Award for 

Pills at the Scientific and Sanitary 

Exhibition. 
1883.— Amsterdam, Holland.— Gold Medal. 



HEW YORK, 

IMPORTERS 

—AND— 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 

ljR~YlX)ODS'.' 

efll^IS. ^ « ijyORS. ^ ^ 2UI^I(9p^ 

WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO. 

SELL 





Of every description wanted by 

Railroads, Steamships, Manufacturers, 
Boiler and Machine Shops, 

For Boilers, Tanks, Bridges, and all Fire-proof Construction 

— ALSO — 

Porse ghoes, ghafting, Rivets, fJails, ^^ngles, 'Fees, ^c. 

131 Washington St., Hew York. 

(19) 



Beadleston • &• Woerz, 
Ales, Porter, 
and Lager Beer, 

Empire Brewery, 
291 West loth Street, New York. 



{20, 



I 




fzr) 



JoM Steibeisoi Couiaiif, Liilefl, 

47 EAST 27TH STREET, 
NEW YORK CITY, 



Manufacture 



STREET CARS 



Of Every Description. 



5^eAt clUalc'tutf 



(Ovtlcvs (•Jxiichly |:"iUccl. 



CjlItJ^FUL jlTTJEJSTTIOJSr TO SHIPJ^ENTS. 

(22) 



PHILADELPHIA & READING R. R. 



BOUND BROOK ROUTE. 



DOUBLE TRACK. STEEL RAILS. STONE BALLAST. 

NO SOFT COAL SMOKE. NO DUST. 




^2 HOURS 2 

New Yorki^Philadelphia. 

SHORT LINE AND QUICK TIME 

Reading, Hansburg, Pottsville, Williamsport, 



AND rOIN'l'S IN 



EASTERN and CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA. 

STATION IN NEW YORK: 

FOOT ©F UBEBTf ST., KORTl BI¥Ei. 



STATIONS IN PHILADELPHIA: 

Ninth and Green Sts., Columbia Ave., and Third and Berks Sts. 



J. E. WOOTTEN, H. P. BALDWIN, C. G. HANCOCK, 

General Manager. Gen. East. I'ass. Act. Gen. Pass, and Ticket Act. 



119 Liberty St. , NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. 

V23} 



(24) 



<x1 MANHATTAN 






i^rr?!?^ I VII II II. V >i 1 1 I I I ir I I / \/ ^ 

Li * 



Office, No. 4 Irving Place. 

WORKS: 

Foot West 18th Street, 

Foot East 14th Street 



Stipply Gas in the district between 
Grand and Thirty-fourth St. 



DIRECTORS: 

PERCY R. PYNR, WILSON G. HUNT, 

SAMUEL SLOANE, JAMES H YOUNG, 

J NO. J. CISCO. BEN J. CLARKE, 

MASON YOUNG, HY. A. C. TAYLOR, 

CHARLES ROOME ' 

CHAS. ROOME, JAS. W. SMITH. 

J'resiftent. Svcretai^. 

(25) 



H. HebbMj\n, Stepbach d Co,, 



aixd- 468 Bx»oad-^w-a;37-, 



OF 



SEALSKINS, 

PLUSHES, 

VELVETS, 

WORSTEDS, 

CLOAKINGS. 



British 
Dry Goods 



COASTWISE AND WEST INDIA STEAM LINES 

And SANTO DOMINGO W. L 
CHARLESTON S. C. 

WILMINGTON, N. C. 

PHILADELPHIA Pa, 



And CHARLESTON, S. C. 

NORFOLK and RICHMOND, Va. 
ALEXANDRIA, Va., and 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



35 Broadway, New YorL . 12 South Who west . Philade/phin, Pa, 

(26) 



Louisiana anJ Texas U. anJ Steamsliiii Co., 

FOR: 

NEW ORLEANS and TEXAS, ARIZONA, 
NEW MEXICO and CALIFORNIA, 

The A I Iron Steamships 

CHALMETTE, LONE STAR, EXCELSIOR, 

MORGAN CITY, ALGIERS, NEW YORK. 

On Wednesday and Saturday for New Orleans. 



THROUGH BILLS OF LADING signed to Galveston, 
Houston, and all points on Galveston, Harrisbnrg^ and San 
Antonio, Houston and Texas Central Railroad, and all other 
Railroads in Texas, as also to Indianola, Corpus Christ i, 
Brazos Santiago* and Brownsville, Mobile, and to ail Missis- 
sippi River Points; and to all points on the lines of Galveston, Harris- 
burg and San Antonio, and Southern Paciflc Railways and 
their connections. A i Iron Steamer "WHITNEY," sailing semi-monthly from 
New Orleans for Vera Cruz, Mexico ; A i Iron Steamers 
" HUTCHINSON " and " MORGAN," sailing weekly from New Orleans 
to Cedar Keys, Key West and Havana, and carry both passengers 
and freight. 

BOGERT & MORGAN. General Agents. 

rier 3(i, Xorth IHver, foot of North Moore Sfrct f, X<'tr York. 

E. E. CURRIER. A. SHOTWEIX. Asrcnt. FRED'K SIIUIYER, Asrciit, 

192 Wasliinston St., 2 Chestnut St., 3 Lisflit St. » liai f. 

BOSTON. PHILADEMMIIA. BALTIMORE. 

(27) 



THK MOST EXTENSIVE MANUFACTURERS 

OF 

BILLIARD and 
POOL TftBLES 

Importers and Dealers in all Billiard Materials. 

■^cTlIli BRUNSWICK - BALKIi - CULLENDER CO.,** 




THE WORLD. 



SOLE PROPRIETORS AND PATENTEES OF THE 



PRINCIPAL OFFICES, SALESROOMS AND MANUFACTORIES. 



f-rnnms, SCO Kranil rnr, ror. J;ih St.. nnd 1 nion Squa 
«»nll .It^inururtori, Kill SIrrrt. null tjul l(l>rr. 



NEW YORK: ^ 

OtllOH^fi Tf 1 • I •>"<'-<■. K'>l<''-''»"ni« mill niiuiiriii'lorv. n^irLrt nnit llnrnn Slr«-li, North SIdr. 
VlUl^AUVfj XljLia. ^ llrauch SiiliKrooiii. 47 and 4!) SUitr Slre.l, Soiilli Mdc. 

CINCINNATI, OHIO, 8, 10 and 12 W. Sixth Si, ST. LOUIS, MO., 211 Market St. 

Western Br.inclies-CHICAGO, Market and Huroii Sts , North Side. ST LOUIS. Mo , 2.1 Market St. 

KANSAS Cn y, Mo . 406 Delaware St ST. JOSEPH. Mo., i ly North Third St. SAN FRANCISCO. Cal., 
b-^i and Market St MILWAUKEE, Wis. 108 West Water St. ST. PAUL Minn.. 2^2 Jackson St. 
MINNEAPOLIS. Minn., Boston Block. O.M AHA Neb., 501 South Tenth St. DALLAS. Texas, 407 Main St. 
DENVER. Col., 371 Lawrence St. DAVENPORT. Iowa, 309 West Second St. SALT LAKE CITY, Utah, 
Third South St. 

Kasteru Brandies -NEW YORK. 724 Broadway. SYRACUSE. N. Y.. qi South Salina St. BUFFALO, 
N. Y., vr Main St. BOSTON. Mass., 42. 44, 48 Hanover St. PHILADELPHIA, Pa., 1134 Market St. 
PITTSBURGH, Pa., 117 Fifth Avenue BAL IT.MORE. Md., -,67 West Baltimore St. 

Central Itranclies— CINCINNATI. Ohio, 8. 1.. and ■2West Sixth St. CLEVELAND, Ohio, 174 Seneca St. 
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind., 50 South Illinois St. DETROIT. Mich., 20 and 22 Michigan St. ATLANTA, Ga., 
22 Decatur St. 

Vanaila Branches -WINNIPEG, Manitoba, P. O. Box 1056. WINDSOR, Ont., Opera House Block. 
TORONTO, Ontario, Box 273. 

CeotralMCofflpjifofififM, 

No. 15 Nassau Street, Corner of Pine Street. 



CAPITAL, $1,000, 000 in U. S. Bonds. SUR PLUS, $1,300,000. 

Allows interest on deposits, returnable on demand, or at specified dates. 

Is a legal depository for money paid into Court. Is authorized to act as Executor, Admin- 
istrator. Guardian, or in any other position of trust. 

Also as Registrar or Transfer Agent of Stocks and Bonds, and as Trustee for Railroad 
Mortgages. 

FREDERIC P OLCOTT. President. 
GEORGE SHERMAN, Vice-President. 
C. H. P. HAHCOCK, Secretary. 

HENRY F. SPAULDING, Chairm.an. 
Jacob D. Vermilve, Benj. B. Sherman, Samuel D. Babcock. 



Charles Lanier. 

Isaac N. Phelps, 



Fredekic p. Olcott, 



Frederick H. Cossitt, 
Edmvnd W. Corlies. 



CIns8 of 1885. 
Sam'l D. Babcock, 
Isaac N. Phelps, 
Jonathan Thome, 
Amos R. Eno, 
Gusta.' Schwab, 
James P. Wallace, 
Josiah M. FIske. 
Henry F. Spaulding, 
John S. Kennedy. 



Class of 1880. 

David Dews. 
Benj. B. Sherman, 
J. Pierpont Morgan, 
Chas. l.anicr. 
Chas. G. Landon, 
Wm. H. Webb. 
Frederic P. Olcott, 
Henry Talmadge. 



Clans of 1887. 

A. A. Low. 
Fred k H. Cossitt, 
Jacob D. Vcrmilye, 
Wm. Allen Butler, 
Percy R Pyne. 
Wm. H. Anpleton, 
Edmund W Corlies. 
Geo. MarCulloch Miller, 
Cornelius N. Bliss. 



STATEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES BRANCH 

|^oi|ar insurance ^onifianif 




OF LIVERPOOL /^dSM^f^^¥W M ^ JANUARY 1st 
ENGLAND. £^^^^^^^^ 

V. S. Gov«Tnin»-nt Ronds, Market Value 82,.ini,8Tn 75 

Ileal Kstiit.' 1,1 1. ->,(!»!» 4 i 

<'a-Ii ill HunkH iiiul in OtHreK 4.">«»,2<»8 94 

Acrriuvl lMt<>r<-st 4K,10(> 00 

lIiiri>UH<'t<-<l ri<>iiiliiin.s and other Admitted Assets 241 K47 6!> 

S4,I8T,U7U 80 

LIABILITIES r 
Unpaid I.ossi^s, Uncaiiied I'reiuiuins, und utiier Liabilities 92,203,803 O.'i 

Surplus »l,8»4,87r> 85 

HEAD OFFICE, Metropolitan District, 50 WALL ST, NEW YORK. 

E. F. BEDDALL, Manager. WM. w. HENSHAW, Assistant Manager. 

POLICEMEN CAN PROCURE 

FHOM THK 

Biiitej States imalficciJeDt ftssociatta 



:i20 and 322 BfomUraif, Neir York, 

$3000 "-"^^ $15 



a week while 
disabled by 
Accident. 



(Not exceeding Twenty six weeks on account of any one Accident i. 

At a Cost of $4.00 for Membership Fee. $1.00 per Annum Dues, and 
Assessments costing about $16.00 per Annum. 

Those Assessments are made for $2.00. each, at intervals as reqviired to 
pay losses through the year. 

CHARLES B. Y'EE.T {of Rogers, Pcet & Co.)^ PRESIDENT. 

JAMES R. PITCHER. Secretary. 





Im 1 1 line. 



PIERS 25 and 26 EAST RIVER (Peck Slip). 



ONLY STEAMERS Running To and 
Connecting with RAILROADS at NEW HAVEN. 

FREIGHT Received and Way-Billed Through, under Joint Freight Tariffs, to Stations on 

N. Y. NEW HAVEN & HART. BOSTON d N. Y. AIR LINE BOSTON & ALBANY, leased lines 

Above New Haven. New Haven to Willimantic. Between Springfield & Boston. 

CONNECTICUT RIVER, ASHUELOT, VERMONT VALLEY, 

CENTRAL VERMONT, CONNECTICUT & PASSUMPSIC RAILROADS, Etc., Etc. 



RATES AS LOW AS ANY OTHER ROUTE. 

GREAT DESPATCH AND UNEQUALLED FACILITIES 



Steamers leave at 3 and 11 p.m., daily except Sundays. 



OENERAL OFFICE. PIER 25 EAST RIVER. 

RICHARD PECK, WILLIAM SCOTT, 

Sitpei'i iitemlrnt. Agent, 

GEO. C. RICHARDSON, SMITH & CO., 

178 Devonshire St., Boston. 115 and 117 Worth St., N. Y. 

SELLING AGENTS FOR 

LOWELL MANUFACTURING CO. 
EVERETT MILLS. 

BOOTT COTTON MILLS. 

YORK MANUFACTURING CO. 

LAWRENCE MANUFACTURING CO. 
LEWISTON MILLS. 

TREMONT & SUFFOLK MILLS. 

MASSACHUSETTS COTTON MILLS. 
G. S. M. 6-4 WOOL SACKINGS. 

(3'>) 



BREWSTER & CO. 

(OF BROOME STREET), 




Carriages Eoad Wagons. 

The Leading House in America. 

Family Carriages for Town and Country use. 

SULKIES, DRAGS AND SPORTING TRAPS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 

ONLY PLACE OP BUSINESS, 

BROADWAY, 47TH TO 48TH STREET. 

NOTICE. 

We }iavc no connection irit/i ft stock company adveHising a naiitc 
similar to our oicn. 

(31) 



FLEITMANN & CO, 

489,491 AND 493 BROOME STREET. 

IMPORTERS 

AND 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS 

SILKS, VELVETS, 

DRESS GOODS, 

RIBBONS. 



J. CHR. G. HUPFEL, 

LAGER BEER 
BREWER, 

223 to 229 East 3 8 til Street, 

AND 

234 to 240 East 3*9th Street, 



NEW YORK, 

(32) 




44th and 45th Sts., between 1st & 2d Aves., New York. 




M ANH A TT A . ] 



This popular brand of Cigars has been in the Market 
over SIX YEARS, during which time we have sold about 
23 million. 

The "Manhatta" is on sale in every State in the Union, 
and the increasing demand undoubtedly proves that the 
FINE QUALITY STOCK used in its manufacture is 
APPRECIATED by a large majority of consumers. 

Send for illustrated descriptive price-list to 

Whe RmemcQT)^ f9ews Gompanv, 

39 4:1 CliamT:>ei-rf Street, 



(33) 



Appleton's Guide - Books. 



Appleton's General Guide to the United States and 
Canada. 

In entirely new type, partially re-written, and wholly revised for the Season of 1S84. In 
three separate forms : 
One Volume Complete, pocket-book form, roan, §2.50. 

New England and Middle States and Canada, one volume, cloth, $1.25. 

Southern and Western States, one volume, doth, $1.25. 
With numerous Maps and Illustrations. 

Appleton's European Guide-Book. 

Containing Maps of the Various Political Divisions, and Plans of the Principal Cities. 
Being a Complete Guide to the Continent of Europe, Egypt, Algeria, and the Holy Land. 
With numerous Maps and Illustrations, and a Vocabulary of Travel-Talk in. English, Ger- 
man, French and Italian. In two volumes, morocco, gilt edges, $5.00. 

The present edition of Api'I.eton's European Guide is the twenty-first, and appears carefully revised and 
with various improvements. 

Appleton's Hand-Book of Summer Resorts. 

Revised each Season to date of issue. With Maps and numerous Illustrations. Large 
i2mo, paper cover, 50 cents. 

Appleton's Dictionary of New York and Vicinity. 

An alphabetically arranged Inde.x to all Places, Societies, Institutions, Amusements, and 
other features of the Metropolis and Neighborhood, upon which Information is needed by 
the Stranger or the Citizen. Revised and corrected for the present Season. With Maps of 
New Vork and \'icinity. Paper, 30 cents. 

New York Illustrated. 

A Pictorial Delineation of Street Scenes, Buildings, River Views, and other Picturesque 
Features of the Great Metropolis. With One Ilundied and Forty-thr-e Illustrations from 
drawings made specially for it, engraved in a superior manner. With large Maps of New 
York and Vicinity. Large 8vo, illustrated cover, 75 cents. 

Appleton's Guide to Mexico. 

Including a Chapter on Guatemala, and an English-Spanish Vocabulary. By Ai fred R. 
CoNKLiNG, Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and formerly United States 
Geologist. With a Railway Map and Numerous Illustrations. i2mo, cloth, $2.00. 

The Hudson River Illustrated. 

With Sixty Illustrations engraved in best style on Wood from original drawings. Square 
8vo, paper, 50 cents. 

Appleton's Railway Guide. 

Containing .Maps and Time-Tables of the Railways of the United States and Dominion of 
Canada. Revised and published Semi-Monthly. Paper, 25 cents. 



D. Appleton & Co., Publishers. 



THE 



BEST PERIODICALS 

FOR 

FAMILY READING. 



HARPER'S MAGAZINE. 

"Till- (.iaiil i.r the Mi)iillilirs." 

The (•(ri iil.uiiiii i>l 11m;]-ki!'s MviiAZiNK has always 
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Its serial and short slorli's, Its poiMiis, rssays. and rlolily 
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Nutahle novels" are first printed In Its jianes as serial 
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" \ Picture IIKtory of our Owu Times." 

Harpek's Weekly Is the best illustrated paper In 
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portraltsof men of th^' time ; reproductions of the works 
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one. usually of two, of the very best novels of the day. , 
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Whoever wants a Cosmopolitan, Independent illus- 
trated \ew^pape^ should subscribe for HAnPER's | 
Weekly. i 
Subscript ioit J*rirr, $4 prv Yvttr, 



HARPER S BAZAR. 

No Kaiiill.'i sImiiiIiI be nilliout i(. 

Harper s IUzak. published weeklv Is the wonian'a 
aper. Its I'attern .-ihei't s.ipplciiient alone, of which 
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.\11 subji i ts that pertain to the realm of domestic 
eeoiiomv ari' treated from time to time In the columns 
of IlABPEK s Hazar ; ( Ookery for the well and the sick ; 
the management of servants ; the best methods of regu- 
lating the necessary expenses of the faiiillv; social eti- 
quette and usages ; ganlenlng, etc. Ladle's will find In 
It practical instructions which will aid them materially 
In remodeling tlielr dresses, refurnishing Ilieir houses 
tastefully and elicapiv, and In economizing In vailous 
other directions. 

Its stories, sketches, and other art (cles being furnished 
by the best writers of America and Kurope. while Its 
superb wood engravings are marvels of perfect execu- 
tion. 

Huhsrriptiun I'rice, $4 per Year. 

HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE. 

*' Tlie best Periodical for Juvenile Iteaders." 

Harper's Yoi no I'eople, published weekly, is the 
best help of the parent and teacher, exerting a refining 
Influence through Its entertaining stories, anecdotes of 
travel, biograptiical sketches selentillc articles, etc. 
The engravings and typography are unsurpassed In 
merit, attractiveness, aim artistic finish. 

\ leading journal says; "The villainous trash, the 
penny-dreadful ' boys' arid girls' papers ' at one time so 

{lopular and so numerous, have nearly all, thank fortune, 
)een driven from Ihe field by the introduction of publi- 
cations for the young which are Just as cheap, and per- 
fectly healthful and wholesome. This good work of 
reform was led hv the Harpers of \cw York, with their 
handsome Yorxc; People." 

Hoys will find in Its pages entertaining descriptions of 
dlffei-ent athletic sports and popular out-door amuse- 
ments; and girls will be Intcested In the directions for 
making dolls, dolls' clothing embroidery, crocheiiniir, 
etc. A valuable feature of the periodical is the Post- 
Office Box, which affords to the young readers an oppor- 
tunity to correspond with the Posl-misln'ss and with 
each other, thus giving them ease and familiarity in the 
use of language. Specimen copy sent on receipt of 
three cents. 

Snhscriptioii i'rice, $1,30 per Year. 



MO'riCP:s3 OF" THE FRKSS. 

The superb periodicals published by Harper & Brothers. In one way or another, in politics, events, fashions. In- 
ventions, trades, new and standard Interests In the arts, sciences, travel, discovery, criticism. Instruction Illus- 
tration, amusement, offer a complete epitome of the year.— /Vir7(t'(e/;>/iia r^-dyer. 

One or the other of these journals should find its way Into every family.— .Sonf/urii Planter, Richmond, Va. 

There can he no more acceptable Holiday gift than a subscription for Harper's M kgazise. Harper's Weekly, 
Harper's Bazar, or Harper's Yocnu People ; or, better still, tor the entire four publications —Philiutcliihin .Vcirs. 

These publlcatlonsare among the best of the kind In the countr>-. or. In fact, in the •Kor\A.—Sjiring1i, kl Rr/xthliran. 

Harper's Maoazixe. Harper's Weekly, Harper's Bazar, and Harper's Yorxn People are welcome and 
fsrailiar visitors In thousands of households all over the country. .\ year's subscription to one of them would make 
a decidedly welcome Christinas present for adults or children.— /;«/^ii»"ic Am rimn 

Each of these publications In Its own field has become as familiar as a household word, and Is regarded almost 
as a household necessity.— i.'o.<Jon Juurnul. 



.Subscriptions will be roinmenceil with tlie XitinIxT of i-iioh Poriodical current at th« 
time of receipt of or<l«'r, exct'pt in ciises whcic the subscriber otbcrwisi' (lirccls. 

Ueinittanccs slioiilil bt! made by ro>t-«>tHc-f Money Oe.U-i- or Draft, to uvoi 1 risk of loss. 

Address HARPER & BROTHERS, Franklin Square, N. Y. 

(351 



SOHMER 

Grand, Square and Upright Pianofortes are preferred by Leading Artists. 

The demands now made by an educated musical public 
are so cxactins that very few Pianoforte Manufacturers can 
produce instruments that will stand the test which merit re- 
quires. &OHMt.K & CO.. as Manufacturers, rank amongst 
this chosen few. who are acknowledged to be makers i f stand 
ard instruments. In these days, when many Manufacturers 
urge the low price of their wares rather than their superior 
quality as an inducement to purchase, it may not be amiss to 
suggest that, in a Piano, quality and price aie too inseparably 
joined to expect the one without the other. 

Every Piano ought to be judged as to quality of its tone, 
its touch and its workmanship ; if any of these is wanting in 
excellence, however good the others may be. the instrument 
will be impel feet It is the combination of these qualities in 
the highest degree, that constitutes the perfect Piano, and it 
IS this combimtion that has given the '-SOHMER" its 
honorable position with the trade and the public. 

Musical authorities and critics prefer the "SOHMER " Pianos, and they are purchased by those possessing 
refined musical taste and appreciating the richest quality of tone and the highest perfection generally in a Piano. 

The "SOHMER" Pianos are used in the following Institutions: X. Y. College of Music; Toijt'x 
Consi-rvntorii of Music; I'illa Mnrin Cottrcnt , Montreal; Villa de Sales Convent, Long Island, 
N. Y.; jVor?*(«/ Conserrntortf of Music; Philadelphia Conservator}/ of Jtfi/.sic, and all the lead- 
ing first-cla.ss theatres in NEW YORK and BROOKLYN. 

RECEIVED FIRST PKIZE AT CENTEXSIAL EXHIBITIOX. PHILADELPHIA. ls;6. 

UECEIVED FIKST PKIZE AT EXHIBITIOX, MOXTREAL. CAXADA. issl anil 1SS2. 

SOHMER & CO,, 




Uasufaeturers of Grand, Sqaare and Upright Fiaacs. 
Warerooms, 149, 151, 153, 155 E. 14th St., New York. 



TEFFT, WELLER & CO., 



SUCCESSORS TO 



©EPPT, Gl^ISWOLiD Si do., 

Importers and Jobbers of Dry (loods. 



FOR£IGX AND DOMESTIC DRESS GOODS, 
WOOLENS, HOSIERY, FLANNELS, 

NOTIONS, WHITE GOODS, SHAWL1S, 
STAPLE DOMESTIC GOODS, 

CARPETS AND OIL CLOTHS. 



326, 328 AND 330 BROADWAY, NEW YOEK, 

Between Worth and Pearl Streets. 

(36) 



lUDSOl RIVER BY DAYLIGHT. 



THE FAVORITE STEAMERS 

"ALBANY" #"G. YIBBARD." 



GOING NORTH. 

Leave A. M. 

BUOOKLYN (b) Anui-x S 00 

Leave A. M. 

NEW lORK, Vestry St 8 3i 

SKW VOKK, 22(1 Street 9 00 

WKST POINT II 50 

.>KWBri!(;iI 12 2.J 

I'OIGIIKKKPSIE 1 15 

RI1I>EBK( K 2 10 

CATS KILL 3 25 

III'DSOX 3 45 

ALBANY 10 

Arrive P. M. 

SAKATOGA (sippcial I rain i B 10 

Akkivk p. M. 



GOING SOUTH. 



Leave A. M. 

SARATOGA (Special Irniiii 7 0« 

Leave A. M. 

ALBANY » 30 

HUDSON 10 40 

t'ATSKILI. 11 OO 

KlIINKBKt K 12 26 

POrOIIKKKPSIK 1 20 

NKHBrK<ill 2 15 

YVEST POINT 2 50 

NKW YOIiK, 22il St 5 30 

NEtt YOIiK. Vestry St 5 50 

Arkive p. M. 

BUOOKLYN (by Annex 6 15 

Akkivk P. M. 



Meals on the European Plan, i Dining Saloons on Main Deck. 



Connecting at Albany with New York Central & Hudson River Railroad 







I 

Thonsaiirt' Island's an(| ^U, Wostrrn PointvS. 

With Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's Railroad for 

„ ' m, imm, 

MONTREAL AND NORTHERN POINTS. 

ALSO. 

Centra/ Vermont Route for St, Albans, St. Johns & Montreal. 



At NEW YORK with Trains for 

PHILADELPHIA,BALTIMORE,WASHINGTON 

And Points in the SOUTH, WEST and EAST. 

A CHOICE OF TWO ROUTES TO THE 

]n:ESOmTS m C ATSKIILILSo 

Through Tickets Sold and Baggage Checked to Destination. 

C. B. VAN BENTHUYSEN, Gen. Ticket Ag't. C. T. VAN SANTVOOBD, Gen. Manager. 
VESTBY STREET PIER, NEW YORK. 

(37; 



SAFETY and DISPATCH 

United States 

EXPRESS COMPAITY. 

jvlx. the f»ri]:^cip^l cities 

IN THE 

Middle, Western. Northwestern and Southwestern States 

AND THE TERRITORIES AND PACIFIC SLOPE. 



In Direct Connection, and under Through Rates, with Connecting Lines extending 
throughout the entire country. East and "West. 

Forwarded to All Parts of the Country on 

FAST EXPRESS TRAINS.:. QUICKEST POSSIBLE TIME 



Mso Connecting with FOREIGJf EXPRESS LIXES and STEAMERS 
for All Parts of the World. 



Unexcelled Facilities for the Transportation of 

CURRENCY, GOLD, SILVER and JEWELRY, 

In Fire-Proof Safes in Charge of Special Messengers. 



Particular Attention given to the Collection of 

Notes, Drafts, Accounts, etc., the Recording of Deeds, Mortgages, etc. 

And the Execution of all sorts of Commissions. 



By Giving and Taking Receipts and keeping Complete Records of all Articles 
THE UNITED STATES EXPRESS COMPANY are at all times prepared to 
Prove the Delivery of Every Package entrusted to their care. 

REDUCED RATES given on Small Money Remittances ; also on Packages 
of Printed Matter and other Articles known as Third Class Mail Matter. 

For further information and Rates, apply to any of the Company's Agents. 

G-EISTEK^I-. OFFICES : 

82 BROADWAY, HEW YORK CITY. 

(38) 



CENTRAL 

Cross-Town E.E. Co. 



JOHN B. SLAWSON, President. 
M. I. MASSON. Actuary. 

Capital, ^ ^ - $600,000 

ROUTE: 

From foot East '23d Street to Avenue -A. to 
East IBtli Street to Broadway to East and 
'West 14:th. Street to Seveiitli ^venvie, to West 
11th Street to AVest Street to Christoplier 
Street. Returning through. West Street to 
West 11th Street to Seventh A.vemie to AVest 
and East 14th Street to Union Square to East 
17th Street to A.venue A. to East •23d Street. 



FARE, 5 CENTS 

(39^ 



o<lfISSETS OYEF^ ONE I^UNDI^ED ffllLLION DOIjLAI^S.C>o 




AL + 



INSURANCE COMPANY, 



F. S. WINSTON, President. 




<X^<£>UE liAI^GESnr AND BEST IN THE D501^LD.t>c» 



u<j) 



TO 

X3 XJ R O P ES 

IN 

SEVEN DAYS. 

! 

TAKE THE 

ALASKA 

OR 

ARIZONA 

OV THE 

GUION LINE. 

THE FASTEST STEAMSHIPS IN THE WORLD. 

Apply to 

WILLIAMS GUION, 

2i) Bi'oadufaf/, Y. 




11 OS B^^oad -0^8,37-, JSTe-xTu- 'X'ox'ls:, 

Manufacturer of 

HARDWARE. 

OlTIiNT ELEVATOR DOOR FIXTURES. HOTEL ANNUNCIATORS. DIITOT 
lAililU BURGLAR AND FIRE ALARMS. APARTMENT INDICATORS, i A 1 lM 

Brass and Bronze Railings made to order from Drawing^s. 

ANTIQUE FURNITURE TRIMMINGS. 

Factory: lo7'163 West 20th Street, New York, 

BAEDKR, ADAMSON & CO., 

No. 07 lieekmau Street, Neiv York, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 



CURLED HAIR.i^- Gr X^XX JB> ^^^FLINT PAPER. 

E mery Paper and E mery Cloth, Ground Flint and Cow Hide Whips, 
WASHED CATTLE, SADDLERS' AND PLASTERERS' HAIR, MOSS, Etc. 



HAIR FELT, \l 



FOR COVERING BOILERS AND PIPES, 



D FOR LINING REFRIGERATORS. 



S T O E S : 

New York, 67 Beekman Street. Philadelphia. 730 Market Street. Boston, 143 Milk Street. 

CmcAdo, 182 Lake Street. Cincinnati, 8 and 10 West Pearl Street. 




GiLMAN COLLAMORE. VMilflil N I U" V ^ >^ IW' J°"^ J- GIBBONS 



IMPORTERS OF 



Ears China, > Rich Cut Glass, 

Artistic Faiences, P^'l^ Plates, -^l- 
Oriental Porcelains, And Bric-a-Brac, 

19 UNION SQUARE, west. NEW YORK. 

ESTAPLISHED1844. CONOVER & CO. ESTABLISHED 1844. 

EESiaWEES and MAl'UFACTCEESS of 

GRATES AND FENDERS, 3|e^ 

OPEN FIRE PLACES, 

ANDIRONS, FIRE SETS, HODS, SCREENS, Etc., ;:/'ir.::i"ii..,,„. 

r-TTT [- I . \cr^ IMPORTED DIRECTLY FROM THE QA WPQT 9Qfl 

_J LJ iJjLj kTD MOST RENOWNED MAKERS. OU VVJjkJl ^OU. O-Lt 

Special Designs and Estimates furnished when desired. 

(42) 



J. R. RAND, President. N, W. HORTON, Secretary. A, C. RAND, Treasurer. 

RENDROCK POWDER COMPANY, 

The Ingredients of the Patent 

Rackarock Blasting Powder, 



AND DEAL»-:KS IN 



Electric Blasting Machines, Electric Fuzes. Leading Wire. Blasting Caps, Safety Fuze. &,c. 

These Ingredients arc not explosive until combined. Can be (orwardcd by express or fast frcit;ht if desirable. 
Approximate Nitro Glycerine in strength. 



RAND DRILL COMPANY, 



MANUKACriKIiKS OF 



tgek nriUs, Aiy Compressor^ 



AND GENERAL MINING MACHINERY, BLASTING BATTERIES, FUZE AND CAPS. 

240 B ROADWAY. NEW YORK. 

A. C. RAND, President. N. W. HORTON, Sup't. J. R. RAND, Sec'y and Treas. 

W. L. STRONG & CO., 

Rbw yoi^i^, Boston and Philadelphia, 

FOR THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING MILLS: 

BAIiLAKD VALE MILLS. C. H. & F. H. STOTT. WAUMBECK CO- 
NORWAY PLAINS CO. ELIAS TITUS & SONS. B. LUCAS & CO. 
NIANTIC MILLS CO. CLINTON MILLS CO. 

SAMUEL GREENWOOD & SONS. 

eiUFQllII HIE WMITE BLMKETS. 

CONESTOCA STEAM MILLS' 

Fine Brown Cottons and Satteen Jeans. 

New Elngland Bunting: C!o. 



SPECIALTIES IN DRESS GOODS. 



(43) 



SWEET C^l^OE^E, 

ST. JAMES, &c. 



Straight Cut in Eull Dress Package 

THE FIjYEST cigarette IjX THE WOULD. 

r 

SUGGESSOI^S TO 








New York, Baltimore and Danville. 




Each Cigarette bears (y/i^n^t^^^/Jrc^. facsimile signature 



Sold by Dealers Ihroughout the World. 



(44) 



AMEHICAN EXPHESS CO. 

NLW V(1RK CI I V t)l l K i:S: 

65 Broadway, near Wall St. 27 East 14th St.. near Union sq. 

40 Hudson St.. near Duane. ' 940 Broadway. Cor. 22d St. 

302 Canal St.. near Broadway. 30th St., H. R. R. R. Depot. 

696 Broadway, cor. Fourth St. ' 45th St. opp. Grand Central Depot. 

407 Madison Ave., Cor. 48th St. 

Forwarders by the Fastest Passenger and Special Express Trains 

lU-.TW r.KN Al l. Till-; I'klNCirAI, I I 1 IKS IN I llF. 

New England, Middle and Western States. 

FROM NEW YORK CITY 

VIA 

New York Central and Hudson River R. R. 

TO THE WEST BY 

SIM:( lAL A3IERICAN EXPRESS TRAINS, 

Which carry NO PASSENGERS, and make better time than passenger trains- 
Running nearly 40 miles per hour, N Y. to Buffalo, Cleveland, etc. 

American Express Company Money Orders. Cheap, Safe and Convenient, issued for an^ 
amount from $1.00 to ^50.00, payable either to Order or to Bearer at 6,500 places in the Eastern, 
Middle, Western and Southwestern States, the Territories, Pacific Coast, Mexico, and the 
Canadas. Reckii'ts Given, and if Orders are Lost, Money Refunded. Orders are 
also negotiable at banks. Orders sold at all Offices of the Company in the United States. 
Rates — •'?5, 5c. | $10, 8c. | $20, loc. | $30, 12c. | I40, 15c. | $50, 20c. 

American Express Company Transfers Money by Telegraph between all its important city 
and village agencies. Low Rates and Prompt Service. Payment of money made, when 
requested, at local addresses. Rates — In addition to the cost of telegraph service, for sums 
of $100 or less, one per cent. Over $100 to $200, $1.25 | $2oo to $300, $1.50 | ^300 to 
$400, !j!i.75 I ^400 to 500, $2.00. Rates for larger amounts, apply to Agents. 

American Express Company. Reduction in Rates for Currency or Gold Coin Remit- 
tances between nearly 5,000 places reached direct by the American Express Company, in the 
Eastern, Middle and Western States, and the Canadas ; also to offices of nearly all connecting 

lines. Lowest ani Highest Charges, according to Distance Carried— 

$200. .25 to 85c. $250. .25c. to-ti-oo. 
225. .25 to 90c. 300. .25c. to *i. 25. 



$20 or less, 15c. 

40 20c. 

50 25c. 



S70. .25 to 30c. 
80. . 25 to 40c. 
100. .25 to 45c. 



•S125 . . 25 to 50c. 
150. .25 to 60c. 
175 -25 to 75c. 



1^ Larger Sums in Mug i Smaller Proportion. 



N. B. — Money Packages are delivered, as addressed, within the Company's delivery limits 
of every city and village agency, free of charge. 

Merchandise Parcel Rates. — The attention of shippers is respectfully called to the follow- 
ing table of approximated rates for the carriage of small packages of merchandise. These rates 
are the i.ovvEsr and highest charges made, according to the distance packages are carried, and 
apply between nearly 5,000 places reached direct by this Company in the United States. 
I lb. .25c. I 2 lbs. .25 to 30c. ! 3 lbs. .25 to 45c. I 4 lbs. .25 to 60c. | 5 lbs. .25 to -5c. 

7 lbs 25c. to ijsi.oo. 

By agreement, and arrangements made for Through Way Billing, the above rates also apply 
to places reached by nearly every connecting express company in the Northern States and 
Territories. 

us; 




(ON THE EUROPEAN PLAN), 

102, 104 aixa. 106 'ST'eseisr Steee-b, 

Through to 98 Barclay St. Opposite Washington Market. Between Washington and West Sts. 



ENTIRE HOUSE OPEN DAY AND NIGHT, 

And lighted in its entirety by the Edison System for Isolated Lighting. 

200 Rooms— 50 cents, 75 cents and $1.00 per day; $2.00, $3.00 and $3.50 pe; week, and 
upwards, according to location, etc. 
THE LARGEST DINING ROOMS IN NEW YORK— PERFECT VENTILATION. 

Samivel H. Everett, Proprietor. 

(4(>) 



H. Clausen & Son Brewing Co., 



NEW YORK CITY. 

Brewers of 



Superior. iPalc timber cllcs and iPortcr, 

[ast lodia Pale Ale anij Aoierican Stoot, 



ALSO 



CHAMPAGNE ^ LAGER + BEER, 

For Draught and Bottling Use. 



Sfiippirig Orders Solicited and Proniptlii Executed if covered hy Draft 
on .A'. Y. City Bank, or accomfjani d with Satisfactory 
References. 

WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF BREWING 

The Celebrated Export Champagne Lager Beer, East India 
Pale Ale and American Stout, 

BOTTLED BY THE 

-^^PHCENIX BOTTLING COMPAN Y,:i«- 

886 to 890 Second Avenue, New York. 



AVe Koceived FIKST riilZKS at 

CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, Philadelphia. 1876. 

PARIS EXPOSITION. 1878. 

CARACAS. VENEZUELA. EXHIBITION. 1883. 

SAN FRANCISCO EXHIBITION, 1883, 
And at the AMERICAN INSTITUTE FAIR for the last four successive years. 



Shipments of our Bottled Beer to Central and South America, 
West Indies, Australia, and other Foreign Countries, also all 
parts of the United States, attest to the reputation and keeping 
qualities of our Beers. 



(47i 




OR., 



THE 8T0RY OF THE SEWING MACHINE. 

A handso7ne little painphlet, illumiiiated cover, 
with numerous engravings^ 

WILL BE 

G-IYEN AWAY 

to any adult person calling for it, at any 
branch or sub-ofice of the 

Singer Mainifacturing Company, 

or will be sent by mail, post-paid, to any 
person living at a distance from 
our offices. 

Tie SiGEB MWic TOEING Co. 

Principal Office, 34 Umon Square, 



NEW YORK. 

(48) 



G. AMSINCK & CO. 

148 and 150 Pearl Street, New York. 
SOLE AGENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA FOR 

IVJDOIV DE X. HARMONY CO Ca,/iz. 

THOMAS HINE CO Cognac. 

A. PELLEVOISIN La Rochelle. 

FAG£:S &' CO Tarragona. 

JOAQUIN RIUS MONTANER 

LEACH, GIRO CO Alicante. 

TRE YERAN FR^RES Bordeaux . 

PAUL EMILE THOMAS Meze. 

PA ULIN ARNA UD " 

/. A LB RAND Narbonne. 

EST^VE ^ SI NOT Ceite. 

MIG UEL DE SO UZA G UEDES. Oporto. 

FOR TO, CHAM ICO, SON SILVA " 

P. J. VANDERBURG Schiedam. 

HOX-iIDERS OIF 

A. GUCKENHEIMER & BROS., Pure Rye Pennsylvania Whiskies. 

PENNSYLVANIA DISTILLING CO., " Montrose " Pure Rye and Bourbon 

Whiskies. 

THE NEWCOMB BUCHANAN CO., Louisville, Ky. 
NELSON, ANDERSON, BUCHANAN, Bourbon and Rye Whiskies. 

(49) 




(so) 



R. HOE & CO, 

MA\UKA( TURK 

Patent Printing Presses 

Wl^lCH PRINT FROM A ROLL OF PAPER, 

Either from Type Forms or Stereotype Plates, 

AT A SPEED OF 30,000 PERFECTED COPIES AN HOUR, 

With or Without Folding Apparatus. 

Also Less Expensive Machines of same descrip- 
tion, where such great speed and Large 
production are not required. 



PATENT DOUBLE AND SINGLE CYLINDER PRESSES, 

For Newspaper, Book and Job Work. 
PATENT STOP CYLINDER PRESSES, For Book Work. 

PATENT SINGLE CYLINDER PRESSES, For Book Work. 

PATENT STOP CYLINDER LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES. 
PATENT SINGLE CYLINDER TWO-REVOLUTION PRESSES, For Book Work. 
PATENT SINGLE LARGE CYLINDER, For Job Work. 

ADAMS' BED AND PLATEN BOOK PRESSES. 



Printing Machinery and Printing Materials of every descrip- 
tion, all manufactured in our own Works, under our own imme- 
diate supervision from improved designs, at prices in accordance 
with their quality and the times, and warranted in every case to 
he of superior design, best material and excellent workmanship. 

Illustrated catalogues with prices may he had on application, 
and the machines may be seen at our works in operation and in 
process of construction. 

R. HOE & CO., 

504 Grand Street, - - New York City. 

15'; 



SIMPSON, SPENCE & YOUNG, 

Steamship A^g^^^s and S^ip Brokers, 

78 and 80 BROAri Street, New York. | 12 Great St. Helen's, London. 
Guildhall Chambers, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

AGENTS irOR 

ARROW LINE, - - Steamers to , . - Leith. 

FURNESS LINE, ■ . . " . Newcastle-on-Tyne and Dundee. 

CAMBRIAN LINE, - - " Portishead Dock and Swansea. 

BLAIK'S LINE, . - . " BrazU. 
STETTIN LLOYD LINE, ■ " ... Stettin and Copenhagen. 

DIRECT SWEDISH LINE, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. 



New York Cab Company, Limited. 

SXJCCESSORS TO 

RYERSON & BROWN, 



Nos. 19 to 25 East 12th Street, Nos. 116 to 130 West 32d Street, 

Fifth Avenue, Corner 44th Street, Nos. 2, 4 and 6 West 45th Street, 

American Horse Exchange, B'way cor. 50th St., Nos. 221 and 223 West 53d Street, 

And at the Windsor Hotel. 



In addition to the regular Livery Business as heretofore carried on by Ryerson & Brown, this 

Company hac established a 

Cheap C/b Service for the City of f(EW Yo^k. 

These Cabs have proved a success, and already many of the Old City Cabs have been 
painted to imitate ours. 

Be sure that the TRADE MARK of our Company is on the 
back Panel of the Cab. All others are Bogus. 

Wm. p. St. John, President. Chas. P Burdett. Vice-President. Fred'k B. Schknck, Cashier- 

THE MERCANTILE NATIONAL BANK 

OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 

CAPITAL, - - $1.000,000. 

Great Western iSespatch and South Shore Uine 

"Vxa Erie Eail^wajr, 

TO ALL POINTS WEST, NORTH-WEST and SOUTH-WEST. 

For Rates of Freight and Bills Lading, apply to 

H. R. DUVAL, Gen'l Manager, T. S. DUMONT, Gen'l Agent, 

6 Bowling Green, N. Y. , 336 Broadway, N. Y. 

(52) 



ATLAS LINE OF MAIL STEAMERS 

^ TO THE 

West Indies and South America, Jamaica, Hayti, 
Porto Rico, United States of Columbia and South America. 

PI M, FORWOOD !c CO.. Agents. 22 Sc 23 Stcte St.. New York. 

El. I=L. IDXJIFLKLEE db OO., 
Indigo and Spice Importers, 

Spice Grinders, Mustard Manufacturers 

i:{5, i:i7 <f Water Street, Xeiv York. 

JACOB S. BERNHEIMER 8l BRO., 

MANUFACTURERS AND 

CONVERTERS OF COTTON GOODS, 

For Home and Export Trade, 
Cor. White & Church Streets, 

JACOB S. BERNHEIMER. ^ 

MAYER S. BP:RNHEIMER. -^^ O'ai,-^-. 

Theodore B. Starr, 

206 Fifth Avenue, MADISON SQUARE, New York, 

IMFORTER AND MANUFACTURER. 

Choice DiamonDc, 
Rare Pearls, 
Rubies, 
Sapphires, 
Emerald.s, 

Gold 
Jewklr V 



Watches, 
Solid Silverware, 
Decorative Porcelain, 
Artistic Bronzes, 

Mantel Sets, Clocks. 

Original Designs of Rich Jewelry, 

Special attention given to the remounting of family jewels. 

Goods sent on approval, satisfactory references being givm, 

FREE INSPECTION OF STOCK INVITED. 

(53) 



STUBBORN FACTS 

are that the justly famous cigars made by the celebrated manufacturers. 

Straiton & Stonn, 

are better than those produced by any other manufacturers. For the fol- 
lowing reasons : — 

They aim at the highest standard, and when reached they never allow 
them to deteriorate under any circumstances. The consumers' wants are 
always in view. The dealer has only to keep the goods in stock to insure 
to himself a steady reliable trade. We 

(SHALLBNGB IPHB ^OI^IiD 

to produce goods BETTER, more RELIABLE, and REGULAR. Dealers 
supplied by 

R. C. BROWN & CO., 

94 and 96 West Broadway, NEW VORK. 



HERRING'S SAFES. 

THE WORLD'S CHAMPIONS! 

Medals Awarded at International Exhibitions. 

1851, 1853, 1867, 187«, 1878, 1871), 1880, 

London, Paris, New York, Philadelphia, Sydney, N. S. W.. 

Melbourne, etc. 

HERRIXG & CO., 251 and 252 Broadway, New York. * 

A. S. BARNES & CO., 

PUBLISHERS OF THE 

Mional Series of School \t% and Wholesale iookselkrs anil Slaiiosers 

111 AND 113 William Street, cor. John, Nev/ York. 

Lincoln Safe Deposit Company and Fire-Proof Storage Warehouse, 

31i to 38 East 4:^tl St., opposite Oi-ancl Central Depot. 

BlTRGI-AIt AND FIItK-FK<mF BOXKS, ISIO.OO to $:<00.00 TKK YEAR. 

Packages of Silver. Plate, etc., stored under gii.-irantee. Unrivalled Fire Proof Storage tor Furniture. Work* 
of Art. Thcatrlc.ll Properties, etc. TKUNK STORAGE A SPECIALTY. Building approved by Fir« 
Commissioners and Inspector of Buildings. 



. (9HEMI6AL HaTIONAL BANI^, 

270 BRO-A-IDW^-Z-- 
CAPITAL, $300,000. SURPLUS AND PROFIT, $3,750,000. 

' GEO. G. WILLIAMS. President. W. J. QUINLAN. Jr.. Cashier. 

RiNTH Rational Bani^, 

CAPITAL, ----- $750,000. 
SURPLUS AND PROFITS, - 203,207. 

JOHN T. HILL, Pres't. GARDNER R. COLBY. Vice-Prest. H, H. NAZRO. CashV. 

HOME ~ 

INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK, 

Ollice, IVo. 119 33i'oa,clway. 

SIXTIETH SEMI-ANNUAL STATEMENT, 
Showing the Condition of the Company on the First day of 

JULY, 1SS3. 

CASH CAPITAL, .... $3,000,000 00 

Reserve for Unearned Premiums, - 2,212,267 00 

Reserve for Unpaid Losses and Claims, - 209,711 21 

Net Surplus, 1,749,292 61 

CASH ASSETS, . - . . $7,171,270 82 



J. H. WASHBURN, Secretary. CHAS. J. MARTIN, President. 

T. B. GREENE, \ D. A. HEALD, Vice-Pres't. 

r Ass't See's. 
W. L. BIGELOW. \ 

PH. ^& WM. EBLING, 

Ale, Lager Beer Brewers, and Malsters, 

Corner 156th St. and St. Ann's Avenue, 

MORRISANIA. NEW YORK CITY. 



Sjtecial Attention Given to 

BOTTLING AND SHIPPING TRADE. 



GILSEY HOUSE, ■ 



Cor. Broadway and 29th St. 



New York. 



J. H. Breslin & Bro., Proprietors. 

VICTORIA HOTEL, 

Fifth Ave., Broadway and 27th St., New York. 



' Frank Wrisley & Co., Proprietors. 

HOTEL ST. MARC, 



Fifth Avenue, cor. 39th St., 



New York. 



DEVINE & GILLIS. 



BclYGdcrG V §OUSG, 

Cor, Fourth ^ve. aijd 18tlj St., 



JOS. WEHRLE, Prop. 



Centrally located near Union Square, conTcn- 
Icnt to all Ktiilronds, Cars, Stages, and all prin- 
cipal places of Aniiisenieut. 

A flrst-rlass Restaurant and CM attached to 
the house. 

All modern langunces are spoken by the Pro- 
p:ietor and attendants. 





PIANO-FORTES, 

The Standard Piano of the World. 

^AI^EI^OOMS : 
'Steinway Hall, Nos. 107. 109 and 111 E. 14th St., 

NEW YORK. 




^57) 




HERMANN 



BURR SON S GO, 

:E=*roiDrletoi's, 

221, 223, 225, 227, 232 and 234 W. 18th St., 
NEW YORK. 



(58) 





KUHN, LOEB & CO,, 



No. 31 NASSAU STREET, 



NEW YORK CITY. 



(SQ) 




L. H. ROEMER & CO., 

SUCCESSORS TO 

Ale and Porter Brewers, 

347-355 WEST 44th STREET, NEW YORK. 

D. H. Mc Alpin & Co 

MANUFACTURERS OP 

VIRGIN LEAF AND NAVY 
Fine Cut Chewing and Shield Plug, 

TOBACCOS. 

150 Avenue D, corner Tenth Street, 

NEW YORK. 




DAVID G. YDENGLING, Jr., 

|I;tnlrattan §>iaiwir, 



128th Street and Tenth Avenue, 
NEW YORK. 




(6i) 



TOSEPH GILLOTTS 

Med ^m^. 





THE MOST PERFECT OF PENS. 



PoR PineWriting, 

N?? 1-303-170- 



'^//•/y^ J^°"rHER STYLES TO SUlI 

SOLD liY ALL DEALERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 



ALL HANDS.) "£0^' t^"^' 

Wholesale Warehouse, 91 John Street, New York. 




For Sale by all Leading Dealers. 



AMMIDOWN & SMITH, 

Ory Goods Cowtwtiasion MerckmniB^ 

87 ^ 89 LXEONAI^D StI^EEIP, - - HEW yOI^I^. 

Kdward H. Ammidown. Alrert D. Smith. 

NEW YORK MUTUAL INSURANCE CO. 

No. 61 "Williiirn street, New Yorli. 
ASSETS. JANUARY 1st, 1885, - - - $708,433.64. 
Marine Insurance on Favorable Terms. Certificates Issued J'ajable Abroad. 

EDWARD LARAQUE, Secretary. THEO. B. BLEECKER, Jr., President. 

{jg^ This ('oiii|iiiuv isNUcs Cert itli'titos of Insuninre. losses piiviililp in lA)ii(lon, at the Ilinliinc House 
of l>KNMSTOrN. CliO'SS A <'(). Oritfiiiiillr Chartered as a Stork Company in ll'.ls. stock paid off and 
JIutual SyNteiu Adopted in IS51. 

(62) 



«^ NOTICE. -^SH 

When you want a choice smoke, ask your dealer for 
one of the American News Compaiiy's 

TaANHATTA Sc. CIGARS. 

You will find the flavor equal to most of the 1 Oc, and 
superior- to any of the Sc. cigars sold in 
your section. 

THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, :{9 and +1 Chamb ers St., N.Y. 
" GET THE BEST." The only LAEGE TYPE Edition of 

EXCELSIOR EDITION. 

Price per volume, in cloth binding 8i 5" I Price per sci, full Russia, gilt edges 50.00 

'■ per set (in neat box) 22.50 | " " half calf or half morocco 50.00 

This edition in size of type, page, and general style, excels all others. In fact it is in the 
words of Charles Dickens " The Best Edition of luy Books." 

StY spi'ciiiieii />ii,^i\ sfio~vli!^^ style of type, sizi- 0/ pa:^c-, etc. 

THE EXCELSIOR EDITION OF STANDARD TWELVEMOS. 

In large l2mo Volumes of uniform thickness, printed from New Plates, 011 -^ood paper, fully 
illustrated, and handsomely bound, extra cloth, black and gold side and back dies. The volumes 
in this series are Complete and Unabridged, and are issued at the low price of $I.oo per volume, 
retail. 

L/ST OF ABOVE SENT ON APPLICATION. 

THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, 39 an<l Cliaiiibors St., N. Y . 

ST. DENIS HOTEL and TAYLOR'S RESTAURANT 

EUROPEAN + PLAN. '^-^ 

Central Location. 
WILLIAM TAYLOR, Proprietor. 



WALKER & BRESNAN, 

S-iiCcesso^r's to E.. F. COLE & CO., 

^rriutcrs' 'funu'sOiiuj Wnrcfjousc 

201-205 William Sh-eet, 15 and 17 Frank foH Street. 
NEW YORK. 

Leads. Brass Rules, Galleys, Metal Furniture and Quotations. Boxvirood for Engravers' Use. 

Blocking. Mortising, etc. 
(63) 



D. DE Castro & Co. 




: AND : 

(Commission |12ppr§flnh, 

54 WILLIAM STREET, 

NEW YORK, 

I nn -pox*l3ex's o± Co±±03, 

Cocoa, Cochineal, Dyewoods, Indigo, 

India ^ubbGr, ivorij Suts, f oruYiaii Bark, Sides and §kii|s, 

AND ALL OTHER PRODUCTS OF 
Central America, United States of Columbia, 

VENEZUELA, BRAZIL and the WEST COAST OF 
SOUTH AMERICA. 



Before you Decorate your house, see the New Scries of Designs of 

FR. BECK & CO., 



MANUFACTURERS OK 




Also, Special Novelties in Wall Papers 

GIVING RICH AND ARTISTIC EFFECTS AT MODERATE PRICES. 

[From the Xeiv York Tribune^ Dec. :r4, 1884.] 
" Messrs. Kk. Ukck «fc Co. arc tlic only firm in a position to i^uarantcc Wall Papers /rct- Jrottt ArseuiL 

UITCHUSTA-WALTOIT. 

lyatev-l'roof. Durable. Sanitarf/. 

The refinement of all Wall Decorations. The combination of 
Lincrusta-Walton and Wall Papers now in universal use. 

JI tt li li/'fictori/ tiiid S/toirr-04nii .H : 

5tli Aye. aud 30tli St,, NEW YORK. ]tli A?e. aM 29tli St. 

N.n.— I'aiiels, ri!i<|Ufs, Medallions and Itorder.s, forinlnii beautiful Art Works In IJncrusta. 

GALLATIN NATIONAL BANK, 

CAPITAL, - - $1,000,000. I SURPLUS, etc., - $954,600. 

OFFICERS. 

Fred'k D. Tappen, President. Alex. H. Stevens. Vice-President. Akthur W. Shekman, Cashier. 

DIRECTORS. 

Fred'k D. Tappen. Adrian Isei in, Jr. Fred'k W. Stevens. Alfred Rocsevelt. 

Wm. W. Astok. Thomas Drnnv. Alex. H. Stkvens. M. Bavaru Hrown. 

BLISS, FABYAN & CO., 

DRY^gOODS ^- gOMMISSlON * MERgHANTg, 

32 TO 36 Thomas Street, 
117 TO 119 DuANE Street, 

NEW YORK. 

William M. Bliss, President. Willia.m L. Strong, Vice-President. Edw. Skillin, Cashier. 

THE CENTRAL NATIONAL BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 

320 and 322 Broadway. 
CAPITAL, (S3,00(),000 | .SCK PUTS FUND and PKOFIT.S. S5C6,S34.40 

DIRECTORS. 

Willi.-im A. Wheelock. James W. Smith. F.lias S . Hipgins. Edwin F Knowlton. 

Simon Hernheimer. lohn Byers. Morris Franklin. Edward C. Sampson 

James M. Dunbar. William M. Bliss. William L. Strong. 

^65) 



JOHN C. DE LA VERGNE, Pres't. CHAS. A. STERLING, Vice Pres't. HENRY W. GUERNSEY, Sec'y and Treat 

He De La Ifergije Refrigerating Hacliine Co., 

MANUFACTURliRS OF 

ReWgepafeiilg mi fee ^Tlaehi 



ANHYDROUS AMMONIA. 



153, 155, 157, 159, 161 Bank St., 



Telephone, Spring 85. 



P4 

C/3 



£■0 = 



S f- a 

or S 



3 S 
►J 



111 



c u 

W c in 



= 5 a 

3 «CJ 



2 I 



o § safe 

fo^ ■ 
tit sa 

A "5 c p — te 
" a- o ^ 



^ s c-o S — 

3 =2f« S| 



CO 

I— 



3S 



sag 
-65 



« v " S p 



c ;^'s5 

5. oq" " o 2} 

2 ii 



fc- X a; 3 



= ^ C3 P r> 

J, « a * i- S 
= ■3: o 2 ^ 

— 4>5 o 



2 ;>i 



•c5 g'g 



^^6hE liANGHAM.^^ 



Fifth Avenue and Fifty-second St., New York. 

The favorite Family Hotel of the Metropolis. 
J^erfect in all vippointments. E. N. WILSON, Proprietor. 



GQanhansbt I70USB. "."^^cz, 

^ 

SHELTEIEl ISL^nsro, L. I., ZST. "ST. 

One of the Largest, viost Atti'active mid Fas] li 01 table Sumniei' Resorts 

along the Atlantic Coast. 

E N. WILSON, Proprietor. 

(66) 



CHARLES SCRIBNERS' SONS 

AND 

SCRIBNER & WELFORD, 

Nos. 743 & 745 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 

HAVK KOR SALt; liVKRY IMPORTANT 

merican and J^nglish f^ ook 



RECENTLY PUBLISHED, AND 

Stciiidard Works in Cloth and Fine Bindings 

IN GREAT VARIETY. 

ALSO, RARE AND UNIQUE VOLUMES, EXTRA LLLUSTRATED WORKS, 
AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL TREASURES OE EVERY ORDER. 

THE PRlCliS ARE MODERATE, AND THE ASSORTMENT INCLUDES THE CHEAPEST AS WELL AS 
THE FINEST EDITIONS. CATALOGUES SENT FREE ON APPLICATION. 



SCRIBNERS', 743 Sc 745 Broadway, New York City. 

THE BEST THING KNOWN 

FOR 

WA5HlFG#BLEjlG|IIflG 

In Hard or Soft. Hot or Cold Water. 

SAVES LABOR, TIME AND SOAP 

Amazingly, and gives universal satisfaction. No family 
rich or poor should be without it. Sold by all Grocers. 

Beware of Imitations well designed to Mislead. 

IS the only SAFE laborsavini; com- 
pound, and always bears the symbol 




PEARLlNf 



prini llir is the only SAFE l.ibor saving com- 
1 LHnLlIlL pound, and .ilwavs bears the svmbol 

^^'^ JAMES PYLE, NEW YORK. 



Geo. p. Sghastby ^ @o., 

Desigmei^s and (Qanupagtui^ei^s op 

In(FFioF Mm\ ^orh anil HFrorations, 

Fagtoi^y and ^Oai^ei^ooms, 

Bl^OADWAY AND g3D STREET. 

(67,) 




Z Hbw Sti^bbt, Hew yor^p^. 



Generally acknowledged to be the best ever offered in this market. 

TIMOTHY STEVENS, Proprietor. 

Peters & Calhoun Co,, 



MANUFACTURF.RS AND IMPORTERS OF 



FOR HOME AND FOREIGN MARKETS. 



One Block above Grand Central Hoteu 



CONTRACTORS TO THE U. S. GOVERNMENT. 



MANUFACTURFRS OF 



IIMI lUBlll mms OF lYEBY BISCBIPTIOl. 



CLOTHING, 
BOOTS AND SHOES, 
BALLS AND TOYS. 



RUBBER 



I SPORTING OUTFITS, 
i FANCY GOODS, 
Etc. Etc. Etc. 



FULL LINE OF EVERYTHING M/\DE OF INDIA RUBBER. 
Cor. of Broadway and G-rand St., New York. 



JUSTAJiLIXHEIt 1S38. 
(68) 



§aplem Gas liighfe GompaFiv^ 

OpPIGB, 2084 ©HII^D flVENUB, 

elo:tPv>^Vc^l- co;^. 1 I4l{'i Street. 

District, from 79th St. to Kings Bridge. 



(6q) 



Is made from Pure Orange County Cream, and is the BEST and most popular Ice Cream 
in the World. TRY IT, AND YOU WILL USE NO OTHER I 

PATENT SUPER-FROZEN BRICKS OF ICE CREAM FOR 

CHupES, Fairs, Festiy/ls and to Carry Home, a Specialty. 



3De;pot;s = 



WILL. ItEEi* HArtr> IIOTJR. 



305 Foium A?euiie, 1288 Broaclway, 15 Chatliai St., 110 E. 125tli St., New York, 

And 453 PULTON STREET, BROOKLYN. 



DAVIS COLLAMORE & CO., 

921 BROADWAr, cor. 21st STREET and 151 FIFTH AVENUE, connecting. 



SOUF», 

FISH, 

RO^ST 

AND 

OA-ME PLATES 



CO 



is 



Entree 

AND 

De.ssert Flates. 
_A.fter-Diniier 
Cofi'ees. 



Pure Cut Crystal Glass in Sets or by the Piece. 

Rich Cut Berry Bowls, Fruit Stands, Olive Dishes, &c. 
In New and Elegant Forms. Quality Unexcelled. 

F/INCr VASES, BOHEMIAN GLASS, HAVILAND CHINA. 
DAVIS, COLLAMORE & CO., 

BROADWAY, corner 21st Street, NEW YORK. 

Hie following serials, piiblishetl in pnmphlet-form, are prese»te<l tn nil j>tirchasers of 
NEW YORK FAMILY STOKY' PAPER FROM .".82 IPW.ARD. 
Xcnuc yoitr order tvith }/oiir Newsdealer, and he will obtain the paper aii-l the entire list 
of eighteen books for yon. Remember that there is no extra charge for tin- books. 

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 

Called Back, by Hugh Conway, 591 

The Loom Girl of Lowell, by Turner, 592 

The Romance of a Poor Young Man, 593 

Led Astray, by Octave Feuillet, 594 

Camille, by Alexandre Dumas, Jr., 595 

In Cupid's Net, 596 

A Terrible Crime, by Emma G. Jones, 597 

Old Hawkeye's Greatest Trail, 598 

Wedded and Parted, 599 

TBCE NEW YORK K.IMILT S70RT I'AI'EH, beginning with r,S-i up to 599, as above, 
with eighteen comjilete novels, will be ti< an;/ address for $J.O<t, postage paid. Address 

Box 3643. 24 and 26 Vandewater St., N. Y. 

(70) 



Mrs. McVEICH MILLER'S WORKS. 

A Dreadful Temptation, with No. 582 

An Old Man's Sweetheart, with No. 583 

A Young Girl's Strange Fate, with No. 584 

The Outlaw's Bride, with No. 585 

The Dream of Her Lifetime, with No. 586 

Love Wins Love, with No. 587 

The Oath of Vengeance, with No. 588 

Winning the Heir, with No. 589 

Her Mother's Secret, with No. 590 



T. C. LYMAN. 



H. L. GREENMAN. 





BREWERS OF 





'alcjurton aijd last India 



420 to 428 West 38tli St., Bet 9tti and lOth Aves. 



NEW YORK. 



K 



(71) 



LANMAN S KEMP, 

WiUimm Si.^ cor. Cedar Si., 



East India and South American 



WHGIiESALE Dl^UGGISIlS 





I, 





COUNTRIES, 




4^ 



(72) 




m k\\i m BliOOME SipT, COR. Gf[EE«e, 

NEW YORK, 

AGENT FOR LES SUCCES3EURS 

D'ARLES-DUFOUR & C^- 

IMPORIERS PD GOMMISSIO]! ffilWApS, 

Upliolstery CTroo<lssj, Scm. 

C.J. BONNET'S BLACK SILKS 

(73) 



PARK& TILFORD 



Fifth Avenue and 59tli Street, 



(CENTRAL PARK) 



(74) 



Superlative "ECLIPSE " Extra Dry 



A HIGH GRADE, DRY, PURE CHAMPAGNE. 



The only true American C hampagne ; all others are either sparkling Catawbas or charged. 
Being free of duty, offers an advantage of about $10 per case to consumers, over foreign wines of approaching quality. 
Compare it with the finest qualities of the different foreign brands. 
Honors awarded over most imported Chanipagnes at both private and public comparisons, 
and .Medals of Superiority over native Champagnes. 

" The ' ECLIPSE ' KXTKA PRY may be opened by any gentleman at his table with credit to himself, and 
without displeasing the most fastidious of his guests." — .Wtc I'orA- yoitr}iai 0/ Cotumtrce. 

In California. Champagnes arc made as good as any in the world." — Se^v \ ot k Ili-rald. 

Quarts, $14.85. Pints, $16.65, Sample Case, containing three Quarts and two Pints, Champagne, $5.00. 

Sold by all responsible dealers. Price List to the trade upon application. 

FRED'K WM. LUTTGEN, Sole Agent, 51 WARREN ST., NEW YORK. 

"GRAND PRIZE " MEDl'JM DRY, Quarts, $13.00; Pints, $15.00. Choice California Still Wines in Cases only. 
Sample Case, containing :■ bottles each " Eci.ii'SK* lirandy. Port, Burgundy. Claret and Hock. >>. 



F REDERICK' S 



KNICKEBOCKER 




J\lo- 770 BROADWAY. Corner NINTH STREET 

^E3-^<2-E-^ 

IMPERIALS, - - - - $6.00 per Dozen. 
DUPLICATES, _ - - - 3.00 per Dozen. 

IISTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS. 



All sittings superintended by Mr. Fredericks personally. 



^mKl EXPRESSIONS and P'lE.ISING PICTURES. 



S. F. SNIFKEN, President. !■ K. .S.MAKT, Treasurer 

The undersig^ncd manufacture 

FINE PLUMBING MATERIALS, 

such as are required and used in work where quality and not price is the consideration. Ainong 
the specialties manufactured and controlled by them may be mentioned 

The "ROYAL" Porcelain Baths, 

The "BRIGHTON" and " HELLYER " Water-Closets, 
The "MODEL" Slop Sinks, The "TUCKER" Grease Traps, 

The "DOHERTY" Self-Closing Cocks, and The "PULLER" FAUCETS. 

They have handsome Show-rooms in New York, Boston, and Chicago, where these appli- 
ances may be seen fitted up with water connected. A visit to these rooms will prove suggestive 
and instructive to those who contemplate building, or remodeling their plumbing. 

THE l^rEYER-SIVIFFEISr CO. (Limited.) 

46 and 48 Cliff St., \ew Torh. 1 Pemhertnn Square, Boatotu 91 Adtitns St., Chicago. 

(75) 



INGERSOLL ROCK DRILL CO., . 

.MANUFACTURERS OF 

^^^^^^H "ECLIPSE " ROCK DRILLS. 

^^^SK' ' StraiEM Line Air Comnrcssors. 

HiHMMinillBR' Machinery for Mining, Tunneling, Grading, 

^^^WBW^W^hSs^ Q»arr!///)^, etc. 

r^^*'*!'^^EI ; BOILERS, STEAM AND HORSE POWER HOISTS, 

I iT ; j /^4^^MHjB; Electric Batteries, Fuse, etc. 

t^Kf^^BBPS^ COMPLETE PLANTS FURNISHED. 

^^^^^B^^^R^SK^' For Citalogue, Estimates, etc.. Address 

^mS^^^m^ INaEBSOLL BOCZ DRILL CO., 

- ^ ,Q ];,, !; J'hirt; y, tr York. 




ELECTEE LI&HTS, 

/IfiC and INCANDESCENT. 



ON EXHIBITION AND FOR SALE BY 

^mi UNITED STATES ILLUMINATING CO,-!^^ 

CAPITAL, $1,000,000. 
59 and 61 Liberty Street, N. Y. 

EuGKNK T. Lynch, rrtsidciu. Jos. W. Hartley, Secretary. 

~ A. E. HIGGINS, 

SXJCCESSOR 070 HXCB-Gi-IlSrS ^asriD FO'WLEI^, 

manuf.\cti;rer of 

HIGGINS' "HORSESHOE" LAUNDRY, and 
OLD FASHIONED PURE FAMILY 
SOAPS, 

OFFICE AND FACTORY, 232, 234 AND 236 CHERRY STREET NEW YORK, 



TUB INTERNATIONAL NEWS COMPANY, 

29 8l 31 Beekman Street, New York. 

Importers and Exporters of Newspapers, Periodicals and Books. 

Special Aulliori/ctl AgcTits in the United Mates a:ui Canada, for the 

ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS, GRAPHIC and PUNCH, CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, NINETEENTH 
CENTURY, FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW and the otiier Leading European Periodicals. 

Subscriptions received for every Newspaper and Periodical ptiblished in Great Britain. Germany 
and France. Books imported in Quantity or by Sin^^le Volume. 

THE BKST HKATP:RS IN THK WORLD. 

GOLD'S Patent Heaters 

THE PERFECTION OF HOUSE WARMING. 



gold's patent 

"HEALTH," 

"TUBULAR,' 

''HYGEIAN," 

AND 

•PERFECT" 




Gold's Patent " Health" Heater. 



The only Heaters that 
produce Pure, Healthful,. 
Pleasant, Moist, Warmed 
Air without Evaporation 
of Water. 



Send for Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue containing References and 

Testimonials to 

GOLD'S llITEl MllUf ICTUBING CO.. 

Office and Manufactory , 024 to 642 East 14th Streetf 

Salesroom, 237 Water Street, New York. 

(s^Sole Manufacturers, also, of the Celebrated Zeyser "Peace-Maker" Heaters. 



REED BARTON, 

MANUFACTURERS OF FINE 

Electro-Plated Ware, 

REMOVED TO 

37 UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK. 

( 7- 1 



Dnion Trust Company of Sew York, 

No. 73 BROADWAY, cor. Rector St., NEW YORK. 

Caj}ital, $1,000,000 00 

Surplus, - -- -- -- -- - 1,000,548 23 

Authorized to act as Executor, Administrator, Guardian, Receiver, or Trustee, and is 

A LEGAL DEPOSITORY for MONEY. 

Accepts the transfer agency and registry of stocks, and acts as Trustee of mortgages of corporations. 

Allows interest on deposits, which may be made at any time and withdrawn on five days' notice with interest 
for the whole time they remain with the Company. 

For the convenience of depositors this Company also opens current accounts subject, in accordance with its 
rules, to check at sight, and allows interest upon the resulting daily balances. Such checks pass through the 
Clearing-house. 



J.\MES FORSYTH, 
I. H. FROTHINGHAM, 
G. G. WILLIAMS, 
HENRY A. KENT, 
GEORGE CABOT WARD. 
GEORGE A. JARVIS, 
ABRAM DUBOIS, 
R. T. WILSON, 
EDWARD KING, 
C. VANDERBILT. 



R. G. REMSEN, 
WM. F. RUSSELL. 
E. B. WESLEY, 
SAMUEL F. BARGER, 
A. A. LOW. 
J. B. JOHNSTON, 

C. D. WOOD, 

JA.MES A. ROOSEVELT, 

D. H. McALPIN. 
AUGUSTUS SCHELL, 



JAMES N. PLATT, 

JAMES M. McLEAN. 

WM. WHITEWRIGHT, 

AMASA J PARKER, 

D. C. HAYS, 

HENRY STOKES, 

JAAIES H. OGILVIE, 

S. T. FAIRCHILD, 

ROBERT LENOX KENNEDY. 



EXECUTIVK CJ0M:J>1ITTEE; 

WM. WHITEWRIGHT, i G. G. WILLIAMS, 

JAMES M. McLEAN, E. B. WESLEY, 

AUGUSTUS SCHELL, C. D. WOOD, 

GEORGE CABOT WARD, | D. C. HAYS. 

EDWARD KING, President. JAMES M. McLEAN, First Vice-President, 

JAMES H. OGILVIE, Second Vice-I»resident. A. O. RONALDSON, Secretary. 



Ihe Lafgest House in the Wodd k Sporting Goods 

BURNT CORK, GREASE PATNTS. COLORED FIRES, MAKE-UP BOXES, 
SONG & DANCE and CLOG SHOES, SILK, "WORSTED and COTTON KNIT GOODS. 




The undersigned keep constantly on hand a full line of FALSK BEARDS, wmSKF.RS. WIGS, MOrSTACHKS 
or make to order any style of HAIR GOOOS for Detective's Use. Theatrical or Private Parties. Also. POLICE 
CUBS. BILLEVS, Ml'fKKS, HAXmCFFS, LEG I ROSS. BELTS. BADGES, WHISTLKS. BAUiOT BOXES, 
GAVELS. (!YMNASIU.M, BOATING ami FIREMEN OI TFITS. FISHING TACKLE. BASE BALL. ARCHERY. 
LAWN TFNNIS, CRICKET, BOXING GLOVES, INDIAN CLVBS. QIOITS, DUMB BELLS, MAGIC TRICKS, 
FOOT BALLS. PLATING CARDS, CHESS, DOMINOES. CRIBBAGE. DICE, MODEL TOY ENGINES. 
LOCOMOTIVES, and all the latest and best novelties. We send by mail, on receipt of 25 cents, onr New 
Catalof;ue of 325 paces, over 3000 Illustrations. 



No. 126, 128, 130 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. 



ONLY ONE CHANGE BETWEEN NEW YORK AND PARIS 

tlV I .\K1N(. 1 Hi; 

RED STAR LINE 

BclKian. Royal and United States Mail Steamers, sailing eviT) Salurdii) U-tweci. NtW YORK and ANTWERP. 
I'he following Kuil-Powercd, Kirst-Class Sieel and Ircm Steamer', liave been s|)e< i.illy constructed for the re- 
quirements ol this trade and combine the latest improvements to insure Safety, (o ill fort and Spred: 
S.S. WeNliTiilaiid, 5500 Tons Ke)t. S.S. Soordland. 5000 Tons Keg. S.S. » neslnnd, 5000 Toiik Ui tr. 
S.S. Br I Ken laud, 4000 '* S.S. UliviilaiHl, 1000 " S.S. I'ennlaiiil, 4000 

S.S. Xederlftiia. SOOO S.S. Zeeliind, :!0(IO *' S.S. Snlt/.erlaiid, :1000 

S.S. Vaderliind, :t000 " 
Average time between New \'ork and -Antwerp, i" to i.- days. 
Kor persons desiring to visit Paris, Ilelf;iuiu, llolluud, the Rliiue rrovlnceN, UcrmuD). Italy, the Ited Star 
Line wdl be found most advantageous. 

Through Kallroad Tickets is.sued to all points on the Continent in connection with Ued Star Orean Tlrkets 
at lowest rates. 

The First Cabin S.-»lQons, Sleeping, Ladies', Bath, Smoking Rooms, etc. , are located amidships, above the 
main deck (removed from the engines, screw, and all other objectionable points), where there is the least motion. 
They are fittc.l with all the latest improvements which can be conducive to comfort and safety. Particular atten- 
tion is paid to the cuisine, which is unsurpassed. 

The Second Cabin accommodations are adjoining those of the First Cabin. The rooms arc all comm<xlious. 
and with the exception of not being as elegantly or expensively t'urnishcd. are in every respect equal to those of 
the First Cabin. An excellent table, also aJl requisites for the voyage, arc provided. 

TheFimt and Second Cabin Staterooms are thoroughly lighted and ventdated. and with few exceptions, all out- 
side rooms. 

Steerage. — The accommodations are spacious, and are divided into rooms, insuring an amount of privacy hith- 
erto imknown to the third-class passenger. 

Beds and Tinware are also su|ipli(>d free of charge. The food is varied, abundant, and of the very best quality. 
Experienced surj^eons, stewardesses and stewards accompany these steamers. 
Neither Cattle, Sheep. Horses or Pigs are carried on these steamers 

The steamers leave every Saturday promptly .it the advertised hour of sailing from the Red Star Docks, foot 
of Grand Street. Jersey City, adjoining the railroad terminus from the South and West, reached fr.^m New York 
by the Cortlandt or Dcsbrosses Street Ferries. 

First Cabin Kates— From $00 to $!(.(; Kxcursion, $110 to $100, according to location. 

Second Cabin Kates— $55; Excursion. $100. 

Sleeraire Passage at the Lowest Kates. 

For information or passage apply to 
PETKK WKKJIIT A SONS. General Agents. ^5 B way, N Y.; 307 Walnut St . Phila.; 119 Randolph St.. Chicago. 
C. L B.iKTLFTT A CO., New Kngland Agents. 115 State Street. Boston. 

VON DEK BECKK A M AKSILY, ( leneral European Agents, 2 Rivage, Antwerp. 



Oi'ijctnizeti 18(JAi. Zricoripoixitejl IHT-J-^ 



THE W. J. WILCOX CO., 




FOOT OF WEST 59th STREET, 
Sales Office: 

41 BRO^D STREET, N^EW YORK. 



Award of GOLD MEDAL at Paris for 

"SUPERIORITY IN MANUFACTURE FOR EXPORT TO 

ALL COUNTRIES." 

W A COLE, Pres. J NO. P, TOWNSEND, Vice Pres. S. E. HISCOX, Sec. and Treas. 

(79) 




V— ■ - cf^..^ 



— .S-Sjsg MANUFACTURERS OF PERFECTLY PURE REFINED SUGAR. . vX^ 



New York Type Foundry and Printers' Warehouse, 

Established in Hartford, ( onn., 1^04. Removed to New York, 1S12. 

FARMER, LITTLE & CO., 

Nos. 63 & 65 Beekman St., cor. of Gold St., New York, 

BOOK, nri-w y-^ -FB JOB, and 

NEWS, » ORNAMENTAL 

PERSONS DESIRING TO ORDER FROM US WILL PLEj^SE SEND FOR SPECIf^EN BOOKS. 

PRINTING PRESSES OF ANY MAKER. 

PIPER CUTTERS, CASES. GALLEYS, ETC., ETC. 
Specimens and Gstimates Given on ^ppligation. 

ALL SALES MADE SATISFACTORY. 



lational Express Company, 

GENERAL FORWARDERS 

Ti) all Points in Northern and Eastern New York, Northern 
Massachusetts. Vermont and Canada, and through connect- 
ing Express Companies, TO ALL PARTS OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 

COIN, BANK NOTES, VALUABLES, and MEKCIIANDISE 

Forwarded witli Safety and Desx^atcli, 
AND ESPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO THE 

Collection of Checks, Coupons, Notes, Drafts, and Bills. 



Among the important points now reached 
following, viz : — 



Amsterdam. N, Y. 
Buffalo. N. Y. 
BurlinD^ton, Vt. 
Canastota. N. Y. 
Canajoharie. N. Y. 
Catskill. N. Y. 
Cazenovia. N. Y. 
Cornwall. N. Y. 
Fouda, N. Y. 
Fort Plain. N, Y. 
Hackensack. N. J. 
Herkimer. N. Y. 
Jersey City, N. J, 



Kingston, N. Y. 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
Lyons, N. Y. 
Middletown, N. Y. 
Montreal, P. Q. 
Newburgh, N. Y. 
North Adams. Mass. 
Norwich, N. Y, 
Oneida. N. Y. 
Oswego, N. Y. 
Ottawa, Ont. 
Paterson, N. J. 
Plattsburgh, N. Y. 



by this Company are the 



Rochester. N. Y. 
Rome, N. Y. 
Rondout, N. Y. 
Rutland. Vt. 
Saugerties. N. Y. 
Schenectady, N. Y. 
Stroudsburgh. Pa. 
St. Johns, P. Q. 
Utica. N. Y. 
Weedsport, N. Y. 
West Point, N. Y. 
Whitehall, N. Y. 



NEW YORK. ALBANY. BOSTON. SARATOGA, SYRACUSE TROY. 



By Special joint tariff arrangement with connecting companies the Company 
are enabled to forward packages of Merchandise weighing from i to 7 lbs., also 
packages of money at the low rates as per the annexed tables. 

MONEY. 

Currency or Gold not Exceeding 
$20 15 Cents. | $40 20 Cents. j $50 25 Cents. 

PRINTED MATTER. 

Books and other matter wholly in print, ordered from or sent by manufac- 
turers or publishers, and prepaid 

PACKAGES OF 

2 lbs 15 Cents. 1 3 lbs 20 Cents. | 4 lbs 25 Cents. 

MERCHANDISE. 

Lowest and highest charges, accordmg to distance. Packages not exceeding 

lib 25c. I 3 lbs 25c. to 45c. I 5 lbs 25c. to 75c. 

2 lbs 25c. to 30c. | 4 lbs 25c. to 60c. ! 7 lbs. . .25c. to $1.40 

NOTE. — Packages as above described, destined to places reached by Northern connecting Expresses, carried 
for a sintrte throttrh chnree. 

* (Si) 



Pennsylvania Railroad 



THE G.lLi^T TRUNK LINE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Most Direct Route Between 

NEW YORK AND THE PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL 
CENTRES OF THE WEST, and aU Points on 
tlie Pacific Coast, in the North-west, 



The' Pennsylvania Railroad in its construction, equipment^ and operation 
embraces all the improvements known to modern science. The time of its 
trains is the fastest made consistent with absolute safety. 

THE FAMOUS NEW YORK AND CHICAGO LIMITED 
EXPRESS, composed exclusively of Pullman, Hotel, Parlor, Dining, 
and Sleeping Coaches, leaves New York daily at 9.00 A.M., arriving at 
Chicago at 10.40 A.M., and Cincinnati at 8.00 A.M., the next day. 



Superior Meals served on the Train at the uniform rate of $1. 



Tickets over the Pennsylvania Railroad and Connecting I-ines can 
be o))tained by passengers, at the following offices; 



South, and South-west. 



No. 1 Astor House, N. Y. 
No. 4 Court Street, Brooklyn. 



849 Broadway, N. Y. 
435 Broadway, N. Y. 
944 Broadway, N. Y. 



8 Battery Place, N. Y. 

Foot of Cortlandt Street, N. Y. 

Foot of Desbrosses Street, N. Y. 

Annex Office. Brooklyn. 

Pennsylvania R.R. Station, Jersey City. 



CHAS. E. PU6H 



J. R. WOOD, 



GENERAL 



MANAGER. 



GENERAL PASSENGEF-i AGENT. 



SAMUEL CARPENTER, Eastern Passenger Agent, 849 Broadway, N. Y. 

(82) 



Pacific Mail Steamship Co. 

NEW YORK TO SAN FRANCISCO 

Vitt The ISTHMUS of I>^Isr^AI^, 
CONNECTING FOR 

South Pacific, Central American and 
Mexican Ports. 

SAN FRANCISCO to JAPAN and CHINA, 

San Francisco to Sandwich Islands, 
New Zealand and Australia. 

First Class Accommodations^Passengersi^FreigM 

For Freight, Passage, or general Info ri nation, 

^FFTL.^ J^T THE 

Office on the Pier, foot of Canal St., North River, 

(33) 



COLWELL LEAD CO., 

63 Centre Street, New York, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



American Standard Shot, 

OF SnPEUIOK FINISH, 

DROP SHOT, 

CHILLED SHOT. 

BUCK SHOT, 

BAR LEAD, 

SHEET LEAD^^^LEAD PIPE. 

DEALERS IN 

PLUMBERS', 
STEAM AND GAS-FITTERS' 
SUPPLIES, 

OF ALL KINDS. 

Sole Agents for the United States for 

SILENT ACTING COCKS. 

ALSO .VGENTS FOR TIIK 

Norristown Iron Works. 



FALL RIVER LINE. 



Old Colony Railroad and Steamboat Co.'s 

Fall Eiver and Newport Steamers 

From Pier 28, North River, 

NEW BEDFORD STEAMERS 

From Pier 39, East River, 
NEW YORK. 

GREAT PASSENGETmD "freight SYSTEM 
NEW YORK 

Boston, Fall River, Newport, Taunton, New Bedford, 
Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Fitchburg, 
Lowell, Lawrence, Nashua and all Northern 
and Eastern Points. 

STEAMERS IN THE PASSENGER AND FREIGHT SERVICE: 

"Pilgrim," "Bristol," "Providence," "Newport," "Old Colony." 

STEAMERS IN THE FREIGHT SERVICE EXCLUSIVELY : 

"City of Fall Riyer," "City of New Beifori," "City of FitchMrg," "Alliatross;' 
CARRYING, TERMINAL AND SHIPPING FACILITIES UNEQUALLED 

BY AIVY OTHEK, SOUIND 1L.ITV t:. 

In addition to Daily Service of Steamers carrying Freight and Passengers, Nine Freight 
Steamers per weel: are regularly dispatched in each direction between EASTERN and WEST- 
ERN Termini, insuring to Shippers 

PROMPT AND RELIABLE MOVEMENT. 

Information cheerfully and promptly furnished on application. 

S. C. PUTNAM, Gen'l Freight Agent, J. R. KENDRICK. (len'l Manager, 

BO !5>TO IV . 

F. H. FORBES, Freight Agent, GEO. L. CONNOR, Gen'l Pass. Agent, 

IN I t: W YORK. 

BORDEN & LOVELL. - - New York Agents. 

(86) 



THE GREAT 




TO 



CHARLESTON, SAVANNAH, FLORIDA, 

^NID — - 

All Points in the South and South-west 

ATiv^ — 

CHARLESTON, S. C, 

From Pier 27, North River (foot Park IMace). Wednesdays and Saturdays, or 

oftener. at P.M. 

SAVANNAH, GA., 

r rom Pier 35, North River (foot Spring Street), Wednesdays and Saturdays, or 

oftener. at ,5 P. M. 



Rates Guaranteed as Low as by Other Lines. 

It^" The Steamships of these Lines have been handsomely fitted up for the convenience of 
Passengers, and are unrivaled on this coast for SAFICT' V, SPKKD, and COMFOKT. 

The attention of Tourists and Travelers, who contemplate visiting Charleston, 
Savannah, Aiken. Florida, and other favorite resorts in the South, is invited to the 
superior facilities offered by these Lines to the close connection made at Charleston with the 
South Carolina, Charleston and Savannah Railroads, and "City of 
Palatka," and at Savannah with the Central, and the Savannah, Florida and 
Western Itailroads. and the popular Inside Line of Steamers for all points in the 
South and South-west, and Florida. 



JAMES W. QUINTARD & CO., Agents New York and Charleston Steamship Co., 

Pier 27, North River foot Park Place , N. Y. 

H. YONGE, Agent Ocean Steamship Co., of Savannah, 

Pier 35, North River ifoot Spring Street', N. Y. 

A. D. W. SAMPSON, North-Eastern Agent, 201 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. 

W. H. RHETT. General Ae-ent, 317 Broadwav, N. Y. 

(S7) 



BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURER. 



THE PATRONAGE OF BIMKIEG INSTITUTIOHS. >r V ^ 

Railroad, StGamship^f elegraph ^ 

Corporations, and other Large Consumers of 

gflipHIG^^ilATIOlRY 



Respectfully Solicited. 

Facilities Unequalled ^^^49 ^ 51 




— FOR — 

PROMPT EXECUTION 

OF ORDERS. 



I^AIIil^OAD DEPAr^iPMENiP. 

& 108 FiLTOl STBIET. 



BEHNING 



Have universally received the HIGHEST HONORS and 
Aw^ards wherever exhibited for greatest 

PURITY and EVENNESS OF TONE, 

ELASTICITY OF TOUCH, 

SIMPLICITY OF ACTION, 
SOLIDITY OF CONSTRUCTION, 

EXCELLENCE OF WORKMANSHIP, 

and ELEGANCE OF FINISH, 

And are pronounced by Leading Pianists and Musical Authorities, 

THE BEST NOW MADE. 



FACTORY, 124th ST. and FIRST AVENUE. 

(SS) 



Hotoken # lew York 




I{KL(.)N'(;iN(; TO TMK 




IMPROVEMENT CO. 



■^tOF NEW JERSEY. 

VV. W. SIIIPPEN, President. S. W. DOW, Treasurer. 

CHAS. W. WOOLSEY, Superintendent. 



General Office of the Company, 

No. 3 NEWARK STREET, - - HOBOKEN 



FERRY LANDINGS: 

Foot of Barclay Street, N. Y., to Ferry St., Hoboken. 

Foot of Christopher St., N. Y. to Ferry St., Hoboken. 

Foot of 14th Street, N. R., N. Y., to 14th St., Hoboken. 

(89) 



WARD'S LINES TO THE TROPICS! 



FOR HAVANA. 

LIFE IN THE WEST IISTDIES, 
The Only Weekly Line of American Steamers. 

Speed and Comfort Combined with Absolute Safety 

The (oUowinjj Steamers of this Line leave New Y ork every Saturday at 3 P.M. 

steamship " NEWPORT," - - - 3,000 Tons, - - - Capt. T. S. CURTIS. 
Steamship " SARATOGA," - - 2,500 Tons, - - - Capt. McINTOSH. 
Steamship " NIAGARA," - - - 2,300 Tons, - - - Capt. J. B. BAKER. 

Connecting at HAVANA with first-class Foreign and American Steamers lor 

Florida, New Orleans, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hayti, St. 
Thomas and other West India Islands. 

For full particulars apply to 

JAMES E. WARD & CO., I I 3 Wall St., New York. 

Seui^ for copy of ''WINTER MONTHS IN CUBA." 

FOR lASSATJ, I. P, DIRECT, 
SAITIAGO DE CUBA and CIEIFTIEGOS. 

The Favorite Excursioij this Wiijter to the Fanjous 

"ISLE OF JUNE" 

(The Oldest City in the West Indies). 

And Through the INTERIOR OF CUBA. 

The First - Class Palace Steamships 

"CIENFUEQOS" (new), - 3,000 Tons, - Capt. F. 31. FAIKCL.OTH. 
'SANTIAGO," a,600 " - Capt. L,. COI^TON. 

Will sail every other Thursday 

For NASSAU, N.P., and CIENFUEGOS, calling both going and returning, 

at SANTIAGO DE CUBA. 

Connects at SANTIAGO DE CUBA with first-class Lines for JAMAICA, 
HAYTI, PUERTO RICO, etc. 

For full particulars and illustrated pamphlet, apply to 

JAMES E. WARD & CO., I I 3 Wall St., New York. 



Aiuericaii Connoisseurs 

j^FTEI^ IFIIF'T"^ "Y"E^:FLS' TEST 

PRONOUNCE 



^3 



PIPER HEID8IECK 

TO BE THE ONLY RELIABLE 

Champagne. 



Ouintard Iron Works, 

N. F. PALMER. JR., & CO. 

ENGINES, BOILERS 



: AND : — 



MACHINERY. 

Avenue D, nth and I2th Sts., E. R., 



NEW YORK. 

(9»i 



V. C. HAYS, Pkesident. 



Chartered 1799. 



J. T. BALDWIN, Cashieh. 



BANK 



OF THE 




NEW YORK. 



Capital, 
Surplus, 



82,050,000 
1,025,000 



Manufacturers of 

STEEL WIRE FOR ALL PURPOSES, AND 

STEEL SPRINGS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 




Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, Tempered and Covered. 

rtOTJ]vr>, FLA^T, OVAL AiVr> squarih: wire. 

For Lock Springs, Machinery, Drills and Needles, Tempered and Uniempered. 

ALSO 

PATENT TEMPERED STEEL FIRSITUBE SPRINGS CONSTANTLY ON HAND. 



232, 234, 236. and 238 West Twenty-ninth Street, 
225, 227, 220, 231, 233, 235, 237, and 239 WEST TWENTY-EIGHTH STREET. 

(<)2) 



ADOLPH O. HUPFEL. 

A. HiiPFEL'S SON'S 

ESTABLISHED 1 8S4, 

161st Street and Third Avenue, 




We Hereby luform the Public that Our 




COJSrSIST SOLELY of tlie :ei?,ODTJCT o± 



RAW SUGARS REFINED, 

NEITHER GLUCOSE, MURIATE OF TIN, MURIATIC ACID, 

NOR ANY OTHER FOREIGN, DELETERIOUS OR FRAUDULENT SU15STANCE 
WHATEVER IS, OR EVER HAS BEEN, MIXED WITH TIIEM. OLK 

SUGARS # SYRUPS 

ARE ABSOLUTELY UNADULTERATED. 

HAVEMEYERS & ELDER, 

(The DeCastro & Donner Sugar Reflning Company), 
OFFICE. 117 WALL STREET. 

(94; 



INMAN LINE. 

Roval ffiail SfeeamePS. 

New York to Liverpool Every Thursday. 
Liverpool to New York Every Tuesday. 

Calling at Queenstown each way. 

I TONS. 

CIXV OF CHICAC;0 U,000 C ITV OF KICII.MOIVD 4,780 

CITV OF BEltl.lIV 5,491 | CIXIT OF CIIKSXSR 4,770 

BAL,X1C 4,000 ♦ 

The First Transatlantic Line to adopt Lieut /Saury's Lane Routes, talking 
the Southerly Course between the months of January and August. 

'I hcse Steamers are built especially to meet the requirements of the Atlmirality, and are fitted with water- 
tight compartments. 

They are among the strongest, largest and fastest on the Atlantic, reducing the passage to a minimum, giving 
thereby especial comfort to passengers. 

FIRST CABIN. 

To Queenstown and Liverpool, - - - $60, $S() and .^KK) 

INTERMEDIATE. 

To or From Queenstown and Liverpool, }j}i{5 

STEERAGE. 

To or from Liverpool, Queenstown, (ilasgow, Belfast, Cardiff, 
Londonderry, London or Bristol at Reduced Bates. 

For passage or further information apply to 

<;F0. a. FAITTK 104 Soutli Fonrlli St., PIIIT ADRI.PII I A. 

1.. H. PAI>.ni;K ,1 Old Stan- IloiiNc, KOS I'0>. 

F. C;. HUOWIV 32 SotitU Clark SIrret, ( II IC'A(;0. 

J. J. ITIcC'OUMICK Cor.4Ili A: Sin i til fie Id SIm., PI'ITSKI It(;. 

JOsnPIl I*. WHVTE &. CO Sixth and Vine Streets, | , „,t,v 

JOIi:\ CTA^CV 40S ClieMnnt Street, T^"' "^^ 



<.ill.llOIIi: &- CO I 10 West FtkurlliSt., i 



CI^CIIN>A'ri. 



KKPl.Fie iV- CO O West' lliird Street, t 

JOIIiV i:. WAI.SII 122 Kxelianse Street, BIJFFA l-O. 

<;IHPEIII,V, COI.E A: HA«l>EHURS'ril First Street, TlfOV, N. Y. 
FLEXt^HEK VOSRIJKCi 645 Broadway, AI.KAIVV. Or to 

She Inman Steamship (Company (lumiiped), 

No. I BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 

Ageiicieri in parts of the United States aiiti Canada. 

(95) 



WTVr. DICK. CORD MEYER. 

DICK & MEYER, 

Sugar Refiners, 

lo. 110 WALL STREET, 

NEW YORK. 

HeFIN ER.Y, Foot Noi-tU Seventh Street, 

BROOKLYN, E. D. 



(96) 



^ . , x» ( From Pier 29 N. R., foot Warren St. 

Providence Line 4.30 p. m. m winter; 

( 6 p. M. in Summer. 

• , X • ^ From Stoning-ton Line 

Stonington Line 4.30 p. m. m winter 



From Stoning-ton Line Pier, N. R. 
n Winter ; 
5 P. M. in Summer. 



PASSENGEES AlTD FEEI&HT TAKEN FOE 

B OSTON, PROVIDENCE, WORCESTER, 

NASHUA, LOWELL, MANCHESTER, PORTLAND, 



Passenger and Freight Steamers: 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Narragansett, Stoiiingtoiio 

Freight Steamers: 
Frances, Pequot, Electra, Doris, A. C. Barstow. 



Carrying facilities greater, and Passengers and I'rcight transported quicker 
than on any other Sound line. 

FAST FREIGHT A SPECIALTY. 

THROUGH BILLS OP LADIISTG given between all Points East, West, South and 
South-west. 

THROUGH TICKETS to all Eastern and New England Points, via both Lines can be 
obtained at nil Principal Ticket Offices. 

STATEROOMS can be secured at 3 Astor House; 257, 397, 785, 042, Broadway, end 
Fifth Avenue Hotel ; also at Piers. 

Information promptly furnished on application. 



F. W. POPPLE, Cen'l Passenger Agt. D. S. BABCOCK, President. 

ISAAC ODELL, General Freight Agent, Providence Line, New York. 

E. A. DEVEAU. General Freight Agent, Stonington Line, New York. 

W. H. MORRELL, Agent for both Lines, B. &, P. R. R. station, Boston. 

(97) 



Decker & Eapp, 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers In 



GEORGIA AND FLORIDA 



YELLOW PINE 



YARDS AND OFFICE, 



-'FOOT-OF-BETHUNE-ST.'- 

, NORTH RIVER, ^ 



NEW YORK. 



Telephone, 119 Twenty-first St. 

(98) 



. ITJIICIPAL 

&as Light Company, 



OFFICE: 

NEW YORK CITY. 



Works, foot West 44th. 45tli. and 46tli Sts.. N. R. 



CimS. a. FUJLJSrCKlLl^jSr, I>residenL. 

II. K. GA.ROT\^, Vice-(PresicieTtt. 
JPIIILIP JILLEJST, Secretary. 

SA^MUETj d. ^^OUJSra, Trextsvcrer. 

(99) 



BUCKINGHAM HOTKL, 

Fifth Avenue and Fiftieth Street, 
(Opposite Cathedral.) HSTE'W '^OT?.Tg~ 

Conducted on the European Plan, with a Restaurant 
of Unsurpassed Exoellence. 

WEDDINGS, RECEPTIONS, DINNERS AND LUNCHES A SPEClJ^LTY. 

WETHERBEE & FULLER, Proprietors. 




flliBBMAI^LE 

MADISON SQUARE, NEW YORK. 



Most ceiitraUij located, at the Junction of Broadway, 
Fiftli Avenue and 2Jfi}i Street. 

CONDUCT ED ON THE EUROPE AN PLAN. 

JANVRIN & WALTER, Proprietors. 




Fifth Avenue, 46th and 47th Streets, New York. 
ONE OF THE MOST PERFECT AND COMFORTABLE HOTELS IN THE WORLD. 



HAWK & WETHERBEE, Proprietors. 

(lOO) 



NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO. 



The Oldrst inul l.iiruost 

Miiiiiifartiirrrs 
Ib thp l iiite I Stiilps of 





^ladc expressly for 
and recommended 



IN KTEItY FOBH 
artapteil to 

^o^'.MECIIANK Al, I'J-RPOSES. 

MACHINE BELTING, witH Smooth Metallic Riber Surface. 

'I'his Company has manufactured ihc Largest Beits made in the world for the 
principal Elevators at Chicago. Buffalo and New York. 

STEAM AND WATER HOSE. 

ItriiltKU "TKST" IU>SK, made of Vulcanized Taia 
Rubber and Carbolizcd Duck. Kour ply and Five 
jily Capped ends. 4(X) pounds pressure to s(|uare in' h 



Steam Fire Engine Use 

by over 800 FLUE DEl'AUTMKMS, and others requiring Extra lliavj FIIIE IIOsK. 

This is our Antiseptic Hose and will not Mildew or Rot. 

DOrUI.K COTTON " CAULK " IIOSK. Circular W oven, Seamless. 
Antiseptic. Has been in use for many yeais in the principal 
HKK l)KI»Ain MENTS OK TIIK IMTEI) STATES. It is Rubber 

Lined under a Heavy, iSeamlcss Cotton Fabric and is unequalled for KMtl KAX K and 
general severe service. 

CORRXTGrATED 

CABLE HOSK. 

RUBBER MATS AND MATTING. 

FOR HALLS, FLOORING, STONE AND IRON STAIRWAYS, Etc. 

lEW YOBK BEITIIG AND PACKING CO. 

Warehouse: 15 Park Row, New York. 

JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treasurer. 





1 Ks 1 Host;. 



IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 

WatcliGS, Diamonds, Chains, Rich Jcwclrij 



Having enlarged our store and made extensive improvements, we are the better enabled to display our large 
and choice stock 

West Side Klevated Trains stop at Cortlandt Street, near re.ir of Benedict Building. Ten minutes from 
Fourteenth Street. 

BENEDICT BROTHERS. KEEPERS OF THE CITY TIME. 

Benedict Buildimj, liroadrvay and Cortlandt St. 



ESO? A T=i]LIffTg:EI3 1821. 

(lOI^ 



CLAUSEN & PRICE 





New York Brewery, 



ALE 




AND 




PORTER 



TH St, and 11th Ave, 



new yoY{}{. 

(I02) 



OLD DOMINION 

STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 



W. H. STANDFORD, _ _ _ _ _ Secretary. 

STEAMSHIPS OP THIS COMPANY SAIL FROM 

t ' ■ 

I PXXSR 2 6 ^^^^^ '^'V®'' 

EVERY 

Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 3 P.M. 

FOR 

prfollc, Portsinouttj, ]}iGl|inoii(I, Petershurg, 

AND 

OLD POINT COMFORT at Newport News, 

Connecting with Railroad Systems to the West, South and South-west for White Sulphur, Virginia 
Springs, and all health, mountain and pleasure resorts of Vir^jinia ; also, for Cincinnati 
and all important Western points, via 

f IjG Ihesapeake I iliio lailway. 



Tlie Magnificent Steamships of this Coinpany will, on, inspection, 
he found to offer a delightful change to the Traveling PiMic from the 
heat, djcst and crowded trains so objectionable and unavoidable on, 
Railroads during the Excursion Season. 

Time between New York and Norfolk, 24 Hours. 

TABLE EQUAL TO FIRST-CLASS HOTELS. 

All First-Class Through or Local Tickets by the Main Lines of the Company include Meals 
and Stateroom accommodation on Steamers. 

TIPI/CTC CflD CAI C •^^ prominent Hotels and Ticket Offices 

I lulxL I V 1 Ull ^ALL throughout the East and North-cast and at the 

Gr©n.©3r*al 0£f±ces o± "blti.© Cotti :pa,3rLy ., 

235 WEST ST. (cor. Beacli), NEW YORK 

(103; 



Everybody knows PUCK ! ! 

Everybody talks about PUCK ! ! 





21, 23 and 25 Warren Street, New York. 



Everybody knows that PUCK is 10c. per copy 
or $5.00 per year. 

Published every Wednesday. 

For Sale by all Newsdealers. 

THE JOM A. EOEBLH&'S SONS CO. 

Manufacturers of 

IRON AND STTIEIm 



Galvanized 
TELEGRAPH 
Wire. 




Galvanized 
TELEPHONE 
Wire. 



OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND FOR EVERY PURPOSE. 



WHEELS AND ROP E FOR TRANSMISSION OF POWER. 
Manufacturers of ^W^IRE of every description. 



AGENTS FOR 



FIRE PROOF LATHING, WIRE SCREEN CLOTH, BUCK THORN BARB FENCING. 



N. Y. Office and Warehouse, 117 and 119 LIBERTY ST., 

Works-TRENTON, N. J. H. L. SHIPPY, Manager. 

(104) 



ixth Pi/ei^ue 



-Nc-ZSe SIXTH -Au VESI^TJE. 



OFFICERS. 



FRANK CURTISS, 



President. 



HENRY S. MOORE, 



Secretary and Treasurer. 



(105) 



SLAWSON'S 
PATENT 



FARE BOXES, 
etc. 





D. Back View. Omnibus Fare Box. C. Front View. 

Boxes marked C and D have two rests or stops for inspection of fare, on the first ot which the fare remains on 
its edge. 

Box marked E is adapted for omnibus use, and is arranged for outside passengers to pay, as well as 'nose 
inside. Saia boxes are of the latest and most approved pattern and contain a front door, by opening wmcn all ot 

^ r^ATENT5rS>^ the glass inside 



can be convenient- 
ly cleaned. This 
is a late patent, 
and is a \eiy val- 
uable im p rov e- 
ment over the old 
method of taking 
the boxes apart for 
th a t purpose. 
They are well 
made and not lia- 
ble to get out of 
order, cannot pos- 
sibly be picked, 
and. even if all the 
glass is broken, no 
fare can bee.xtract- 
cd from the draw- 
er. 

The undersign- 
ed originated the 
" F A R E BOX 
S Y.ST EM," and 
all of said Boxes, 
Change Gates and 

Change G-ate. Inside View. Driver's Change Box are protected by several patents, and parties using them 

are not liable to claims for irtfringements. • c u a 

These Boxes, etc., are now in use not only in the United States and Canada, but in Mexico, South America, 
Europe, Asia. Africa and Australia— in fact, nearly all places where street cars are used. 

The prices have been greatly reduced and arc made to fit the times. 

Orders will be promptly filled by addressing the undersigned at 16 "W. FORTY-SIXTH ST., •r the 

JOHN STEPHENSON CO. (Limited), 47 E. Twenty-Seventh Street, New York. 





Drivers' Change Box. 



J. B. SLAWSON, Proprietor and Patentee. 

(i<)6) 




520 EIGHTH AVENUE. 



OFFICERS. 

WILLIAM H, HAYS, - - - President. 

JAMBS AFFLECK, - Secretary and Treasurer. 




i mm, m maphey & son's bure oeaf oaed. ^ 



NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, LONDON and BRISTOL. New York Office, 20 WATER ST. 




Liveliest and Sauciest Illustrated Paper Published 

10 Cents a Number. $5.00 Per Year. 

FO/^ SAf.E BY ALL NEWSDEALERS. 

THE JUDGE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 

Franklin ."^cjiiave, IVew Yorlc. 

(loS) 




(lo.;) 



THE 



Hem i^orli €m StgW 



.i: COMPANY, k.. 



Office: 157 and 159 Hester Street. 



Works: 501 East 20th Street. 




The Weber PmN03. 

bRE CONSTRUCTED from the imisician's standpoint 
k, as well as that of the mechanic ; hence these instruments 
^ are distinguished from all others by that pure and sympa- 
thetic quality of tone that contains the greatest musical jiossihilities; 
that consummation of mechanical excellence that admits of the 

Most Delicate and Impressive Effects, 

while insuring the durability of the instrument ; and that uniform 
superiority that enhances the pleasure of both performer and 
listener. Constructed from the very best materials and employing 
only the most skillful workmanship, these instruments conibine 
the highest achievements in the art of I'iano making, and are 
comprehensively the best now manufactured. 

WAREROOMS : 

NEW YORK CITY. 



(Ill) 



W. L. STRONG, President. 



C. M. ROWLEY, Vice-President. 



— She- 



OF NEW YORK. 



208 ELIZABETH STREET. 



I. C. ALLEN, Secretary. 



R. W. ABORN, Treasurer 







(112)